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DOUBLED  AY,  PAGE  &  CO.'S 
GEOGRAPHICAL  MANUAL  AND  NEW  ATLAS 


/ 


PUBLISHERS'  FOREWORD 


Dr.  C.  O.  S.  Mawson,  the  author  of  this  work,  is  not 
only  a  scholar  of  established  reputation,  but  has  actually 
visited  most  of  the  countries  herein  described.  His  state- 
ments therefore  have  the  additional  weight  of  first-hand 
knowledge,  while  his  exceptional  training  has  enabled 
him  to  select  and  present  his  facts  with  authority,  lucid- 
ity, and  with  due  regard  for  their  relative  values. 

DouBLEDAV,  Page  &  Company 


DOUBLEDAY,  PAGE  &  GO'S 

GEOGRAPHICAL  MANUAL 
AND  NEW   ATLAS 


BY 
C.  O.  SYLVESTER  MAWSON,  Litt.D.,  Ph.D. 


Maps  of  To-day  and  To-morrow 
New  Maps  will  replace  Old  after  the  Great  War 


GARDEN    CITY  NEW   YORK 

DOUBLEDAY,  PAGE  &  COMPANY 

1917 


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0    Cjb^ 


Copyright,  1917,  by 

DOUBLEDAY,  PaGE  &  CoMPANY 

AH  rights  reserved,  including  that  of 

translation  into  foreign  languages, 

ineluding  the  Scandinavian 


PREFACE 


.Whenever  a  new  publication  is  presented  to  the  public 
the  assumption  is  that  the  need  for  such  a  book  is  more  or 
less  real.  In  the  case  of  Doubleday,  Page  &  Co.'s  Geo- 
graphical Manual  and  New  Atlas  this  need  is  not 
only  a  real  but  an  urgent  one.  If  any  existing  publication 
filled  the  present  want,  this  book  would  not  have  been  pre- 
pared. Atlases  there  are— and  excellent  ones,  too.  Geo- 
graphical manuals  there  are — some  of  them  good  so  far  as 
hey  go.  But  this  book  is  different.  It  is  not  only  an  Atlas 
and  a  complete  geographical  reference  work  besides,  but  its 
aim  is  to  link  up  geographical  information  with  present-day 
requirements;  to  serve  as  a  companion  to  the  modern  history, 
and  more  especially  to  that  great  history  drama  which  is 
being  unfolded  before  our  eyes  and  recorded  in  our  daily 
newspapers.  In  short,  its  aim  is  to  be  the  "guide,  philos- 
opher, and  friend"  of  every  observant  reader  and  student  of 
affairs. 

The  world  is  moving  so  rapidly  in  our  generation  that  facts 
learned  at  school  are  more  or  less  antiquated  in  early  man- 
hood. The  old  familiar  landmarks  are  being  ruthlessly 
swept  away  in  the  rush  of  international  greed  or  enterprise. 
Even  geographical  names  are  not  constant,  and  track  must  be 
kept  of  every  change.  As  new  regions  are  opened,  up  to 
civilization,  a  knowledge  of  railway  routes  becomes  as  im- 
portant to-day  as  a  knowledge  of  waterways  did  yesterday. 
Again,  products  and  industries  are  of  supreme  importance  in 
this  commercial  age.  A  great  industrial  nation  like  the 
United  States  requires  not  only  an  assured  supply  of  raw 
materials,  but  foreign  markets  for  its  manufactured  goods. 
To  the  perpetual  questions  "Where?"  "What?"  "Why?" 
and  "How?"  this  book  seeks  to  provide  an  answer. 

Europe  claims  our  attention  not  only  on  account  of  the 
Great  War,  but  because  it  is  America's  best  customer.  The 
United  States  is  essentially  a  vital  part  of  the  Europe  of  to- 
day, bound  by  ties  of  blood  to  every  European  nation  great 
or  small.  Yet  not  sentiment  alone  but  sheer  self-interest 
should  compel  some  knowledge  of  these  European  countries. 
Hence,  Europe  has  received  a  large  share  of  the  space  avail- 
able. 

To  the  newspaper  reader  who  tries  to  follow  the  titanic 
struggle  of  a  world  at  war,  and  who  becomes  lost  in  the  maze 
of  journalistic  speculation,  this  work  attempts  to  clarify 
the  situation  by  shedding  some  light  on  foreign  governments 
and  on  international  relations.  Essential  facts  are  given  in  a 
truthful  and  unbiased  manner.  The  world  is  viewed  as  a 
whole,  with  due  respect  to  values. 

The  Maps  Complete  and  Different 

A  word  about  the  maps.  Two  things  are  required  of  an 
Atlas:  (i)  It  must  be  accurate;  and  (2)  it  must  be  up-to-date. 
The  excellent  series  of  maps,  compiled  by  C.  S.  Hammond  & 
Co.,  will  be  found  to  meet  this  test  in  a  most  adequate  man- 
ner. A  new  feature — and,  it  is  felt,  a  helpful  one — has  been 
introduced  in  the  descriptive  matter  entitled  "What  the 
Maps  Tell  Us."  Here  the  author  assumes  the  role  of  guide. 
The  maps  give  up  their  secrets  and  their  message.  They  be- 
come, as  it  were,  endowed  with  an  individuality,  and  the  char- 
acter of  each  is  laid  bare. 

The  motorist  will  be  specially  interested  in  the  main  auto- 
mobile routes  marked  on  each  of  the  State  maps.  This  is  an 
innovation  in  an  Atlas,  and  one  that  should  find  extensive 
favour. 

Maps  of  the  War  Zones 

The  special  maps  of  the  war  zones  are  placed  at  the  begin- 
ning, for  at  the  present  time  these  are  of  first  importance. 


The  movements  of  armies  can  be  followed  closely  and  intel- 
ligently by  the  aid  of  these  clear  maps;  while  by  means  of  the 
"Index  of  the  Western  Front"  any  place  can  be  instantly 
located.  The  pronunciation  of  many  of  the  geographical 
names  is  a  stumbling-block  which  will  be  overcome  by  refer- 
ence to  the  "  Pronunciation  of  War  Names."  There  will  be 
few  American  families  that  will  have  no  personal  interest  in 
the  detailed  maps  of  war-torn  Europe,  and  these  particular 
pages  will,  alas,  be  scanned  by  many  a  moistened  eye. 

A  New  Country  Mapped 

As  a  result  of  the  world  war  a  new  country  has  been  cre- 
ated. Carved  out  of  Arabia  is  the  Kingdom  ofHejaz. 
It  lies  along  the  western  shore  of  the  Red  Sea.  Though  this 
new  country  was  formed  only  a  few  months  ago,  a  map  show- 
ing its  extent  and  importance  in  the  Moslem  world  is  included 
in  this  book. 

Discoveries  by  the  Discoverers 

The  traveller  is  at  once  the  pioneer  and  the  sustainer  of 
geography;  he  both  blazes  the  way  and  gives  a  seasoned  sur- 
vey of  later  developments.  We  shall  meet  some  of  the 
greatest  of  these  travellers  at  close  range,  and  they  shall  tell 
us  in  their  own  words  what  they  have  seen  and  what  they 
have  done.  What  man  can  read  of  the  finding  of  Living- 
stone in  Africa,  of  Peary's  doggedness  in  the  Arctic  wastes, 
of  Scott's  heroic  death  in  the  hour  of  victory,  or  of  Sir  Doug- 
las Mawson's  tragic  journey  in  the  regions  of  the  eternal 
blizzard,  without  his  blood  coursing  more  quickly  through 
his  veins?  Men  like  these  form  the  vanguard  of  modern  geog- 
raphy. They  observe  and  record;  the  world  assimilates  and 
profits.  We  introduce  them  here  to  give  life  and  vigour  to  a 
subject  too  often  treated  as  lifeless. 

The  Automobile  Tours  of  the  World 

The  needs  of  the  serious  reader  and  of  the  man  of  business 
have  been  kept  foremost  in  mind;  but  the  requirements  of 
the  tourist — especially  of  one  who  is  planning  a  vacation 
abroad  or  an  automobile  tour  in  this  broad  land  of  ours — 
have  not  gone  unheeded.  Not  only  will  the  outline  of  some 
popular  European  tours  be  welcomed,  but  the  prospective 
traveller  will  doubly  enjoy  the  various  extracts  from  books 
of  travel  which  give  an  added  interest  to  this  publication. 

In  another  place  we  mention  the  authorities  to  which  we 
have  been  indebted  in  the  preparation  of  this  work.  In  or- 
der to  secure  accuracy,  reference  has  been  made  to  all  the 
best  available  sources,  many  of  them  official.  As  this  is  a 
book  for  the  general  public  and  not  for  the  specialist,  the 
language  has  been  made  as  readable  as  the  subject  will  per- 
mit; but  while  the  book  is  intended  to  meet  a  popular  de- 
mand, the  treatment  is  in  no  way  superficial.  That  which 
is  vital  to  a  correct  understanding  of  a  country  lias  in  every 
instance  been  retained  and  emphasized.  Non-essentials 
have  given  place  to  essentials;  dead  matter  has  made  way  for 
living. 

Ignorance  of  foreign  lands — and  of  our  own,  too — is  not 
merely  inexcusable  but  is  little  short  of  a  calainity.     If  thi> 
book  can  cast  a  ray  of  light  on  some  strange  or  obscure  pat 
if  it  can  be  of  personal  service  in  a  time  of  pressing  need, 
purpose  will  not  have  been  unfulfilled. 

C.  O.  Sylvester  Mawson. 

Garden  City,  N.  Y.,  September,  19 17. 


GENERAL    CONTENTS 


General  Principles  of  Geography 

Introduction 

What  is  Geography  .....  x 

Practical  Value  of  Geography         .  x 

Natural  Conditions 

Situation .  x 

Gjnfiguratio.n x 

Climate 

Importance  of  Climate  ....  xi 

Causes  Affecting  Climate     ...  xi 

(1)  Latitude xi 

(2)  Altitude xi 

(3)  Nearness  to  the  Sea    ...  xi 

(4)  Direction  of  Prevailing  Wind .  xi 

(5)  Direction        of        Mountain 

Ranges ki 

(6)  Slope  of  the  Country              .  xi 

(7)  Nature  of  the  Soil  ...  xi 
Maritime  and  Continental  Climates  xi 
Atmospheric  Pressure     ....  xi 

The  Barometer xi 

Isobars xii 

Isotherms xii 

Winds xii 

Kinds  of  Winds xii 

Trade  Winds xii 

The  Doldrums xiii 

Monsoons xiii 

Horse  Latitudes         xiii 

Westerly  Winds xiii 

Hot  and  Cold  Winds       ....  xiii 

DisTRUiUTioN  OF  Life 

Evoliition xiii 

Adapuition  to  Environment      .      .  xiii 

Effect  u]  on  Environment    .      .      .  xiv 

Factors  .n  Distribution  ....  xiv 

Littoral  .\reas xiv 

Pelagic  Area xiv 

Abyssal  Area xiv 

Fluvial  Area xv 

Terrestrial  Area xv 

Evolutinn  of  Faunas .....  xv 

1.  Vegei  vtion 

Forests XV 

Grasslaniis  and  Savannas                .  xvi 

Tundras                      xvi 

Ice  Desc                     .      .      .      .      .~  xvi 

Mountai'.  Vegetation      ....  xvi 

Deserts xvi 

Pelagic  Vi  mt.s xvi 

2.  Animal:- 

Rciatioi'.                  ;  and  Plant  Life  .  xvi 

Movemt                   :iials               .  xvi 

Sea.sonai     ••i.igc.s       .      .            .      .  xvi 

Animal  L'e  of  the  Forests  .  .  .  xvii 
Animal  LtCe  of  Grassland  and  Scrub 

Lands           xvii 

Animal  I'fe  of  the  Deserts  xvii 

Animal  Life  of  the  Tundras  '  xvii 

Sea  Animals  and  their  Distribution .  xvii 

Barriers  to  Distribution  xvii 
Mar'"!  I  -f'uence  on  Animal  Distri- 

hu'-H                 .             .'    .      .      .  xviii 

3.  Ma.- 

Division     .f  .Mankind  .wiii 

£.|,;  V       „.  t;i  ..,-!.         ....  xviii 

M                          ■' uv     ....  .wiii 

Au.wi        .  ,    >.,J xviii 

Cauca  .;  or  V\  hite       .      .      :      .  .wiii 

Culture  ■'«  lies             xix 

Man's  P     I  Hill           xix 

"JOVERNMI-        ; 

Monarcl"  ^           '  xix 

^public. xix 

'JAOE          xxi 

»oR"  'v Land  _ 

.'tiv      Tethods  ' 

\n       i. 


Transport  by  Water 

Steamships xxi 

Rivalry  Between  Steam  and  Sail     .  xxi 

Recent  Improvements    ....  xxi 

Canals xxi 

Ship  Canals xxii 

Panama  Canal xxii 

The  New  Atlas 


Maps  and  Their  Uses 
Variety  of  Maps  . 
Scale  of  Maps 
Direction  on  a  Map  . 
Geographical  Measures 

xxv 
xxv 
xxv 
xxv 

Prime  Meridians        xxv 

Topographical  Maps       ....       xxv 

Use  of  Maps         xxv 

What  the  Maps  tell  us    .      .      .    xxvi-xxxi 
Alphabetical  Contents  of  New  Atlas    xxxii 
Atlas          1-240 

The  World  as  the  Home  of  Man 
Glimpses  of  Lands  and  Peoples 

EITROPE 

Europe 

Its  Central  Position 243 

Its  Relation  to  America    ....  243 

Races  of  Europe 243 

Synopsis  244 

United  Kingdom 

Historical  Sketch         245 

British  Energy 246 

British  Domesticity  ....  246 

Dislike  of  Change 246 

Stability .246 

Many-headed  and  Many-nationed  .  246 

Pacific  Type  of  Civilization   .  247 

Free  Trade 247 

English  Cottage  Gardens ....  247 

Horse-racing 248 

The  Derby 248 

Yorkshire 249 

A  Leeds  Mill 249 

The  Collier 249 

Flint  Mining  Extraordinary  .  249 

London        .........  250 

London  Railway  Stations  .  250 

Edinburgh  ....**...  250 

Glasgow  and  the  Clyde    .  .251 

Highland  Dress 251 

A  Whiff  of  Ireland 251 

An  Irish  Bog    .......  251 

Ireland  Fifty  Years  Ago  ....  252 

Land  Reform 252 

Aid  for  Western  Ireland  ....  252 

Irish  Agricultural  Labourer   .  252 

Present  Condition  of  Ireland  252 

Synopsis  of  United  Kingdom  253 

England  and  Wales 253 

Scotland 254 

Ireland 254 

Norway 

Historical  Sketch         2^6 

Grandeur  of  the  Fiords    ....  256 

Synopsis  of  Norway  ....  256 

Sweden 

Historical  Sketch         257 

Stockholm        ^57 

Life  in  Sweden 257 

S5'nopsis  of  Sweden 257 

Denmark 

Historical  Sketch         258 

\  National  Art 258 

^    D-.nlsIi  CIlU  :,!.,,  .        .        .  2C8 


Amsterdam 
Synopsis  of  > 


he  Netherlanii 


-50 

ZfjO 


Belgium 

Historical  Sketch         260 

Burgher  Life  in  Brussels  ....  261 

Employment  of  Dogs        ....  261 

Synopsis  of  Belgium 261 

France 

Historical  Sketch          262 

Alsace-Lorraine 262 

Alsarian  Frugality 262 

A  Bird's-eye  View  of  France              .  263 

Stilt  Walkers  of  the  Landes               .  263 

Paris 264 

Motoring  in  Paris        .....  264 

Marseilles 265 

Hints  to  Motorists  in  France            .  265 

Synopsis  of  France 265 

German  Empire 

Historical  Sketch         .....  267 

Anti-Prussian  Sentiment  in  Germany  267 

Evolution  of  German  Industry    .      .  267 

Cessation  of  Emigration                     .  268 

Industrv  and  World-Policy    .  268 

Beriin   " 268 

Embodiment  of  Hohenzollern  Char- 
acter    269 

Hamburg 269 

Beer  Industry          266 

The  Three  Loves  of  Germany             .  269 

Amber  Fishes  of  the  Baltic                 .  270 

Synopsis  of  the  German  Empire       .  270 

Russia 

Historical  Sketch         272 

The  Cossacks 272 

Strange  Customs  in  Little  Russia  272 

Petrograd  and  Its  Workmen  272 

A  Russian  Fair 273 

A  Moujik's  Cottage 273 

Superstitions 273 

The  Finns 274 

The  Dead  Land  of  Poland     .            .  275 

Synopsis  of  Russia  in  Europe      .      .  275 

AUSTRIA-HU^'GARY 

Historical  Sketch         276 

The  Passing  Show  in  Vienna  .276 

Primitive  Customs      ....  276 

Agriculture  in  Hungary    ....  271. 

A  Slovak  Village          277 

A  Synopsis  of  Austria-Hungary  277 

Switzerland 

Hktorical  Sketch         278 

Climbing  the  Alps .      .....  278 

Synopsis  of  Switzerland    ....  278 

Italy 

Historical  Sketch         279 

Italia  Irredenta 27<; 

A  Great  Nation 277 

The  Woman  Country        ....  279 

A  Day  in  Rome 279 

Venice,  the  City  of  Lagoons           .  .;So 

The  Grand  Canal 280 

America  in  Italy 280 

Synopsis  of  Italy 281 

Spain 

Historical  Sketc';         281 

A  Bull-Fight 281 

Synopsis  of  Spai.T 282 

Portugal 

Historical  Sketcli         282 

Lisbon 283 

The  Night  Watchman      ....  283 

Th?  Dog  in  Portugal  .      .      .      .      ;  283 

Life  in  die  Azores 283 

Syiiopsis  of  Portugal         ....  283 

Balkan  States 

Historical  Sketch         284 

Crete 2S4 

ImDPessions  of  Montenegro   .      .      .  284 

-•->>><:                  ...  285 

.-.'A                    ...  28s 

A  Serbian  iiunil 285 

Bulgarian  Msrriagt .               ...  286 

A  Curious  Custom                               .  286 

Rose  Culture         .                 ...  286 


GEOGRAPHICAL  MANUAL  AND  NEW  ATLAS 


XI 


ways  have  been  constructed  across  the  Appalachians  the 
■effect  of  the  ridges  is  still  apparent,  for  transport  is  only  easy 
where  the  valleys  of  the  Mohawk  and  Hudson  rivers  form  a 
natural  road;  hence,  at  the  seaward  end  of  this  road  has  de- 
veloped New  York,  by  far  the  greatest  port  of  the  con- 
tinent.' 

To  illustrate  the  effect  of  configuration  on  the  industries 
of  a  people  let  us  take  a  glance  at  Norway.  We  see  that  the 
■country  is  a  vast,  rocky  table-land  cut  into  by  innumerable 
fiords,  and  that  a  large  part  is  absolutely  barren.  A  line  of 
small  rocky  islands  protects  the  inshore  from  the  storms  of 
the  North  Sea,  and  within  which  the  water  is  nearly  always 
calm.  On  account  of  the  barrenness  of  the  soil,  we  look  to 
the  mountains  and  the  coast  for  some  indication  of  the  lead- 
ing products  and  industries.  Nor  are  we  disappointed,  for 
lumber  and  fish  are  the  chief  resources  of  Norway.  The 
abundance  of  lumber  has  given  rise  to  various  wood  in- 
dustries, from  shipbuilding  to  matches,  while  the  fisheries 
are  very  extensive. 

CLIMATE 

Importance  of  Climate. — Let  us  first  distinguish  between 
weather  and  climate.  By  weather  we  mean  the  amount  of 
heat,  moisture,  and  wind  in  a  particular  place  at  a  particular 
time.  Climate  shows  the  average  atmospheric  conditions, 
especially  in  regard  to  their  effect  upon  animal  and  vegetable 
life.  Weather  deals  with  special  instances;  climate  shows 
the  general  condition,  and  is  the  sum  and  average  of  weather. 

In  regard  to  the  productions  and  communications  of  a 
country,  its  climate  is  of  more  importance  than  its  coast- 
line or  its  relative  elevation.  Methods  of  cultivation  in  tem- 
perate climates  differ  widely  from  those  in  hot  or  cold  regions. 
The  commercial  industry  in  harbours  that  are  frozen  for 
several  months  in  the  year  differs  greatly  from  that  of  har- 
bours that  are  always  accessible.  The  social  life  also  in  mild 
winter  climates  is  different  from  the  social  life  in  northern 
cities. 

Causes  Affecting  Climate. — The  principal  causes  which 
affect  climate  are:  (i)  latitude;  (2)  .altitude;  (3)  nearness  to 
the  sea;  (4)  direction  of  prevailing  winds;  (5)  direction  of 
mountain  ranges;  (6)  slope  of  the  country;  and  (7)  nature  of 
the  soil. 

(i)  Latitude. — The  temperature  of  a  place  varies  with  its 
distance  from,  the  equator.  Within  the  tropics  the  sun's 
rays  are,  at  one  place  or  another,  vertical  at  noon;  therefore  a 
greater  number  of  rays  fall  upon  a  square  foot  of  ground  than 
in  those  parts  of  the  world  where  the  rays  are  sloping. 

(2)  Altitude. — The  temperature  decreases  the  higher  we 
rise,  the  thermometer  falling  one  degree  for  every  333  feet  of 
rise  above  the  sea-level.  Those  who  live  on  mountains  or 
elevated  plains  within  the  tropics  enjoy  temperate  climates. 
Quito,  in  South  America,  although  practically  on  the  equator, 
has  a  mild  and  spring-like  climate  due  to  its  elevation  of 
9,348  feet.  In  India,  during  the  hot  season,  people  may 
escape  the  intense  heat  of  the  plains  by  going  to  some  hill- 
station,  such  as  Simla  or  Darjeeling  in  the  Himalayas. 

(3)  Nearness  to  the  Sea. — The  sea  becomes  heated  more 
slowly  than  the  land,  but  it  takes  in  more  heat  and  retains  it 
longer.  Hence  the  effect  of  the  sea  is  to  temper  the  climate, 
rendering  it  milder  in  winter  and  cooler  in  summer.  Greater 
extremes  of  temperature  and  less  rainfall  will  be  experienced  in 
the  heart  of  a  continent  than  near  the  sea.  For  example,  the 
climate  of  England  is  much  milder  than  that  of  parts  of 

'J.  F.  Unstead  and  E.  G.  Taylor,  "General  and  Regional  Geography"  (1916). 


Russia  in  the  same  latitude,  while  the  rainfall  of  Russia  is 
much  less.  In  North  America,  owing  to  its  size  and  the  con- 
sequent distance  of  its  interior  from  the  sea,  the  climate 
ranges  between  great  heat  and  great  cold. 

(4)  Direction  of  Prevailing  Winds. — ^Winds  coming 
from  warm  regions  raise  the  temperature  of  the  atmosphere. 
Thus  the  sirocco,  which  blows  from  the  Libyan  Desert,  makes 
the  air  in  Italy  extremely  hot  for  the  time  being.  The  pre- 
vailing southwest  winds  bring  warmth  and  moisture  from  the 
Gulf  Stream  to  Great  Britain,  whereas  the  east  wind  blowing 
over  the  cold  plains  of  Russia  reaches  the  British  Isles  as  a 
cold,  dry  wind.  The  southwest  monsoons,  which  blow  from 
May  to  September,  modify  the  Indian  climate  to  a  consider- 
able degree. 

(5)  Direction  of  Mountain  Ranges. — Mountains  act  as 
a  barrier  against  the  winds.  For  instance,  the  Himalayas 
protect  India  from  the  cold  winds  of  northern  Asia.  If 
the  Carpathians  were  removed  from  the  northeast  of 
the  Hungarian  Plain,  that  plain  would  be  swept  by  cold 
northeast  winds  in  the  winter  and  would  not  be  so  fertile. 
Mountain  ranges  also  condense  the  moisture  in  the  air; 
and,  when  the  prevailing  winds  are  from  the  ocean,  cause  an 
abundant  rainfall.  Thus  the  Rocky  Mountains  arrest  the 
clouds  coming  from  the  Pacific,  and  compel  them  to  part  with 
their  moisture.  The  damp  side  of  a  mountain  range  is 
generally  well  wooded,  while  on  its  dry  side  there  is  only 
sufficient  moisture  for  grass. 

(6)  Slope  of  the  Country. — A  country  that  slopes  away 
from  the  rays  of  the  sun  will  not  be  so  fertile  as  one  that 
slopes  toward  them.  In  the  northern  hemisphere,  the  most 
fertile  lands  slope  to  the  south;  in  the  southern  hemisphere, 
to  the  north.  Planters  of  fruit  trees  are  well  aware  of  this 
fact.  In  the  United  States  grapes  and  other  fruits  are 
grown  in  a  southern  aspect,  while  in  New  Zealand  they  are 
grown  in  a  northern  aspect.  * 

(7)  Nature  of  the  Soil. — If  a  soil  be  hard  and  sandy,  it 
will  retain  much  heat  in  the  day  and  give  it  out  rapidly  at 
night.  Thus,  it  is  the  porous  character  of  the  sand  that  causes 
both  the  intensely  cold  nights  and  hot  days  in  desert  regions. 
If  a  soil  be  clayey,  and  particularly  if  it  be  well  covered  with 
vegetation,  it  will  hold  a  great  deal  of  water  and  will  part  with 
the  heat  more  slowly.  For  this  reason  seeds  may  be  sown  in 
clayey  soils  later  in  the  year  than  in  sandy  soils.  Nor  is  a 
forest  region  subject  to  sudden  floods.  The  cutting  down  of 
the  forests  on  the  western  slopes  of  the  Alps  has  resulted  in 
very  sudden  and  dangerous  floodings  of  the  Rhone. 

Maritime  and  Continental  Climates. — ^The  climate  of  a 
country  is  described  as  maritime  or  continental  according  to 
the  proximity  to  the  sea.  A.  maritime  or  oceanic  climate  is 
distinguished  by  mildness  and  moisture.  A  continental  cli- 
mate is  marked  by  dryness,  with  extreme  cold  in  winter  and 
intense  heat  in  summer.  Such  a  climate  may  be  affected,  as 
in  Ontario,  by  the  proximity  of  lakes. 

Atmospheric  Pressure. — Like  all  other  forms  of  matter, 
air  has  weight  and  is  subject  to  the  law  of  gravitation.  It  is 
obvious,  therefore,  that  the  air  must  exert  a  certaii?  amount  of 
pressure  on  every  body  which  it  touches.  Tlie  pressure  of  the 
air  at  sea-level  is  15  pounds  to  each  square  inch.  Air  is  also 
very  elastic;  hence  the  layers  of  air  at  the  surface  of  the  earth 
are  denser  and  more  compressed  than  those  above  them.  It 
follows  that  the  density  and  pressure  diminish  rapidly  as  we  i; 
ascend. 

The  Barometer. — The  barometer  is  the  instrument  with 
which  we  measure  atmospheric  weight  and  pressure.  The 
mercury  in  the  tube  is  balanced  by  the  weight  of  the  air  out- 


xu 


GEOGRAPHICAL  MANUAL  AND  NEW  ATLAS 


side.  If  the  air  is  heavy,  then  the  mercury  rises;  if  light,  it 
falls.  Cold,  dry  air  is  the  heaviest;  warm,  dry  air  comes  next; 
and  warm,  moist  air  is  the  lightest  of  all. 

The  barometer  is  also  used  to  measure  altitude.  At  sea- 
level  the  barometer  usually  stands  at  30  inches.  For  every 
1,000  feet  we  ascend,  the  barometer  falls  one  inch;  thus  if  we 
go  up  10,000  feet  the  barometer  will  stand  at  only  20  inches. 
By  carefully  watching  the  readings  of  the  barometer,  it  is 
found  that  the  pressure  varies  according  to  the  time  of  day. 
This  is  especially  the  case  in  the  tropics,  where  these  diurnal 
variations  are  so  regular  that  a  barometer  might  be  made  to 
serve  as  a  clock.  It  is  also  found  that  the  height  of  the  mer- 
cury varies  with  the  seasons.  In  warm  climates  the  pressure 
gradually  diminishes  from  winter  to  summer,  although  the 
range  is  very  small.  In  summer,  therefore,  the  pressure  is 
less  than  in  winter  in  the  two  hemispheres  owing  to  the  greater 
evaporation. 

Isobars. — Isobars  (Greek  isos,  equal;  baros,  weight)  are 
lines  drawn  on  the  map  connecting  all  places  of  equal  pres- 
sure. The  daily  weather  charts,  upon  which  such  lines  are 
shown,  are  issued  by  the  Weather  Bureau  at  Washington  and 
by  the  meteorological  office  in  London  and  elsewhere,  based 
on  information  received  by  telegraph  from  various  stations. 
It  is  from  such  information  that  daily  forecasts  of  the  weather 
can  be  issued  with  considerable  accuracy. 

Isotherms.— Isotherms  (Greek  isos,  equal;  therme,  heat),  or 
isothermal  lines,  are  lines  drawn  upon  a  map  or  chart  connect- 
ing places  of  the  same  temperature.  These  lines  will  be  found 
to  vary  from  month  to  month  over  the  two  hemispheres,  or 
over  local  areas,  during  summer  and  winter.  If  it  were  not 
for  the  various  causes  which  affect  climate,  the  isothermal 
lines  would  coincide  with  the  parallels  of  latitude. 

The  mean  daily  temperature  is  the  average  of  24  houriy 
observations  of  the  thermometer;  and  the  average  of  the  365 
mean  daily  temperatures,  taken  in  a  year,  gives  the  mean 
annual  temperature  for  that  year.  But  although  places  may 
have  the  same  mean  annual  temperature,  they  may  have 
very  different  climates.  London  and  Vienna  have  nearly  the 
same  mean  annual  temperature,  yet  London  has  a  mean 
winter  temperature  of  37°  and  a  mean  summer  temperature  of 
64  ;  while  Vienna  has  a  mean  winter  temperature  of  29°,  and 
a  mew  summer  temperature  of  70°.  Thus  the  climate  of 
Vienna  is  more  extreme  and  continental  than  that  of  London, 
which  enjoys  a  milder  or  maritime  climate,  although  both 
ciries  receive  in  the  year  almost  exactly  the  same  amount  of 
heat  from  the  sun. 

Winds.— Winds  are  motions  of  the  atmosphere  caused  by 
differences  in  its  temperature  and  density.  When  the  air  is 
heated,  it  expands  and  becomfes  lighter.  Its  equilibrium  is 
destroyed,  and  as  the  heated  air  rises  the  colder  surrounding 
air  rushes  in  to  take  its  place. 

The  earth  is  at  all  seasons  completely  surrounded  by  two 
.  ro  M  T  ""lo^Phf  "c  pressure,  one  lying  in  about  latitude 
35  M-..  the  other  m  about  latitude  30°  S.  On  the  equatorial 
sides  of  these  belts  pressure  diminishes  to  a  minimum  near 
the  equator,  and  on  the  polar  sides  a  similar  diminution 
occurs,  extending  to  very  high  latitudes,  if  not  to  the  poles. 
1  he  circulation  arising  from  this  distribution  of  pressure  may 
be  summarized  as  follows : 


H,sher  South  Lamudes.    .  Strong  W.  and  N.W.  winds  .''Br"versrwinl" 


The  position  of  all  these  belts  changes  with  the  season;  but 
the  range  of  movement  is  comparatively  small,  and  the  ex- 
treme positions  are  reached  from  one  to  two  months  after  the 
solstices.' 

Kinds  of  Winds.— Winds  are  described  as  constant, 
periodic,  or  variable.  They  also  receive  names  in  accordance 
with  their  direcrion,  strength,  and  temperature.  Strong 
winds  are  called  gales,  storms,  hurricanes,  cyclones,  torna- 
does, etc.,  according  to  their  velocity.  Strong  winds  have 
both  a  rotary  and  an  onward  motion,  hence  all  storms  are 
cyclonic  in  character.  In  the  northern  hemisphere,  the 
wind  in  such  storms  rotates  in  the  contrary  direction  to  that 
of  the  hands  of  a  clock,  but  travels  forward  in  a  clockwise  di- 
rection. In  the  southern  hemisphere  these  motions  are  re- 
versed, the  air  in  the  storm  rotating  with  the  hands  of  a  clock, 
but  advancing  in  the  opposite  direction.  In  the  northern 
hemisphere  if  we  stand  with  our  back  to  the  wind  the  centre 
of  the  storm  is  on  the  left  hand;  in  the  southern  hemisphere 
the  opposite  is  the  case.  Cyclonic  storms  are  the  most  vio- 
lent in  the  West  Indies,  the  Indian  Ocean,  and  the  China 
Sea.  They  occur  most  frequently  at  the  same  season  of  the 
year— from  July  to  October  in  the  northern  hemisphere,  and 
from  January  to  May  in  the  southern  hemisphere.  These 
storms  are  usually  accompanied  by  a  heavy  fall  of  rain. 

Trade  Winds.— The  most  important  of  the  constant 
winds  are  the  northeast  and  southeast  trade  winds,  or 
"trades,"  so  called  from  their  use  in  oversea  trade.  The  air 
in  the  tropics,  being  intensely  heated,  rises  and  flows  toward 
the  north  and  south  as  an  upper  current;  while  the  cold  air 
flows  in  toward  the  equator  to  take  its  place.  If  the  earth 
were  at  rest,  and  its  surface  either  wholly  land  or  wholly 
water,  there  would  be  only  two  sets  of  winds — a  north  and  a 
south  toward  the  equator  on  the  surface,  and  return  winds  in 
the  upper  regions  toward  the  poles.  But  the  earth  rotates 
from  west  to  east,  places  at  the  equator  moving  at  the  rate 
of  1,000  miles  an  hour;  while  as  we  go  north  or  south  the  cir- 
cumference of  the  earth  becomes  less  and  less,  and  the 
velocity  of  rotation  diminishes.  Thus  air  moving  toward  the 
equator  travels  more  slowly  than  those  parts  of  the  earth 
over  which  it  is  passing,  and  appears  to  come  from  the  north- 
east or  southeast  instead  of  from  due  north  or  due  south. 

For  a  space  of  about  30°  on  either  side  of  the  equator  the 
trade  winds  blow  almost  due  northeast  and  southeast,  but  as 
they  approach  the  equator  their  course  becomes  nearly  east 
because  of  the  great  friction  of  the  air  against  the  earth's  sur- 
face. 

In  the  Atlantic  the  N.  E.  trade  extends  from  lat.  9°  N.  to 
30°  N.;  in  the  Pacific  from  9°  N.  to  26°  N.  The  S.  E.  trade 
varies  from  4°  N.  to  22°  S.  in  the  Atlantic,  and  from  4°  N.  to 
23°  S.  in  the  Pacific;  but  the  limits  change  with  the  season, 
shifting  a  little  with  the  advance  and  retreat  of  the  sun. 

The  current  of  hot  air  rising  from  the  tropics  forms  in  the 
upper  regions  of  the  atmosphere  two  counter  currents  flowing 
toward  the  poles.  As  these  winds  blow  in  an  opposite  di- 
rection to  that  of  the  trade  winds,  they  are  called  the  anti- 
trades. After  leaving  the  tropics  these  two  great  con- 
trary currents  of  air  become  chilled  and  heavier  and  begin  to 
descend,  reaching  the  earth's  surface  in  the  temperate  zones 
at  about  30°  N.  and  30°  S.  latitude. 


It  is  interesting  to  notice  the  effects  of  these  regular  winds 
on  trade-routes,  e.  g.,  the  clipper  route  from  London  to  Mel- 
bourne or  from  Liverpool  to  Bombay.     The  route  is  the  same 

IH.  R.  Mill,  "The  International  Geography"  (1916). 


GEOGRAPHICAL  MANUAL  AND  NEW  ATLAS 


xui 


for  both  places  as  far  as  the  Tropic  of  Capricorn,  and  the  two 
main  objects  of  the  skipper  are  to  get  the  full  use  of  the  N.  E. 
trade-winds  blowing  with  him  north  of  the  equator,  and  to 
avoid  the  full  strength  of  the  S.  E.  trade-winds  blowing 
against  him  south  of  the  equator.  With  this  double  object 
in  view,  he  hugs  the  European  coast  so  as  to  make  the 
Canary  Islands,  just  as  south  of  "the  line"  he  hugs  the 
American  coast  as  far  as  the  Tropic  of  Capricorn.  There  the 
two  routes  separate.  The  Melbourne-bound  boat  keeps  on 
southward  till  she  is  from  300  to  400  miles  south  of  the  lati- 
tude of  Melbourne  before  she  turns  due  east,  for  Melbourne 
itself  is  north  of  the  Forties,  and  thus  she  will  get  the  full  ad- 
vantage of  the  Brave  West  Winds.  The  route  of  the  Bom- 
bay boat  varies  with  the  season.  If  it  is  the  season  of  the  S. 
W.  monsoons,  i.  e.,  April  to  October,  she  hugs  the  African 
coast,  and  makes  a  straight  course  up  the  Mozambique 
Channel;  but  if  it  is  the  season  of  the  N.  E.  trades,  i.  e., 
October  to  April,  she  drops  southward  from  the  Cape  into  the 
Forties,  and  then  keeps  on  from  2,000  to  3,000  miles  eastward 
before  she  turns  northward.  And  even  then,  after  passing 
the  Tropic  of  Capricorn,  she  holds  eastward  again,  so  that  she 
approaches  Bombay  from  the  south^aj/.' 

The  Doldrums. — As  the  two  trades  meet  at  or  near  the 
equator,  it  follows  that  if  both  are  blowing  with  the  same 
force  they  must  neutralize  each  other  and  produce  a  calm. 
This  zone  of  calms  is  known  to  sailors  as  the  doldrums,  and 
varies  in  breadth  from  150  miles  to  500  miles.  This  central 
calm  belt  is  generally  found  between  3°  and  9"  N.  lat.  The 
reason  why  it  is  found  north  of  the  equator  is  this:  The 
oceans  in  the  southern  hemisphere  being  much  broader  than 
those  in  the  northern,  the  southeast  trades  constitute  a  larger 
body  of  wind  than  the  northeast  trades  and  push  back  the 
latter.  The  zone  of  calms  is  continually  changing  its  po- 
sition, following  the  sun  northward  in  summer  and  south- 
ward in  winter.  It  is  subject  to  heavy  and  constant  rains 
and  violent  thunder-storms.  When  either  of  the  trades  is 
stronger  than  the  other,  light  breezes  blow  usually  from  the 
east;  hence  the  zone  is  also  called  the  zone  of  variable  winds. 

Monsoons. — ^The  chief  periodic  winds  are  the  monsoons 
(Arabic  mausim,  a  season),  which  are  characteristic  of  the 
Indian  Ocean.  During  our  summer,  the  air  over  the  vast 
plateau  in  southern  Asia  becomes  greatly  heated  and  rarefied. 
The  ordinary  northeast  trades  are  in  consequence  deflected 
from  their  course  and  completely  turned  round,  thus  becom- 
ing a  southwest  monsoon.  The  southwest  monsoon  {yuet 
monsoon)  blows  from  the  end  of  April  to  the  middle  of 
October;  the  northeast  monsoon  {dry  monsoon)  blows  from 
the  middle  of  October  to  April,  that  is  when  the  sun  is  south 
of  the  equator.  The  "breaking  of  the  monsoon,"  when  one 
monsoon  changes  into  the  other,  is  usually  accompanied  by 
torrential  rains  and  violent  storms. 

Horse  Latitudes. — ^The  belts  of  high  atmospheric  pres- 
sure in  30°  to  35°  on  either  side  of  the  equator  are  commonly 
known  as  the  horse  latitudes.  That  part  of  the  northern  belt 
which  is  over  the  Atlantic  Ocean  is  the  one  commonly  referred 
to.  The  horse  latitudes  are  notorious  for  their  baffling  winds 
and  tedious  calms.  They  present  a  marked  contrast  to  the 
equatorial  belt  in  the  dryness  and  the  freshness  of  the  air  and 
the  light  rainfall. 

Westerly  Winds. — ^The  anti-trades  north  of  30°  N.  lat. 
and  south  of  30°  S.  lat.  are  known  as  the  Prevailing  Westerlies 
or  Westerly  Winds.  In  the  northern  hemisphere,  the  preva- 
lent wind  is  the  warm  southwest;  in  the  southern  hemisphere, 
the  warm  northwest.  The  Westerlies  exist  throughout  the 
greater  part  of  the  temperate  zones,  and  are  the  ones  with 
which  Europeans  are  most  familiar.    These  winds  south  of 

•L.  W.  Lyde,  "  M»n  on  the  Earth." 


the  equator  are  known  to  all  readers  of  sea  stories  as  the 
Brave  West  Winds;  on  account  of  their  being  most  prevalent  in 
40°  to  49°  S.  lat.,  they  are  described  as  blowing  in  the  Roaring 
Forties. 

Hot  and  Cold  Winds. — Many  variable  winds  have  special 
local  names.  Thus  the  hot,  parching  wind  which  blows  from 
the  African  deserts,  passing  over  southern  Italy,  is  called  the 
sirocco;  the  same  wind  in  Turkey  is  called  the  samiel.  A 
similar  wind  in  Spain  is  called  the  solano;  in  Switzerland  it  is 
known  as  the  foehn.  In  Egypt  the  hot  southwesterly  wind 
from  the  Sahara  is  called  khamsin  (an  Arabic  word  meaning 
"fifty"),  so  called  because  it  blows  for  about  fifty  days  from 
April  to  June.  In  Syria  and  Arabia,  a  similar  hot,  violent, 
dust-laden  wind  is  called  simoom  (from  an  Arabic  word  mean- 
ing "to  poison").  In  the  south  of  France  a  cold,  dry  wind 
from  the  Alps  is  called  the  mistral.  There  are  many  other 
names  for  local  winds. 


DISTRIBUTION  OF  LIFE 

Evolution. — ^The  mystery  of  life  is  one  of  the  great  un- 
solved puzzles  of  the  universe,  and  remains  a  standing 
challenge  to  the  biologist,  the  chemist,  and  every  educated 
man.  Science,  however,  is  able  to  explain  in  great  measure 
life's  unfoldment. 

All  vegetable  and  animal  organisms  of  the  present  day 
have  been  slowly  evolved  from  those  of  former  ages.  Before 
modem  science  had  sufficiently  lifted  the  veil  that  shrouded 
the  past  it  was  commonly  thought  that  the  history  of  the 
earth  was  a  succession  of  "terrible  events  and  revolutions,"' 
and  that  a  complete  and  instantaneous  destruction  of  a  florc? 
and  fauna^  took  place,  followed  by  a  sudden  appearance  of 
new  life  forms  as  if  at  the  bidding  of  a  magician. 

Such  beliefs  were  rudely  shaken  by  Darwin  and  Wallace, 
who  advanced  the  theory  that  the  various  types  of  animals 
and  plants  have  developed  by  descent  from  former  types. 
This  theory  of  evolution,  which  involves  also  the  descent  of 
man  from  some  lower  ape-like  animal,  was  supported  from 
the  first  by  Huxley  in  England  and  Haeckel  in  Germany,  and 
is  now  generally  accepted  by  scientists.  Men  now  see  that 
instead  of  undermining  religion,  the  idea  of  evolution  uplifts 
creation,  and  makes  it  not  an  unnatural  happening  in  the  dim 
past  but  a  divine  activity  that  is  continuous  throughout  all 
time. 

Adaptation  to  Environment. — Every  organism  that 
survives  does  so  by  adapting  itself  to  its  situation.  The  re- 
lation of  every  living  thing  to  its  environment  concerns  both 
the  biologist  and  the  geographer.  Ordinarily  speaking, 
environment  applies  only  to  immediate  surroundings,  but  in 
a  strict  sense  it  includes  everything  that  may  in  any  manner 
affect  the  organism — light  and  heat,  alternations  of  day  and 
night,  and  of  summer  and  winter,  and  the  like — to  all  of 
these,  as  well  as  to  more  immediate  influences,  the  organism 
is  sensitive.  Whatever  tends  to  destroy  the  harmony  be- 
tween any  life  form  and  its  environment  tends  also  to  disturb 
or  destroy  life.  This  is  a  fundamental  law  of  nature.  In- 
deed, Spencer  has  defined  life  itself  as  "the  continuous  adjust- 
ment of  internal  relations  to  external  relations."* 

External  conditions  are  not  constant.  Besides  the  daily 
and  seasonal  changes  to  which  an  organism  must  adapt  it- 
self, more  violent  changes  may  take  place  in  the  history  of  a 

*Cuvier,  •*  Discours  lur  les  Revolutiom  du  Globe." 
^FLORA,  the  plants  collectively  of  a  particular  region  or  epoch. 
'FAUNA,  collectively,  the  animals  peculiar  to  a  region  or  epoch. 
'"Principlei  of  Biology  "  (1881). 


XIV 


GEOGRAPHICAL  MANUAL  AND  NEW  ATLAS 


species.  For  instance,  a  plain  may  be  upheaved  and  become 
a  plateau,  or  a  mountain  range  may  be  submerged  till  it 
becomes  a  line  of  small  islands,  in  which  case  corresponding 
changes  of  structure  must  be  undergone  to  meet  the  altered 
conditions.  Some  animals  will  migrate  while  the  change  is 
taking  place.  Those  that  remain  and  are  not  sufficiently 
plastic  to  adjust  themselves  to  the  new  environment  must 
surrender  and  die.  Fossil  remains  make  it  clear  to  us  that 
numbers  of  different  types  have  met  this  fate.  This  process 
of  adaptation  is  called  by  Darwin  "Natural  Selection,"  and 
by  Spencer  the  "Survival  of  the  Fittest." 

Effect  upon  Environment. — Not  only  does  environment 
affect  an  organism,  but  organisms  are  fitted  to  make  certain 
exchanges  with  their  environment,  drawing  from  it  certain 
forms  of  energy  and  returning  to  it  matter  and  energy  in 
some  other  form.  Worms,  as  Darwin  showed,  effect  a  con- 
tinual transformation  of  the  soil  by  bringing  the  deeper  layers 
to  the  surface  where  they  are  exposed  to  the  atmosphere, 
and  by  dragging  superficial  objects  into  the  burrows;  thus 
marked  chemical  changes  take  place,  for  the  action  of  the 
animal  on  environment  is  that  of  an  oxidizing  agent.  The 
whole  life  of  an  organism  is  an  unconscious  struggle  to  wrest 
the  means  of  subsistence  from  the  environment.  Excepting 
man,  it  is  doubtful  whether  any  animal  is  conscious  of  the 
actual  process  of  adaptation;  but  though  the  process  be  un- 
conscious it  is  there  nevertheless. 

Factors  in  Distribution. — Why  is  it  that  certain  forms 
of  life  prevail  in  one  region  and  not  in  another?  Why,  for 
instance,  are  the  marsupial  animals  (except  the  American 
opossums)  now  confined  to  Australasia?  Why  are  there  no 
amphibians  on  oceanic  islands?.  Why  are  some  regions 
treeless  and  others  grassless?  Such  questions  as  these  will 
juggest  themselves  to  any  thinking  person,  and  the  answer 
must  be  sought  among  the  factors  which  determine  distribu- 
tion. Plants  require  light,  heat,  and  moisture;  and  where 
these  elements  are  abundant,  as  in  the  tropics,  there  we  find 
the  greatest  development  of  vegetable  life.  Animals  are 
dependent  on  climate,  food,  and  shelter,  and  like  plants 
they  are  more  or  less  restricted  in  their  habitats.  In  the 
1  topics,  again,  we  find  that  animal  life  is  most  exuberant  in 
point  of  size,  numbers,  strength,  and  beauty.  The  inhabi- 
tants of  the  rich  and  sheltered  lowtands  are  distinct  from 
1  hose  of  the  mountain  slopes,  and  these  again  from  those  of 
■  he  higher  and  colder  elevations.  In  the  same  manner  the 
marine  animals  of  the  shallow  waters  differ  from  those  of 
1  he  deeper  ocean. 

Other  factors  are  the  location  of  the  original  headquarters 
of  the  stock  (usually  uncertain),  and  the  means  of  dispersal. 
".  wide  distribution  usually  suggests  unusual  facilities  for 
•  lispersal.  Thus  insects  are  found  almost  every^vhere;  for 
most  can  fly,  or  are  drifted  with  the  wind,  or  are  borne  from 
place  to  place  in  the  form  of  eggs  or  cocoon.  On  a  volcanic 
sland  out  in  the  ocean  mammals  are  rarely  found,  which  is 
explained  by  the  fact  that  most  mammals  have  limited 
50wers  of  swimming.  The  occasional  presence  of  small 
■odents  on  such  an  island  would  usually  indicate  that  a 
vreck  or  a  drifting  raft  had  brought  them  there.  Changes 
of  the  earth's  crust  and  climate  also  help  to  explain  distribu- 
I  ion.  For  example,  Asia  was  undoubtedly  connected  at  one 
lime  with  America  by  land  across  Bering  Strait.  This  'fact 
will  account  for  the  fossil  remains  of  the  horse,  bison,  and 
mammoth  in  Alaska,  and  enables  us  to  understand  the  many 
common  features  between  North  American  and  European 
faunas. 

Bearing  in  mind  thes>.'  factors,  it  v  i  I  l  -  seen  tnat  the  lolu 


method  of  dividing  animal  and  plant  life  into  geographical 
realms  is  somewhat  misleading;  hence  we  will  adopt  a  more 
fundamental  and  scientific  grouping  by  dividing  the  animal 
and  vegetable  world  into  the  following  areas:  the  littoral 
(inhabiting  the  seashore),  pelagic  (inhabiting  the  open  ocean), 
abyssal  (inhabiting  the  depths  of  the  oz&zn),  fluvial  (inhabit- 
ing rivers  and  other  fresh  water),  and  the  terrestrial  (inhabit- 
ing the  land). 

Littoral  Area. — The  littoral  area  extends  from  high-tide 
mark  to  a  depth  of  about  loo  fathoms.  It  is  the  meeting- 
place  of  air,  water,  and  land,  and  is  probably  the  richest  in 
life  forms. '  It  includes  the  majority  of  the  seaweeds,  and 
representatives  of  almost  every  family  from  the  Infusorians 
to  birds  and  an  occasional  mammal.  The  lower  boundary 
of  this  area  is  known  as  the  mud  line,  which  Sir  John  Murray 
regards  as  "the  great  feeding  ground  in  the  ocean,"  and  as 
the  primary  haunt  from  which  animals  migrated  to  the 
deep  sea.  The  most  valuable  fishing  grounds  are  in  the 
relatively  shallow  waters  on  the  continental  shelf,  or  littoral 
plateau,  of  the  temperate  lands. 

Pelagic  Area. — The  organisms  that  live  in  the  open  sea 
are  divisible  into  the  plankton  (floating),  the  nekton  (actively 
swimming),  and  the  benthos  (attached  to  or  crawling  along 
the  bottom).  The  plankton  is  now  commonly  taken  to 
include  the  nekton  as  well.  Scientific  investigation  of  these 
pelagic  organisms  dates  from  the  British  Challenger  expedition 
(1872-1876).  Ocean  life  that  exists  in  the  first  100  fathoms 
is  called  epiplankton,  and  its  wealth  and  variety  are  almost 
inconceivable. 

In  the  first  hundred  fathoms  at  sea  the  fall  of  tempera- 
ture is  gradual  and  slight,  and  forms  practically  no  hindrance 
to  the  diurnal  oscillation  of  the  oceanic  epiplankton — the 
alleged  rise  and  fall  of  almost  the  entire  fauna.  Roughly 
speaking,  the  greatest  number  of  animals  is  nearest  the  sur- 
face at  midnight;  but  different  species  sink  and  rise  at  differ- 
ent times,  and  to  or  from  different  depths.  Apart  from  this 
diurnal  oscillation,  unfavourable  conditions  at  the  surface 
send  or  keep  the  fauna  down  in  a  remarkable  way:  for  ex- 
ample, in  the  Bay  of  Biscay  few  organisms  are  to  be  found 
in  the  first  fathom  in  bright  sunlight,  but  on  a  still,  hot  day 
the  next  few  fathoms  teem  with  life;  yet  after  a  few  minutes' 
wind  or  rain  these  upper  layers  will  be  found  almost  de- 
serted.' 

Abyssal  Area. — This  is  the  home  of  the  benthos,  the  flora 
and  fauna  that  live  on  the  bottom  of  the  ocean. 

The  researches  of  the  Challenger  and  analogous  expedi- 
tions have  made  it  certain  that  there  is  no  depth-limit  to  the 
distribution  of  animal  life,  that  there  are  in  the  great  abysses 
representatives  of  most  of  the  classes  from  Protozoa  to  fishes, 
and  that  the  distribution  of  some  types  tends  to  be  cosmo- 
politan in  correspondence  with  the  uniformity  of  the  physical 
conditions. 

As  to  these  physical  conditions,  the  deep-sea  world  is 
in  darkness,  apart  from  occasional  "phosphorescence,"  for  a 
sensitive  photographic  plate  is  not  influenced  below  250-500 
fathoms;  the  temperature  is  about  freezing  point,  the  heat  of 
the  sun  being  practically  lost  at  about  150  fathoms;  the 
pressure  is  enormous,  about  2§  tons  per  square  inch  at 
200  fathoms;  the  cold  water  in  sinking  brings  down  a  rela- 
tively large  proportion  of  oxygen;  it  is  quite  calm,  for  the 
effects  of  the  greatest  storms  are  only  felt  near  the  surface. 

There  are  no  plants,  apart  from  the  resting  stages  of  a 
few  doubtful  algoid  forms,  for  typical  vegetable  life  is  depen- 
dent upon  light,  and  not  even  bacteria,  otherwise  so  omni- 
present, are  known  to  occur  in  the  great  depths.  The  animals 
feed  on  one  another  and  on  the  organic  debris  which  sinks 
down  from  above. 


^''LiKyclopscdia  Bricaani^a'  ,  lien  .....   on,  vol.  21,  p.  724. 


GEOGRAPHICAL  MANUAL  AND  NEW  ATLAS 


XV 


Modern  research  has  yielded  no  result  more  stimulating 
to  the  imagination  than  the  tidings  of  this  strange,  silent, 
cold,  dark,  plantless  world  and  its  numerous  inhabitants.^ 

One  of  the  chief  barriers  to  the  horizontal  distribution  of 
pelagic  organisms  is  the  junction  of  opposing  currents. 
For  example,  the  warm  southwest  Mozambique  Current 
meets  a  northeast  branch  of  the  cold  Antarctic  Drift  off 
Natal  and  forms  a  practically  impassable  barrier.  Discon- 
tinuous distribution  is  also  apparent  where  physical  barriers 
have  intersected  a  certain  area.  Dr.  G.  H.  Fowler  cites  the 
following  example: 

The  Isthmus  of  Panama  was  apparently  only  upraised 
about  Miocene  time,  having  been  previously  an  archipelago 
through  which  a  great  circumequatorial  current  could  pass; 
consequently  the  benthos  of  the  Panama  region  shows 
marked  alliance  with  the  Caribbean,  with  which  it  was 
formerly  continuous,  but  practically  none  with  the  Indo- 
Pacific.  .  .  .  The  damming  of  a  great  circumequatorial 
current  by  the  Isthmus  of  Panama  is  probably  also  responsible 
for  that  dislocation  of  currents  which  resulted  in  the  present 
relations  of  the  Gulf  Stream  and  North  Atlantic  Drift  to  the 
Labrador  Current,  and  cut  the  Atlantic  Boreal  fauna  into 
two  discontinuous  districts. 

Fluvial  Area. — The  fresh-water  faunas  and  floras  may 
be  distinguished  as:  (i)  the  recent  migrants,  e.  g.,  the  simple 
polyp  Cordylophora  which  has  been  carried  by  boats  up  rivers 
and  canals;  (2)  the  survivors  of  the  inhabitants  of  an  ancient 
sea,  e.  g.,  many  of  the  molluscs  of  Lake  Tanganyika  in  central 
Africa;  (3)  the  cosmopolitan  forms  which  include  some  pro- 
tozoa, numerous  small  crustaceans,  hydra,  fresh-water 
sponges,  and  some  varieties  of  worms.  Many  of  these 
smaller  forms  are  readily  transported  on  birds'  feet  and 
otherwise  from  one  water  basin  to  another. 

Terrestrial  Area. — Regarding  the  origin  of  land  animals, 
it  is  presumed  that  organisms  travelled  inland  from  the 
shores  of  sea  and  river,  or  became  able  to  survive  the  drying 
up  of  lagoons.  This  transition  must  have  come  about  slowly 
and  gradually.  Professor  H.  Simroth,  in  his  Entsuhung  der 
Landlhiere,  seeks  to  show  that  hard  skins,  cross-striped 
muscle,  red  blood,  and  so  on,  were  acquired  as  the  transition 
to  terrestrial  life  was  effected. 

Evolution  of  Faunas. — The  historical  relations  of  the 
great  faunas  suggest  various  possibilities.  According  to 
Moseley: 

The  fauna  of  the  coast  has  not  only  given  origin  to  the 
terrestrial  and  fresh-water  faunas,  it  has  throughout  all 
time,  since  life  originated,  given  additions  to  the  pelagic 
fauna  in  return  for  having  received  some  of  these  pelagic 
forms  back  again,  to  assume  a  fresh  littoral  existence.  The 
terrestrial  fauna  has  returned  some  forms  to  the  shores,  such 
as  certain  shore-birds,  seals,  and  the  polar  bear;  and  some 
of  them,  such  as  the  whales  and  a  small  oceanic  insect, 
Halobates,  have  returned  thence  to  pelagic  life. 

The  deep-sea  fauna  has  probably  been  formed  almost 
entirely  from  the  littoral,  not  in  the  most  remote  antiquity, 
but  only  after  food,  derived  from  the  debris  of  the  littoral 
and  the  terrestrial  faunas  and  floras,  became  abundant  in 
deep  water. 

It  was  in  the  littoral  region  that  all  the  primary  branches 
of  the  zoological  family  tree  were  formed;  all  terrestrial  and 
deep-sea  forms  have  passed  through  a  littoral  phase,  and 
amongst  the  representatives  of  the  littoral  fauna  the  recapit- 
ulative history  in  the  form  of  series  of  larval  conditions  is 
most  completely  retained. 


According  to  Agassiz,  Simroth,  and  others,  a  littoral 
fauna  was  the  original  one,  whence  have  been  derived,  on  the 
one  hand,  the  pelagic  and  abyssal  faunas,  and,  on  the  other 
hand,  the  fresh-water  and  terrestrial  faunas.  Thus,  when 
ancient  philosophy  maintained,  with  Thales,  that  everything 
had  issued  from  the  sea,  it  voiced  an  opinion  which  modern 
science  regards  as  an  accepted  fact. 

I.    VEGETATION 

The  chief  vegetation  types  are  the  forest,  the  grassland, 
and  the  desert,  corresponding  more  or  less  to  the  wet,  scantily 
watered,  and  arid  regions  of  the  earth. 

Forests. — ^The  forests  in  the  equatorial  belt  and  in  regions 
where  the  summer  rainfall  exceeds  sixty  inches,  consist  of 
tall  trees,  together  with  a  dense  profusion  of  plants  forming  a 
continuous  carpet.  Stanley  gives  a  graphic  description  of 
"The  Great  Central  African  Forest,"  with  its  tangled  mass 
of  vegetation,  the  crowding  and  strangling  to  fill  up  every 
gap,  the  riot  of.  life,  death,  and  disease. 

Imagine  the  whole  of  France  and  the  Iberian  peninsula 
closely  packed  with  trees  varying  from  20  to  180  feet  high, 
whose  crowns  of  foliage  interlace  and  prevent  any  view 
of  sky  and  sun,  and  each  tree  from  a  few  inches  to  four  feet 
in  diameter.  Then  from  tree  to  tree  run  cables  from  two 
inches  to  fifteen  inches  in  diameter,  up  and  down  in  loops 
and  festoons  and  W's  and  badly-formed  M's;  fold  them 
round  the  trees  in  great  tight  coils,  until  they  have  run  up 
the  entire  height  like  endless  anacondas;  let  them  flower  and 
leaf  luxuriantly,  and  mix  up  above  with  the  foliage  of  the 
trees  to  hide  the  sun,  then  from  the  highest  branches  let 
fall  the  ends  of  the  cables  reaching  near  to  the  ground  by 
hundreds  with  frayed  extremities,  for  these  represent  the  air 
roots  of  the  epiphytes';  let  slender  cords  hang  down  also  in 
tassels  with  open  threadwork  at  the  ends.  Work  others 
through  and  through  as  confusedly  as  possible,  and  pendent 
from  branch  to  branch — with  absolute  disregard  of  material, 
and  at  every  horizontal  branch  plant  cabbage-like  lichens  of 
the  largest  kind,  and  broad  spear-leaved  plants — these  would 
represent  the  elephant-eared  plant — and  orchids  and  clusters 
of  vegetable  marvels,  and  a  drapery  of  delicate  ferns  which 
abound.  Now  cover  tree,  branch,  twig,  and  creeper  with  a 
thick  moss  like  a  green  fur. 

To  complete  the  mental  picture  of  this  ruthless  forest, 
the  ground  should  be  strewn  thickly  with  half-formed  humus 
of  rotting  twigs,  leaves,  branches;  every  few  yards  there 
should  be  a  prostrate  giant,  a  reeking  compost  of  rotten  fibres, 
and  departed  generations  of  insects,  and  colonics  of  ants,  half 
veiled  with  masses  of  vines  and  shrouded  by  the  leafage  of  a 
multitude  of  baby  saplings,  lengthy  briars  and  calamus  in 
many  fathom  lengths,  and  every  mile  or  so  there  should  be 
muddy  streams,  stagnant  creeks,  and  shallow  pools,  green 
with  duckweed,  leaves  of  lotus  and  lilies,  and  a  greasy  green 
scum  composed  of  millions  of  finite  growths.^ 

Temperate  broad-leaved  forests  exist  where  the  yearly 
rainfall  exceeds  twenty-five  inches,  and  consist  of  such  decidu- 
ous trees  {i.  e.,  those  shedding  their  leaves  annually)  as  the 
beech,  oak,  and  maple.  The  undergrowth  is  rarely  dense, 
and,  unlike  the  tropical  forests,  there  is  a  lack  of  bright 
flowers.  Coniferous  or  cone-bearing  forests  are  found  in 
regions  where  the  winters  are  severe  and  the  rainfall  scanty. 
The  "needles"  of  such  trees  as  pines,  firs,  and  hemlocks 
replace  the  broad  leaves  of  the  deciduous  forests,  for  this 
needle-like  form  checks  transpiration  and  is  better  suited 
to  drier  conditions.  These  forests  are  also  to  be  found  in 
regions  favourable  to  deciduous  trees,  as  on  the  Pacific  coast 
of  North  America,  where  the  trees  often  attain  a  gigantic 


'J.  Arthur  Thomson,  **The  Science  of  Life.'' 


^Air  plants. 

»H.  M.  Stanley,  "In  Darkest  Africa"  (1890). 


XVI 


GEOGRAPHICAL  MANUAL  AND  NEW  ATLAS 


size.  Conifers  are  also  found  on  the  mountains  of  Central 
Europe  and  on  the  sand  barrens  of  the  coastal  plain  of  the 
United  States. 

Grasslands  and  Savannas. — In  the  regions  bordering  the 
equatorial  belt,  as  in  the  campos  of  Brazil  and  the  subtropical 
plains  of  Africa,  grasses  and  sedges  predominate,  the  pro- 
longed summer  drought  preventing  the  growth  of  forests. 
Varieties  of  palm,  eucalyptus,  acacia,  and  baobab  are  found, 
but  only  singly  or  in  small  groups.  Temperate  grasslands, 
known  as  prairies  in  North  America,  as  pampas  south  of  the 
Amazon,  as  llanos  on  the  Orinoco,  and  as  steppes  in  southern 
Russia,  occur  in  regions  with  hot  summers  and  a  moderate 
rainfall.  Trees  are  absent  or  scattered.  One  of  the  aims 
of  civilization  is  the  extension  and  intensive  culture  of 
grassy  vegetations,  which  include  our  cereals. 

In  temperate  latitudes,  one  sixth  of  the  total  number 
of  flowering  plants  are  annuals;  in  the  tropics,  about  one 
twentieth;  and  in  the  polar  regions,  about  one  thirtieth. 

Tundras. — The  tundras,  or  treeless  plains  of  the  northern 
polar  regions,  mark  the  limit  of  .tree  vegetation,  and  are 
covered  with  a  dense  mass  of  mosses  and  lichens.  The 
subsoil  is  frozen  to  a  depth  of  many  feet,  and  only  the  surface 
thaws  during  the  short  summers.  The  tundra  passes  im- 
perceptibly into  the  moor,  bog,  and  heath  of  more  southern 
latitudes. 

The  monotony  of  tundra  scenery  has  been  noted  by  many 
travellers,  but  the  tundra  in  several  regions  is  not  devoid 
of  charm.  Seebohm  describes  it  as  a  veritable  paradise  in 
summer,  and  draws  the  following  picture: 

In  exposed  situations,  especially  in  the  higher  latitudes, 
the  tundra  does  really  merit  its  American  name  of  Barren 
Ground,  being  little  else  than  gravel  beds  interspersed  with 
bare  patches  of  peat  or  clay,  and  with  scarcely  a  rush  or  a 
sedge  to  break  the  monotony.  In  Siberia,  at  least,  this  is 
very  exceptional.  By  far  the  greater  part  of  the  tundra, 
both  east  and  west  of  the  Ural  Mountains,  is  a  gently  undu- 
lating plain,  full  of  lakes,  rivers,  swamps,  and  bogs.  The 
lakes  are  diversified  with  patches  of  green  water  plants, 
amongst  which  ducks  and  swans  float  and  dive;  the  little 
rivers  flow  between  banks  of  rush  and  sedge;  the  swamps  are 
masses  of  tall  rushes  and  sedges  of  various  species,  where 
phalaropes'  and  ruffs  breed,  and  the  bogs  are  brilliant  with 
the  white  flufiy  seeds  of  the  cotton-grass.  The  ground- 
work of  all  this  variegated  scenery  is  more  beautiful  and 
varied  still — lichens  and  moss  of  almost  every  conceivable 
colour,  from  the  cream-coloured  reindeer-moss  to  the  scarlet- 
cupped  trumpet-moss,  interspersed  with  a  brilliant  alpine 
flora,  gentians,  anemones,  saxifrages,  and  hundreds  of  plants, 
each  a  picture  in  itself.  ...  In  the  sheltered  valleys  and 
deep  water-courses  a  few  stunted  birches,  and  sometimes  large 
patches  of  willow  scrub,  survive  the  long  severe  winter,  and 
serve  as  cover  for  willow-grouse  or  ptarmigan.* 

Ice  Deserts. — The  ice  deserts  of  polar  and  mountain 
regions  are  virtually  devoid  of  vegetable  life,  except  such 
low  forms  as  the  microscopic  alga  {Spharella  nivalis)  that 
produces  "red  snow." 

Mountain  Vegetation. — Mountains  are  characterized  by 
a  succession  of  difi^erent  types  according  as  the  altitude  in- 
creases. In  equatorial  regions  a  complete  series  of  vegeta- 
tions occurs,  corresponding  to  the  same  variety  of  climates. 
These  vertical  belts  of  vegetation  in  the  tropics  are: — 

First  Zone  (from  sea-level  to  1,900  feet).  Belt  of  palms, 
breadfruit,  and  bamboos. 

Second  Zone  (1,900  to  3,800  feet).     Belt  of  tree-ferns. 


'Small  shore  birdi  resembling  sandpipers. 
-Scottish  CiOiraphictd  Mataziju,  IX,  (1893). 


Third  Zone  (3,800  to  5,700  feet).  Belt  of  laurels,  myrtles, 
and  cacti. 

Fourth  Zone  (5,700  to  7,500  feet).  Belt  of  evergreens  and 
the  vine. 

Fifth  Zone  (7,500  to  9,500  feet).  Belt  of  cereals,  with 
orchard  and  deciduous  forest  trees. 

Sixth  Zone  (9,500  to  11,400  feet).     Belt  of  firs  and  pines. 

Seventh  Zone  (11,400  to  13,300  feet).  Belt  of  larches, 
alders,  and  willows;  above  13,300  feet,  saxifrages  and  lichens 
only  are  found. 

Deserts. — Deserts  are  barren  tracts  chiefly  found  in 
regions  with  practically  no  rainfall.  Vegetation  is  scanty, 
and  where  shifting  sand  dunes  abound  may  be  absent  alto- 
gether. Various  species  of  cactus  are  typical  of  desert  plant 
life,  their  thick  fleshy  stems  retaining  stores  of  water.  On 
the  fringe  of  the  desert,  low  bushes  and  dwarf  trees  occur, 
with  occasional  stretches  of  grassland.  Such  a  region  is 
called  "scrub,"  as  in  the  United  States,  or  "bush"  as  in 
Australia  and  South  Africa. 

Pelagic  Plants. — ^The  sea  possesses  a  fecundity  so  re- 
markable that  as  Columbus  said,  "the  tongue  and  the  hand 
do  not  suffice  to  describe  it."  In  the  open  sea,  vegetation 
is  scanty  below  200  fathoms,  for  beyond  this  depth  sufficient 
light  cannot  penetrate  to  stimulate  growth.  There  are  an 
immense  number  of  minute  floating  plants  consisting  chiefly 
of  diatoms  and  blue-green  algae  {Schi^ophycea).  These 
plants  form  the  basal  food  supply  of  all  pelagic  animals. 

The  immense  tract  of  comparatively  still  water  in  the 
North  Atlantic  Ocean,  known  as  the  Sargasso  Sea,  presents 
the  largest  of  these  banks  of  floating  seaweed.  Aristotle 
tells  us  that  the  boldest  mariners  were  afraid  to  cross  its 
boundary,  and  this  historic  tract  well-nigh  hindered  the 
discovery  of  America.  The  vessels  of  Columbus  were  so 
impeded  by  the  seaweed  that  the  sailors  became  alarmed 
for  their  safety  and  mutinously  demanded  to  be  taken  back 
to  their  native  country. 

II.     ANIMALS 

Relation  of  Animal  and  Plant  Life. — Since  vegetation 
forms  the  basis  of  all  animal  life,  the  number  of  plant-feeders 
is  determined  by  the  abundance  or  scarcity  of  plants,  while 
the  number  of  flesh-feeders  is  determined  by  the  number  of 
plant-feeders.  Insects,  molluscs,  worms,  and  other  inverte- 
brates which  feed  on  plants,  form  a  preponderating  portion 
of  the  fauna  of  every  region,  and  are  in  turn  the  chief  food 
of  many  birds,  reptiles,  and  small  mammals.  The  grazing 
animals,  though  of  prime  importance  to  man,  are  relatively 
of  numerical  insignificance.  So  also  are  their  carnivorous 
enemies. 

Movements  of  Animals. — ^The  quest  for  food  is  the  chief 
reason  for  movement  in  the  animal  world;  hence  in  many 
animals  movement  is  the  dominant  note.  Nor  is  food  the 
sole  cause  of  this  phenomenon.  Self-protection  also  plays 
its  part  in  influencing  movement.  Besides  these  movements 
that  conduce  to  the  welfare  of  the  individual,  there  is  another 
class  of  motions  that  relates  to  racial  well-being,  and  that 
has  for  its  object  the  colonizing  of  new  regions.  Many 
animals,  such  as  barnacles,  anemones,  and  corals,  are  fixed 
and  only  perform  small  vibrations  within  a  restricted  radius. 
Others,  as  the  snails  and  bivalves,  are  sedentary  and  cover 
little  ground  in  a  lifetime.  Yet  all  these  fixed  animals,  and 
most  of  the  sedentary  ones,  have  an  active  juvenile  stage. 
Were  it  not  for  this  early  activity,  the  habitat  of  parents  and 
offspring  would  soon  be  stripped  of  its  food  supply. 

Seasonal  Changes. — Periodic  changes  In  animal  life  occur 


GEOGRAPHICAL  MANUAL  AND  NEW  ATLAS 


xvu 


in  certain  areas,  though  these  changes  are  less  marked  than 
in  the  vegetable  kingdom.  The  seasonal  interruption  of 
the  food  supply,  as  well  as  changes  of  temperature  and  mois- 
ture, cause  corresponding  changes  in  the  active  life  of  many 
invertebrates.  Some  pass  the  season  in  a  state  of  suspended 
animation,  others  in  the  form  of  eggs  or  pupae,  while  the 
animals  that  feed  upon  them  are  driven  either  to  lie  dormant 
or  to  migrate.  For  example,  many  birds  migrate  northward 
in  the  spring  in  quest  of  food  and  nesting  sites,  returning  in 
the  autumn  to  warmer  climes  where  life  is  easier  to  sustain. 

At  other  times  it  is  violence  that  compels  legions  of 
animals  to  quit  the  place  where  they  had  established  them- 
selves. In  the  countries  where  man  does  not  decimate  them, 
they  swarm  in  such  abundance,  and  are  so  crowded  together, 
that  one  can  scarcely  understand  how  they  exist;  their  num- 
bers are  alarming.  The  pictures  that  Livingstone  has  drawn 
of  the  exuberance  of  game  in  wild  districts  of  central  Africa, 
and  in  particular  on  the  banks  of  the  Zambezi,  suffice  to 
give  us  an  idea  of  the  fecundity  of  nature.  But  this  very 
fecundity  is  fatal  to  the  weak  tribes;  the  stronger  ones, 
getting  the  upper  hand,  drive  them  away  or  annihilate  them. 
They  have  no  choice  left,  and  thus  forced  migrations  arise. 

When  animals  perform  their  journeys  annually  we  observe 
an  amount  of  order  and  foresight  which  are  not  seen  in  erratic 
migrations.  During  these  latter  the  whole  colony  sometimes 
expires,  overcome  by  the  elements  or  hunger;  not  a  single 
individual  ever  sees  again  the  country  which  the  tribe  quitted 
in  innumerable  columns.  In  the  former,  on  the  contrary,  in- 
structed by  an  experience  from  which  all  profit,  the  journey 
is  performed  with  a  degree  of  order  that  fills  us  with  astonish- 
ment.^ 

Animal  Life  of  the  Forests.— The  tropical  forests  teem 
with  animal  life.  An  exuberant  variety  of  insects,  birds  of 
brilliant  plumage,  apes,  monkeys,  tree-frogs,  tree-snakes, 
and  other  tree-dwellers  abound.  Owing  to  the  density  of 
the  undergrowth  the  majority  of  the  forest  denizens  can  either 
climb  or  fly.  The  elephant,  with  its  huge  bulk,  is  alone  en- 
abled to  crush  its  way  through  the  tangled  growth.  In  the 
less  -dense  deciduous  and  coniferous  forests,  the  number  of 
ground-dwelling  animals  increases,  and  there  are  many  ani- 
mals of  the  type  of  the  wild  boar  and  the  wolf.  The  conifer- 
ous forests  are  the  home  of  the  most  valuable  fur-bearing 
animals. 

Animal  Life  of  Grasslands  and  Scrub  Lands. — These 
are  the  regions  of  fleet-footed  grazing  animals,  such  as  the 
deer,  antelope,  and  wild  varieties  of  the  horse,  ass,  camel,  and 
ox.  Here  too  are  found  the  dependent  beasts  of  prey — lions, 
tigers,  jackals,  and  the  like.  Swift-running  flightless  birds, 
as  the  ostrich,  emu,  rhea,  and  cassowary,  also  are  found. 
Rodents,  too,  are  numerous. 

Animal  Life  of  the  Deserts. — Desert  life  is  essentially 
restricted.  Insects,  rodents,  reptiles,  and  a  few  birds — all 
of  them  characterized  by  a  protective  colouring  of  yellowish- 
brown,  make  up  the  animal  life  of  the  desert. 

The  fact  that  almost  all  the  desert  animals  agree  in 
colouring  with  their  surroundings  explains  why  the  traveller 
who  is  not  an  experienced  observer  often  sees,  at  first  at 
least,  but  little  of  the  animal  life.  Moreover,  the  desert 
seems  far  poorer  than  it  is,  since  it  is  not  till  dusk  that  most 
of  its  tenants  leave  their  places  of  rest  and  concealment  and 
begin  to  be  lively .- 

An  occasional  larger  animal  from  the  outer  belt  of  scrub 
or  grassland  may  be  encountered  passing  from  oasis  to  oasis. 

'F.  A.  Pouchet,  "  The  Universe  "  (1906). 

'A.  E.  Brehm,  "  From  North  Pole  to  Equator  "  (1896). 


The  camel,  with  its  broad  padded  hoof  and  its  capacity  for 
storing  water,  is  admirably  fitted  by  nature  for  traversing 
the  desert  wastes. .  5 

Animal  Life  of  the  Tundras. — The  reindeer,  elk,  polar 
bear,  Arctic  fox,  and  numerous  fur-bearing  animals  are  pecu- 
liar to  these  cold  regions.  The  protective  colouring  devices 
of  the  Arctic  fauna  are  remarkable.  The  Arctic  fox,  for 
example,  has  a  brownish  colouring  in  summer  that  harmonizes 
with  the  moss  and  lichen,  but  in  winter  its  coat  becomes  as 
white  as  the  surrounding  snow.  In  the  brief  summer,  flocks 
of  birds  migrate  from  southern  latitudes  to  feed  on  the  swarms 
of  insects  bred  in  the  thaw-formed  bogs  and  pools  of  the 
tundras. 

It  is  only  by  digging  that  one  can  know  the  tundra  for 
what  it  is:  an  immeasurable  and  unchangeable  ice-vault 
which  has  endured,  and  will  continue  to  endure,  for  hundreds 
of  thousands  of  years.  That  it  has  thus  endured  is  proved 
indisputably  by  the  remains  of  prehistoric  animals  embedded 
in  it,  and  thus  preserved  for  us.  In  1807  Adams  dug  from 
the  ice  of  the  tundras  the  giant  mammoth,  with  whose  flesh 
the  dogs  of  the  Yakuts  sated  their  hunger,  although  it  must 
have  died  many  thousands  of  years  before,  for  the  race 
became  extinct  in  the  incalculably  distant  past. 

The  year  is  well  advanced  before  the  tundra  begins  to  be 
visibly  peopled.  Of  the  species  which  never  leave  it  one  sees 
very  little  in  winter.  The  fish  which  ascend  its  rivers  from 
the  sea  are  concealed  by  the  ice;  the  mammals  and  birds 
which  winter  in  it  are  hidden  by  the  snow,  under  which  they 
live,  or  whose  colour  they  wear.  Not  until  the  snow  begins 
to  melt  on  the  southern  slopes  does  the  animal  life  begin  to 
stir.  Hesitatingly  the  summer  visitors  make  their  appear- 
ance. The  wolf  follows  the  wild  reindeer,  the  army  of  summer 
birds  follows  the  drifting  ice  blocks  on  the  streams.  Some 
of  the  birds  remain  still  undecided  in  the  regions  to  the  south, 
behave  as  if  they  would  breed  there,  then  suddenly  disappear 
from  their  resting-place  by  the  way,  fly  hastily  to  the  tundra, 
begin  to  build  directly  on  their  arrival,  lay  their  eggs,  and 
brood  eagerly,  as  though  they  wished  to  make  up  for  the 
time  gained  by  their  relatives  in  the  South.' 

Multitudes  of  sea  fowl  have  their  home  in  the  polar  regions, 
for  the  lack  of  vegetation  makes  the  ocean  the  only  source  of 
food. 

Sea  Animals  and  Their  Distribution. — ^The  sea  is  ten- 
anted by  a  profusion  of  living  creatures.  Conditions  are 
favourable  to  fecundity.  There  is  an  abundance  of  room,  of 
sunshine,  and  of  food;  hence,  the  struggle  for  existence  is 
relatively  mild.  The  pelagic  or  sea  animals  present  a  great 
variety  of  type,  from  the  minute  Noctiluca,  which  in  their 
myriads  create  phosphorescent  furrows  in  the  wake  of  ships, 
to  the  giant  whales. 

If  we  divide  the  sea  into  three  portions  by  lines  drawn 
through  latitude  40  north  and  south  of  the  equator,  we  have 
a  belt  of  warm  ocean  water  in  the  Atlantic  and  Pacific 
oceans,  while  north  and  south  of  this  lie  the  temperate  and 
the  arctic  caps  of  water.  Speaking  generally,  the  fauna  of  the 
warm  belt  is  distinctive  and  fairly  uniform  in  all  parts  of 
the  world,  whilst  that  of  the  two  caps  is  again  uniform,  but 
quite  diff^erent  from  that  of  the  equatorial  zone.  Many  of 
the  fish,  Crustacea,  and  the  minute  animals  of  the  cold  north- 
ern seas  are  met  with  again  on  the  coast  of  Patagonia  and  of 
South  Africa.  The  arctic  right  whale  has  its  counterpart 
in  the  southern  right  whale  of  the  antarctic.  The  movements 
of  all  these  boreal  and  hyperboreal  animals  follow  the  tracks 
of  cold  water:  for  example,  the  arctic  whales  follow  the  cold 
Labrador  current  that  sets  down  the  Newfoundland  coast. 
.  .  .  Each  fauna  appears  to  die  out,  however,  if  trans- 
ferred to  sea-water  of  a  different  density  of  temperature. 


»A.  E.  Brehm,  *'  From  North  Pole  to  Equator"  (1896). 


XVIU 


GEOGRAPHICAL  MANUAL  AND  NEW  ATLAS 


The  vast  majority  of  marine  animals  have  no  power  of  alter- 
ing their  constitution  to  suit  water  of  a  new  degree  of  salinity. 
Their  movements  are  controlled  so  as  to  keep  them  in  the 
stream  or  drift  of  that  kind  of  water  to  which  they  are,  as  it 
were,  attuned,  and  a  very  slight  change  in  the  water  is  fatal 
either  to  themselves  or  to  their  offspring. ^ 

Barriers  to  Distribution. — The  chief  barriers  to  the 
dispersal  of  land  animals  are:  (i)  impassable  stretches  of 
water,  e.  g.,  the  Palk  Strait  has  formed  an  effectual  barrier  to 
the  passage  of  the  tiger  from  India  to  Ceylon;  (2)  deserts, 
e.  g.,  the  Sahara  has  prevented  the  fusion  of  the  mammals 
belonging  to  the  north  and  south  of  that  tract;  (3)  high 
mountain  ranges,  especially  when  they  run  in  an  east-and- 
west  direction  as  in  the  Old  World,  e.  g.,  the  mammals  of 
Tibet   are  as  distinct   as  those  of  any  continental   island. 

Man's  Influence  on  Animal  Distribution. — Man  has 
exerted  a  marked  influence  on  the  distribution  of  animals, 
either  by  destroying  them  or  by  transporting  them  to  locali- 
ties removed  from  their  natural  home.  The  early  emigrants 
to  America  brought  their  domestic  animals  with  them,  and 
now  horses  and  cattle  are  completely  naturalized  in  the  New 
World.  The  settlers  in  Australia  and  other  countries  have 
introduced  their  domestic  animals  where  they  were  previously 
unknown.  The  fallow  deer  was  imported  from  its  Mediter- 
ranean habitat  into  northern  Europe;  while  the  rabbit  was 
carried  to  the  Antipodes  from  Great  Britain,  and  has  flour- 
ished in  such  an  unprecedented  manner  that  its  extermina- 
tion would  be  hailed  as  a  national  boon.  Similarly  destruc- 
tive have  been  the  goats  and  pigs  imported  into  a  number  of 
oceanic  islands.  The  English  sparrow,  brought  by  man  to 
America,  is  yet  another  instance  of  this  prolific  increase.  Man 
also  has  been  the  involuntary  agent  for  conveying  the  common 
rat  and  mouse  to  the  New  World  and  to  every  other  country 
where  they  were  unknown. 

It  is  likewise  quite  impossible  to  say  what  part  man  may 
have  played  in  the  extermination  of  the  large  mammals  that 
inhabited  Europe  about  the  close  of  the  glacial  period,  but 
it  seems  quite  probable  that  he  may  have  had  a  considerable 
share  in  their  destruction.  Be  this  as  it  may,  the  domestica- 
tion of  certain  mammals  has  undoubtedly  had  the  effect  of 
destroying  the  wild  race,  as  is  remarkably  exemplified  by  the 
two  existing  species  of  camel,  of  neither  of  which  do  we  know 
the  original  habitat.  The  original  European  wild  ox— un- 
less, indeed,  the  half-wild  cattle  of  the  British  parks  be  its 
direct  descendants — has  likewise  disappeared  at  some  un- 
known epoch  owing  to  the  hand  of  man.  Although  other 
mammals,  such  as  the  quagga  (Equus  quagga),  Burchell's 
rhinoceros  {Rhinoceros  simus),  and  the  blaubok  {Hippotragus 
leucophesus)  have  been  almost  or  completely  exterminated 
by  human  agency  in  South  Africa,  while  the  American  bison 
has  been  practically  swept  away  from  its  native  prairies, 
yet  in  all  these  instances  there  is  a  more  or  less  full  record 
of  the  original  range  of  the  creatures.  In  other  cases  also 
mammals  have  been  utterly  exterminated  by  human  agency 
from  countries  of  which  they  were  originally  inhabitants, 
as  is  exemplified  by  the  disappearance  from  the  British 
■  Islands  of  the  bear,  the  wolf,  the  beaver,  and  the  wild  boar 
within  the  historic  period,  although  they  still  survive  in  other 
■parts  of  their  habitat.^ 

III.     MAN 

Divisions  of  Mankind. — The  genus  Homo  (Man)  is  on 
the  whole  cosmopolitan,  for  man  is  able  to  adapt  himself  to 
environment  in  every  part  of  the  globe.  In  the  icy  Arctic 
regions,  in  the  sweltering  tropics,  on  lofty  table-lands,  and  in 

«".  W.  Gamble,  "  The  Animil  World  "  (1911). 

*K.  Lydekker,  "A  Geographical  History  of  Mammals  "  {1896). 


countries  below  the  level  of  the  sea,  man  makes  his  habita- 
tion.    As  Dr.  H.  R.  Mill  well  says: 

Alone  amongst  the  animals  man,  in  virtue  of  his  higher 
intelligence,  has  the  power,  while  always  under  the  control 
of  his  surroundings,  to  react  upon  his  environment  in  such  a 
way  as  to  render  its  action  more  beneficial  to  himself.  By 
cultivation  and  breeding  he  alters  the  character  and  the 
distribution  of  plants  and  animals,  by  works  of  draining  and 
irrigation  he  modifies  the  natural  watering  of  the  land,  by 
cutting  canals  and  building  dykes  he  changes  the  relative 
positions  of  land  and  sea  even  to  the  severance  of  continents. 
Engineering  works  enable  him  to  overcome  the  resistance  to 
free  movement  presented  by  vast  stretches  of  waste  land, 
great  rivers,  mountains,  and  the  ocean  itself. 

Ethnologists  divide  mankind  into  four  primary  groups — 
the  Ethiopic  or  Black,  the  Mongolic  or  Yellow,  the  American 
or  Red,  and  the  Caucasic  or  White.  This  division  is  partly 
based  on  colour  and  partly  on  geographical  distribution. 

Ethiopic  or  Black. — The  Ethiopic,  Negro,  or  Black  type 
is  distinguished  by  deep  brown  or  black  skin;  short,  black, 
and  woolly  hair;  sparse  beard;  thick,  everted  lips;  broad,  flat 
nose;  prominent  black  eyes,  with  yellowish  cornea;  and  flat 
foot.  The  Black  type  is  found  in  tropical  and  subtropical 
regions,  and  is  usually  of  primitive  culture  unless  educated 
by  contact  with  whites. 

Mongolic  or  Yellow. — The  Mongolic  or  Yellow  type  is 
characterized  by  various  shades  of  yellow;  small,  concave 
nose;  thin  lips;  prominent  cheek  bones;  small,  oblique  black 
eyes;  and  long,  coarse,  and  black  hair,  with  no  beard.  The 
Mongolic  type  occupies  the  greater  part  of  Asia,  and  is  capable 
of  a  high  culture. 

American  or  Red. — The  American  or  Red  type  is  distin- 
guished by  slightly  projecting,  massive  jaws;  somewhat 
prominent  cheek  bones;  large,  straight,  or  aquiline  nose; 
small  straight  black  eyes;  coppery  skin,  shading  off  to  yellow- 
ish or  brown;  long,  coarse,  black  hair,  scant  beard.  This 
type  is  peculiar  to  America,  and  contains  representatives  of 
many  stages  of  culture  which  apparently  developed  without 
contact  with  any  other  race  until  the  close  of  the  fifteenth 
century. 

Caucasic  or  White. — ^The  Caucasic  or  White  type  origin- 
ated in  the  north  temperate  zone  and  has  spread  over  the  entire 
world.  Huxley  and  others  divide  the  Caucasic  race  into 
two  types:  (i)  The  Xanthochroi,  or  blond,  characterized  by 
a  long  head;  moderately  large  blue  or  gray  and  straight  eyes; 
florid  skin;  and  long,  wavy,  flaxen,  light  brown,  or  red  hair. 
(2)  The  Melanchroi,  or  dark,  distinguished  by  a  round  head 
in  the  north,  and  long  in  the  south;  large  black  eyes;  pale 
white  skin;  and  wavy,  curly,  brown,  or  black  hair.  The  nose 
of  both  types  is  large,  straight,  or  aquiline;  the  cheek  bones 
small;  and  features  regular.  The  Caucasic  type  has  attained 
the  highest  culture,  and  has  brought  all  the  people  of  the 
Ethiopic  type  and  many  of  those  of  the  Mongolic  under 
their  domination. 

The  population  of  the  world  is  approximately  1,600,0005000, 
distributed  as  follows: 


BY   continents 

Asia i  850,000,000 

Europe 446,800,000 

Africa 140,000,000 

America  (North  and  South) 196,000,000 

Australasia  and  Polynesia 16,000,000 

Total 1,648,800,000 


GEOGRAPHICAL  MANUAL  AND  NEW  ATLAS 


XIX 


BY    RACE 

White  (Caucasic) 865,800,000 

Yellow  (Mongolic) 581,000,000 

Black  (Ethiopic) 175,000,000 

Red  (American) 27,000,000 

Total 1,648,800,000 

Culture  Zones. — The  region  most  favourable  to  man's 
highest  development  is  known  as  a  culture  zone.  In  the  Old 
World  this  privileged  area  lies  between  25°  and  50°  N.,  and 
within  this  zone  have  flourished  all  the  great  centres  of  civil- 
ization in  the  world's  history — Egyptian,  Babylonian, 
Assyrian,  Persian,  Indian,  Chinese,  ^gean,  Hellenic,  Phceni- 
cian,  Etruscan,  Roman,  and  later  European.  Within  it 
also  are  found  the  homes  of  the  highest  forms  of  religion 
known  to  the  world:  Jewish,  Buddhist,  Christian,  and  Mo- 
hammedan. From  it  also  have  emanated  the  three  great 
linguistic  groups:  Hamitic,  Semitic,  and  Aryan.  These 
sum  up  the  highest  proof  of  the  theory  that  all  living  forms 
are  the  product  of  their  environment.  Opposed  to  these 
instances  of  high  development  are  the  savages  of  central  and 
southern  Africa,  east  Malaysia,  New  Guinea,  Australasia, 
Melanesia,  and  Tierra  del  Fuego.  To  these  may  be  added 
those  races  whose  history  is  marked  by  changes  from  barbar- 
ism to  civilization  and  back  again  to  barbarism:  Indo- 
Chinese,  people  of  the  Deccan,  central  Arabians,  Tibetans, 
Mongolians,  Siberians,  and  the  people  of  the  table-lands  and 
Arctic  stretches  in  the  western  hemisphere.  It  is  noticeable 
that  in  the  New  World  the  culture  zone  approaches  the 
equator  more  nearly  than  in  the  Old  World,  because  of  the 
greater  height  of  land  in  that  region  of  the  western  hemisphere. 

Man's  Position. — Darwin's  closing  words  in  "The  Descent 
of  Man"  may  be  fitly  quoted: 

Man  may  be  excused  for  feeling  some  pride  at  having 
risen,  though  not  through  his  own  exertions,  to  the  very 
summit  of  the  organic  scale;  and  the  fact  of  his  having  thus 
risen,  instead  of  having  been  aboriginally  placed  there,  may 
give  him  hope  for  a  still  higher  destiny  in  the  distant  future. 
.  .  .  We  must,  however,  acknowledge,  as  it  seems  to  me, 
that  man  with  all  his  noble  qualities,  with  sympathy  which 
feels  for  the  most  debased,  with  benevolence  which  extends 
not  only  toother  men  but  to  the  humblest  living  creature, 
with  his  god-like  intellect  which  has  penetrated  into  the 
movements  and  constitution  of  the  solar  system — with  all 
these  exalted  powers — Man  still  bears  in  his  bodily  frame 
the  indelible  stamp  of  his  lowly  origin. 

GOVERNMENTS 

There  are  two  characteristic  forms  of  government,  the 
monarchical  and  republican  or  democratic. 

Monarchies. — In  a  monarchical  form  of  government,  the 
ruling  power  is  vested  in  a  monarch  whose  oflSce  is  generally 
hereditary.  There  are  three  kinds  of  monarchies:  (i) 
Despotic,  like  those  of  some  barbarous  peoples,  in  which  the 
ruler  is  free  from  all  human  limitations  and  his  will  is  the 
only  law;  (2)  Absolute  or  autocratic,  where  the  people  are 
governed  by  laws  in  which  they  had  no  share  in  making,  as 
in  the  case  of  Russia  previous  to  the  revolution  of  1917;  (3) 
Limited  or  constitutional,  in  which  the  monarch  is  head  of 
the  State,  with  more  or  less  administrative  power,  but  in  all 
matters  of  importance  he  is  compelled  to  ask  the  advice  and 
consent  of  representatives  elected  by  the  people.  The  laws 
are  made  and,  in  great  measure,  administered  by  the  legisla- 
ture, as  in  the  United  Kingdom. 

Republics. — In  a   republican  form  of  government,  the 


ruling  power  is  in  the  hands  of  the  people,  who  elect  a  presi- 
dent from  among  themselves  to  exercise  that  power,  as  in 
the  United  States,  France,  Switzerland,  and  Portugal.  As 
in  limited  monarchies,  the  laws  are  made  by  elected  repre- 
sentatives. In  some  respects  a  president  is  more  powerful 
than  a  monarch,  for  he  combines  two  kinds  of  power  which 
under  a  hereditary  monarchy  are  kept  separate.  He  is  the 
head  of  the  State,  and  is  also  a  party  leader,  dispensing  his 
patronage  among  his  own  followers  and  framing  his  policy 
with  a  view  to  the  success  of  his  party  in  the  next  election. 
"Next  to  the  controlling  authority  of  the  people  themselves," 
said  Daniel  Webster,  "the  preservation  of  the  government 
is  mainly  committed  to  those  who  administer  it.  If  conducted 
in  wisdom,  it  cannot  but  stand  strong.  Its  genuine,  original 
spirit  is  a  patriotic,  liberal,  and  generous  spirit  .  .  . 
a  spirit  of  friendship,  and  not  a  spirit  of  hostility  toward 
the  States;  a  spirit  careful  not  to  exceed,  and  equally  careful 
not  to  relinquish  its  just  powers." 

LANGUAGE 

There  are  approximately  3,500  languages  and  dialects 
spoken  in  the  world,  but  few  of  these  are  wide-spread.  Eng- 
lish is  the  chief  commercial  language,  due  to  its  predominance 
in  the  British  dominions  and  in  the  United  States  of  America. 
A  corrupt  form  of  the  English  language,  arranged  according 
to  Chinese  syntax,  and  known  as  pidgin  English,  is  used  as 
a  lingua  franca  in  parts  of  the  Far  East.  In  India,  Hindus- 
tani is  widely  used  in  a  similar  manner  between  people  of  the 
different  races.  Arabic,  sometimes  in  a  corrupt  form,  is  the 
chief  language  of  commerce  throughout  Africa  north  of  the 
equator  and  the  Near  East.  Owing  to  the  early  conquests 
of  the  Spaniards  and  Portuguese,'  their  languages  predomi- 
nate in  Latin  America.  French  is  the  language  of  diplomacy,, 
and  is  usually  employed  by  governments  in  international 
deliberations.  The  principal  European  tongues  are  divided 
approximately  as  follows: 

language  people 

English .      .  160,000,000 

German 120,000,000 

Russian 100,000,000 

French 70,000,000 

Spanish 55,000,000 

Italian 40,000,000 

Portuguese 30,000,000 

The  English  language  contains  more  than  500,000  words, 
of  which  nearly  one  half  consists  of  scientific  terms  and  of 
archaic,  obsolescent,  or  obsolete  words. 

TRANSPORT  BY  LAND 

Transportation  is  at  all  times  a  true  criterion  of  material 
progress.  Livingstone  expressed  the  opinion  that  if  civiliza- 
tion was  ever  to  penetrate  the  dark  continent  of  Africa  it 
must  be  the  result,  not  of  the  unaided  missionary,  but  of  the 
new  trade  routes.  Cut  off  the  means  of  transport  from  any 
place,  however  rich  in  natural  resources,  and  stagnation  will 
quickly  follow.  An  illustration  of  this  is  afforded  by  the 
Great  War,  which  caused  a  virtual  stoppage  of  all  sea-borne 
trade  at  Hamburg  and  other  German  ports. 

Primitive  Methods. — In  primitive  times,  as  even  to-day 
in  unfrequented  and  inaccessible  regions,  we  find  primitive 
conditions.  The  sturdy  shoulders  of  the  mountaineer,  or 
the  head  of  the  swarthy  negro,  must  perforce  be  employed 


XX 


GEOGRAPHICAL  MANUAL  AND  NEW  ATLAS 


when  other  methods  are  not  available.  In  the  development 
of  land  transportation,  the  first  motive  force  is  always  the 
physical  strength  of  man  himself;  the  second,  the  strength  of 
animals  subjugated  by  man,  (i)  as  beasts  of  burden,  and  (2) 
as  beasts  of  draught;  and,  finally,  the  giant  forces  of  steam 
and  electricity  obedient  to  man's  will. 

In  America,  at  the  time  of  its  discovery  by  Europeans, 
human  strength  furnished  the  only  known  means  of  land 
transportation;  for  the  natives  were  on  the  whole  ignorant  of 
the  use  of  beasts  of  burden;  indeed,  the  fauna  of  the  continent 
was  almost  devoid  of  any  suitable  species.  The  Peruvians 
alone  seem  to  have  had,  in  the  llama,  the  only  available  beast 
of  burden.  Mexico  presents  a  phenomenal  instance  of  com- 
mercial development  resting  almost  solely  on  the  most  primi- 
tive form  of  land  transportation.  The  Mexican  merchants 
travelled  about  the  country  with  a  horde  of  porters,  each 
carrying  a  load  of  fifty  or  sixty  pounds,  and  travelling  about 
fifteen  miles  a  day.  This  lack  of  any  natural  species  suitable 
to  burden-bearing  was  a  heavy  handicap  to  the  early  races  of 
the  New  World,  which  makes  the  extensive  land  commerce 
of  the  Mexicans  a  matter  of  amazement. 

Pack  Animals. — ^The  second  stage  in  the  development  of 
land  transportation  is  the  employment  of  pack  animals — the 
ox,  the  ass,  the  horse,  the  mule,  etc. — animals  which  were  in 
use  in  the  eastern  hemisphere  from  time  immemorial,  their 
use  marking  a  great  advance  in  efficiency,  speed,  and  economy. 
In  southern  Europe,  in  Asia,  and  in  all  mountainous  regions 
where  roads  are  bad,  beasts  of  burden  are  still  commonly 
employed.  The  yak  and  mountain  sheep  traverse  the  narrow, 
winding  paths  of  the  Himalayas  with  loads  on  their  backs. 
The  llama  bears  the  produce  of  the  Andean  mines  down  to 
the  seaport  towns.  The  camel,  with  a  store  of  food  in  its 
hump  and  of  water  in  its  stomach,  traverses  the  rough  tracks 
of  the  desert  for  days  without  food  or  drink,  covering  about 
twenty-five  mites  a  day.  Long  strings  of  camels  journey 
together  in  a  caravan,  and  formerly  all  the  silks  and  spices 
of  the  East  reached  Europe  in  this  manner.  The  chief  cara- 
van routes  in  Asia  now  lie  beyond  the  railroads.  In  Africa 
the  caravans  journey  between  the  railroads,  the  oases  of  the 
Sahara,  and  the  Sudan. 

Drawn  Vehicles. — With  the  growth  of  commerce  and 
civilization,  drawn  vehicles  came  into  use.  Most  uncivilized 
tribes  are  unfamiliar  with  any  form  of  vehicle,  e.  g.,  the 
Australian  aborigines  and  the  Melanesians.  The  cart  was 
gradually  evolved  from  the  two  trailing  branches  attached 
to  tiie  sides  of  a  horse.  The  sledge  represents  the  middle 
stage.  Rollers  were  next  placed  under  the  framework  of 
the  sledge,  and  step  by  step  wheels  began  to  be  formfed,  as 
ease  of  traction  became  better  understood.  The  whe;els  at 
first  were  solid,  and  in  appearance  were  something  like  a 
grindstone.  The  wheels  of  the  East  Indian  reckla — a  two- 
wheeled  vehicle  drawn  by  oxen — are  usually  of  this  kind. 
Although  wheeled  vehicles  were  known  in  China,  India,  and 
Egypt  from  remote  antiquity,  while,  as  Herodotus  tells  us, 
the  ancient  Scythians  or  Tatars  pitched  their  tents  upon  cum- 
brous wagons,  each  of  which  needed  more  than  twenty  oxen 
to  haul  it,  yet,  as  the  construction  of  roads  did  not  keep  pace 
with  inventive  skill,  the  vehicles  were  only  of  limited  useful- 
ness. Four-wheeled  vehicles  were  known  in  Europe  during 
the  Bronze  Age,  for  remains  have  been  discovered  in  the 
tombs  of  Scandinavia  and  the  lake-dwellings  of  Italy. 

In  polar  regions  where  no  vegetable  food  is  obtainable 
sledges  drawn  by  dogs  are  used.  A  team  of  twelve  Eskimo 
dogs  can  haul  nearly  half  a  ton  on  a  sledge  for  eight  hours 
a. day.  The  reindeer,  too,  is  used  for  drawing  sledges  over  the 


tundras  of  northern  Europe,  which  it  crosses  at  a  speed  of 
about  100  miles  a  day.  Across  the  South  African  veldt  and 
the  trackless  plains  of  Australia  and  America,  bullock  wagons 
drawn  by  from  two  to  forty  oxen  form  the  caravan  of  the 
trader.  Dogs  and  sometimes  sheep  draw  small  carts  on  the 
Continent.  In  many  places  in  the  Far  East  and  in  South 
Africa  the  Japanese  jinrikisha,  drawn  by  one  or  more  men, 
takes  the  place  of  a  cab. 

Power-driven  Vehicles. — The  third  or  modern  stage  in 
the  development  of  transportation  by  land  is. characterized 
by  the  employment  of  new  natural  forces.  Steam,  electricity, 
and  the  internal-combustion  engine  have  revolutionized 
the  methods  of  transport,  and  have  been  the  means  of  opening 
up  many  regions  to  commerce.  Railroads  can  transport 
considerable  quantities  of  merchandise  at  a  time,  hence  the 
cost  of  haulage  is  less  than  by  other  methods  of  land  trans- 
portation. The  recent  development  of  motor  cars  has  led 
to  a  great  increase  in  the  use  of  roads  for  the  conveyance 
both  of  passenger^ and  of  goods;  while  the  aeroplane  may 
prove  as  adaptable  to  the  pursuits  of  peace  as  it  has  to  those 
of  war. 

Government  Control  of  Railroads. — European  rail- 
roads are  largely  under  government  control,  and  this  policy 
is  an  outgrowth  of  (i)  state  subsidies,  (2)  state  construction, 
and  (3)  state  guarantee  of  traffic  monopolies.  The  policy  of 
government  ownership  of  railroads  is  due  to  various  deter- 
mining factors,  such  as  military  necessity  in  Germany,  Russia, 
and  Austria-Hungary.  In  France,  such  railroads  as  are 
not  owned  by  the  Government  are  held  on  leases  by  which 
the  ownership  will  eventually  revert  to  the  Government. 
In  Italy  and  the  lesser  European  states,  and,  to  a  certain  ex- 
tent, in  Spanish  America,  South  Africa,  India,  Australia,  and 
New  Zealand,  want  of  private  capital  and  enterprise  and  the 
objection  to  foreign  capitalization  are  the  chief  determining 
causes  of  public  ownership;  though  in  the  Australasian  colo- 
nies it  was  believed  that  public  interests  would  best  be  served 
by  such  ownership.  The  only  instance  of  a  railroad  owned 
and  operated  by  the  United  States  Government  is  the  Panama 
Railway,  purchased  in  1905.  This  ownership,  in  view  of  its 
value  in  connection  with  the  Panama  Canal,  and  as  a  link 
between  the  Atlantic  and  Pacific  coast  ports,  is  of  great 
importance  to  the  United  States.  The  only  example  of  a 
state-owned  steam  railroad  in  the  United  States  is  a  short 
line  in  North  Carolina,  which,  however,  is  at  present  operated 
under  lease.  The  Intercolonial  Railway  of  Canada  between 
Montreal  and  Halifax  was  built  and  is  operated  by  the  Do- 
minion Government  in  conformity  with  the  provisions  of  the 
British  North  America  Act  of  1867. 

In  the  United  States,  Canada,  Great  Britain,  and  other 
countries  having  private  railroad  systems,  the  Government 
exercises  the  right  of  supervisory  control,  both  as  regards 
the  facilities  afforded  and  the  rates  charged.  Such  control 
is  necessary  in  the  interests  of  the  general  public;  for  railroads 
come  under  the  general  category  of  "common  carriers," 
and  are  compelled  by  law  to  carry  any  person  who  can  pay 
the  fare,  as  well  as  to  transport  freight  for  the  general  public, 
without  favour  or  hindrance. 

Rapid  Transit  in  Cities. — The  problem  of  rapid  transit 
in  large  cities  has  been  largely  solved  by  means  of  overhead 
and  underground  railways  in  addition  to  surface  cars.  The 
first  elevated  railway  was  built  in  New  York  City  in  1867, 
but  such  lines  were  not  successfully  operated  until  1872, 
when  the  New  York  Elevated  Company  began  running  trains 
from  Battery  Park  along  Greenwich  Street  and  Ninth  Avenue 
to  Thirtieth  Street.     In  succeeding  years  lines  were  built  in 


GEOGRAPHICAL  MANUAL  AND  NEW  ATLAS 


XXI 


Brooklyn,  Chicago,  and  Boston;  while  in  foreign  countries 
elevated  railways  were  constructed  in  Liverpool,  Paris,  and 
Berlin.  The  first  underground  line  was  laid  in  1886  by  the 
City  and  South  London  Railway,  two  parallel  tunnels  being 
built  from  40  to  80  feet  below  the  surface  with  a  diameter 
of  10  feet  9  inches.  The  "Twopenny  Tube"  in  London  was 
a  development  of  this  plan;  while  to-day  London  has  a 
veritable  network  of  underground  electric  railways.  Another 
foim  of  underground  railway  was  introduced  in  Budapest  in 
1893,  which  is  known  as  the  "cut-and-cover"  system. 
Shallow  tunnels  are  roofed  with  steel  beams  upon  which  the 
street  pavement  actually  rests.  Similar  lines  were  built 
in  Boston,  New  York,  and  Paris.  On  practically  all  elevated 
and  subway  railways  electricity  is  now  employed. 

TRANSPORT  BY  WATER 

Transport  by  water  has  always  been  the  most  important 
in  the  history  of  the  world's  commerct-^ast.  portions  of 
the  earth's  surface  can  never  be  reacljedexcept  by  water, 
unless  aerial  navigarion  should  in  '^jpf  provide  a  practicable 
alternative. 

The  river  was  the  highway  of  trade  long  before  roads 
were  dreamed  of.  The  great  waterways  becarne  the  first 
seats  of  population  and  empire.  They  were  the  link  with  the 
outer  world,  and  were  naturally  the  first  channels  of  transport 
to  be  developed.  Water  transport  has  ever  been  cheaper 
than  transport  by  land,  and  was  one  of  the  earliest  means 
of  internarional  trade.  Trade  invariably  seeks  the  lines  of 
least  resistance;  hence  the  routes  of  ancient  commerce  fol- 
lowed the  world's  waterways,  and  were  only  checked  or  cut 
asunder  by  barriers  of  transport.  These  breaks  in  trans- 
portation, necessitating  the  transfer  of  commodities,  deter- 
mined the  location  of  industrial  centres.  The  greatest  com- 
mercial cities,  from  ancient  times  to  the  present  day,  have 
invariably  grown  up  near  the  junction  of  land  and  water 
transport.  Maritime  commerce  along  the  coasts  grew  natur- 
ally out  of  the  river  trade;  and  when  the  art  of  navigation 
had  so  advanced  that  the  passage  to  India  around  the  Cape 
and  the  crossing  of  the  Atlantic  extended  the  horizon  of 
mediaeval  enterprise,  maritime  transportation  became  the 
paramount  agent  of  international  commerce,  and  has  re- 
mained so  to  the  present  time.' 

Steamships. — The  same  natural  forces  that  revolutionized 
transport  on  land  created  a  new  era  in  the  progress  of  water 
transportation.  Almost  a  century  ago  the  first  steamship 
made  its  way  across  the  Atlantic.  In  1819 — the  year  that 
Queen  Victoria  was  born — the  Savannah  (380  tons),  equipped 
as  a  full-rigged  ship  and  provided  with  a  90  horse-power 
horizontal  engine,  with  side  paddle  wheels  and  boilers  in  the 
hold,  crossed  from  Savannah  to  Liverpool  in  twenty-five 
days,  eighteen  under  steam.  Pitch  pine  was  the  fuel  em- 
ployed. The  first  boat  to  cross  the  Atlantic  entirely  under 
steam  was  the  Royal  William,  which  made  the  voyage  from 
Quebec  to  London  in  1833.  In  1838  the  world  was  thrilled 
with  the  news  that  Brunei's  masterpiece,  the  Great  Western, 
had  crossed  the  Atlantic  from  Bristol  to  New  York  in  fifteen 
days,  having  succeeded  in  carrying  fuel  enough  for  the  entire 
voyage.  Henceforth  a  regular  line  of  steamships  plied  across 
the  Atlantic,  and  Liverpool  sprang  into  fame  as  a  port,  taking 
the  place  of  Bristol.  The  first  iron-built  ocean  steamer  was 
the  Rainbow  (580  tons),  launched  in  Liverpool  in  1838.  Screw 
propulsion  was  regarded  as  impracticable  until  John  Ericsson, 
who  afterward  built  the  Monitor,  had  put  it  to  the  test. 
The  screw  was  not  universally  adopted  on  ocean  liners  till 
1862,  both  paddle  wheels  and  wooden  hulls  lingering  much 

>C.  O.  S.  Mawson,  in  "The  New  Century  Book  of  Facti"  (1909). 


longer  in  America  than  in  Great  Britain.     Twin  screws  first 
came  into  use  in  1880. 

In  1826  the  first  steamboat  navigated  the  Allegheny  River. 
The  trip  from  New  York  to  St.  Louis  by  steamer,  via  New 
Orleans,  used  to  occupy  twenty-nine  and  a  half  days.  The 
trip  from  St.  Louis  to  New  Orleans  took  twelve  days  in  1823, 
and  five  years  later  the  General  Brown  made  it  in  nine  days, 
four  hours.  Thirty  years  afterward,  so  much  had  steamers 
been  improved,  this  same  passage  was  easily  made  in  three 
days. 

Rivalry  Between  Steam  and  Sail. — After  the  com- 
mercial success  of  the  steamship  was  assured,  then  began  the 
struggle  for  supremacy  between  steam  and  sail.  Larger 
sailing  ships  were  built,  every  advantage  being  taken  of  the 
prevailing  winds.  The  substitution  of  iron  for  wood  was  of 
less  benefit  to  the  sailing  vessel  than  to  its  rival;  while  the 
introduction  of  screw  propellers  and  compound  engines, 
and  later  of  triple  or  quadruple  expansion  engines,  too  heavily 
handicapped  the  sailing  ships  in  this  unequal  contest.  Each 
year  the  percentage  of  steam  tonnage  increases,  while  that 
of  sailing  tonnage  correspondingly  declines.  Since  1880 
further  economy  has  been  effected  by  building  special  types 
of  vessels  for  special  requirements — swift  ocean  liners,  com- 
modious river  boats,  barges  for  coastwise  trade,  slow  but 
regular  freighters,  and  cheap  but  accommodating  ocean 
tramps. 

Recent  Improvements. — The  recent  adoption  of  turbine 
engines  in  place  of  modern  reciprocating  engines  marks  a 
further  stage  of  marine  development.  Besides  giving  in- 
creased speed,  the  turbine  takes  up  less  space,  weighs  less, 
and  reduces  vibration  to  a  minimum.  The  Allan  Line  steam- 
ship Victorian,  built  in  1904,  was  the  first  vessel  fitted  with 
turbine  engines.  The  two  sister  ships  of  the  Cunard  Com- 
pany, the  ill-fated  Lusitania  and  the  Mauretania,  each  with 
a  tonnage  of  31,938,  were  the  largest  and  fastest  vessels  so 
equipped  at  the  time  of  their  launching  (1907).  In  1909  the 
Mauretania  made  the  passage  from  Queenstown  to  New  York 
in  the  record  time  of  four  days,  ten  hours,  forty-one  minutes. 
This  same  steamer  made  a  record  day's  run  of  676  knots  on 
January  25,  191 1.  It  is  interesting  to  compare  this  perform- 
ance with  that  of  the  leviathan  of  a  past  generation,  the  Great 
Eastern  (completed  in  1859),  whose  average  speed  was  about 
fourteen  knots,  and  whose  longest  day's  run  did  not  exceed 
333  knots — less  than  half  that  of  the  Mauretania.  But  the 
chief  usefulness  of  the  Great  Eastern  was  in  the  laying  of  the 
Atlantic  cable. 

The  application  of  internal-combustion  engines  to  large 
steamers  shows  a  marked  advance  in  the  development  of 
marine  engineering.  With  the  introduction  of  Diesel  en- 
gines, further  economies  in  fuel  consumption  were  effected. 

Owing  to  recent  inventions  passengers  enjoy  greater  im- 
munity from  accidents,  the  majority  of  passenger  steamers 
being  now  fitted  with  installation  of  wireless  telegraphy  and 
with  submarine  signalling  apparatus. 

Canals. — Navigation  canals  may  be  regarded  either  as. 
a  branch  of  land  or  water  transport.  Their  greatest  historic 
importance  was  just  before  the  rise  of  railroads.  As  a 
branch  of  land  transportation  they  are  disappearing,  but  as 
a  branch  of  water  transport  canals  have  entered  a  new  stage 
of  development. 

Canal  boats  may  be  propelled  by  hand  or  steam  power, 
or  towed  from  the  bank.  On  still  water  a  horse  can  draw 
as  much  as  100  tons;  hence  canals  are  of  great  service  for 
conveying  heavy  and  bulky  goods.  For  more  valuable  and 
perishable  goods,  this  method  is  usually  too  slow. 


xaii 


GEOGRAPHICAL  MANUAL  AND  NEW  ATLAS 


It  is  essential  for  a  canal  to  be  made  on  a  dead  level. 
Owing  to  irregularities  of  country,  canals  are  usually  con- 
structed in  a  number  of  sections,  at  different  elevations, 
the  boats  being  transferred  from  one  level  to  another  by  locks, 
or  hauled  up  inclined  planes  by  steam  power,  or  hoisted  by 
hydraulic  lifts.  Not  only  may  rivers  and  seas  be  connected 
by  canals,  but  rivers  themselves  may  be  canalized  by  deepen- 
ing and  broadening,  while  waterfalls  or  rapids  may  be  avoided 
by  canals. 

Ship  Canals. — With  the  development  of  steam  navigation 
and  maritime  commerce  arose  the  necessity  of  shortening 
routes  wherever  possible,  hence  canals  of  large  dimensions 
were  constructed  to  permit  the  passage  of  the  largest  vessels. 
The  modern  ship  canal  has  played  a  part  of  vast  economic 
importance.  It  cost  the  Canadian  Government  more  than 
$62,ooo,CKX)  to  have  the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence  linked  to  the 
Great  Lakes;  but  to-day  that  seven-linked  chain  is  the  great- 
est freight  route  in  the  world,  and  nearly  one  third  of  the 
population  of  America  is  dependent  on  it  for  their  export  and 
import  trade. 

The  value  of  a  ship  canal  cannot  be  estimated  by  the  ton- 
nage traffic  which  yearly  passes  through.  To  bring  India, 
for  example,  within  fourteen  days  of  London,  and  thus  draw 
East  and  West  more  closely  together,  is  an  achievement 
whose  effect  on  civilization  is  hardly  less  appreciable  than 
on  commerce.  The  Suez  Canal,  which  cuts  through  the 
Isthmus  of  Suez  and  links  the  Mediterranean  and  the  Red 
Sea,  is  one  the  world's  greatest  waterways.  Before  it  was 
opened  in  1869  the  ocean  trade  of  Europe  with  Oriental 
countries  was  by  way  of  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  and  was 
small  in  comparison  with  the  enormous  volume  of  traffic 
which  now  passes  through  the  canal.  The  Corinth  Canal, 
connecting  the  Gulf  of  Corinth  with  the  Gulf  of  iEgina, 
though  only  four  miles  long,  is  too  beset  with  difficulties  to 


tempt  many  vessels  from  the  open  sea  route.  The  Kaiser 
Wilhelm  Canal,  which  links  Kiel  Bay  with  the  mouth  of  the 
Elbe,  is  of  greater  strategic  importance  to  Germany  than  as 
a  factor  in  her  commerce.  The  Manchester  ship  canal  is 
the  most  important  canal  in  Great  Britain,  and  admits  the 
largest  ocean-going  vessels  from  the  Mersey  to  that  inland 
city.  The  Cape  Cod  Canal  shortens  the  water  route  between 
Boston  and  New  York  by  seventy  miles. 

Panama  Canal. — The  greatest  engineering  achievement 
in  the  history  of  canal  construction  is  the  new  Isthmian 
waterway  constructed  by  the  United  States  Government 
across  the  Isthmus  of  Panama.  The  Panama  Canal  is 
about  fifty  miles  long  from  deep  water  in  the  Caribbean  Sea 
to  deep  water  in  the  Pacific  Ocean,  and  has  a  summit  eleva- 
tion of  eighty-five  feet  above  sea-level.  The  channel  varies 
in  width  from  300  to  i,cxx)  feet  at  the  bottom.  The  canal 
was  formally  opened  for  traffic  on  August  15,  1914,  when 
the  steamship  Ancon  passed  from  the  Atlantic  to  the  Pacific 
in  ten  hours. 

What  the  Panama  Canal  means  not  only  to  the  United 
States  but  to  the  world  at  large  cannot  be  fully  realized  at 
this  early  date.  The  shortening  of  routes  alone  is  considera- 
ble. The  Canal  shortens  the  distance  between  New  York 
and  the  following  places  as  follows:  San  Francisco,  8,100 
miles  by  water;  Yokohama,  3,729  miles;  Sydney,  3,806  miles; 
Wellington,  New  Zealand,  2,542  miles;  Hawaii,  5,800  miles; 
Manila,  5,800  miles.  The  Canal  brings  Callao  4,320  miles 
nearer  Liverpool  by  steamer,  reducing  the  distance  from 
10,230  miles  to  5,910  miles  and  saving  about  fourteen  days 
in  time.  To  Valparaiso  the  shortening  in  distance  is  1,813 
miles,  and  the  saving  of  time  is  about  six  days.  By  its 
means  New  Orleans  is  only  3,264  miles  from  Callao.  Be- 
tween New  Zealand  and  Europe  there  is  an  average  saving 
of  1,600  miles.      See  Map  of  U.  S.  Canal  Zone,  pp.  11 6-1 17. 


THE  NEW  ATLAS 


MAPS  AND  THEIR  USES 


■^O  Mariner  would  attempt  to  cross  the  ocean  without  a 
chart ;  no  student  should  attempt  to  traverse  the  vast  and 
intricate  fields  of  geography  without  consulting  an  Atlas. 

Variety  of  Maps. — Every  phase  of  geographical  knowl- 
edge has  its  own  map.  We  have  physical  maps  in  a  great 
variety:  those  showing  the  surface  features — the  coast  lines, 
mountains,  rivers,  canals,  heights  and  depths,  etc.;  climate 
maps,  illustrating  the  condition  of  the  atmosphere,  its  tem- 
perature, humidity,  and  currents;  biological  maps,  showing 
the  distribution  of  vegetables  and  animals.  Then  there  are 
economic  maps,  representing  the  various  phases  of  production 
and  transportation  of  commodities;  ethnological  maps,  show- 
ing the  distribution  of  mankind  by  population,  race,  religion, 
or  language;  political  maps,  definmg  political  boundaries; 
travel  maps,  showing  railway,  steamship,  or  automobile 
routes;  historical  maps,  illustrating  the  geographical  distri- 
butions of  former  periods;  in  short,  the  ingenuity  of  the  cartog- 
rapher has  illustrated  every  fact  of  geography  capable  of 
illustration  by  means  of  a  map. 

Scale  of  Maps. — The  scale  to  which  a  map  is  drawn  is 
usually  expressed  as  the  ratio  of  a  distance  on  the  map  to 
the  corresponding  distance  on  the  earth's  surface.  It  is 
often  expressed  by  reference  to  some  lineal  unit;  thus,  the 
map  of  Louisiana  on  page  202  is  drawn  to  a  scale  of  36  miles 
to  an  inch.  A  scale  of  1:1,000,000  signifies  that  each 
lineal  unit  on  the  map  represents  1,000,000  such  units  in 
nature.  A  scale  of  one  statute  mile  to  the  inch,  as  in  the 
British  Ordnance  Survey  general  map,  is  the  same  as  the 
scale  of  1:63,360 — 63,360  inches  being  the  equivalent  of  one 
statute  mile.  Where  the  scale  is  omitted,  it  can  be  ascer- 
tained by  dividing  the  actual  length  of  a  meridian  degree 
by  the  length  of  a  degree  measure  upon  the  map. 

Direction  on  a  Map. — Unless  otherwise  indicated,  the 
top  of  the  map  corresponds  to  the  north.  A  map  of  the  polar 
regions  is  commonly  drawn  with  the  pole  in  the  centre; 
thus,  in  a  map  of  the  Arctic  all  lines  pointing  to  the  centre 
are  pointing  northward,  while  all  lines  pointing  away  from 
the  centre  are  pointing  southward.  In  a  map  of  the  Ant- 
arctic the  reverse  is  the  case,  the  centre  being  the  South. 

Geographical  Measures. — The  circles  of  latitude  {{.  e., 
distance  north  or  south  from  the  equator)  are  divided  into 
degrees,  minutes,  and  seconds.  The  180  degrees  of  latitude 
are  numbered  from  o  at  the  equator  to  90  at  the  north  and 
south  poles.  New  York,  for  example,  is  in  latitude  40° 
45'  23"  N.;  Valparaiso,  33°  i'  53"  S.  The  circles  of  longitude 
{i.  e.,  distance  east  or  west  from  a  standard  meridian,  as 
that  of  Greenwich),  perpendicular  to  the  equator  and  passing 
through  the  north  and  south  poles,  are  divided  into  either 
degrees  {longitude  ifi  arc)  or  hours  (longitude  in  time).  The 
360  degrees  of  longitude  are  numbered  from  the  primary 
circle  of  longitude,  or  meridian,  east  and  west,  to  meet  at 
180.  Thus,  the  longitude  of  New  York  may  be  expressed  as 
74°  or  4h.  56m.  W.  {i.  e.,  west  of  Greenwich). 

The  British  statute  mile  is  equal  to  5,280  feet  (1,609.3 
metres),  and  is  used  in  Great  Britain  and  the  United  States. 
The  geographical  or  nautical  mile  is  the  length  of  one  minute 
of  latitude,  sixty  miles  being  equal  to  one  degree  of  the 
equator.  If  the  earth  were  a  perfect  sphere,  every  minute 
of  latitude  would  be  of  the  same  length;  but,  as  it  is  spheroid, 
the  length  of  a  minute  increases  from  6,080.27  feet  at  the 
equator  to  6,108  feet  at  the  poles.  The  mean  length  of  a 
geographical  or  nautical  mile  is  6,076.8  feet.  The  British 
Admiralty  mile  is  6,080  feet  (1,853.2  metres).  That  of  the 
United  States  Coast  Survey  is  6,080.27  f^^t  (1,853.248 
metres).     That  of  France  is  1,851.9  metres. 


Prime  Meridians. — Various  first  meridians  have  been  used 
since  the  days  of  Ptolemy.  The  meridian  of  the  island  of 
Ferro  in  the  Canary  group  was  selected  in  1630  and  continued 
to  be  used  for  a  long  time.  It  was  assumed  to  be  exactly 
20  W.  of  the  Paris  observatory.  The  meridian  of  Greenwich 
is  now  almost  universally  accepted  as  the  prime  meridian; 
but  in  the  case  of  topographical  maps  the  following  meri- 
dians are  frequently  employed: 


OBSERVATORY 


Paris  (Obs.  National)    . 
Brussels  (Old  Town) 
Rome  (Collegio  Romano)  . 

Berlin 

Stockholm 

Cape  Town 

Petrograd  (Pulkowa  Obs.) 

Bombay 

Madras 

Sydney,  N.  S.  W.    .      .      . 

Madrid 

Lisbon  (Naval  Obs.)     . 
Ferro  (assumed) 
Washington  (New  Obs.) 
Washington  (Old  Obs.) 


LONGITUDE    FROM    GREENWICH 


oh 

9m  20.9s 

E 

0 

17 

28.6 

L 

0 

49 

SS-6 

E 

0 

S3 

34-9 

E 

I 

12 

14.0 

E 

I 

13 

S8.(J- 

E 

2 

I 

13s 

E 

4 

SI 

IS7 

E 

S 

20 

S9-4 

E. 

0 

4 

49-S 

E 

0 

14 

4S-4 

W 

0 

36 

44-7 

W 

I 

10 

39-0 

W 

1 

8 

iS-7 

W 

5 

8 

12.15 

VV 

2  20 

4  22 

12  28 

13  23 
18 
18 


3 
28 
30    19 

72 


14 
II 

S3 
42 
30 
4« 

39 


E. 
E. 
E. 
E. 
E. 
E. 
E. 


80 
151 


3   41 
9 


8   2 


SS  E. 
50  E. 
23  E. 
16  W. 
W. 


17   39 

77     3 
77     3 


45    W. 

56    W. 

I    W. 


Topographical  Maps. — Such  maps  must  be  on  a  relatively 
large  scale,  in  order  to  show  roads,  villages,  and  lesser  features. 
To  France  belongs  the  credit  of  the  first  topographical  map 
on  scientific  principles,  produced  between  the  years  1750 
and  1793.  England  began  its  Ordnance  Survey  in  1784, 
the  primary  triangulation  being  completed  in  1858.  Trigono- 
metrical surveys  on  various  scales  have  been  undertaken 
over  practically  the  whole  of  Europe.  Outside  Europe,  such 
surveys  have  been  made  only  in  detached  areas. 

In  the  United  States  systematic  surveys  have  been  under- 
taken since  1879,  partly  by  the  United  States  Coast  and 
Geodetic  Survey  and  partly  by  the  Geological  Survey.  In- 
dependent surveys  of  some  States  have  also  been  made  by  the 
States  themselves.  The  maps  of  the  more  thickly  populated 
parts  of  the  Union  are  on  a  scale  of  1:62,500,  and  those  of  the 
rest  of  the  country  on  half  or  a  quarter  of  that  scale. 

Use  of  Maps. — Topographical  and  political  maps  are  the 
ones  most  generally  consulted,  the  location  of  places,  roads, 
railways,  rivers,  and  boundaries  being  among  the  everyday 
needs  of  the  tourist,  the  merchant,  and  the  average  reader. 
The  use  of  special  maps  and  the  value  of  map  comparisons 
are  less  widely  appreciated.  By  comparing  two  or  more 
maps,  the  causal  connection  between  various  distributions 
will  become  apparent.  For  instance,  a  racial  map  and-  a 
language  map  should  be  studied  together,  likewise  a  climate 
map  and  a  vegetation  map. 

Rightly  employed,  a  map  is  an  interpreter  par  excellence. 
The  history  of  any  great  war  will  be  more  readily  understood 
by  comparing  the  political  map  with  a  physical,  racial,  or 
other  special  map  of  the  belligerent  zones.  The  strategy  of  a 
campaign  will  be  clearer  by  studying  the  physical  nature  of 
the  theatre  of  war  together  with  the  location  of  the  principal 
roads,  railways,  and  railway  centres.  For  be  it  remembered 
that  what  the  chart  is  to  the  navigator  the  map  is  to  the 
general — it  is  the  prime  essential. 

In  reading  the  "Geographical  Manual,"  constant  reference 
should  be  made  to  the  corresponding  maps.  In  this  manner, 
the  facts  of  geography  will  assume  definite  and  logical  form, 
and  a  composite  picture  of  lasting  value  will  be  built  up  in 
the  mind  of  the  reader. 


WHAT  THE  MAPS  TELL  US 


Map  of  the  World  at  War,  p.  1.— This  map  brings  home  to  us  in  a  very 
striking  manner  the  fact  that  almost  the  whole  world  is  engaged  in  the  Great 
War.  It  will  be  seen  that  the  German  Alliance  (Germany,  Austria-Hungary, 
Bulgaria,  and  Turkey)  occupies  a  relatively  small  territory  right  in  the  centre 
of  the  map — the  powers  of  autocracy  and  might  opposed  by  the  powers  of 
democracy  and  right.  It  will  be  further  seen  that  the  large  colonial  empire  of 
Germany  in  Africa,  Oceania,  and  China  has  been  swept  away.  The  map 
will  likewise  show  the  further  contraction  of  the  Turkish  frontiers. 

Maps  of  the  Western  Front,  pp.  2,  3,  6,  7.— On  these  maps  of  Belgium 
and  France  it  is  possible  to  follow  the  most  important  campaign  of  the  war. 
Every  town  and  village  mentioned  in  the  war  reports  will  be  found  on  these 
maps.  Study  well  the  colour  scheme  showing  the  different  altitudes.  Note 
the  line  of  hills  in  the  northeast  with  Verdun  almost  in  the  centre,  and  the 
strong  natural  positions  on  which  the  German  line  rested  after  the  repulse 
at  the  Marne  will  be  apparent.  The  line  held  by  the  Germans  in  this  section 
formed  the  second  line  of  defence  in  the  French  military  system;  for  it  was 
never  expected  that  a  German  attack  would  be  made  through  the  neutral 
states  of  Belgium  and  Luxemburg.  The  north  of  France  was  practically 
undefended.  It  will  be  seen  that  the  north  of  France  is  comparatively  flat, 
and  the  ease  with  which  the  Germans  expected  to  sweep  through  Belgiurn  to 
the  heart  of  France  becomes  clear.  The  absence  of  strong  natural  positions 
from  Craonne  northward  through  Arras,  La  Bassee,  Ypres,  Dixmude,  and 
Nieufort  makes  it  all  the  more  remarkable  that  the  Germans  were  not  able 
to  break  through  to  the  coast  in  the  first  year  of  the  war  vphen  the  Allies  were 
outnumbered  and  outgunned.  It  is  this  flat  region  which  has  created  the 
trench  system  of  warfare.  Note  also  the  further  advantage  acquired  by  the 
Germans  in  having  outlets  to  the  North  Sea  at  Zeebruggf  and  Ostend,  from 
which  they  have  from  time  to  time  made  desultory  raids  on  the  English 


Map  of  Austro-ltalian  Frontier,  p.  10.— <)ne  glance  at  this  map  will 
show  the  geographical  handicap  under  which  Italy  is  fighting.  She  is 
hemmed  in  by  mountains  belonging  to  Austria  (the  result  of  the  treaty  of 
i866).  The  difficulties  confronting  the  Italians  on  the  northern  or  Tyrolean 
front  are  enormous,  and  the  seeming  failure  of  the  Italians  in  this  sector  is  ex- 
plained by  the  map.  In  the  northeast  the  territory  is  more  open,  and  here 
trench  warfare  obtains.  The  Italians  made  a  thrust  at  Gorz,  the  key  to  the 
Austrian  defence  of  Trieste,  which  they  captured  on  August  9,  1916.  Notice 
the  two  Alpine  valleys  of  the  Adige  and  Brenla  on  the  north.  These  valleys 
are  the  natural  pathways  of  an  invading  army,  and  if  a  serious  attempt  at 
invasion  is  made  by  the  Teutons  it  will  be  along  these  historic  valleys.  See 
Italy,  p.  279. 

Map  of  the  Balkan  States,  p.  11. — Note  the  railway  from  Belgrade 
through  Nish  and  Sofia  to  Constantinople.  This  is  the  main  artery  by  which 
the  Germans  can  send  supplies  to  their  Turkish  allies.  With  Serbia,  Bulgaria, 
and  the  greater  part  of  Roumania  in  the  hands  of  the  Germans  it  will  be 
seen  that  at  present  the  Teutons  hold  a  strong  central  position,  and  command 
the  avenue  to  the  Near  East.  Then  note  the  position  of  the  Allies  at  Sa- 
loniki,  and  it  will  be  seen  that  their  best  approaches  of  attack  upon  the  trunk 
railroad  will  be  along  the  valleys  of  the  Vardar  and  the  Struma.  The  danger 
to  the  Allied  rear  in  the  days  of  King  Constantine's  uncertain  neutrality 
will  also  be  evident. 

Map  of  the  Dardanelles,  p.  13. — ^This  map  will  show  how  completely 
Ru'ssia's  shipping  is  bottled  up  in  the  Black  Sea,  so  long  as  Constantinople  is 
held  by  a  hostile  power.  The  internationalization  of  the  Bosphorus  and 
the  Dardanelles  is  a  possible  outcome  of  the  Great  War.  The  ill-fated  cam- 
paign on  the  Gallipoli  peninsula  will  be  made  clearer  by  studying  this  map. 

Map  of  Western  Russia,  p.  14. — The  eastern  front  has  been  the  scene  of 
alternating  drives  and  retreats.  It  will  be  seen  that  the  country  is  generally 
of  an  open  character,  and  lends  itself  better  to  sweeping  operations.  Poland 
is  the  cockpit  of  eastern  Europe  as  Belgium  is  that  of  western  Europe.  The 
unification  and  independence  of  this  ancient  country  may  be  looked  for  as  an 
outcome  of  the  war. 

Map  of  Asia  Minor,  p.  IS. — ^This  map  is  interesting  as  showing  the  sup- 
posed original  home  of  the  human  race  in  the  valley  of  the  Euphrates.  The 
mountainous  character  of  Armenia  will  be  evident.  The  chief  successes  of 
the  Russians  have  been  in  this  region,  and  especially  along  the  coastal  dis- 
trict where  their  land  forces  could  be  supported  by  the  Black  Sea  fleet. 
The  British  are  driving  along  the  valleys  of  the  Tigris  and  the  Euphrates, 
and  Bagdad  has  been  their  immediate  objective  in  this  Mesopotamian  cam- 
paign. In  the  west  we  see  the  Holy  City  oi  Jerusalem,  toward  which  a 
British  force  is  marching  from  Egypt.  It  is  possible  that  the  Holy  Land  will 
be  wrested  from  the  Turks  altogether.     See  Turkey,  pp.  288-291. 

Map  of  Eastern  and  Western  Hemispheres,  p.  17. — Cut  the  globe  in 
half  and  we  get  two  hemispheres.  Look  at  this  map  and  compare  them.  It 
will  be  seen  that  there  is  more  land  north  of  the  equator  than  south  of  the 
equator;  the  land  mass  in  the  Eastern  Hemisphere  is  greater  than  in  the  West- 
em  Hemisphere.  Other  striking  comparisons  may  be  made.  The  Eastern 
Hemisphere  has  its  greatest  length  from  east  to  west;  the  Western  Hem- 
isphere, from  north  to  south.  The  former  has  its  principal  mountain  ranges 
running  west  and  east;  while  in  the  latter  they  run  north  and  south.  Both 
Hemispheres  have  their  greater  peninsulas  pointing  south:  they  both  also  taper 
to  the  south.  Contrast  the  Arctic  Ocean  at  the  North  Pole  with  the  contin- 
ental mass  (Antarctica)  at  the  South  Pole. 


Map  of  the  World,  pp.  18-19. — ^Thls  map  on  Mercator's  projection  shows 
the  parallels  of  latitude  and  the  meridians  cutting  each  other  at  right  angles, 
and  being  represented  by  straight  lines.  This  produces  an  apparent  en- 
largement of  the  polar  regions;  but  this  projection  is  of  great  value  to  naviga- 
tors, for  by  its  means  they  are  enabled  to  steer  by  compass  in  straight  lines. 

Physical  Map  of  Central  and  Western  Europe,  pp.  20-21. — With  the 
exception  of  the  Pyrenees,  which  -separate  waters  draining  respectively  to  the 
Atlantic  and  to  the  Mediterranean,  the  great  mountain  ranges  do  not  form 
important  divides,  so  that  easy  routes  are  generally  found  from  one  river 
basin  to  another.  Water  from  the  northern  slopes  of  the  Alps  reaches  the 
Mediterranean  by  the  Rhone,  the  North  Sea  by  the  Rhine,  and  the  Black 
Sea  by  the  Danube.  In  Russia  the  divides  lie  in  many  places  below  600  feet, 
and  continuous  waterways  cross  the  continent  from  south  to  north,  uniting 
the  Baltic  with  the  Black  and  Caspian  seas. 

Physical  Map  of  Europe,  p.  22. — The  advantage  of  showing  the  iso- 
therms (see  p.  xii)  upon  a  relief  map  is  at  once  obvious,  for  both  the  false  im- 
pressions given  by  considering  the  sea-level  temperatures  alone,  and  the 
complexity  of  the  isotherms  upon  an  "actual  temperature"  map  are  avoided. 
The  map  illustrates  the  fact  that  in  January  the  temperature  over  the  ocean 
is  high  relatively  to  that  over  the  land;  so  that,  for  example,  in  latitude  50°N., 
the  temperature  is  48°  F.  to  the  southwest  of  Ireland  and  0°  F.  to  the  south- 
east of  the  Urals.  The  southwesterly  winds  (shown  on  the  Winter  Climate 
map)  carry  the  warmer  air  across  the  land,  thus  giving  abnormally  high  tem- 
peratures to  western  Europe;  in  the  Lofoden  Islands,  within  the  Arctic  Circle, 
the  temperature  is  the  same  as  that  at  Constanza  on  the  Black  Sea;  while  the 
Isle  of  Wight  is  warmer  than  Venice. 

Racial  Map  of  Europe,  p.  22.  We  see  here  Middle  Europe  occupied  by 
German  peoples  with  practically  the  w  hole  of  eastern  Europe  inhabited  by 
Slavs.  The  rivalry  between  these  two  great  races  (Pan-Germanism  versus 
Panslavism)  was  one  of  the  underlying  causes  of  the  Great  War.  The  col- 
ouring will  show  that  Scandinavia  and  the  greater  part  of  the  British  Isles  are 
inhabited  by  Teutonic  races.  In  the  west  of  Europe,  and  in  Italy  and  south 
Switzerland,  we  find  the  Latin  races — ^the  French,  Spaniards,  Portuguese, 
and  Italians.  The  Roumanians  are  also  of  the  Latin  race.  See  "Races  of 
Europe,"  p.  243. 

Language  Map  of  Europe,  p.  23. — ^This  map  is  the  natural  complement 
of  the  racial  map  on  the  pteceding  page.  The  languages  spoken  in  Europe 
fall  into  three  groups:  (i)  Indo-European;  (2)  Semitic;  and  (3)  Ural- 
Altaic. 

The  Indo-European  group  includes  the  Teutonic  branch  (German,  Dutch,  Flemish,  Eng- 
lish, Norwegian,  Icelandic,  Swedish,  Danish);  the  Slavic  branch  (Russian,  Bulgarian,  Ruthe- 
oian,  Serbo-Croatian,  Slovenian,  Czech  or  Bohemian,  Slovakian,  Polish,  Wendish,  Moravian); 
the  Baltic  or  Lettic  branch  (Lithuanian,  Lettish);  the  Greek  branch  (Greek);  the  Latinian  of 
Romanic  branch  (Italian,  French,  Spanish,  Portuguese,  Roumanian,  Walloon);  the  Celtic 
branch  (Welsh,  Irish,  Scotch  Gaelic  or  Erse,  Manx,  Breton). 

The  Semitic  group  is  represented  by  Maltese,  in  the  island  of  Malta.  Hebrew  is  a  Semitic 
language;  but  Yiddish  is  a  German  dialect  developed  under  Hebrew  and  Slavic  influence. 

The  Ural-Altaic  group  is  represented  by  the  Finno-Ugric  languages  (Finnish,  Lappish, 
Magyar,  Esthonian,  etc.),  and  by  the  Tatar-Turkish  languages  (Turkish,  spoken  in  Turkey,  and 
Tatar,  spoken  in  the  Crimea  and  Kasan).     Basque  and  Albanian  are  unattached. 

Climate  Map  of  Europe  (Summer),  p.  24. — A  low  pressure  occurs  near 
Iceland,  and  the  pressure  also  diminishes  toward  the  heated  plains  of  Asia 
and  the  Saharan  region.  Westerly  winds  blow  across  central  Europe,  and 
there  is  a  uniform  distribution  of  moderate  rains.  Toward  the  east  of  the 
continent  the  winds  sweep  round  and  move  southward;  thus  southeastern 
Russia  is  dry,  for  these  northerly  winds  are  blowing  toward  a  much  hotter 
area  and  are  taking  up  water  vapour  rather  than  yielding  it.  Over  the  Medi- 
terranean lands  the  winds  are  on  the  whole  northerly,  so  that  the  rainfall  is 
much  less  than  in  winter,  and  is  in  places  very  scanty.  See  "Climate," 
pp.  xi-xiii. 

Climate  Map  of  Europe  (Winter),  p.  25.— This  map  shows  a  well-marked 
pressure  gradient  toward  the  Icelandic  "low"  (that  is,  an  area  of  low  baro- 
metric pressure),  accompanied  by  strong  southwesterly  winds.  The  relation 
of  the  wind  arrows  to  the  isobars  (see  p.  xii)  should  be  noticed;  and  it  must 
be  remembered  that  the  closer  the  isobars,  that  is,  the  steeper  the  gradient, 
the  stronger  the  winds.  The  winds  are  almost  completely  drained  of  their 
moisture  by  the  margins  of  the  continent,  so  that  the  rainfall  or  snowfall 
rapidly  decreases  inland. 

Vegetation  Map  of  Europe,  p.  26. — ^The  regions  bordering  the  Arctic 
Ocean  have  the  usual  vegetation  of  the  tundras  (see  under  "Vegetation," 
p.  xvi).  Extensive  forests,  chiefly  of  pines  and  firs,  occupy  the  land  north 
of  60°  latitude,  extending  farther  southward  toward  the  east  where  the 
winters  are  more  severe.    This  region  is  little  suited  for  agriculture. 

The  broad-leaved  forests  of  such  trees  as  oak,  beech,  and  maple,  which  once  almost  covered 
central  and  western  Europe,  occupied  regions  where  no  very  extreme  conditions,  whether  of 
cold  or  heat,  or  deficient  rainfall,  were  found.  This  climate  was  eminently  suitable  for  agri- 
culture and  pasturing,  hence  these  forests  have  been  almost  destroyed,  and  the  largest  areas 
now  remaining  are  found  m  Russia,  Austria-Hungary,  and  the  North  Baltic  region.  The  con- 
ifers reappear  on  the  mountains  and  elsewhere  where  the  climate  and  soils  are  suitable.  The 
high  summer  temperature  and  the  low  rainfall  of  southeast  Europe  are  among  the  causes  of  the 
gradual  change  from  forest  to  temperate  grassland  or  steppe.  Still  farther  to  the  southeast  the 
jncreasing  heat  and  drought  cause  the  rich  grasses  and  herbs  of  the  steppe  to  become  less  and 
less  abundant,  so  that  a  semi-desert  region  of  sparse,  scattered  vegetation,  varied  by  patches 
of  true  desert,  borders  the  Caspian  Sea.  The  steppes  are  naturally  suited  for  pasturing; 
but  is  the  richer  western  uid  northwestern  portions  of  the  grasslands  the  cultivation  of  cereals 


XXVI 


GEOGRAPHICAL  MANUAL  AND  NEW  ATLAS 


xxvu 


becomes  increasingly  important.  In  the  Mediterranean  districts  the  hot,  somewhat  dry 
summers,  and  the  comparatively  mild  wet  winters  produce  a  special  type  of  vegetation.  Ever- 
greens abound,  while  the  summer  sunshine  mates  the  region  favourable  for  the  production  of 
the  vine  and  many  luscious  fruits. 

Economic  Map  of  Europe,  p.  27.— This  map  should  be  comp^ed  with  the 
Vegetation  Map.  The  most  highly  productive  areas  are  the  broad-leaved 
forest  and  temperate  grassland  regions  and  parts  of  the  Mediterranean  region, 
although  in  the  latter  irrigation  is  frequently  necessary.  Note  particularly 
the  areas  where  coal  and  iron  occur  together.  As  Russia  may  shortly  e.xperi- 
ence  an  industrial  rebirth,  note  should  be  taken  of  the  coal  field  lying  near 
the  great  mineral  region  of  the  Central  Urals,  thus  enabling  the  metals  to  be 
worked  locally.  See  "Vegetable  products"  and  "Minerals"  under  Europe, 
p.  245- 

Population  Map  of  Europe,  p.  28.— This  map  may  be  compared  particu- 
larly with  those  showing  vegetation  and  economic  features.  The  scantily 
peopled  areas  include  the  greater  part  of  the  region  north  of  latitude  60° 
together  with  the  semi-desert  depression  to  the  north  of  the  Caspian  Sea, 
the  Scottish  Highlands,  and  the  high  mountain  regions. 

As  a  rule  the  most  densely  peopled  areas  correspond  with  the  industrial  regions,  and  the 
gathering  of  the  population  into  great  cities  is  specially  characteristic  of  Great  Britain  and 
Germany.  Italy  affords  a  striking  contrast  to  the  Iberian  and  Balkan  peninsulas,  having  a  far 
greater  density  of  population  although  the  two  latter  have  far  greater  mineral  resources;  this 
comparison  suggests  that  national  character  and  political  factors  must  be  taken  into  account 
in  estimating  the  economic  possibilities  of  a  region.  In  general  the  population  is  more  dense 
round  the  coasts,  where  the  additional  occupations  of  fishing  and  commerce  can  be  carried  on. 
River  valleys,  both  from  their  fertility  and  as  being  trade  routes,  are  also  usually  well  peopled. 
An  example  of  the  effect  of  the  poverty  of  the  soil  upon  the  density  of  population  is  afforded  by 
the  north  German  plain. 

Political  Map  of  Europe,  p.  29. — This  map  shows  the  German  "  barred 
zones"  in  connection  with  the  naval  operations  of  the  Great  War.  Note 
especially  the  "safety  lane"  to  Falmouth,  England,  along  which  the  Ameri- 
cans were  to  be  permitted  to  send  one  vessel  per  week,  provided  it  were 
striped  like  a  zebra.  This  insolent  request  on  the  part  of  the  German  gov- 
ernment tried  American  patience  to  the  breaking  point,  and  was  shortly 
followed  by  a  rupture  of  diplomatic  relations  and  by  war. 

Map  of  Central  and  Western  Europe,  pp.  30-31. — ^This  map  on  a  rela- 
tively large  scale  shows  the  various  boundaries  in  an  exceptionally  clear  man- 
ner. Note  the  present  boundary  of  Turkey,  and  remember  that  only  a  few 
years  ago  Turkey  in  Europe  stretched  across  to  the  Adriatic.  Note  the  Kaiser 
JVilhelm  Canal  between  Kiel  and  the  Elbe;  its  strategic  importance  is  very 
patent.  Note  also  the  commanding  position  of  Gibraltar  at  the  entrance  to 
the  Mediterranean,  and  of  Constantinople  at  the  approach  to  the  Black  Sea. 

Map  of  Central  Europe,  p.  32. — ^This  map  gives  prominence  to  railroads 
and  fortified  towns.  Germany  has  a  greater  railroad  mileage  than  any  other 
country  in  Europe.  Russia  comes  next,  although  when  her  extensive 
area  is  taken  into  account  the  mileage  is  considerably  discounted.  France 
ranks  third,  followed  by  Austria-Hungary,  Great  Britain,  and  Italy.  The 
total  railroad  mileage  for  Europe  is  215,140;  that  of  America  is  355,000. 

In  regard  to  fortified  towns,  they  are  the  thickest  along  the  western  frontier  of  Germany. 
The  chain  of  fortresses  from  Liege  to  Belfort  is  eloquent  of  the  danger  which  Belgium  and 
France  anticipated  from  German  militarism.  The  chain  of  fortresses  across  northern  Italy 
forms  a  second  line  of  defence  against  northern  invasion.  The  virtual  absence  of  fortresses 
on  the  frontier  between  Germany  and  Austria  is  significant. 

Map  of  the  British  Isles,  p.  33. — ^The  British  Isles  are  an  archipelago 
consisting  of  two  large  islands  and  many  smaller  ones.  Physically,  Scotland  is 
the  most  mountainous  part  of  the  British  Isles.  Note  the  deeply  indented 
coast  line  and  the  many  important  seaports.  Note  the  dense  population 
of  the  Midlands,  as  well  as  of  Lancashire  (Manchester,  Oldham,  Bolton, 
Liverpool,  etc.)  and  of  the  West  Riding  of  Yorkshire  (Leeds,  Bradford,  Hali- 
fax, etc.).  These  are  the  industrial  and  most  populous  districts.  Ireland 
has  comparatively  few  large  towns.  The  steamer  routes  indicated  on  the 
map  tell  their  own  story  of  British  mercantile  supremacy.  Note  the  position 
of  Liverpool,  Manchester,  Plymouth,  Southampton,  London,  and  Dover. 
See  pp.  245-256. 

.^<Iap  of  England  and  Wales,  p.  34. — ^This  map  shows  the  counties.     See 

Table  on  p.  253.  Yorkshire  is  the  largest  county,  and  Rutland  the  smallest. 
Notice  the  network  of  railroads,  the  main  lines  all  converging  on  London. 
The  broadest  part  of  the  country  lies  nearest  to  the  continent. 

Map  of  Scotland,  p.  35. — The  north  of  Scotland  in  its  coast  line,  its  moun- 
tainous character,  and  the  large  number  of  its  islands  somewhat  resemble 
Scandinavia.  Contrast  the  east  and  west  coasts;  the  former  is  generally 
low  and  fairly  regular;  the  latter  is  mountainous  and  very  irregular,  with  deep 
indentations.  Note  the  position  of  Glasgow  on  the  Clyde  and  of  Edinburgh 
on  the  Firth  of  Forth.     See  p.  254. 

Map  of  Ireland,  p.  36. — Ireland  forms  a  breakwater  to  Great  Britain:  it 
prevents  the  Atlantic  billows  from  striking  part  of  the  British  shore,  and  it 
takes  the  first  supply  of  the  rain  from  the  Atlantic;  hence  its  verdure  has 
earned  for  Ireland  the  name  Emerald  Isle.  Ireland  is  broader,  shorter,  and 
more  compact  than  Great  Britain.  The  western  coast  is  mountainous  and 
irregular.  The  east  and  south  coasts  are  lower  and  more  regular,  and  have 
excellent  harbours.  Note  the  position  of  Belfast,  Dublin,  and  Queenstown. 
See  pp.  254-255. 

Map  of  Sweden,  Norway,  and  Denmark,  p.  37. — Norway  and  Sweden 
form  the  largest  and  longest  peninsula  in  Europe.  Like  Italy,  it  splits  into  two 
in  the  south.  Norway  is  a  narrow  region  of  mountains  and  plateaus;  Swe- 
den is  a  broad  region  of  sloping  plains.  Note  the  deep  indentations  on  the 
Atlantic  coast;  these  are  called  fiords.  The  plateaus  of  Scandinavia  are 
called  fields.     Denmark,  the  "  Keeper  of  the  Baltic  Portals,"  has  a  broken 


coast  line.     Note  the  position  of  Copenhagen,  Christiania,  and  Stockholm. 
See  pp.  256-258. 

Map  of  the  Netherlands  and  Belgium,  p.  38.— The  territory  of  the 
Netherlands  has  been  formed  partly  by  deposits  from  rivers  and  partly  by 
conquests  from  the  sea.  Notice  its  advantageous  position  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Rhine — the  great  western  waterway  of  Europe.  Note  the  position  of  Rot- 
terdam, Amsterdam,  and  The  Hague.     See  pp.  259-260. 

Belgium  likewise  holds  a  position  most  favourable  for  trade.  Note  its 
short  coast  line  (only  42  miles  long).  The  neutral  state  of  Luxemburg  lies 
on  the  southeast.  Note  the  position  oi  Antwerp,  Ostend,  Brussels,  and  Liege. 
See  pp.  260-262. 

Map  of  Denmark,  p.  39. — ^This  map  shows  the  lost  Danish  provinces  of 
Schlesuiig-Holstein  which  were  torn  from  Denmark  by  Germany.  Note 
the  Kaiser  JVilhelm  Canal  running  southwest  from  Kiel.  See  "Sweden, 
Norway,  and  Denmark  "  above,  also  pp.  258-259. 

Map  of  France,  p.  40. — La  Belle  France  is  the  country  which  lies  nearest 
to  Great  Britain.  Its  position  enables  it  to  command  a  large  part  of  the 
trade  of  the  two  busiest  seas  in  the  world — the  Atlantic  and  the  Mediter- 
ranean. France  is  very  compact  in  shape,  and  is  roughly  octagonal.  The 
coast  line  is  long,  but  its  harbours  are  not  so  good  as  those  of  Great  Britain; 
those  on  the  south  side  of  the  English  channel  forming  a  striking  contrast  to 
the  spacious  harbours  on  the  north  side.  Notice  the  lost  territories  of  Al- 
sace and  Lorraine.  Note  the  position  of  Calais,  Boulogne,  Havre,  Paris, 
Bordeaux,  and  Marseilles.     See  pp.  262-266. 

Map  of  Germany,  p.  41. — Note  the  strong  commercial  position  of  Ger- 
many. Its  frontiers  march  with  those  of  the  great  Continental  states; 
its  position  on  the  Baltic  gives  it  facilities  for  trading  with  the  Baltic  coun- 
tries; its  coast  upon  the  North  Sea  gives  it  access  to  Great  Britain,  America, 
and  other  transmarine  countries.  Every  country  on  the  Continent  is  linked 
up  with  the  German  railway  system.  The  relative  extent  of  Prussia  and 
the  other  constituent  states  should  be  observed,  as  it  helps  to  explain  Prus- 
sian domination  within  the  Empire.  Note  the  position  of  Berlin,  Hamburg, 
Kiel,  Helgoland,  Bremen,  Cologne,  and  Essen.     See  pp.  267-271. 

Map  of  Russia  in  Europe,  p.  42. — ^This  map  should  be  compared  with  the 
Vegetation  and  Population  Maps  of  Europe,  in  order  to  understand  why 
certain  parts  of  Russia  are  more  thickly  peopled  than  others.  Russia  has  a 
small  coast  line  in  comparison  with  its  great  size.  Its  commercial  position 
would  be  improved  by  free  access  to  the  Mediterranean  from  the  rich  Black 
Sea  provinces.  Its  northern  ports  are  ice-bound  in  winter,  with  the  excep- 
tion of  the  new  ice-free  port  of  Alexandrovsk  on  Catherine  Harbour.  Note 
the  position  of  this  port,  also  of  Archangel,  Riga,  Moscow,  Petrograd,  Odessa, 
and  Baku  (in  the  Caucasus).     See  pp.  272-275. 

Map  of  Austria-Hungary,  p.  43. — Austria-Hungary  has  a  very  small  sea- 
board, and  practically  the  whole  of  this  forms  part  of  "Unredeemed  Italy." 
On  its  interior  boundaries  it  touches  the  great  industrial  countries  of  the 
Continent.  Notice  the  lie  of  the  mountains;  nearly  half  of  the  Alps  are  in 
Austria.  After  Switzerland,  Austria  is  the  most  mountainous  country  in 
Europe.  The  dual  monarchy  is  an  agglomeration  of  states  and  races. 
Bohemia  advances  into  the  heart  of  the  North  German  Plains.  Note  the 
position  of  Vienna,  Trieste,  Pola,  Budapest,  Herzegovina,  and  Sarajevo,  the 
capital  of  Bosnia.     See  pp.  275-277. 

Map  of  Switzerland,  p.  44. — Switzerland  is  the  most  mountainous  coun- 
try in  Europe.  It  is  the  playground  of  the  civilized  world.  From  a  military 
point  of  view,  it  is  a  great  natural  fortress.  Though  it  has  no  coast  line  and 
no  water  communication  with  the  sea,  it  occupies  a  fine  commercial  position; 
for  it  touches  the  four  greatest  industrial  countries  of  the  Continent — France, 
Germany,  Italy,  and  Austria.  For  its  industries,  it  has  everywhere  at  hand 
the  enormous  water-power  of  the  Alpine  streams.  Note  the  position  ol Bern, 
Zurich,  Lucerne,  and  Neuchatel.     See  pp.  278-279. 

Map  of  Italy,  p.  45. — In  shape  Italy  has  been  compared  to  a  boot. 
It  may  be  divided  into  three  parts,  (i)  Continental  Italy,  consisting  of  a 
level  and  fertile  plain — the  Plain  of  Lombardy — guarded  by  mountains  on 
the  north  and  south;  (2)  Peninsular  Italy,  a  mountainous  plateau  almost 
filled  by  the  Apennines  and  their  branches;  and  (3)  Insular  Italy,  consisting 
of  Sicily,  Sardinia,  and  other  islands.  Italy  holds  a  commanding  comnier^ 
cial  position  in  the  Mediterranean,  and  is  provided  with  excellent  harbours. 
Notice  how  the  Alps  shut  oflF  Italy  from  the  rest  of  Europe.  Note  the  posi- 
tion oi  Genoa,  Rome,  Naples,  Brindisi,  and  Venice.     See  pp.  279-281. 

Map  of  Spain  and  Portugal,  p.  46. — The  Iberian  Peninsula,  as  this  is 
called,  has  many  excellent  harbours  on  the  two  great  commercial  seas  of  the 
world — the  Atlantic  and  the  Mediterranean.  The  Pyrenees  form  the  north- 
ern boundary  of  Spain.  The  mountains  of  the  Peninsula  mostly  run  west 
and  east.  The  great  central  plateau  is  the  chief  characteristic  feature  of 
Spain.  The  country  is  well  watered  with  navigable  streams.  Note  the 
position  of  Oporto,  Lisbon,  Valencia,  Barcelona,  and  Gibraltar.  See  pp. 
281-284. 

Map  of  the  Empire  of  Alexander  the  Great,  p.  47. — The  plan  of  Alex- 
ander the  Great  (356-323  B.  c.)  was  to  Hellenize  the  East.  To  what  extent  he 
succeeded  may  be  gathered  by  a  glance  at  this  map.  His  reign  constitutes 
an  important  period  in  the  history  of  mankind.  Much  of  the  civilization 
of  Greece  followed  in  the  train  of  his  armies;  a  road  was  opened  to  India,  and 
the  products  of  the  Orient  were  introduced  into  Europe. 

Map  of  the  Roman  Empire  (Time  of  Julius  Caesar),  p.  47. — In  power, 
extent,  and  solidity  the  Roman  Empire  was  the  most  remarkable  creation  of 
antiquity,  and  its  influence  on  the  world  has  exceeded  that  of  any  other  em- 
pire. Rome  spread  civilization  among  the  barbarian  tribes  of  northern  and 
central  Europe.    Wherever  they  went,  the  Roman  armies  built  magnificent 


XXVIII 


GEOGRAPHICAL  MANUAL  AND  NEW  ATLAS 


roads,  which  even  to-day  are  among  the  finest  in  Europe.  The  landing  of 
Julius  Csesar  in  Britain  (55  b.  c.)  is  known  to  every  schoolboy.  Many  of  the 
modern  names  are  suggested  by  the  ancient  Latin  names  on  the  map.  Gallia 
or  Gaul  was  the  old  name  for  the  territory  of  which  modem  France  forms  a 
part. 

Map  of  Hie  Roman  Empire  in  the  Fifth  Century,  p.  47. — In  376  a.  d. 
a  tribe  of  Goths  were  permitted  by  the  Roman  i^mperor  Valens  to  settle 
in  Thrace,  south  of  the  Danube.  This  was  the  first  crevice  in  the  great 
wall  of  defence.  Exactly  a  century  after  this  fatal  mistake,  Rome  fell 
(476).  The  overthrow  of  the  Western  Empire  by  the  Teutonic  invaders 
marks  the  beginning  of  the  Dark  Ages.  W  hen  the  barbarian  flood  swept 
away  the  landmarks  of  the  Roman  Empire,  all  was  in  confusion  for  a  century 
or  more;  but  then  were  laid  the  foundations  of  the  map  of  modern  Europe. 
Note  the  distribution  of  the  various  tribes  from  which  the  chief  nations  have 
sprung. 

Map  of  the  Empire  of  Charlemagne,  p.  47. — Charlemagne,  or  Charles 
the  Great,  King  of  the  Franks  and  subsequently  Emperor  of  the  West, 
waged  four  great  wars:  against  the  Saxons;  against  the  Lombards  of  Italv; 
against  the  Saracens  in  Spain;  and  against  the  Avars  of  Hungary.  His 
empire  included  France,  most  of  Catalonia,  Navarre,  and  Aragon,  the 
Netherlands,  Germany  as  far  as  the  Elbe,  Saale,  and  Eider,  Upper  and 
Middle  Italy,  Istria,  and  a  part  of  Slavonia.  Charlemagne  divided  his  em- 
pire among  his  three  sons:  Charles  received  Germany;  Louis,  Aquitaine; 
and  Pepin,  Italy.     See  France,  p.  262,  and  Germany,  p.  267. 

Map  of  Ancient  Greece,  p.  48. — ^Ancient  Greece  was  not  a  single  country; 
it  was  divided  into  a  number  of  independent  states  or  territories  (Thessaly, 
Epirus,  Attica,  Corinth,  etc.).  Athens,  the  capital  of  Attica  and  the  chief 
town  of  the  Ionic  tribe,  was  the  leading  democratic  state.  Sparta  or  Lace- 
daemon,  the  chief  town  of  Laconia  and  of  the  Doric  tribe,  was  the  leading 
aristocratic  state.  The  Greeks  called  one  another  Hellenes;  all  other  na- 
tions they  called  barbarians,  that  is,  "The  unintelligible  folk,"  because  they 
could  not  understand  their  speech.  Macedonia  and  Thrace  were  regarded 
as  outside  the  Hellenic  pale  till  Philip  II.  of  Macedon  (359-336  B.  c.)  brought 
the  Greek  states  by  war  and  diplomacy  to  recognize  his  leadership. 

Physical  Map  of  Africa,  p.  49. — On  consulting  the  colour  scale  it  will  be 
noticed  that  the  proportion  of  land  below  600  feet  is  very  small,  the  slope 
upward  from  the  coast  being  almost  everywhere  rapid.  The  most  general 
description  of  the  relief  of  Africa  is  that  it  consists  of  a  vast  table-land  with 
a  warped-up  rim. 

Looking  at  the  isotherms  for  July  (northern  summer),  the  abnormally  high  temperatures 
(over  94*F.)  indicated  in  the  Sahara  and  near  the  shores  of  the  Red  Sea  are  noticed.  The  way 
in  which  the  80°  and  88*  isotherms  follow  the  trend  of  the  coast  should  he  noticed,  the  tem- 
perature rising  rapidly  from  sea  to  land.  In  the  southern  part  of  the  continent  there  is  a 
contrast  between  the  east  and  west  coasts.  This  is  due  to  the  relatively  cold  Benguela  current, 
which  pushes  the  isotherms  on  the  west  coast  toward  the  equator.  In  South  Africa  the  highest 
temperature  does  not  approach  94°F..  for  the  breadth  of  the  continent  is  much  less  than  in 
the  north.  The  effect  of  the  Benguela  current  is  even  more  marked  at  this  season,  as  shown  by 
the  steep  temperature  gradient  westward.     See  pp.  299-300. 

Political  Map  of  Africa,  p.  49. — ^The  relative  importance  of  the  colonial 
possessions  of  the  European  powers  cannot  be  measured  by  area  alone;  in 
many  cases,  as  shown  by  comparison  with  the  economic  map,  much  of  the 
land  is  unproductive,  or  it  may  be  difficult  of  access.  Thus,  the  vast  areas 
controlled  by  France  include  much  of  the  Sahara,  and  the  very  inaccessible 
basin  of  the  Shari  River. 

For  actual  European  settlement,  as  opposed  to  mere  exploitation,  the  extra-tropical  portions 
of  Africa  are  most  favourable.  In  the  south  practically  the  whole  of  these  lands  are  British, 
while  in  the  north  the  French  have  Algeria  and  Tunis.  The  railway  system  of  Africa  is  still  in 
its  infancy.  There  is  as  yet  no  trans-continental  railway,  for  the  volume  of  trade  with  the  in- 
terior does  not  warrant  so  heavy  an  expenditure  of  capital.  Comparison  with  the  economic 
map  shows  the  influence  of  rich  mineral  deposits  upon  the  development  of  railways.  For  ex- 
ample, a  line  was  constructed  from  Cape  Town  to  the  Kimberley  diamond  fields,  thence  to  the 
Rhodesian  goldfields,  and  thence  by  the  Victoria  Falls  to  the  Katanga  copper  mines  in  Belgian 
Kongo.  Johannesburg,  with  the  famous  Rand  gold  mines,  is  the  centre  of  a  radiating  railway 
system  giving  direct  access  to  four  seaports,  Cape  Town,  Port  Elizabeth,  Durban,  and  Louren^o 
Marques. 

The  British  railway  to  Khartum  was  built  to  obtain  effective  military  control  over  the 
Egyptian  Sudan.  It  is  now  being  extended  into  promising  agricultural  districts,  and  supple- 
ments the  interrupted  navigation  of  the  Nile.  The  line  from  Berber  to  Port  Sudan  gives  the 
region  direct  access  to  the  sea,  and  this  route  is  convenient  also  for  African  pilgrims  to  Mecca. 
See  pp.  299-304. 

Climate  Map  of  Africa  (May-October),  p.  50. — During  the  northern 
summer  the  belt  of  highest  temperature  lies  to  the  north  of  the  equator,  and 
hence  the  low-pressure  belt  occupies  a  similar  position.  A  deep  depression 
over  Asia  causes  the  pressure  gradient  in  northeast  Africa  to  fall  from  west 
to  east,  with  the  result  that  northwesterly  winds  prevail  over  the  Lower  Nile 
and  Red  Sea  areas. 

In  northwest  Africa  the  pressure  falls  toward  the  Sahara  and  the  northeast  trade  winds  pre- 
vail. 

The  greater  part  of  extra-tropical  South  Africa  lies  in  the  high-pressure  belt  normally  to  be 
found  about  30°  N.  and  S.  of  the  equator.  From  the  southern  margin  of  this  belt  the  pressure 
falls  steadily  over  the  Southern  Ocean,  and  the  winds  blow  from  a  northwesterly  to  westerly 
direction.     In  this  westerly  wind  belt  cyclonic  depressions  frequently  pass  eastward. 

When  comparing  the  pressure  and  wind's  with  the  rainfall,  it  must  be  remembered  that  the 
former  show  July  conditions  only,  while  the  latter  is  the  total  for  a  period  of  six  months, 
during  which  the  low-pressure  belt  moves  northward  to  the  position  shown  and  then  south- 
ward again. 

Reviewing  the  two  maps,  the  seasonal  rainfall  of  Africa  may  be  summed  up  as  follows:  On 
and  near  the  equator  is  a  region  wet  at  all  seasons;  north  and  south  of  this  lie  regions  with  a 
rainy  season  in  the  summer  months,  followed  by  a  dry  season;  beyond  these  again  are  regions 
with  no  wet  season,  while  at  the  extremities  of  the  continent  ate  regions  with  rainy  winters  and 
relatively  dry  summers.     See  "Climate"  under  jijrica,  p.  300. 

Climate  Map  of  Africa  (November-April),  p.  51.— The  heat  belt  is  now 
in  the  southern  hemisphere,  and  the  low-pressure  belt,  with  its  convectional 
currents  and  heavy  rains  is  here  also.     Northeasterly  winds  blow  along  the 


east  coast  as  far  as  20°  S.,  while  the  southeast  trades  bring  rain  to  southeast 
Africa,  leaving  the  southwest  coastal  belt  dry.  In  West  Africa,  between 
10°  N.  and  S.,  the  southeast  trades  are  drawn  landward  as  southwesterly 
rain-bearing  winds. 

Across  the  Sahara  stretches  the  normal  relatively  high-pressure  belt,  from  the  southern 
margin  of  which  blow  the  northeast  trades.  The  lands  to  the  north  of  the  Sahara  lie  in  the 
belt  of  westerly  winds  and  cyclones,  and  so  are  having  a  rainy  winter  season. 

Vegetation  Map  of  Africa,  p.  52. — In  the  absence  of  any  very  marked 
variations  of  temperature  the  vegetation  of  Africa  is  mainly  determined 
by  the  seasonal  and  mean  annual  rainfall. 

In  the  equatorial  regions  of  heavy  and  practically  continuous  rainfall  a  dense  evergreen  for- 
est growth  is  found,  in  the  regions  with  a  marked  season  of  drought  a  summer  vegetation  of 
tall  grasses  predominates;  these  are  the  tropical  grasslands  or  savannas.  The  high-lying  level 
regions  (above  4,00c  feet)  of  the  southern  and  eastern  table-lands  are  practically  treeless,  while 
on  the  steep  slopes  exposed  to  wet  winds  temperate  forests  are  found. 

The  South  African  veldt  forms  a  temperate  grassland,  for  the  palms  and  other  trees  typical 
of  the  tropical  grasslands  are  absent.  A  temperate  vegetation  is  found  too  in  lofty  Abyssinia. 
The  great  swamps  which  surround  the  shallow  lakes  on  the  table-land  should  be  noticed,  and 
also  those  on  the  ^Tiite  Nile  and  Bahr-el-Ghazal,  which  give  rise  to  the  "sudd,"  masses  of 
floating  vegetation  which  seriously  impede  navigation.  The  contrasts  in  vegetation  between 
the  parts  of  East  Africa  north  and  south  of  the  equator  may  be  compared  with  the  similar 
contrasts  in  climate.     See  under  AJrica,  p.  300. 

Economic  Map  of  Africa,  p.  53. — ^Two  points  to  be  noticed  are  the  ab- 
sence of  industrial  districts  in  Africa  (contrast  southern  Europe  and  Britain) 
and  the  existence  of  large  areas,  which,  while  not  incapable  of  production, 
are  as  yet  unexploited,  and  yield  no  commercial  products. 

Of  the  chief  bases  of  industry,  coal  and  iron,  the  former  is  found  in  considerable  quantities 
in  British  South  Africa,  while  the  latter  is  of  great  importance  in  Algeria,  whence  it  is  ex- 
ported to  France.  All  the  coal  fields  are  at  a  distance  from  the  sea;  the  most  conveniently 
placed  are  the  Natal  coal  fields,  connected  by  rail  with  Durban,  and  the  Transvaal  coal  fields 
near  the  gold-mining  districts.    Water-power  {e.  g.,  the  Victoria  Falls)  is  available  in  abundance. 

In  the  Mediterranean  region  of  North  Africa  the  typical  products,  wheat,  barley,  wine,  and 
olives  are  found,  while  wheat  and  wine  are  also  important  in  the  Cape  region.  To  these  may 
be  added  fruits,  which  are  grown  in  both  areas.     See  under  Africa,  p.  3(X). 

Population  Map  of  Africa,  p.  54. — Africa  has  an  average  density  of  only 
thirteen  persons  to  the  square  mile.  Not  only  the  deserts  but  vast  areas 
covered  with  a  luxuriant  vegetation  are  scarcely  inhabited. 

The  Nile  Valley  alone  can  show  such  a  dense  grouping  as  is  found  (outside  the  large  towns) 
in  southeastern  Pennsylvania.  In  the  Nile  delta,  too,  are  found  four  out  of  the  nineteen  African 
towns  with  over  50,000  inhabitants.  The  population  of  the  Nile  Valley  steadily  decreases 
with  the  distance  from  the  Mediterranean  Sea,  but  in  Uganda  on  the  shores  of  Victoria  Nyanza 
there  is  again  an  increase. 

The  better-watered  portions  of  the  "Mediterranean"  region  of  northwest  Africa  arc  well 
peopled,  while  in  the  similar  "Cape"  region  a  considerable  population  is  grouped  about  Cape 
Town.  The  southeastern  coastal  terraces  support  a  relatively  large  agricultural  and  pastoral 
population,  of  whom  only  a  small  proportion  are  Europeans. 

Of  great  interest  is  the  large  native  population  of  Upper  and  Lower  Nigeria,  where  no  less 
than  eight  towns  have  over  50,000  inhabitants.  It  should  be  noted  that  both  equatorial  forest 
and  tropical  grasslands  are  included  in  this  area,  a  fact  which  suggests  that  other  regions  bear- 
ing a  similar  vegetation  could  support  far  more  people  than  at  present. 

Maps  of  Africa,  pp.  55,  56. — These  two  maps  show  the  political  divisions 
of  Africa  in  greater  detail  than  the  map  on  page  49  (see  above).  The 
"scramble  for  Africa"  is  strikingly  illustrated.  These  maps  should  be  stud- 
ied in  connection  with  the  text.  Note  the  inset  map  showing  the  delta  of 
the  Nile.  German  East  Africa  is  not  likely  to  be  restored  to  Germany,  so 
that  the  British  have  at  last  acquired  an  "all  red"  route  from  the  Cape  to 
the  Mediterranean.     See  pp.  299-304. 

Physical  Map  of  Asia,  p.  57. — The  most  striking  physical  divisions  are 
four  in  number:  (i)  A  great  triangular  northern  plain,  with  its  base  along 
the  .Arctic  Ocean  and  its  apex  in  Turan.  (2)  A  belt  of  mountains  which  can 
be  traced  from  the  Mediterranean  shores  right  across  the  continent;  the 
belt  contracts  to  a  knot  at  the  Pamirs.  (3)  Two  table-lands  in  the  south,  sep- 
arated from  the  mountains  by  alluvial  plains.  (4)  The  mountainous  penin- 
sulas and  festoons  of  islands,  from  Kamchatka  to  Sumatra,  which  prolong 
the  continent  eastward  and  form  the  true  seaboard,  overlooking  the  Pacific 
deeps. 

The  map  appears  to  be  a  complicated  one  owing  to  the  extraordinarily  rapid  fall  of  tem- 
perature from  south  to  north  in  eastern  Asia,  which  causes  the  isotherms  to  We  very  close  to- 
gether. A  reference  to  the  winter  climate  map  shows  that  this  is  due  to  the  strong  and  pierc- 
ingly cold  winds  which  blow  down  from  the  Siberian  Plain  and  Mongolia.     See  pp.  313-319- 

Political'  Map  of  Asia,  p.  57. — From  this  map,  side  by  side  with  the  re- 
lief map,  it  will  be  seen  that  broadly  speaking  Russia  has  been  gradually  ex- 
tended to  include  the  whole  of  the  northern  plains;  the  Chinese  have  taken 
over  the  government  of  the  central  plateaus  and  basins. 

The  most  complete  railway  system  is  that  of  British  India.  The  greatest  of  the  Russian  rail- 
ways is  that  across  the  Northern  Plain  from  Moscow  to  Vladivostok.  Very  great  difficulty 
was  experienced  in  constructing  the  line  around  the  precipitous  southern  shore  of  Lake  Baikal. 
In  Western  Asia  is  the  Ba'dad  railway,  which  is  planned  to  run  from  Smyrna  to  Bagdad  and 
thence  to  the  Persian  Guif.  A  second  railway  is  being  constructed  to  take  the  pilgrims  to 
Mecca.  It  already  runs  from  Aleppo,  through  Damascus,  as  far  as  Medina.  Other  railways 
worth  noticing  are  the  Japanese  system,  and  the  Dutch  railway  in  Java.     See  pp.  314-319. 

Climate  Map  of  Asia  (Summer),  p.  58. — During  this  season  the  land  is 
relatively  warmer  than  the  sea,  and  the  pressure  is  therefore  lower  over  the 
land.  Hence  the  chief  winds  are  the  in-blowing  summer  monsoons.  The 
winds  are  deflected  and  blow  obliquely  instead  of  directly  inland,  making  an 
acute  angle  with  the  isobars.  The  highest  temperature  is  found  in  the  In- 
dus Valley,  which  is  one  of  the  hottest  places  in  the  world.  See  "Climate" 
in  the  Introduction,  pp.  xi-xiii,  also  under  Asia,  p.  314. 

Climate  Map  of  Asia  (Winter),  p.  59. — In  winter  the  tropical  lands  are 
relatively  cooler  than  the  seas,  while  m  high  latitudes  the  lands  are  intensely 
cold.  Hence  the  pressure  is  highest  over  the  land,  and  the  pressure  gradient 
is  steepest,  making  the  winds  strongest,  outside  the  tropics.     Over  the 


GEOGRAPHICAL  MANUAL  AND  NEW  ATLAS 


XXIX 


greater  part  of  India  there  is  a  light  northeast  monsoon,  with  westerly  winds 
down  the  Ganges  valley.  It  is  interesting  to  note  that  at  both  seasons  the 
general  set  of  the  winds  of  the  Euphrates  and  Tigris  valleys  is  down-stream. 
See  p.  314- 

Vegetation  Map  of  Asia,  p.  60.— In  Asia  there  are  examples  of  all  the 
chief  tvpes  of  vegetation  to  be  found  upon  the  globe.  In  southern  Japan  and 
central  China,  where  the  winters  are  no  longer  cold,  sub-tropical  trees  and 
shrubs,  such  as  the  magnolia  and  camellia,  appear,  and  the  broad-leaved  for- 
ests are  largely  evergreen.  Well-wooded  grasslands  (jungle)  are  found  m 
India  and  Farther  India;  but  wherever  the  rains  are  unusually  abundant 
(over  5o  inches)  dense  forests  are  found,  as,  for  example,  in  Jnnam,  Burma, 
Assam,  and  on  the  IVestern  Ghats  of  India.  In  western  Asia  the  vegetation 
bears  out  the  statement  that  there  is  no  real  separateness  between  Europe 
and  Asia,  for  the  various  belts  all  extend  into  Europe.     See  p.  3  H- 

Economic  Map  of  Asia,  p.  61.— The  olive,  vine,  and  mulberry  are  found  in 
Asia  Minor  and  Cyprus;  these  are  typical  Mediterranean  products.  To- 
bacco, too,  of  good  quality,  is  grown  near  Smyrna  and  in  Syria.  Of  the  highly 
productive  regions,  India,  China,  and  Japan  are  tropical  or  subtropical 
monsoon  lands;  while  Java  has  the  equatorial  .type  of  climate.  Wheat  is 
grown  in  western  Siberia,  and  promises  to  be  an  important  crop  in  Manchuria 
also.     See  "Vegetable  Products"  and  "Minerals"  under  Asia,  p.  314. 

Population  Map  of  Asia,  p.  62. — A  reference  to  the  vegetation  map  shows 
that  much  of  the  almost  uninhabited  part  of  Asia  is  of  the  semi-desert  type, 
capable  only  of  supporting  nomadic  pastoral  peoples  whose  numbers  could 
never  become  great.  Within  these  regions  there  are,  however,  tracts  of 
land  that  can  be  irrigated.  Railways  jink  up  this  cultivated  area  with 
Russia.  Many  naturally  productive  regions  of  temperate  Asia  remain  un- 
developed because  of  difficulty  of  access.  In  Siberia  and  Manchuria  it  is 
noticeable  how  the  population  groups  itself  about  the  railways.  In  Burma, 
Siam,  and  India  the  densest  population  is  found  along  the  river  valleys. 

Map  of  Modem  Palestine,  p.  63. — ^The  build  is  simple:  (i)  The  plateaus 
of  eastern  and  western  Palestine;  (2)  the  Jordan  Valley,  a  deep  longitudinal 
depression  between  these  two  plateaus,  reaching  in  the  Bahr  Lut  (Dead  Sea) 
nearly  1,300  feet  below  sea-level;  (3)  the  Maritime  Plain,  between  the  Medi- 
terranean and  the  Western  Highlands;  (4)  the  Valley  of  Jezreel,  cutting  the 
Western  Highlands  into  two  unequal  portions.  Note  the  position  of  Acre, 
Jaffa  or  Yafa,  and  El  Kuds  {Jerusalem).     See  p.  315. 

Map  of  Arabia  and  the  Kingdom  of  Hejaz,  p.  64. — Arabia  is  an  irregular 
parallelogram,  with  a  short  coast  line  and  a  simple  form.  The  surface  may 
be  divided  into  three  parts:  (l)  a  central  plateau;  (2)  a  desert  ring;  and  (3) 
coast  ranges  on  the  west,  south,  and  southeast  edges  of  the  peninsula. 
Arabia  is  one  of  the  most  thinly  peopled  coimtries  in  the  world.  1  he  A'mg- 
dom  of  Hejaz  on  the  west  is  the  most  important  region  in  Arabia;  it  is  the 
newest  kingdom  in  the  world.  Note  the  railway  to  Medina,  also  the  posi- 
tions of  Mecca,  Jedda,  and  Aden.     See  p.  3 15. 

Map  of  Persia,  Afghanistan,  and  Baluchistan^^.  65.— Persia  is  the 

western  and  larger  half  of  the  great  Plateau  of  Iran;  it  is  encircled  by  high 
mountain  ranges.  Afghanistan  and  Baluchistan  form  the  eastern  section  of 
the  same  plateau.  Afghanistan  is  the  more  mountainous,  and  is  of  import- 
ance to  Great  Britain  as  it  commands  the  plains  of  British  India.  Note  the 
position  of  Teheran,  Bushire,  Kabul,  Quetta  (an  important  British  military 
station),  and  Kandahar.     See  pp.  315,319. 

Map  of  India,  p.  66. — India  has  four  highland  systems  (the  Himalayas, 
the  Findhyas,  dividing  the  Gangetic  basin  from  the  Deccan,  and  the  West- 
ern and  Eastern  Ghats),  one  vast  plain  (the  Indo-Gangeiic  Plain),  and  one 
vast  plateau  (the  Deccan).  This  map  should  be  compared  with  the  Physical, 
Qimate,  Vegetation,  Economic,  and  Population  Maps  of  Asia.  Note  the 
position  oi Bombay,  with  its  magnificent  harbour;  Madras,  Calcutta,  and  Delhi. 
Colombo  in  Ceylon  is  an  important  port  of  call  for  vessels  to  the  Far  East 
and  Australia      See  pp.  316-318. 

Map  of  Burma,  Siam,  and  French  Indo-China,p.67.— This  "  peninsula 
of  peninsulas"  lies  within  the  torrid  zone.  Its  population  is  relatively  much 
less  dense  than  that  of  India  or  China — the  other  monsoon  countries.  Singa- 
pore is  the  most  important  port  of  call  on  the  way  to  the  Far  East.  Note 
Its  commanding  position.  Siam  contains  the  whole  basin  of  the  Menam  and 
part  of  the  valley  of  the  Mekong.     See  pp.  318-3 19. 

Map  of  the  Philippine  Islands,  p.  68. — ^The  Philippine  Islands  form  part 
of  the  true  Pacific  border  of  Asia.  They  are  tropical  islands  with  a  high 
temperature  and  abundant  rainfall  throughout  the  year;  most  of  them  are 
mountainous  and  intensely  volcanic.  Manila,  the  capital,  is  protected  by 
Cavite  on  Manila  Bay.  It  was  taken  by  Admiral  Dewey  for  the  United  States 
in  June,  1898.     See  p.  340. 

Map  of  Japan,  p.  69. — ^The  islands  of  Japan  are  very  mountainous  and 
volcanic.  The  coast  line  is  very  long,  and  in  many  parts  is  deeply  indented. 
The  coasts  of  the  Inland  Sea  resemble  those  of  Norway  with  an  Italian  sky 
above  them,  and  with  the  vegetation  of  the  Orient.  Japan  has  many 
points  in  common  with  Great  Britain:  both  are  insular  empires;  both  are  well 
situated  for  commerce;  both  have  a  higher  temperature  and  fewer  extremes 
in  climate  than  the  countries  in  the  same  latitude  on  the  respective  main- 
lands off  which  they  lie;  each  is  warmed  by  a  warm  ocean  current — Great 
Britain  by  the  Gulf  Stream,  Japan  by  the  Japan  Current  (Kuro-Siwo); 
London  and  Tokyo  are  both  aggregates  of  towns  and  villages — the  former 
"a  wilderness  of  bricks  and  mortar,"  the  latter  "a  wilderness  of  bamboo  and 
paper."  The  expansion  of  Japan  on  the  Chinese  mainland  should  be  no- 
ticed. Chosen  is  the  Japanese  name  for  Korea.  Note  the  Japanese  railway 
traversing  Manchuria;  also  the  position  of  Tokyo,  Yokohama,  Kobe,  Nagasaki, 


Shimonoseki,  Chemulpo,  Mukden,  Ilarhin,  and  Kiauchau  (taken  from  Ger- 
many).    See  pp.  316-317. 

i 
Map  of  China,  p.  70.— The  Republic  of  China  is  for  the  most  part  moun- 
tainous. It  has  a  long  coast  line.  Notice  the  Great  Wall  of  China  dividing 
China  proper  from  Mongoha.  The  wall,  "like  a  huge  snake  turned  to 
stone,"  winds  over  the  crests  of  mountains,  down  deep  gorges,  and  over  lofty 
plateaus.  The  pressure  of  Russia  in  the  north  and  northeast,  and  of  Japan 
in  the  east  should  be  noticed;  take  particular  note  of  Manchuria.  Note  the 
position  of  Peking,  Shanghai,  Canton,  Formosa  (Japanese),  and  Hongkong 
(British).     See  pp.  309-312,  316. 

Physical  Map  of  Australasia,p.  71. — ^The  continent  of  Australlahas  many 
points  in  common  with  Africa:  both  are  compact  in  shape,  with  their  highest 
ranges  of  mountains  on  the  eastern  edge,  and  the  highest  peaks  in  the  south- 
east; both  have  extensive  deserts  in  the  interior;  in  both  the  volume  of 
water  in  their  longest  rivers — the  Nile  and  the  Murray — diminishes  as  they 
approach  the  sea;  the  east  coasts  of  both  are  protected — the  one  by  the 
Great  Barrier  Reef,  the  other  by  the  island  of  Madagascar. 

As  regards  temperature  range,  the  maximum  (over  ;jo°)  is  found  in  the 
centre  of  the  continent  and  over  the  plains  of  the  middle  Darling,  while 
the  minimum  occurs  in  the  belt  within  10  °  of  the  equator,  where  the  tempera- 
ture varies  but  little  from  80°.  Elsewhere  the  range,  although  between  dif- 
ferent limits,  approximates  in  amount  to  that  in  the  British  Isles.  See  pp. 
321-322. 

Political  and  Economic  Map  of  Australasia,  p.71 — ^The  railway  network 
of  Australia  is  most  complete  in  the  more  densely  peopled  southeast,  where 
the  three  capital  cities,  Sydney,  Melbourne,  and  Adelaide,  form  important 
nodal  points.  In  general  the  Australian  railways  first  developed  along  lines 
at  right  angles  to  the  coast,  for  they  ran  inland  from  the  seaports  to  the  min- 
ing centres.  The  table-land  of  the  west  is  rich  in  gold,  while  the  eastern 
highlands  (including  the  detached  portion  in  Tasmania)  are  rich  in  minerals. 
Of  the  coal  areas  the  largest  is  the  great  seaboard  field  from  Newcastle  to 
Bulli.     See  pp.  319-323. 

Vegetation  Map  of  Australasia,  p.  72. — ^The  vegetation  of  Australia, 
viewed  in  its  broader  aspects,  presents  a  very  simple  picture,  and  shows 
clearly  the  control  exercised  by  seasonal  rainfall  distribution.  Only  along  a 
very  narrow  belt,  bordering  the  northern  and  northeastern  coasts,  are  the 
monsoon  rains  sufficiently  heavy  and  prolonged  to  support  a  dense  forest 
growth.  With  the  diminishing  rainfall,  the  forest  passes  over  into  a  more  open 
grassy  formation,  with  scattered  patches  of  woodland,  notably  the  belts 
of  trees  along  the  rivers  and  round  the  water  pools.  Still  further  inland  this 
wooded  grassland  is  replaced  by  a  true  savannah.     See  p.  321. 

Population  Map  of  Australasia,  p.  73. — The  moderately  well-peopled 
area  of  southeastern  Australia  is  the  belt  of  land  with  over  20  inches  of  rain, 
this  rain  being  distributed  fairly  well  throughout  the  year.  When  the  tropic 
is  passed,  however,  the  population  belt  becomes  markedly  narrower,  and 
finally  dwindles  away.  The  arid  and  semi-arid  scrub-lands  are  practically 
unpeopled,  save  in  mining  areas  such  as  those  of  Western  Australia,  where 
all  necessities  are  brought  from  a  long  distance.  In  New  Zealand  there  are 
large  areas  of  mountain  land  unsuited  for  close  settlement,  but  the  plains  are 
well  occupied. 

Physical  Map  of  Pacific  Ocean,  p.  75.- This  map  brings  out  the  shape  of 
the  ocean,  which  narrows  northward  until  it  is  almost  landlocked,  while 
southward,  too,  the  coasts  of  New  Zealand  and  South  America  approach  one 
another.  The  opposite  margins  difl^er  very  markedly,  the  American  coasts 
being  relatively  unbroken,  except  to  a  minor  degree  by  the  fiords  and  asso- 
ciated islands  in  higher  latitudes.  On  the  Asiatic  side,  great  complexity  is 
the  rule;  a  series  of  island  loops  and  submarine  ridges,  traceable  from  New 
Zealand  to  the  Aleutian  Islands,  faces  the  open  oceafi,  while  behind  this 
chain  is  a  corresponding  series  of  almost  land-girt  seas,  the  home  of  the 
Chinese  and  Malay  trader.  The  floor  of  the  Pacific  is  on  the  whole  remark- 
ably level,  abrupt  slopes  (shown  by  crowded  isobars)  being  corifined  to  the 
margins.  Right  across  the  centre  of  the  North  Pacific  a  volcanic  ridge  runs 
from  northwest  to  southeast,  the  loftiest  peaks  and  the  waste  from  them 
building  the  Hawaiian  group. 

Map  of  North  Pacific  Ocean,  pp.  76-77. — This  map  is  interesting  as 
showing  the  United  States  and  all  the  insular  dependencies.  Note  the  vari<>us 
steamship  routes,  with  the  length  of  passage  indicated.  The  importance  of 
Honolulu  as  a  halting-place  between  American  and  Australasian  and  Jap- 
anese ports  will  be  observed.  As  yet  there  is  no  direct  line  to  the  Philippine 
Islands,  the  American  vessels  going  by  way  of  Hongkong.  The  great  saving 
of  time  and  distance  effected  by  use  of  the  Panama  Canal  is  clearly  demon- 
strated. The  various  submarine  cables  show  in  which  direction  the  greater 
interests  of  America  lie. 

Map  of  Hawaii,  pp.  78-79. — The  Hawaiian  group  has  been  described  as 
"an  earthly  Paradise,  washed  by  the  soft  blue  and  sunny  waters  of  the  Pa- 
cific, and  breathed  on  by  mild  and  balmy  zephyrs."  The  island  of  Hawaii 
is  full  of  volcanoes,  the  cones  of  Mauna  Loa  rd  Mauna  Kea  soaring  to  close 
upon  14,000  feet.  The  islands  rise  abruptly  from  deep  water;  the  coasts  are 
steep  and  regular,  with  very  few  openings.  The  inset  shows  the  distances 
between  Hawaii  and  the  principal  ports. 

Isochronic  Charts,  p.  80. — These  isochronic  (Greek  isos,  equal,  chronos, 
time)  charts  graphically  show  the  saving  of  time  effected  by  the  Panarna 
Canal.  The  zones  of  colour  show  the  number  of  days  taken  to  reach  certain 
points  from  New  York  before  and  after  the  completion  of  the  Canal.  These 
charts  should  be  compared  with  the  map  of  the  North  Pacific  Ocean  (pp. 
76-77).     See  p.  xxii. 

Physical  Map  of  North  America,  p.  81. — Any  generalized  section  drawn 
across  North  .'Imerica  along  a  parallel  of  latitude  shows  the  same  essential 


XXX 


GEOGRAPHICAL  MANUAL  AND  NEW  ATLAS 


features.  Beginning  at  the  west,  there  is  a  sharp  rise  from  the  Pacific  deeps 
to  the  lofty  and  broad  Cordilleran  belt.  From  the  eastern  foot  of  the  Rocky 
Mountains  a  long  gradual  slope  leads  to  a  central  depression,  beyond  which 
there  is  a  gentle  rise  to  the  less  imposing  Eastern  Highlands.  Finally,  a  level 
stretch  of  coastal  plain  and  continental  shelf  precedes  a  sudden  drop  to  the 
abysses  of  the  Atlantic  Ocean.  To  the  southward  convergence  of  the  two 
Highland  belts  the  continent  owes  its  shape — a  triangle  with  a  southward- 
pointing  ape.x. 

In  the  medial  hollow  much  water  has  collected.  In  the  northern  part  is 
the  comparatively  shallow  sheet  called  Hudson  Bay,  farther  south  is  the  group 
of  the  five  Great  Lakes,  next  comes  the  Mississippi  River,  which  in  turn 
empties  itself  into  the  deep  Gulf  of  Mexico.  Roughly  parallel  to  the  shore 
of  Hudson  Bay  and  to  one  another  are  two  more  great  water  lines.  The 
first  includes  the  lower  Mackenzie  River,  a  long  festoon  of  lakes  from  the 
Great  Bear  to  Ontario,  and  the  St.  Lawrence  River;  the  second  is  formed  by 
the  rivers  Missouri  and  Ohio.  The  latter  line  marks  roughly  the  greatest 
extension  of  the  continental  ice-sheet  during  the  glacial  periods,  while  the 
former  probably  shows  a  halting  place  of  the  edge  of  the  sheet  during  a  pe- 
riod of  retreat.  Beyond  the  Appalachians  the  ice  reached  the  latitude  of 
New  York,  and  throughout  the  once  glaciated  regions  are  such  characteristic 
phenomena  as  innumerable  lakes,  great  and  small;  rivers  broken  by  falls  and 
rapids;  bare  polished  knolls  and  ridges,  alternating  with  valleys  and  hollows 
filled  with  a  deep  and  fertile  deposit  of  till  or  boulder  clay. 

The  depth  of  the  Great  Lahts  may  be  attributed  to  a  depression  of  this  part  of  the  continent, 
for  the  submarine  contours  show  clearly  that  the  St.  Lawrence  once  entered  the  Atlantic  just 
south  of  the  Great  Newfoundland  Banlc. 

The  great  central  Plains  are  so  broad  that,  although  they  only  gradually  slope  upward 
toward  the  west,  they  lie  between  5,000  and  6,000  feet  above  the  sea  when  the  foot-hills  of  the 
Rockies  are  reached. 

A  remarkable  feature  of  the  western  highlands  is  the  long  narrow  trough,  bordered  by  parallel 
ridges,  which  can  be  traced  almost  from  end  to  end  of  its  Pacific  border.  The  outer  most  ridge 
is  formed  by  the  peninsula  of  Lower  California  and  the  Coast  Ranges  of  the  .States  of  California, 
Oregon,  and  Washington,  further  north  it  is  partially  drowned,  and  appears  as  a  series  of  isl- 
ands, of  which  Vancouver  and  the  Queen  Charlotte  group  are  typical.  The  parallel  trough 
includes  the  Gulf  of  California,  the  Salton  depression,  the  Californian  Valley,  a  smaller  valley 
(the  Willamette)  leading  northward  to  the  Columbia  River,  Puget  Sound,  and  the  series  of 
sounds  and  straits  separating  the  island  ridge  from  the  mainland.  Forming  the  inner  border  of 
this  trough  are  the  Sierras  Madre  and  Nevada,  and  the  Cascade  Mountains.  It  is  important  to 
notice  that  the  Columbia  River  breaches  both  the  Cascades  and  the  Coast  Ranges,  while  the 
combined  Sacramento  and  St.  Joaquin  Rivers  also  make  a  water  gap  in  the  Coast  Ranges. 
This  gap  has  been  entered  by  the  sea,  and  so  forms  a  deep  and  sheltered  harbour,  the  only  one 
for  a  hundred  miles  along  this  unbroken  coast. 

In  the  tVest  Indiei  and  Central  America  the  main  feature  lines  have  a  general  west-east  trend, 
the  islands  being  the  summits  of  partially  submerged  ridges.  The  two  isthmuses,  Tehuante- 
pec  and  Panama  also  run  from  east  to  west.  Thus  to  the  first  exjjlorers  climbing  the  Panama 
divide,  the  Pacific  was  the  Southern  Ocean. 

Regions  with  a  temperature  above  72°F  may  be  termed  hot,  and  the  Central  America  and 
West  Indian  regions  will  be  found  to  be  hot  at  all  seasons.  A  region  with  a  temperature  below 
32*  F.  isotherm  in  winter  should  be  carefully  traced,  and  associated  with  such  facts  as  the 
cessation  of  active  plant  life,  the  limiting  of  animal  life,  the  need  for  shelter  for  domestic  ani- 
mals, the  occurrence  of  precipitation  in  the  form  of  snow,  the  freezing  of  fresh-water  harbours 
and  canals,  and  the  disintegrating  action  of  frost.  Between  32*  and  48*the  temperature  may 
be  termed  "cool"  if  it  is  summer,  "mild"  if  it  is  winter,  while  temperature  between  48°  and  72° 
is  "warm"  to  "very  warm."  In  this  way  the  more  important  districts  may  be  described. 
For  example,  the  Gulf  Region  with  Florida  has  warm  winters  and  hot  summers;  San  Francisco 
is  warm  both  in  summer  and  winter,  but  the  California  valley  behind  it  has  a  hot  summer; 
New  York  has  a  hot  summer,  but  a  cold  winter. 

By  tracing  the  course  of  the  summer  isotherm  64*  F.  the  leading  points  as  to  the  contrast 
between  land  and  water  surfaces  can  be  well  brought  out,  the  influence  of  the  Great  Lakes  be- 
ing quite  marked.  The  curving  of  isotherm  72*  in  harmony  with  the  lake-shore  may  also  be 
noticed. 

The  close  crowding  of  the  isotherms  along  the  western  margins  shows  how  limited  is  the 
range  of  oceanic  influence,  even  where  onshore  winds  are  found,  in  cases  where  mountain 
ranges  run  parallel  to  and  near  to  the  coast.  The  low  temperatures  found  in  the  eastern  parts 
of  the  continent  north  of  latitude  40**  should  be  associated  with  the  prevailing  northwesterly 
winds  (see  Winter  Climate  Map)  which  prolong  continental  influence  seaward. 

The  temperature  gradient  along  a  meridian  is  noticeably  steeper  in  winter  than  in  summer, 
the  extreme  summer  temperatures  to  be  found  on  the  map  are  88"  and  32*  i.  e.,  a  range  of  56*, 
while  the  extreme  winter  temperatures  are  72*  and  — 40*,  a  range  of  112*.  The  part  of  Green- 
land lying  within  the  Aretic  circle  where  the  lowest  temperature  reading  is  given  may  be 
termed  the  Cold  Pole,  for  the  cold  is  more  intense  than  at  the  North  Pole.     See  pp.  330-331. 

For  physical  features  of  South  America,  see  pp.  328-330. 

Political  Maps  of  North  America,  pp.  82-83. — ^The  International 
Boundary  between  Canada  and  the  United  States  is  interesting  to  trace.  The 
broad  Appalachian  upland  formed  the  original  barrier  between  the  Puritan 
settlers  in  New  England  and  the  French  immigrants  along  the  St.  Lawrence 
River.  To-day  the  actual  boundary  is  the  St.  Lawrence  watershed,  but 
northern  Maine  is  still  a  forested  wilderness,  barely  peopled  (see  Population 
Map).  At  a  point  above  the  junction  of  the  Ottawa  and  St.  Lawrence 
rivers  the  latter  becomes  the  boundary,  for  here  access  from  the  seaboard 
to  the  river  and  lakes  is  easy.  Four  of  the  Great  Lakes  are  shared  between 
the  two  countries,  and  from  the  northwest  of  Lake  Superior  a  small  river 
and  chain  of  lakes  is  followed  to  Lake  of  the  Woods.  This  was  the  scene  of  a 
curious  geographical  mistake.  It  was  stated  that  the  boundary  should 
run  to  the  northwest  of  the  lake  and  thence  follow  parallel  49°  N.  Examina- 
tion of  the  map  shows  that  this  parallel  runs  from  the  southwest  corner  of 
the  lake. 

Alaska  is  interesting  as  the  first  outside  territory  acquired  by  the  United 
States,  and  it  should  be  noticed  that  a  long  strip  of  Alaskan  seaboard  inter- 
venes between  parts  of  the  Dominion  and  the  sea.  There  is  here  no  definite 
natural  feature  line  or  meridian  that  can  be  followed  by  the  boundary,  which 
was  settled  with  difficulty  by  an  International  Commission,  after  a  careful 
survey  and  mapping  of  a  vast  territory.     See  pp.  341-342. 

Climate  Map  of  North  America  (Summer), p.  84. — ^The  map  shows  a 
belt  of  relatively  low  pressure  (sometimes  less  than  29.8")  stretching  across 
the  contirifntand  oceans  in  high  latitudes,  but  the  high  pressure  belt  (30.2" 
over  the  Pacinc,'30.o"  over  the  Atlantic)  is  separated  into  two  anti-cyclones 
by  a  low  pressure  belt  developed  over  the  heated  continental  interior.  This 
belt  merges  into  tlie  1 'w  pressure  area  over  Central  and  South  America. 

The  winds  blow  spirally  out  and  round  from  the  two  high  pressure  areas. 


Thus,  southwesterly  and  westerly  winds  strike  the  British  Columbian  and 
Alaskan  coasts,  where  there  are  considerable  relief  rains,  and  farther  south 
the  wind  direction  is  northwesterly.  From  the  southern  margin  of  the  At- 
lantic anti-cyclone  the  northeast  trade  winds  blow  toward  the  north  equa- 
torial "low."  Over  Mexico  and  Texas  there  are  strong  easterly  winds, di- 
rected toward  the  continental  depression,  while  over  the  Eastern  United 
States  and  Eastern  Canada  the  winds  are  southwesterly,  and  blow  toward 
the  low  pressure  belt  of  latitude  60°.  All  these  winds  are  rain-bearing.  It 
is  noticeable  that  in  the  continental  area  of  minimum  pressure  no  conden- 
sation occurs.  The  exceedingly  high  temperature  partly  explains  this,  and 
the  fact  that  the  air  reaching  this  region  is  largely  exhausted  of  moisture. 
The  marked  "rain-shadow"  thrown  by  the  Cascades  should  be  noticed,  as 
also  the  relief  rains  of  the  Sierra  Nevada.  Conditions  in  the  British  Isles  are 
closely  comparable  with  those  found  in  British  Columbia  in  the  same  lati- 
tudes.    See  p.  333. 

Climate  Map  of  North  America  (Winter),  p.  85. — This  map  shows  the 
high  pressure  belt  of  lat.  30°  weakly  developed  over  the  oceans,  but  expand- 
ing over  the  continent  into  a  great  anti-cyclone  due  to  the  intense  cold  of  the 
Interior.  A  ridge  of  high  pressure  separates  two  very  marked  low  pressure 
areas,  cyclonic  in  outline,  the  one  over  the  North  Atlantic  and  the  other  over 
the  North  Pacific.  The  equatorial  "low"  has  moved  southward  with  the 
declination  of  the  sun. 

Over  the  eastern  United  States  there  is  a  belt  of  relatively  high  pressure 
where  the  winds  are  light  and  variable,  and  this  belt  is  frequently  broken  by 
cyclones  from  the  Gulf  which  spread  or  travel  over  the  region,  giving  to  it 
cyclonic  rains.  The  northeast  trades  cross  the  West  Indies  and  Central 
America  on  their  way  to  the  equatorial  low  pressure  belt  of  conventional 
rains  which  lies  over  South  America.  Only  where  forced  upward  by  the  con- 
tour of  the  land  do  they  yield  rain.  The  whole  of  the  interior  of  the  con- 
tinent is  dry,  as  are  those  parts  of  the  western  margin,  south  of  Los  Angeles, 
with  directly  off-shore  winds. 

A  comparison  of  the  two  maps  will  bring  out  the  following  points.  Along  the  west  coast 
there  is  a  belt  extending  as  far  south  as  Cape  Blanco  with  abundant  rains  at  all  seasons,  farther 
south  (to  San  Francisco)  a  region  with  dry  summer  and  heavy  winter  rains,  followed  by  a  third 
belt  (to  Los  Angeles)  with  light  winter  rains  only,  and  finally  by  a  belt  that  is  dry  at  all  seasons. 
The  interior  basins  and  plateaus  of  the  United  States  are  always  dry,  as  is  the  region  round 
about  the  Arctic  Ocean.  The  West  Indies,  eastern  United  States,  and  Atlantic  margins  of 
Canada  have  rain  at  all  seasons,  while  the  continental  interior  and  Mexico  have  summer  rains. 

The  waters  frozen  in  winter  should  be  carefully  noted  and  compared  with  the  map  showing 
lines  of  communication.  Comparison  with  the  temperature  map  will  help  to  explain  why  these 
waters  are  frozen,  and  it  should  be  remembered  that  fresh  water  freezes  more  readily  than  salt, 
enclosed  water  than  open,  shallow  water  than  deep. 

Vegetation  Map  of  North  America,  p.  86. — Before  studying  the  vege- 
tation map,  one  should  clearly  realize  the  two  following  facts.  In  the  case  of 
certain  plant  associations  the  transition  from  one  to  another  is  so  gradual 
that  no  hard  and  fast  line  can  be  drawn  between  them.  The  northern  conif- 
erous forest,  for  example,  passes  imperceptibly  into  the  Barren  Grounds  or 
tundras,  the  trees  simply  thinning  out,  and  becoming  more  and  more  stunted 
and  dwarfed.  Southward,  too,  there  is  no  definite  boundary  between  conif- 
erous and  deciduous,  or  between  deciduous  and  evergreen  trees.  Here,  how- 
ever, the  fact  that  the  different  varieties  of  trees  e.xist  side  by  side  can  be 
shown  by  mingling  patches  of  the  particular  tints  which  represent  them. 
The  second  point  is  that,  unless  the  map  is  to  become  unduly  complicated, 
a  single  name,  e.  g.  coniferous  forest,  must  embrace  woodlands  which  differ 
very  much  in  aspect.  Thus  the  drenching  rains  on  the  Pacific  slopes  pro- 
duce there  a  luxuriant  tree  growth  which  includes  such  giants  as  the  Douglas 
fir  and  California  redwood;  while  the  pines,  firs,  and  spruces  of  the  inte- 
rior ranges,  and  those  of  Mexico  and  Central  America  are  of  ordinary  stature. 

Both  January  and  July  isotherms  may  be  examined  in  connection  with  the  limits  of  the 
tundra,  where  a  constantly  frozen  subsoil  inhibits  tree  growth.  In  Labrador  there  is  a  low 
summer  temperature  (under  48°F);  round  Hudson  Bay  the  summer  is  warmer  but  the  winter  is 
much  more  severe  (40°  below  freezing  point),  while  farther  west,  with  an  even  hotter  summer, 
the  winters  are  again  more  severe,  and  the  precipitation  lower.' 

The  eastward  extension  of  the  rich  prairies  in  the  Illinois  region  calls  for  some  further  ex- 
planation. Factors  that  have  probably  helped  the  grasses  to  occupy  the  inter-stream  areas  at 
the  expense  of  trees  are  the  loose  nature  of  the  soil,  the  strong  and  bitter  northwest  winds, 
and  the  periodical  fires  started  by  the  Indians.  Southward  the  mild  winters  (over  40"  F.), 
coupled  with  the  ever-abundant  rainfall,  make  a  definite  resting  season  unnecessary  and  many 
of  the  trees  and  undershrubs  are  evergreen.  In  southern  Florida,  where  the^winter  tempera- 
ture is  64*  F.,  the  evergreen  trees  have  a  tropical  profusion. 

The  temperate  grasslands  vary  greatly  in  the  luxuriance  and  close  growth  of  the  grasses  and 
other  herbs,  becoming  gradually  poorer  from  east  to  west,  in  which  direction  the  rainfall  dimin- 
ishes, and  from  north  to  south,  where,  although  the  rainfall  is  the  same,  the  intensity  of  insola- 
tion increases,  so  that  evaporation  is  more  rapid. 

A  large  proportion  of  the  broad-leaved  forest  area  of  the  eastern  lowlands  has  been  cleared 
for  agriculture.  The  upland  forests  of  the  Appalachians,  however,  still  form  a  compact  un- 
broken belt,  for  here  only  the  floors  of  the  broad  longitudinal  valleys  have  been  transformed 
into  arable  land.  Of  the  Cordilleran  and  Northern  forests  only  the  fringes  have  been  cleared, 
and  wherever  they  are  readily  accessible,  especially  wheie  water  transport  and  water  power 
are  available,  lumbering  is  carried  on  upon  a  large  scale;  for  example,  along  the  Coast  Ranges 
of  the  West  and  in  the  St.  Lawrence  basin.     See  p.  333. 

Economic  Map  of  North  America,  p.  87. — ^The  areas  marked  unproduc- 
tive include  the  snowfields,  tundra,  high  mountain  belts,  and  tree  deserts;  but 
the  remaining  productive  areas  differ  widely  in  value.  A  comparative  esti- 
mate of  their  value  is  obtained  by  noting  the  relative  density  of  the  symbols 
denoting  agricultural  and  animal  products,  but  this  estimate  is  only  a  rough 
one  owing  to  the  principle  upon  which  the  map  has  been  constructed.  The 
importance  of  the  products  mapped  is  measured  by  the  present  value  of  the 
output,  and  not  by  possibilities  of  future  development.  The  productive 
capacity  of  the  arid  regions  is  being  increased  in  two  ways:  first  by  the  spread 
of  improved  methods  of  "dry-farming,"  which  is  extending  the  wheat  area 
westward,  and  secondly  the  expenditure  of  large  capital  sums  (chiefly  by  the 
United  States  Government)  upon  irrigation  schemes.  Since,  too,  for  pro- 
duction on  a  large  scale  easy  access  to  markets  is  all-important,  many  fertile 
tracts  lie  idle  until  the  coming  of  the  railroads;  the  new  Grand  Trunk  Pa- 
cific Railway  in  Canada,  for  example,  has  opened  up  fresh  farming  areas 
which  only  need  the  influx  of  capital  and  labour  to  become  productive. 


GEOGRAPHICAL  MANUAL  AND  NEW  ATLAS 


XXXI 


The  climate  demands  of  particular  crops  are  well  seen  if  a  study  is  made 
of  the  sequence:  wheat,  maize,  cotton,  rice,  sugar,  cacao,  the  principal 
changes  being  the  increase  of  summer  heat,  the  longer  duration  of  hot 
weather,  the  mcrease  of  rainfall  and  its  more  uniform  distribution  through 
the  year.  Of  the  crops  named  all  but  cacao  are  independent  of  the  winter 
climate. 

The  best  wheat  districts  are  found  in  the  belt  of  open  grassland  lying  near 
to  the  northern  and  eastern  forests,  a  belt  which  includes  the  fields  of  Sas- 
katchewan, Manitoba,  the  Dakotas,  Minnesota,  Nebraska,  and  Kansas. 
Next  in  importance  are  the  valleys  of  the  Pacific  border  with  plentiful 
winter  rains,  yet  dry  summers. 

The  chief  demand  of  tobacco  is  for  a  peculiarly  rich  soil,  and  it  is  found 
over  a  wide  range  of  latitude.  The  Virginia  tobaccos  are  grown  in  the  mid- 
dle portion  of  the  Atlantic  Plain,  and  in  the  lower  Ohio  basin,  which  includes 
the  famous  blue-grass  region  of  Kentucky.  The  large  crop  of  the  lower  Con- 
necticut Valley  is  not  sent  abroad.  The  tobaccos  of  the  tropical  area  are 
used  in  cigar  manufacture,  the  best  Havana  being  obtained  only  from  the 
west  of  Cuba. 

The /ruif-groaitnef^jion/ are  of  very  diverse  character.  They  include  the 
apple  orchards  of  Nova  Scotia  and  New  Brunswick,  the  oranges  and  pine- 
apples of  sub-tropical  Florida,  the  bananas  of  the  West  Indies  and  Central 
America,  and  the  stone  fruit  ripening  in  the  summer-drought  regions  of  Cali- 
fornia, where,  too,  the  raisins,  almonds,  vines,  and  olives  emphasize  the 
"Mediterranean"  character.  In  southern  British  Columbia  and  Washing- 
ton the  deep  sheltered  valleys  are  so  dry  that  fruit  culture  under  irrigation 
is  carried  on,  while  the  stone  fruits  and  vines  of  the  Lake  Peninsula  are  made 
possible  by  the  influence  of  the  Great  Lakes,  which  prevent  any  sudden  or 
rapid  variations  in  temperature. 

Cattle  are  reared  in  the  greatest  numbers  on  the  rich  prairies,  but  they  are 
found  also  on  the  large  ranches  of  the  far  West,  and  in  eastern  Canada  where 
there  is  a  notable  cheese  industry.  Sheep  do  best  in  the  semi-arid  regions, 
and  are  most  numerous  in  Montana.  The  feeding  of  maize  and  of  cotton- 
seed cake  to  stock  should  be  noted,  and,  in  connection  with  the  great  indus- 
trial centres,  the  growth  of  market  gardening  and  of  dairying  in  the  neigh- 
bouring rural  districts. 

Turning  to  the  minerals,  the  precious  metals  and  copper  are  seen  to  be  as- 
sociated generally  with  the  Cordillera,  but  the  copper  of  Lake  Superior  is  of 
first  importance,  as  is  also  the  iron  of  the  same  locality. 

The  relation  of  the  coal  fields  to  the  sea,  to  the  Great  Lakes,  to  the  iron 
workings,  and  to  the  railways  should  be  noted.  Where  they  occur  in  prox- 
imity to  the  mining  centres  of  the  West,  as  at  Denver  and  Butte,  refining  and 
smelting  are  of  importance.  The  absence  of  coal  in  California  is  compen- 
sated for  by  the  water-power  (transformed  into  electricity)  which  the  per- 
ennial torrents  from  the  Sierra  Nevada  supply,  and  also  by  the  oil  wells, 
petroleum  being  very  widely  used  both  in  industry  and  in  transport.  In  view 
of  the  growing  importance  of  oil  as  a  fuel  the  petroleum  wells  of  Mexico 
should  be  noted.     See  p.  333. 

Population  Map  of  North  America,  p.  88. — ^This  map  shows  that  there 
still  remains  on  our  continent  vast  regions  entirely  uninhabited.  They  in- 
clude the  Barren  Lands  and  the  greater  part  of  the  forests  of  Canada  and 
Alaska,  together  with  the  arid  basins  of  the  western  United  States.  In  the 
United  States  the  majority  of  the  people  still  live  to  the  east  of  meridian 
100°,  and  almost  half  of  the  total  population  is  to  be  found  within  an  area 
bounded  by  the  Mississippi  and  Ohio  rivers,  the  Great  Lakes,  and  the  At- 
lantic Ocean.  Here  there  are  facilities  unrivalled  elsewhere  for  the  develop- 
ment of  industry  and  commerce,  and  hence  thirty-five  out  of  a  total  of  fifty 
towns  with  over  100,000  inhabitants  are  situated  within  this  area.  Just 
across  the  boundary  the  population  of  Canada  is  similarly  concentrated  in 
the  Lake  Peninsula  and  along  the  lower  Ottawa  and  St.  Lawrence  rivers. 
But  the  recent  growth  of  population  here  is  not  to  be  compared  with  that 
farther  west. 

Economic  Map  of  Mexico,  p.  89. — Cotton,  rice,  sugar  cane,  cacao,  and 
tropical  fruits  are  grown  on  the  marginal  lowlands;  coffee  and  tobacco  at  a 
greater  altitude;  and  wheat,  maize,  and  temperate  fruits  where  irrigation 
makes  their  cultivation  possible  on  the  semi-arid  plateau.  Hemp  is  grown 
in  Yucatan  while  in  the  extreme  south  the  forests  yield  mahogany  and  rub- 
ber. Silver,  gold,  and  other  minerals  are  mined.  Note  the  oil-fields  near 
Tampico.     See  pp.  333-334. 

Political  Map  of  Mexico,  pp.  90-91.— Mexico  is  a  high  table-land,  but- 
tressed on  both  sides  by  lofty  mountain  ranges  and  edged  by  low  plains  on 
both  seas.  The  table-land  goes  down  to  the  coast  plains  by  a  series  of  ter- 
races. The  south  end  of  it  is  crossed  by  a  zigzag  line  of  volcanoes,  which 
are  among  the  loftiest  in  the  world.  Mexico  is  deficient  in  navigable 
waterways.  The  ^10  Grande  forms  the  natural  boundary  between  Mexico 
•and  the  United  States  from  El  Paso  to  the  sea.  The  distribution  of  the 
towns  should  be  studied  in  conjunction  with  the  Economic  Map.     See  p.  334. 

Economic  Map  of  the  West  Indies,  p.  92. — Cuba,  the  most  important 
island  of  the  West  Indies,  is  chiefly  devoted  to  the  growing  of  sugar  cane 
and  tobacco.  Jamaica  (British)  and  Porto  Rico  (United  States)  closely 
resemble  each  other  in  size,  population,  and  products.  In  the  island  ot 
Haiti  coffee,  cocoa,  cotton,  and  tobacco  are  cultivated.  Similar  products 
characterize  the  remaining  islands  of  the  group.     See  p.  327. 

Political  Map  of  the  West  Indies,  p.  93.— The  Greater  Antilles  (Cuba, 
Jamaica,  Haiti,  and  Porto  Rico)  are  the  remains  of  a  folded  mountain  system 
in  which  the  parallel  chains  run  from  west  to  east,  a  direction  which  is  fol- 
lowed by  some  of  the  chains  in  Central  America.     The  Lesser  Antilles,  a 


chain  of  volcanic  islands,  make  a  loop  between  Porto  Rico  and  Trinidad. 
The  aborigines  have  almost  disappeared  on  these  islands,  their  place  being 
taken  by  negroes  and  Europeans.  The  inset  map  of  Haiti  and  the  Domin- 
ican Republic  gives  a  clear  idea  of  the  districts  in  which  the  United  States 
troops  have  played  an  important  part  within  recent  years.  Note  the  posi- 
tion of  Havana,  Santiago  de  Cuba,  Port  au  Prince,  Santo  Domingo,  San  Juan, 
and  the  Virgin  Islands.     See  p.  327. 

Political  Maps  of  Porto  Rico  and  Cuba,  pp.  94-95. — These  two  maps 
are  on  a  larger  scale,  and  should  be  compared  with  the  Economic  Map.  For 
description  see  above. 

Standard  Time  Map  of  Canada,  p.  96. — In  Canada  six  standards  of  time 
have  been  adopted  since  1883;  four  of  them  coincide  with  the  standards 
adopted  by  the  United  States,  namely  Eastern,  Central,  Mountain,  and  Pa- 
cific, corresponding  severally  to  the  mean  local  times  of  the  7Stfi>  90th, 
105th,  and  I20th  meridians  west  from  Greenwich,  and  being  therefore  five, 
six,  seven,  and  eight  hours  slower  than  Greenwich  time.  There  is  another 
standard  for  the  eastern  provinces  of  Canada  (four  hours  slower  than  Green- 
wich time)  known  as  Atlantic;  while  on  the  extreme  west  there  is  the  Alaska 
time  (nine  hours  slower  than  Greenwich  time).  Towns  and  cities  near  the 
dividing  lines  adopt  which  of  the  two  lines  is  the  more  suitable  to  railway 
or  local  requirements. 

Political  Maps  of  Canadian  Provinces,  pp.  97-112. — For  description 

see  under  Canada,  pp.  334-335. 

Political  Map  of  Central  America,  p.  113. — Central  America  is  on  the 
whole  a  mountainous  region,  the  greatest  altitudes  being  reached  near  the 
Pacific  coast.  The  vegetation  consists  of  forests  of  the  equatorial  types  in 
the  hot  and  wet  regions,  rich  savannas  on  the  uplands,  and  temperate  forests 
on  the  higher  mountain  regions.  The  valleys  and  plains  are  very  fertile. 
Note  the  Canal  Zone  across  the  isthmus  of  Panama.     See  pp.  326-327. 

Map  of  Republic  of  Panama,  pp.  114-115. — The  Republic  of  Panama 
is  divided  into  seven  provinces,  their  boundaries  representing  those  of  old 
administrative  districts;  Panama,  Colon,  Code,  Veraguas,  Chiriqui,  and 
Bocas  del  Toro.  Along  both  the  northern  and  southern  shores  are  many 
inlets  affording  good  anchorage  for  vessels  engaged  in  coastwise  trade.  There 
are  no  lakes  in  Panama  except  the  artificial  ones  in  the  Canal  Zone.  Ex- 
cept for  a  few  swampy  areas  along  the  coasts  the  drainage  of  the  country  is 
excellent.  About  150  streams  flow  to  the  Caribbean  and  more  than  300  to 
the  Pacific.  The  Chagres  River,  now  known  to  all  who  have  followed  the 
building  of  the  canal,  has  its  origin  in  the  wilderness  of  southeastern  Panama, 
near  the  Pacific  coast. 

Two-thirds  of  the  area  of  Panama  is  occupied  by  forests  of  valuable  wood. 
The  Atlantic  side  of  the  water-parting  and  the  Darien  region  are  the  most 
iensely  covered  portions  of  the  country.  The  jungle  on  the  Atlantic  slope 
is  so  nearly  impenetrable  that  enormous  capital  will  be  required  to  clear  the 
land,  a  condition  which  has  greatly  retarded  the  development  of  the  lumber 
industry.  On  the  Pacific  side,  where  the  rainfall  and  humidity  are  less,  the 
forest  is  more  open  and  the  timber  growth  smaller.  Here  are  large  districts 
suitable  for  fruit  culture,  wheat  growing,  and  cattle  raising.  There  are 
many  localities  which  are  suitable  for  bananas;  others  that  seem  to  be  spe- 
cially adapted  for  tobacco  culture;  and  others  where  cocoanut  plantations 
would  thrive.  The  present  population  is  sparse,  the  roads  and  tracks  poor, 
settlements  scattered,  while  the  majority  of  the  people  are  lacking  in  energy 
and  interest.     See  p.  327. 

Map  of  the  United  States  Canal  Zone,  pp.  116-117. — ^The  Panama 
Canal  does  not  cross  the  Isthmus  from  east  to  west,  but  as  will  be  seen  on 
the  map,  its  general  direction  is  from  northwest  to  southeast,  the  Pacific 
entrance  near  Panama  being  about  22I  miles  east  of  the  Atlantic  entrance 
near  Colon.  The  Isthmus  at  the  Canal  Zone  is  about  40  miles  wide  and  ihe 
entire  length  of  the  Canal,  from  deep  water  in  the  Atlanri;-  to  deep  water  in 
the  Pacific,  is  about  50  miles.  Of  this  length  about  15  miles  are  at  sea- 
level,  seven  miles  at  the  Colon  end  and  eighf  at  the  Panama  end.  The 
remainder  consists  of  two  elevated  reaches,  the  longer  of  which — that 
between  Gatun  and  Pedro  Miguel  locks — is  about  32  miles  in  length  and  85 
feet  above  sea-level,  while  the  shorter — between  Pedro  Miguel  and  Mira- 
flores — is  about  two  miles  long  and  about  55  feet  above  sea-level.  From 
Gatun  for  a  distance  of  24  miles  the  Canal  follows  roughly  the  channel  of  the 
Chagres  River,  and  the  greater  part  of  this  portion  has  been  converted  isito 
Gatun  Lake.  The  points  of  deepest  excavation  in  the  Canal  are  in  Gaillard 
Cut  (Culebra  Cut),  between  Gold  and  Contractor's  Hills. 

There  are  six  double  locks  in  the  Canal;  three  pairs  in  flight  at  Gatun, 
with  a  combined  lift  of  85  feet;  one  pair  at  Pedro  Miguel,  with  a  lift  of  30! 
feet;  and  two  pairs  at  Miraflores,  with  a  combined  lift  of  54!  feet  at  mean 
tide.  The  usable  dimensions  of  all  are  the  same — a  length  of  1,000  feet  and 
width  of  1 10  feet.  Each  lock  is  a  chamber,  with  walls  and  floor  of  concrete, 
and  mitering  gates  at  each  end.     See  p.  340. 

Maps,  pp.  118-235. — The  Synopses  of  the  respective  countries  will  be 
found  a  great  help  to  an  understanding  of  these  maps.  For  various  phrases 
of  the  geography  of  the  United  States,  see  above  notes  on  the  Physical, 
Political,  Climate,  Vegetation,  Population,  and  Economic  Maps  of  North 
America. 

Transcontinental  Automobile  Tours. — The  principal  automobile 
routes  are  indicated  on  the  various  State  maps.     For  an  official  description 

of  Transcontinental  Automobile  Tours,  see  p.  240. 


ALPHABETICAL  CONTENTS  OF  THE   NEW  ATLAS 


Africa: 

Central  and  Southern,  c6 

Climate  Map  (Summer),  50 

Climate  Map  (Winter),  51 

Economic  Map,  53 

Northern,  55 

Physical  map,  49 

Political  Map,  49 

Population  Map,  54^^^ 

Vegetation  Map,  52 
Alabama,  170,  171 
Alaska,  235 
Alberta,  108,  109 

Alexander  the  Great,  Empire  of,  47 
Arabia  and  Kingdom  of  Hejaz,  64 
Arkansas: 

Eastern  Part,  200,  201 

Western  Part,  198,  199 
Arizona,  220 
Asia: 

Climate  Map  (Summer),  58 

Climate  Map  (Winter),  59 

Economic  Map,  61 

Physical  Map,  57 

Political  Map,  57 

Population  Map,  62 

Vegetation  Map,  60 
Asia  Minor,  15 
Australia: 

Physical  Map,  71 

Political  and  Economic  Map,  71 

Population  Map,  73 

Vegetation  Map,  72 
Austria-Hungary,  43 

Balkan  States,  ix 

Belgium  and  the  Franco-German  Fron- 
tier, 2,  38 
British  Columbia,  112 

Southern  Part,  no,  in 
British  Isles,  33 
Burma,  Siam,  and  French  Indo-China,  67 

California: 

Northern  and  Central  Part,  230,  231 

Southern  Part,  232,  233 
Canada,  with  Standard  Time,  96 
Canal  Zone,  116-117 
Central  America,  113 

Economic  Map,  118 
Charlemagne,  Empire  of,  47 
China,  70 
Colorado  : 

Eastern  Part,  218,  219 

Western  Part,  216,  217 
Connecticut,  138,  139 
Cuba,  Political  Map,  95 

Dalmatia  and  Austro-Italian  Frontier, 

10 
Dardanelles,  Sea  of  Marmora  and  Bos- 

phorus,  13 
Denmark,  37,  39 

Eastern     and    Western     Hemispheres, 

Physical  Maps,  17 
England  and  Wales,  34 
Europe: 

Central  and  Western,  30,  3 1 

Central,  Showing  Fortified  Towns,  32 

Central  and  Western,  30,  31 

Climate  Map  (Summer),  24 

Climate  Map  (Winter),  25 

Economic  Map,  27 

Language  Map,  23 

Physical  Map,  22 

Physical   Map  of  Central   and   Western, 
20,  21 

Political  Map  Showing  Barred  Zones,  29 

Population  Map,  28 

Racial  Map,  22 

Vegetation  Map,  26 


Florida: 

Northern  Part,  166,  167 

Southern  Part,  168,  169 
France,  40 

Eastern  with  Alsace  and  Lorraine,  7 

Highlands  of,  6 

Lowlands  of  Northern  and  Belgium,  3 

Northeastern,  Arras  to  Nancy,  I 

Georgia: 

Northern  Part,  162,  163 

Southern  Part,  164,  165 
Germany,  41 
Greece,  Ancient,  48 

Hawaii,  78,  79 
Hejaz,  64 

Idaho,  223 

Illinois,  184,  185 

India,  66 

Indiana,  182,  183 

Iowa,  192,  193 

Ireland,  36 

Isochronic  Chart,  New  York  via  Cape 

Horn,  80 
Isochronic  Chart,  New  York  via  Panama 

Canal,  80 
Italy,  45 

Japan,  69 

Kansas,  208,  209 

Kentucky  and  Tennessee,  174,  175 

Louisiana,  202 

Maine,  134,  135 
Manitoba, 

■Northern  Part,  104,  105 
Maritime    Provinces    of    Canada,    with 
Newfoundland,     New     Brunswick, 
Nova  Scotia,  97 
Maryland  and  Delaware,  152,  153 
Massachusetts,  138,  139 
Mexico: 

Economic  Map,  89 

Political  Map,  90,  91 
Michigan,  180,  181 
Minnesota,  190,  191 
Mississippi,  172,  173 
Missouri: 

Northern  Part,  194,  195 

Southern  Part,  196,  197 
Montana,  214 

Nebraska,  210,  211 

Netherlands  and  Belgium,  38 

New  England,  Southern,  138,  139 

Nevada,  234 

New  Jersey,  148,  149 

New  Mexico,  221 

New  York: 

Eastern  Part,  144,  145 

Northeastern  Part,  142,  143 

Southern  Part,  146,  147 

Western  Part,  140,  141 
North  America: 

Climate  Map  (Summer),  84 

Climate  Map  (Winter),  85 

Economic  Map,  87 

Language  Map,  120 

Physical  Map,  81 

Political  Map,  82,  83 

Population  Map,  88 

Vegetation  Map,  86 
North  Carolina,  158,  159 
North  Dakota,  212 
Norway,  37 

Oceania,   Showing   Main   Ethnographic 
Divisions,  74 


Ohio: 

Northern  Part,  176,  177 

Southern  Part,  178,  179 
Oklahoma,  203 
Ontario: 

Northern  Part,  99 

Southern  Part,  102,  103 
Oregon: 

Eastern  Part,  228,  229 

Western  Part,  226,  227 

Pacific  Ocean,  North,  with  the  United 
States  and InsularTerritories,  76, 77 

Physical  Map,  75 
Palestine,  Modern,  63 
Panama,  Republic  of,  114,  115 
Parcel  Post  Guide,  239 

Regulations,  238 
Pennsylvania,  150,  151 
Persia,  Afghanistan,  and   Baluchistan, 

6s 
Philippine  Islands,  68 
Polar  Regions,  119 
Porto  Rico,  94 

Quebec,  98 

South  Central  Part,  100,  loi 

Rhode  Island,  138,  139 

Roman  Empire,  Time  of  Julius  Cxsar,  47 

Fifth  Century,  47 
Russia,  42 

Western   Poland   and   the   Russo-German 
Frontier,  14 

Saskatchewan,  106,  107 
Scotland,  35 
South  America: 

Climate  Map  (May  I — October  31),  122 

Climate  Map  (November  i — April  30),  123 

Economic  Map,  125 

Language  Map,  120 

Northern  Part,  127 

Physical  Map,  81 

Political  Map,  8  x  11,  121 

Population  Map,  126 

Vegetation  Map,  124 
South  Carolina,  160,  161 
South  Dakota,  213 
Spain  and  Portugal,  46 
Sweden,  Norway,  and  Denmark,  37 
Switzerland,  44 

Texas: 

Eastern  Part,  206,  207 
Western  Part,  204,  205 

United  States  and  Canada: 

East,  130,  133 

Canal  Zone,  116,  117 

Parcel  Post,  236,  237 

Standard  1  ime,  129 

Transcontinental  Automobile  Tours,  240 

West,  132,  133, 
Utah,  222 

Vermont  and  New  Hampshire,  136,  137 
Virginia,  154,  155 
Virgin  Islands,  118 

War  Maps,  1-15 

War  Names,  Pronunciation  of,  16 

Washington,  224,  225 

W'estern  Front,  Index  of,  4,  5,  8,  9,  12 

West  Indies,  92,  93 

West  Virginia,  156,  157 

Wisconsin: 

Northern  Section,  186,  187 

Southern  Section,  188,  189 
World  at  War,  i 

World,  Mercator's  Projection,  18,  19 
Wyoming,  215 


COMPLETE  INDEX  OF  NEW  WAR  MAPS 

OF  THE 

WESTERN  FRONT 


Copyright,  1917,  by  C.  S,  Hammond  &  Co.,  N.  Y. 


This  compilation  contains  the  names  of  ail  places  shown  on  the  accompanying  maps.  Locations  are  indicated  by  the  index  references  at  the  right.  Mati  "A"  con- 
tains the  names  of  all  places  from  A  to  D,  and  from  1  to  5.  Map  *'B"  contains  the  names  of  all  places  from  D  to  M,  and  from  5  to  12.  Map  "C"  contains  the  names  of  all  places  from 
M  to  R  and  from  8  to  16. 

The  names  of  the  countries  are  shown  by  initials  as  B — Belgium;    F — France;  G — Germany;    L — Luxemburg. 


Abancourt,  i*'. ,  .  .  F  6 
Abbecourt,  F.  . . .  F  8 
Abbeville,    F.    ...LIO 

Ablain,   F E  5 

Ablancourt,    F.    ..Ill 

Ablois,    F GIO 

Achen,  G   UIO 

Achern,  G R12 

Acheux,    F D  6 

Achicourt,    F.    ,.E  5 

Achiet.    F E  6 

Acq,   F E  5 

Acricourt,  F.  ...E  8 
Acy-en-Multien, 

F ElO 

Adegem,    B F  2 

Adelange,    G.    ...NU 

Adinfer,    F E  6 

Adinkerke,    B.     ..E  2 

Aeltre    U F  2 

.'Veiseele.    B F  3 

Aertrycke,    B.    .  .  .  F  2 

Afsne.  B G  2 

Agimont,    B T   5 

Aginoourt,  F M12 

Agnez,    F E  5 

Agnieres,     F.     ...E  5 

Agnietes,    F E  5 

Agny,    F E  S 

Aiglemont,  F.  .  . .  J  7 
Aillevillers,  F.  ..Ml  5 
Ailloncourt,  F.  .  ..M16 

Ailly.    F LU 

Ailly-sur-Noye, 

f; ...'...0  7 

Aincreville,    F.    .  .  K  9 

Ainval,   F D  8 

Aire,   F D  4 

Aire,    F.    H  9 

Aisy,    F F  9 

Aix,    F E  5 

Aix,    F F  S 

Alber,   G MIO 

Alberschweiler, 

G. 012 

Albert,    F E  6 

Albesdorf,     G Nil 

Alincourt,    F.    . .  .H  9 

Allaines,    P E   7 

Allarmont,  F 013 

Alle,     U     17 

Allemant,    F.     ...ClI 

Allennes,    F E  4 

Allondrelle,  F.  .L  8 
Alt  Breisach,  G.  .PU 
Altenglan,  G.  .  ..O  8 
Altenhof,    G.     ...014 

Altheim   G OlO 

Altweiler,  G.  ...NIO 
Altweiler,  G.  ...OH 
Altzingen,  L.  .  .M  8 
Alzenbach,    G.     ..P16 

Amagne,    F J  8 

Amance,    F Mil 

Amance,  F.  ..  ..M12 
Amanweilcr,  G.  MiO 
Ambacourt,  F.  .  .  M  1 3 
Amberloup,  B.  ..K  6 
Ambievillers,    F.    MLS 

Ambleny,  F F  9 

Ambletense,  F.  .C  3 
Amblimont,  P.  .  K  8 
Ambonnay,  F.  .1110 
Ambrines,    F.     .  .D  5 

Amel,    F L  9 

Amiens,    F D  7 

Amifontaine,  F...G  9 
Ammersweier,  G..014 
Amonines,  B.  .    .  .L  5 

Amy,  F.   E  8 

Ancemont,  F KIO 

Ancy,    G MIO 

Andechy,   F E  8 

Andillv,     F I. It 

Andlau,  G. 013 

Andun,    G L  9 

Angres,  F. E  S 

Angweiler,     G.     .Nil 

Anhee,     B J  5 

Aniches,    F PS 

Anizy,     F F  8 

Anlier,     B L  7 

Anloy,     n K  7 

Annay,     F K  5 

Annequin,    F.     . .  K  4 

Annet,  F Ell 

Anneux,    F F  6 

Annevoie,  B.  . .  .J  5 
Annoculin,  F.  .  .  E  -f 
Annweiler,    G.    ..RIO 


Anor,    F H  6 

Anould,     F N  14 

Anoux,    P L  9 

Anozei,    F N14 

Anseremme,    B.     .J  5 

Anthec,    B J  5 

Anl'helupt,    F.     ..M12 
Anthenay,     F.     ..GIO 

Antilly,     G MIO 

Antoing,     B.     . .  .F  4 

Anuin,     F D  5 

Anvaing,     B G  4 

Anwen,     L M   8 

Any,     F H   7 

Anzelin,    G N  9 

.\nzin,     F F  5 

Appensweier,    G.    R12 

Appilly,     F F  8 

Apremont,    P. J  9 

Apremont,    F Lll 

Arbre,    B G  4 

Ardenne,    B K  6 

Ardon,   F G  8 

Ardoye,   B F  2 

Ardres,   F D  3 

Arleux,    F E  5 

Arleux,    P F"  5 

Arlon,   B L  8 

Armancourt,    F. ..E  9 
Afmentieres.   P. ..E  4 

Arneke,    F D  3 

Arracourt,    F N12 

Arras,    P. E  5 

Arrays,    F M  U 

Ars,  G. MIO 

Artaise,     F J   8 

Artes,    F G  5 

Artognes,    F Gil 

Artres,  F G  5 

Arville,    B K  6 

Arvillers,    F E  7 

Arzenheim,    G. ...P14 

Arzweiler,   G 012 

Ascq,    F F  4 

Asteld,    F H  9 

Aspach,  G 015 

Assebrouck,    B.  ..P  2 

Assweiler,    G OlO 

Ath,    B G  4 

Athies,    F E  .S 

Athies,    F E  7 

Athies,    F G  8 

Athis,    B G  5 

Athis,    F HIO 

Athus,    B L  8 

Attainville,   F DIG 

Attert,    B L  7 

Attichy,   F F  9 

Attigny,    F J  9 

Atton,    F Mil 

Aubange,  B L  8 

Aubencheul,    F...F  S 

Aubenton,    F H   7 

Auberchicourt,  F.F  5 

Auberive,    F HIO 

Aubers,  F E  4 

Aubigoy,   F E  5 

Aubigny,     F F  5 

Aublain,    B H  6 

Auchel,  F D  4 

Auchonvillers,    F.E  6 

Auchy,    F D  4 

Auchy,    F F  .S 

Audenarde,  B....G   3 
Audresselles,    F. .  .C  3 

Audruicq.    P D  3 

Audun  le-Roman. 

F L  9 

Auge,   F H  7 

Aulnay,    F HID  • 

Aulnois,  F G  5 

Aulnois,    F .G  8 

Aulnois,    G Mil 

Aulnoye,    F G  6 

Aumetz,    G L  9 

Aure,  F T  9 

Autel   Bas,    B L  8 

Authe,    F T  9 

Authuill,  F E  6 

Autrecourt,    F KlO 

Autreville,  F P  8 

Autrey,    F N13 

Autruche,    F T  9 

Autry,  F J  9 

Auve,    P.? TIO 

Auvillers.    F 11  7 

Auxi  le  Chateau, 

F. D  6 

Auzeville,   F KIO 

Avancon,  F H  9 


Avaux,   F H  9 

Avecappelle,   B...E  2 

Avelghem,    B F  3 

Avelin,  F F  4 

Aveluy,  F E  6 

Avenay,    F HIO 

Averdoingt,  F...D  5 
Aves  le  Comte,  P.E  5 

Avesnes,   F E  5 

Avesnes,   F F  6 

Avesnes,    F G  6 

Avion,    F E  5 

Avioth,  F K  8 

Avize,    F Gil 

Avocourt,   F KIO 

Avrainville,  P.... Lll 

Avricourt,    G N12 

Avril,    F L  9 

Awenne,  B K  6 

Awoingt,    F F  6 

Ay,  F HIO 

Ay.  G M  9 

Ay,  G MIO 

Aydoilles,    F N14 

Aye,   B. K  5 

Ayette,   P E  6 

Azannes,   F K  9 

Azelot,  F M12 

Azincourt,    F D  5 

Azoudange,  G....N12 

Baalons,    F I  8 

Baccarat,   P Iil3 

liachem,  G N  9 

Baconnes,  F HIO 

Badenweiier,  G...P15 
Badonviller,    F...N13 

Bagimont,  B .J   7 

IJagneux,    F F  9 

Bablingen,   G P14 

Bailcux,   B H  6 

Hailleul,    P.. E  4 

BaiUeul,    F E  5 

B.-iilleulval.  F.  . .  .  E  6 
Bains  les  Bains, 

F.    M14 

Balderslieim,  G...U1.S 

Balgau,  G P15 

Ballay,  F .]  9 

Baltersweiler,  G.  .O  9 

Hancourt,   F E"  6 

Hande,  B K  6 

Bande  Sapt,  P.  .013 
Hannogne,  F....H  8 
Bannoncourt,  P..K11 
Bannstein,     G....r*ll 

Bantheville,  F K  9 

Bapaume,    F K  <t 

Bar,    F J  9 

Baralle,    P F  6 

Barbery,    F Elt) 

Barbonville.     F..M12 

Barby,    F H  8 

Barcy,     F ElO 

Bar-Ie-Duc,     F...K11 

Barleux,    F E  7 

Barlin,    F E   5 

Barly,    F E  5 

Baron,    P ElO 

Baroncourt,    F...L  9 

Baronville,    B J  6 

Baronville,    G....N11 

Barr,    G 013 

Barricourt,    F....K  9 

Barst,    G NIO 

Barvaux,    B K  5 

Basecles,   B G  4 

Bassilly,    B G  4 

Bassu,    F Jll 

Bastogne,     B L  6 

Batilly,   F LIO 

Battwetlcr,  G.  ...O  9 
Baudonronrt.  F.M15 
Baudonvilliers,  F.  J12 
Baudrecourt,  G..M11 

Baulny,    F K  9 

Baulon,    F K  8 

Baumholder,    G.  .O  8 

Bauvin,    F E  4 

Bauxieres,    P.... Mil 

Bavay,    F G  5 

Bavtnchove.  P.  ..D  3 
Bavincourt,     F...E  6 

Baye,    F Gil 

Bayen,    F M13 

Bayonville,    F K  9 

Bazancourt.    F...H  9 

Bazeilles,    F J  8 

Bazincourt,    P K12 

Bazoches,    F G  9 

Bealcourt,    F D  6 


Beauclair,    F K  9 

Beauuourt,  1-".  .  .  .  I'l  6 
Beaudignies,  F.  .G  6 
Beauiort,  F.  . , .  .  (^  6 
lJeaul«necourt,  P.E  6 
liSaumetz,  F.  ..  .D  6 
Beaumetz,    P.    .  ..E^  5 

Beaumetz,    F E6 

Beaumont,    B....H  5 

Beaumont,    P DIO 

Beaumont,    F HIO 

Beaumont,   F F  5 

Beaumont,    F J  8 

Beaumont,    P K  9 

Beaumont,   F Lll 

ll'eauquesne,    P...D  6 

Beaurain,     F G  6 

Beauraing,    B......J  6 

Beaurains,    F £  5 

Beaurains,    P E  8 

Beatirainville,  F.  .C  5 
Beaurcvoir,  F. .  .  .  F  6 
Beaurleux,  K.  .  .  .  G  9 
Beausejour    Farm, 

F JIG 

Beauval,    F U  6 

Beauvtlz,     B H  6 

Beauvillers.    P.  .  .L  9 

Beauzee,    P Kll 

B«bing,    G N12 

Becelare,  B F  3 

Bechy,   G MIO 

Bechy,     G Mil 

Beckmgen,  G N  9 

Becordel,    F E  7 

Beernem,    B F  2 

Beerst,   B E  2 

Beffe,    B K  5 

Beffu,   F .J  9 

Beinheim,    G Rll 

Beise,     F H  9 

Belte  Fontaine,  B.K  8 

Belleu,   F F  9 

BcUevaux,    B K  7 

Bellicourt,     F F  7 

Bcllignies,    F G  5 

Bellingen,    G P16 

Beloei,   B G  4 

Helval,  P 013 

Belzanois,    F P  4 

Heney,    P Ml 

Benfelden,   G P13 

Beningen,    G NIO 

Bensdorf,    G Nil 

Bercherp,    B G  3 

Berchem,    L, M   8 

Berck,   F C  5 

Bergeres,    F HI  I 

Bcrgheim,    G 014 

Bergholz,    G OlS 

Bergnes,  F D  3 

Bergnicourt,  F..H  9 
Bergzabern,  G.  ..PIO 
Berlaimont,  F....G  6 
Berlancourt,  P.  ..P  8 
Berlancourt,    P. ..G  7 

Berles,  P D  5 

Berles,   F E  5 

Berles,   F E  6 

Bernecourt,  P.... Lll 
Berniscart,   B.  . .  .G   5 

Bernoy,    F C  5 

Bernweiler,   G....016 

Berny,    F E  7 

Btrrieux,    F G  9 

Berru,    F H  9 

Berry  Au  Ba,  F.  .G  9 

Bers^e,   F F  5 

Berthelming,  G.  .Nil 
Bcrtincourt,    P..  .F  6 

Bertogne,    B L  6 

Bertrichamps,  F.N13 
Bertricourt,    P.  ..H  9 

Bertrix,    B K  7 

Berzee,    B H   5 

Berzieux,    P JIO 

Berzy   le    Sec,    F.F  9 

Besange,    F.    N12 

Besme,    F F  8 

Bethancourt,  F.  .H  8 
Bethencourt,  F.  E  7 
Betheniville,     P.  .H  9 

Betheny,  F H  9 

Bethisy,  F E  9 

Bethune.  F E  4 

Beton  Bazoches, 

F.     F12 

Bettainvillers,  P.. I.  9 
Bettemburg,  L.  .M  8 
Bettlainville,    G..M,  9 


Bettlainville,    G..M10 

Bettwiller,    G OlO 

Betz,    F ElO 

Beugin,    P E  5 

Beugnatre,    P....E  6 

Beugneux,  F FIO 

Beuraignes,     F...E  8 

Beurig,    G N  8 

Beuth,  F C  5 

BeuvardeSj    P.... GIO 

Beuvry,    F E  4 

Beuvry,    F F  5 

Beveren,  B F  2 

Bexbach,  G O  9 

Bezannes,    F GIU 

Biache,  F E  5 

Bicberach,    G P13 

Biebermuhle,    G..P10 

Bienville,    F N12 

Biermont,    F E  8 

Biesme,  B J  5 

Biestre,    F G  6 

Bievene,   B G  4 

Bievrc,    B I   7 

Bignicourt,    P.  .  ..H  9 

Bihain,    B L  5 

Bihucourt,   F E  6 

Billy,  P L  9 

Billy,    F LIO 

Billy-Montigny, 

F. E  5 

Binarville,    F JIG 

Bioncourt,    G.  . .  .Mil 

Bienville,   F 013 

Birkenleld,   G O  8 

Birkenhardt,    G...P10 
Bischweiler,    G...P11 

Bisping,    G Nil 

Bissezeele,    F.  ...D  3 

Bisten,  G N  9 

Bitry,    F F  9 

Bitsch,    G OIG 

Bitschweiler,    G..015 

Biwer,  L M  8 

Bixschoote,    B.    ..E  3 

Blacy,  F .JU 

Blagny.    F K  8 

Blainville.    F MI 2 

Blairville,  P E  6 

Blamont,   F N12 

Blangy,    F D  5 

Blangy,    F E  5 

Blankenberghe,  B.F  1 

Blanzy,  F G  9 

Blaregnies,    B....G  S 

Blaudain,  B P  4 

Blavincourt,     P,..D  5 
Blavincourt,    F. .  .E  5 

Blecourt,    P F  6 

Bleid,    B L  8 

Blerancourt,    P.  ..F  8 

Blercourt,   P KIO 

Blesmes,  F FIO 

Bleybach,    G KM 

Bliekastel.  G OlO 

Bliesbrucken,  G.  .010 
Bliesdalheim,    G..O10 

Bligny,    P GIO 

Blincourt,    P E  9 

Blittersdorl,    G...O10 

Bocquoy,   F E  6 

Boeschepe,  F E  3 

Boesinghe,    B....E  3 

Bohain,  F F  6 

Boinoille,    p.     . .  .LIG 

Boiry,    F E  5 

Boiry,    F E  6 

Bois    Grenier,    P.E  4 

Boisleux,  F E  6 

Boismont,  P C  6 

Boissy    St.    Leger, 

F E12 

Boncourt,    F G  8 

Boncourt,    P LIO 

Boncourt,  P Lll 

Bondues.    P P  4 

Bonnes,  F FIO 

Bonnevoye,    I^ M  8 

Bonnieres,     F.     ..D  5 

Bonviller,    F N12 

Bony,    P; F  6 

Boofzheim,    G PI  3 

Boran,   F DIO 

Borg,   G M  9 

Borre,  F E  4 

Borsch,   G 013 

Bosseval,    F .J  7 

Botzingen,  G P14 

Boubers,   F D  S 

Bouchain,  F F  5 


Bouchoir,    F E  7 

Boucly,    F F  7 

Boucq,   F Lll 

Bougnies,    B G  5 

Bouillon,   B K  7 

Bouillonville,     p.. Lll 

Boulay,   G NIO 

Bouligney,    F....M15 

Boulogne,    F C  4 

Boult,    F J  9 

Boulzicourt,  P.--  J  8 
Bouquemaison,  F.D  6 
Bourbourg,    F....D  3 

Bourcq,    F J  9 

Bourdonnave,  G..N12 
Boureuilles,    F...K10 

Bourey,    B L  6 

Bourg,   F G  9 

Bourg,  Fidele,  F..J  7 
Bourghelles,  F.  ..P  4 
Bourgogne,  F...H  9 
Bourgonee,     F...N13 

Bours,    F D  5 

Bourseigne,    B.  .  .  .J   6 

Boursies,   F F  6 

Bous,  L M  8 

Bous   Battery,  G.M  9 

Bousies,  F G  6 

Boussewiller,    G...P10 

Boussy,    B G  S 

Bouvancourt,  F..G  9 
Bouvellemont,  F..J  8 

Bouvignes,  B J  5 

Bouvignies,   F....F  5 

Bouvigny,    F L  9 

Bouvron,   F L12 

Bouxieres,  P....  Mil 
Bouxieres,    F....M13 

Boves,    P D  7 

Boyelles,    P E  6 

Bra,  B L  5 

Brabant,    F K  9 

Brabant-le-Roi,   F.KU 

Braffe,   B G  4 

Braguis,    F LIO 

Braisne,    F G  9 

Brancourt,    P.     .  .F  7 

Brancourt,    F F  8 

Brandeville,    P..  .K  9 

Bras,  B K  6 

Bratte,  F Mil 

Braux,    F J  7 

Bray,   P H  8 

Bray   Dunes,    P.  .E  2 

Braye,  F F  9 

Braye,    F G  9 

Bray-sur-Somme, 

F E  7 

Brebieres,    F F  5 

Brecdene,     B E  2 

Breidenliach,    G..OI0 

Bremenil,     P NI2 

Brenelle,    F G  9 

Breteuil,    F D  8 

Bretten,   G 016 

Breuil,    F E  8 

Breuil,    F G  9 

Brie,  F E  7 

Brie,   F F  8 

Brieien,  B E  3 

Brienne,    F H  9 

Brieulles,    F K  9 

Briey,  P L  9 

Brillon,    F KI2 

Brimeux,    F C  5 

Brimont,   F H  9 

Brin,  F Mil 

Briquena,  P J  9 

Brizeaux,   F KIO 

Breeders  Duynen, 

B E2 

Bronne,    F .Til 

Brouchy,  F F  8 

Brouck,  G NIO 

Broussy,  P Gil 

Brouvelieures,    F.N14 

Broyes,    F Gil 

Bruay,    F G  .S 

Brugelette,    B G  4 

Bruges,  B F  2 

Bruille,    F F  5 

Bruley.    F LI2 

Brulyde   Pesche, 

B H  6 

Brumath,    G PI2 

Bruneliamel,   p. . .  H  7 

Bruyeres,    F G  8 

Bruyeres,  F N14 

Bryas,    F D  S 

Bubingen,     G....O10 


Buchsweiler,    G..P11 

Bucy,  P G  8 

Buding,  G M  9 

Bugincourt,  P. . . .  F  5 

Buhl,    G R12 

Buire,    F E  7 

Buironfosse,   F...G  7 

Buisson,'  F Jll 

Buisson  Court,  F.M12 

Buissy,  V F  6 

Bullecourt,    F".  . .  ,E  & 

Bulles,   F D  9 

Bully,  F E  5 

Bulson,   F J  8 

Bull,   F N13 

Bundenthal,    G...P10 

Buneville,  F D  5 

Burbure,    P D  4 

Burelles     F G  7 

Bures,    F NI2 

Burkheim,  G PI4 

Burnhaupt,  G 016 

Burnstatt,    G 016 

Burthecourt,   F...M12 

Bury,    F D  9 

Buscourt,    F E  7 

Busendorf,    G N  9 

Busigny,    F F  6 

Bus  les  Leges,  P.E  8 

Busnes,    F E  4 

Buss,    G N  9 

Bussang,   P N15 

Bussieres,    F Fll 

Bussu,    F E  7 

Bussy,  P F  8 

Buttes,  P. J  7 

Buttia,    B H  5 

Buxieres,  F LIO 

Buxieres,    P... . .  .Lll 

Bnxerulles,    F LU 

Buzancy,    F }  9 

Buzegney      F MI4 

Buzenol    B K  8 

Caeskerke,  B E  2 

Caestre,  F E  3 

Cagniconrt,  F....F  6 

Calais,  P C  3 

Callenele,    B C  4 

Calonne,  F E  4 

Camblain,    F E  5 

Cambrai,  F F  6 

Cambrin,    p E  5 

Cambron,  B G  4 

Camiers,    F C  4 

Camon,    F D  7 

Campagne-les- 

Boulonnais,  F. .D  4 
Campagne-les- 

Hesdin,  F C  5 

Campliin,    P F  4 

Canchy,    F C  6 

Candor,    F E  8 

Canny.  P E  8 

Cantigny,    F D  8 

Cantin,    F F  5 

Cappel,  G NIO 

Caprycke,    B G  2 

Carency,  F E  S 

Carignan,  P K  8 

Carlepont,   F F  8 

Carnienes,    F F  6 

Carnieres,    P.    ...F  6 

Carney.    P E  7 

Carvin,  F F  5 

Cassel,    F E  3 

Catigny,  F E  8 

Catillon,   F G  6 

Catlenam,    G M  9 

Caucourt,    F E  5 

Caudry,    F F  6 

Caumont,  P F  8 

Cauroy,   F H  9 

Cayeux  sur  Mer, 

F.     B  6 

Ceintrey.    F MI2 

Celles,    B T  6 

Celles,  B F  4 

Celles,    F NI3 

Cerfontaine,    B.  .H  6 

Cerisy,    F E  7 

Cemay,    F H  9 

Cernay,  F TIO 

Cernon,     F Hll 

Cerny.    F G  9 

Cerseuil,    F G  9 

Cessieres.    F G  8 

Chaillon,   F TJl 

Chailly-en-Brie,  F.FIl 

Chaintrix,    F Hll 

Challerange,  F....J  9 


INDEX  OF  THE  WESTERN  FRONT 


Chalifert,    F Ell 

Chalons,    F Hll 

Chambery,    G Nil 

Chambley,    F LIO 

Chambry,    F Ell 

Chamfcry,    F G  8 

Chamigny,    F Fll 

Champagne,  F...M13 
Champagney,  F..N16 
Champaubert,  F..G11 
Chanipenoux,  F..M12 
Champigneullcs, 

K M12 

Champlin,    F.  . .  .H   7 

Champion,  F LIO 

Chamoviille,     F..  .d  9 

Chandardes,  F G  9 

Ciiangis,    F rH 

Cliangy,     F .Jll 

Chantilly,  F t.iO 

Ciiapton,    F Gil 

Chardogne,    F KU 

Charency,  F....L  8 
Charenton.     F....D11 

Cliarey,     P. LIO 

Charleville,    F Gil 

Charleville,    F J   7 

Charly,    F.. Fll 

Charmes,    F .F  8 

Cliarmes,    F M13 

Charmois,     F Ml  4 

Charmois,    F M4 

Charily,    F KIO 

ChateauPorcien, 

F H  8 

Chat.  KcKiiault,  F.J  7 
Chateau  Salins, 

G Mil 

Chateau  Thierry, 

F        FIO 

Chatel,    F .}   9 

Chatel,    F M13 

Chatillon,    F G  7 

ChatiUon,    15 L  8 

Chatillon,    F J  9 

Chatillon,  F.  ...LIO 
Chatillon-sur-Marne, 

F      GIO 

Chauffry,    F Fll 

Chaulnes,     F E   7 

Chaumont,     F KU 

Chaumont-Porcien, 

F    H  8 

Chauny,    F F  8 

Chauv«ncy,    F. .  .K  8 

Chauvonet,    F KU 

Qhaux,     F N16 

Chazelles,    F N12 

Chehery,    F .J  8 

Chelers,    F D  5 

Cliemery,    F J  8 

Chcminot.     G -Mil 

Chenay  Rbt,  F...G  9 
Chenicourt,     F..M11 

Cheniers,    F Hll 

ChenimeniK     F...N14 

Cheppes,    F Hll 

Cheppy,     F KIO 

Chepy,   F HU 

Cherisy,    F E  5 

Cherisy,     F E  6 

Cherscamp,    B...G   3 

Chery,    F G  9 

Chery,    F G  8 

Chesmes,     B G  5 

Chestres,     F J  9 

Chevreux,     F G  9 

Chezy,    F FIO 

Chezy,    F Fll 

Chievres,    B G  4 

Chimay,    15 H  6 

Chiny,  -B K  7 

Chiry,    F E  8 

Chivres,     F G   8 

Chivres,   F F  9 

Chivy,    F G  8 

Chocques.    F E  4 

Choisy,     F DU 

Choisy,    F Fll 

Chouilly,     F GIO 

Chuff  illy,    F J  9 

Chuignes,    F...^.E  7 

Cierges,    F GIO 

Ciney,    B K   5 

Cirey,     F N12 

Ciry  Salsogne,  F.F  9 

Clairupt,     F N13 

Clamanges.     F...H11 

Clamecy,   F F  9 

Clary,  F F  6 

Claye,     F EU 

Clefey,     F N14 

Clemency,    L L  8 

Clerken,    B E  3 

Clermery,    F Mil 

Clermont,    F D  9 

Clermont,  B H  S 

Clermont.    F KIO 

Clery,     F E  7 

Cteurie.    F N14 

Clezentaine,    F,..N13 

Cobrieux.     F F  4 

Coeuvres-et-Valserv, 

F F  9 

Coin,    G MU 

Coin,    G MIO 

Coincourt.    F N12 

Coincy,     F FIO 

Coingt,    F H  7 

Colincamps.    F...E  6 

Colligny,    F GU 

Colombert,    F C  3 

Colmar,    G 014 

Colombey.  G....M10 
Colroy,    F 013 


Colroy   !o   Roche, 
G 013 

Combles,    F E  6 

Combles,    F Kll 

Combres,    F LIO 

Comincs,     F F  3 

Commercy,  F....L11 
Compiegne,     F...E  9 

Conchy,   F E  8 

Conde,    P F  9 

Conde,   F G  5 

Conde,    F G  9 

Conde,  F GIO 

Conde,     F HIO 

Conde,   F J  9 

Condette,    F C  4 

Condren,    F F  8 

Conflans,  F LIO 

Conftans,     F M15 

Connantray,  F.  ..HU 
Connantre,    F....G12 

Cons,    F L  9 

Consdorf,   L M   7 

Consenvoye,  F...K  9 
Constantine,     F.  .L  9 

Cortay,    I'" D  6 

Conteville,    P D  6 

Conthill,    G Nil 

Contreuve,   F J  9 

Contrisson,     F....J11 

Coolkerke,    B F  2 

Coolscamp,    B....F  3 

Coolus.    F H'U 

Coppenax  Fort, 

F.    ...D  3 

Corhehem,     F F  5 

Corbenay,     F M15 

Coiteny,    F G  9 

Corbie,   F D  7 

Cofbion,    B K  7 

Corcieux,    F N14 

Corey,    F FIO 

Cormeville,   F....L11 

Cormicy,    F G  9 

Cornimont,  F....N15 
CorraviUers,  F.  .N15 
Cortemarck.  B.  .  .F  2 
Couckellaere,    B..E  2 

Coucy,    F G  8 

Coucy,   F F  8 

Couilly,  F Ell 

Coullommiers.    F.FU 

Coulomby,     F C  4 

Coulommes,    F....J  9 

Coulombs,     F FIG 

Coulonges,    F....G10 

Coume,    G NIO 

Coupeville,     P....  Jll 

Courbes,    F F  8 

Courcelette,  P.  ..E  6 
Courcelles,  F. . . .  E  6 
Courcelles,  F....F  7 
Courcelles,     G...M10 

Courcy,     P G  9 

Courgivaux,  P...P12 
Courtacon,  F....F12 
Courtemont,     F...J10 

Courtisols,     F Jll 

Courtrai,   B F  3 

Courrieres,    P....E  5 

Cousotre,    F H  5 

Coutiches,  F F  5 

Co'uvin,    15 J  6 

Couvonges.    P.... Kll 

Couvrelle,     F F  9 

Coxyde,    B E  2 

Coye,    P DIO 

Craincourt,    G...M11 

Craonnelle    P G  9 

Craonne.    F G  9 

Crecy,    F Ell 

Crecy,    F F  9 

Crecy  en   Ponthieu. 

P C  5 

Crecy-sur-Serre, 

F G  8 

Cregy,    P Ell 

Crefl,    F E  9 

Crepy,   F Eln 

Creny,    F G  8 

Cressy,  F E  8 

Cre'il.    F Lll 

Creve-Champs, 

F M12 

Crion.     F N12 

Croisilles,    P E  6 

Croismar^,    F.  ...N12 

Croix,    P E  7 

Croix,     P G  6 

Crombeke,    B E  3 

Crouy,     F FIO 

Crouy,    F F  9 

Crupet,    B J  5 

Cucq,  F C  5 

Cueme,    B F  3 

Cugny,  P F  8 

Cuinchy,    F E  4 

Cuirieux.  F G  8 

Cuiry-Hnisse,  F.G  9 
Cuise-Ia-Motte, 

F F9 

Cviisy,    F ElO 

Cuisy,    F K  9 

Cul-des-Sarts,    B..H  6 

Cumieres,    F KIO 

Cutrv.    F F  9 

Cuperlv,    P. JIG 

Cuppy,    F E  7 

Curchy.    F E  7 

Curlu,   F E  7 

Custines   P Mil 

Cuvry,    G MIO 

Cyaine,    F .J  8 

Cysoing,    F F  4 


Dadizeele,    B F  3 

Dagny,  F F12 

Dagonville,    P Kll 

Dahn,    G PIO 

Dainville,    F E  5 

Dalheim,    L M  8 

Dalstein,    G M  9 

Damas,    F M13 

Dambach,    G 013 

Damery,    F GIO 

Dameure,    P.    ...N13 

Damevre,    F N12 

Dammartin  en 

Goele,    F ElO 

Damme.    1! P  2 

DampvitouiX,  P...L10 

Damvillers,    F K  9 

Dancourt,    F E  8 

Danizy,    F F  8 

Danne,   G Oil 

Dannes,     F C  4 

Danncvoux,     F...K  9 

Darmont,    F LIO 

Daucourt,  F JIO 

Daverdisse,    B....K  6 

Dechy,   F F  S 

Deerlyck,    B F  3 

Deltinge,    B G  3 

Deheries,   F F  6 

Delme,    G MU 

Denain,    F F  5 

Denier,     F D  5 

Dernancourt,  P..E  7 
Desselghem,    B...P  3 

Desvres,    F C  4 

Dettw«iler,    G Oil 

Deuillet,   F F  8 

Deulemont,   P F  4 

Deuxville.    P N12 

Deyhze,    B G  3 

Dianne,  G N12 

Dickebusch,  B. .  .E  3 
Diedenhofen,  G..M  9 

Di«dlingen,  G OlO 

Diedolshausen,  G.014 
Diemeringen,   G..011 

Dieue,    F KIO 

Dieulouard,    F.  ..MU 

Dieuze,    G Nil 

Dieval,    F D  5 

DifTerdingen.  L.  ..L  8 

Dillingen,    G N  9 

Dinant,   B .1   5 

Dippach,    L L  8 

Dirming^n,   G....O  9 

Dives,  F E  8 

Dixmude,  B E  2 

Dizy,    F H  8 

Dizy,    F GIO 

Dochamps.    B.,..L  5 

Doische,    B J  6 

Dolleren,   G N15 

Dom,  F .T  8 

Dombasie,  P KIO 

.Dombastle.  P M12 

Dombras,    F K  9 

Domevre,    F LU 

Dommartin,  F...L10 
Dommartin,  F...N14 
Dommartin  I's-V., 

F M14 

Dommartin    la 

Planchette,    F.  ..JIO 
Dommartin-sur- 

Yevre,    F Jll 

Dompaire,   F M14 

Dompcevrin,  F.  ..Kll 
Dompierre,  F.  . .  .C  .'i 
Dompierre,  F....E  7 
Dompierre,    P.... Lll 

Domptail,    P N13 

Domptin,  F FIO 

Domremv.    F K12 

Domvall'er,     P...M13 

Donchery,    F T  8 

Doncourt.    F LIO 

Don    Seclin.    P.  .  .E  4 

d'Orleans,   F G  8 

Dormans,   P GIG 

Dornach,  G 015 

Dossenheim,    G.  ..Oil 

Douai,  F P  5 

Doual,   F F  5 

Douchy,  P E  6 

Douchy,  F p  5 

Doulcon,  F K  9 

Doullens,  F D  6 

Dour,   B G  5 

Dourges,    F F  5 

Douriez,   F C  5 

Douvrin.  F E  5 

Tiouzy.  F K  8 

Dravegny,   F GIO 

Drulingcn,    G Oil 

Drusenheim,  G.  ..PU 
Dudelingen,  L...M  8 
Diidelingen,  L...M  9 
Dudweiler,    G.  ...N  9 

Dudzeele,   B F  1 

Duinbergen,    B...P  1 

Dugny.  F KIO 

Dun.  F K  9 

Dunkirk,   F D  2 

Durstel,    G Oil 

Duvy,    F ElO 

Duzey,  F L  9 

E.   Cappel,  F E  3 

R.  Dunkirk,  B. .  .E  2 
Ebblinghem,    F. .  .  D  4 

Ebersheim,    G P13 

Rbersweiler.  G..M  9 
Fhersweller.  G. .  .M  9 

Ebly,  B K  7 

Ecafaut   Farm,    F.F  9 

Ecly,    F H  8 

Ecordal,  F J  8 


Ecouen,   F DIO 

Ecourt   St.   Quen- 

tin,  F. S  » 

Ecoust,   F E  6 

Ecoust  St.  Main, 

F E  6 

Ecouvi«z,    F K  8 

Ecq^uemicourt,   P..C  5 

Ecriennes,    F J 12 

Ecuric,  F E  5 

Ecury,    F HU 

Ecuvilly,  F E,  8 

Edenkoben,  G.  ...R  9 

Edesheim,    G RIO 

Eecloo,   B G  2 

Eerneghem,  B....F  2 

Eessen,   B E  2 

Egelshardt,    G PIO 

Egisheim,   G 014 

Ehrenstetten,     G..P15 

Eich,  L M  8 

Eichstetten,   G..  .4'14 

Einod,   G O  9 

Einvaux,   F M13 

Einville,  F M12 

Elincourt,    F B  8 

Ellezelles,    B G  4 

Ellignies,    B G  4 

Eloyes,    F N14 

Elverdinghe,  B...E  3 

Elwingen,    G NIO 

Elzach,    G R14 

Embermenil    P..  .N12 

Emelghem,  B F  3 

Emerainville,  P.. Ell 
Emmendingen,    G.P14 

Emmerin,  F F  4 

Enchenberg,    G . . .Ol  1 

Endingen,   G P14 

Englos,  F E  4 

Ennetieres,    P. . .  .E  4 

Ennev^lin,    F F  4 

Enqiiin,    P D  4 

Ensisheim,  G....015 
Entroeungt,    P.  .  .G  6 

Entsheim,    G P12 

Epagny,   F F  9 

Epehy,    F p  6 

Epense,    F .Jll 

Epernay,    F GIO 

Epfig,    G 013 

Epiecls,    F FlO 

Epinal,    F N14 

Epinonville,  P. ...K  9 

Epinoy,    F P  6 

Epoyc,    P H  9 

Eppclborn,  G.  ..N  9 
Eppenbrunn,   G.    .PIO 

Eppes,    P G  8  • 

Eppe    Sauvage, 

F H  6 

Erbaut,    B G  4 

Erches,   P E  8 

Ercheu,    P E  8 

Erezee,  B K  5 

Erize,     F Kll 

Erize-la-Br..    P.    .KU 

Prion,    P G  7 

Ermenonville,  F...E10 

Ermeton,   B .15 

Erneuville,  B.  ...L  6 
Eroyennes,   B.   ...P  4 

Erpion,  15 H  6 

Erquelinnes,  B.  -H  5 
Erquinghem,   P.    .E  4 

Erre.   F F  5 

Erstein.    G P13 

Ertvelde,    B O  2 

Ervillers,    F E  6 

Esbisoeul,    B.    ..  .G  4 

Esbly,  F Ell 

Escalles,    F C  3 

Escaudain,  P.  ...P  5 
Escaudoeuvres,  F.F  6 
Escautpont,   P.    ..G   5 

Esch,    L L  8 

Eschenweiler,   G..OI6 

Escles,    F M14 

Esnes,   F F  6 

Esnes,  F KIO 

Esqueheries,  P...G  7 
Esquelbecq,  F.   .  .D  3 

Essaro,    F E  4 

Essey,    F LU 

Essey,    F M12 

Essegney,    P.    .  .  .M13 

Essigny,    F F  7 

Essises,  F Fll 

Estaireso,    P.    . . .  E  4 

Esternay.    F GU 

Estourmel.  F.  .  ..F  6 
Estrees  St.   D'enis, 

F E  9 

Estreux,   F G  .5 

Eswars,  F F  6 

Etain,    F LIO 

Etaing,    F F  5 

Etaing,    F E  5 

Etalle,    B L  8 

Etangs,   G MIO 

Etaples,    P C  4 

Etavigny,  p.  ...ElO 
Eterpigny.  F.  . .  .  E  ,S 
Eterpigny,    P.     .  .F  5 

Eth.  F G  5 

Ethe.  15 L  8 

Etival,    F N13 

Etoges.   F GU 

Eton.  F L  9 

Etreaupont.   P.    ..G  7 

Etrepoix.   F G  8 

Etrcpy,   F Jll 

Etreux,   F G  6 

Etrun.  F E   5 

Ettenheim,  G.  .  ..P13 
EtuefTont.  F N16 


Eulmont,  F Mil 

Euvilte,    F LU 

Evaux,  F M13 

Evergem,  B G  2 

Ewringen,  G.  ...M  8 
Ewringen,  G.  ...M  9 
Fagnieres,    F. . . . .  H  U 

Fams,    F Kll 

Faissault,    F.    . . .  H  8 

Falaen,    B 15 

Faldise,  F J  9 

Falk,  G NIO 

Falkenberg,  G...N10 
Falkensteig,    G.   P.. 15 

Falmagne,    B J  6 

Falvy,    F E  7 

Famars,   F G  5 

Fampoux,  F E  5 

Faremoutiers,  F..EU 
Farschweiler,  G..N10 
Faucogney,  F...N15 
iPaucouzy,     F....G  / 

Faul.x,     F MU 

Fauquembergues, 

F D  4 

Fauvillers,  B.  .  -L  7 
Faverney,  F.  ,  ..M16 
Faverolles,    P.     ..FIG 

Fay,    F G  8 

Faymont,     F.     ...N15 

Fays,     B J  6 

Fegersh-eim,  G.  .P13 
Peignies,     P.     . .  .G  5 

Fellin,    B K  6 

Pels.    L M  7 

Felsberg,  G.  ...N  9 
Fenneville,     P.     .N13 

Fepin,     F J   6 

Ferdrnpt,  F.  ...N15 
Fere   Champenoise, 

F HU 

Pere-en-Tardenois, 

P.    GIO 

Ferfay.    F D  4 

Ferrieres,  F.  ..  .EU 
Festubert,     P.     ..E  4 

Feuchy,    F E  5 

Fey-en-IIaye,     P..  Lll 

Ficheux,    F E  5 

Pieulaine,    P.     ...P  7 

Pilliere.    F L  9 

Filsdorf,   L M  8 

Finnevaux,    B.     .  .  J  6 

Fins,    P F  6 

Finstingen,    G.     .NU 

Fismes,     F G  9 

Plabas,    F K  9 

Plainval.  P.  ...M12 
Flamierge,  B.  .  .L  6 
Flavigny,  P.  ...HU 
Flavignv,     p.     ,.M12 

Flavy,    F P  8 

Fleigneux,    P.    . .  .J  7 

Piers,    F E  6 

Pletre,    F E  3 

Fleurbaix,  P.  ..E  4 
Pleurey,  P.  ...M15 
Fleurines,     P.     .  .E  9 

Fleury,    F KIO 

Fleury,    G MIO 

Pleville,    F .19 

PleviUe,    P .L  9 

Plines    I'es    Raches, 

P F  5 

Flirey,    F Lll 

Flize,     P J  8 

Flobecq,    B G  4 

Florennes,  B.  .•  -J  5 
Florenville,  B.  .K  8 
Floringhem.  P.  .D  5 
Foameix,  P.  ...LIO 
Folembray.    P.    .  .  F  8 

Folies,    F E  7 

Foncquevillers,  F.E  6 
Fontaine,  P.  .  .  .  E  6 
Fontaine,  P.  ...F  7 
Fontaine,  P.  ...HIG 
Fontaine,  P.  .  ..M15 
Fontaine    Notre 

Dame.    F F  6 

Fontenay   Tresigny, 

F El.? 

Fontenoy,     P.     .  .  F  9 
Pontenoy,     B.     .  .G  4 
Fontenoy.     F.     ..M12 
Pontenoy  le  Cha- 
teau, F M14 

Fontov,   G M  9 

Porbach,    G NIO 

Forest    Abbaye, 

F C  6 

Poreste,    F P  7 

Forges,    P K  9 

Forrieres,  B.  ...K  6 
Ft.    Alvensleben, 

G MID 

Ft.  Argancy,  G..M10 
Ft.  Arry,  G....M10 
Ft.    Aubervilliers, 

P EU 

Ft.    Aux    Vaches, 

F D  3 

Ft.  Ayvielles,  P. .  T  7 
Pt.  Belleville.  P. KIO 
Ft.  Berru,  P.  ..H  9 
Pt.  Bicetre,  F..DU 
Pt.  Bismarck.  G.P12 
Ft.   Blumenthal, 

G P12 

Pt.    Boise   Bourrus. 

F KIO 

Ft.    Bose,   G P12 

Ft.  Pourd'a'i.  F.  F  6 
Ft.'  Boussois,  F.G  5 
Ft.  Bouvines,  F.F  4 
•Ft.     Brimont,     F.G  9 


Ft.  Bniyeres,  F.G  8 
Ft.  Butte  Pn.,  F.DU 
Ft.  Carnot,  P...E  4 
Pt.  Castelnau,  P.D  3 
Pt.    C«rfontaine, 

F H  5 

Ft.    Champigny, 

P ....EU 

Pt.    Charenton, 

P DU 

Pt.    Charlemont, 

F .J  6 

Ft.  Chaume,  P.. KIO 
Ft.  Chelles,  F..EU 
Ft.  Choisel,  P..  KIO 
Ft.  Conde,  F....F  9 
Pt.  Conde,  B....J  6 
Ft.  Curgies,  F..G  5 
Ft.    d'Argency, 

G MIG 

Ft.    de    Bourdiau, 

F G  6 

Ft.    de   Chateau 

Lambert,   P.    ..N15 
Ft.    d'e    Dogneville, 

F N14 

Ft.  de  Plines,  F.G  4 
Ft.    de    Frouard, 

F M12 

Ft.  de  Girancourt, 

F M14 

Ft.    de   Giromagny, 

P N16 

Ft.  de  Grevaux, 

F G  6 

Pt.    de    Haumont, 

F G  6 

Ft.  de  la  Batterie, 

F D  3 

Ft.  De  la  Grande 

Have.    V M14 

Ft.  de  la  Mouche, 

F N14 

Ft,  de  Landremont, 

G MIO 

Pt.    de    !a   Voivre, 

F N14 

Ft.  del'Est,  F...D11 
Pt.    de   Leveaux, 

F G  5 

Pt.  de  Longchamps, 

F N14 

Ft.  de  Manonviller, 

F N12 

Pt.  de  Maulde,  F.F  5 
Ft.  de  Mont,  G.MIO 
Ft.  de  Orny,  G.MIO 
Pt.    de    Razimont, 

P N14 

Ft.    de    Remiremont, 

F N14 

Fort  de  Rupt.  P.N15 
Ft.  des  Adelphes, 

F N14 

Ft.   des  Arches, 

P N14 

Pt.  de  Sarts,  P..G  5 
Ft.  des  Dunes,  F.E  2 
Ft.  de  Seclin,  F.F  4 
Port   de   Servance, 

P N15 

Ft.   des   4    Moulins, 

P D  3 

Pt.    des    Frisches, 

F M14 

Ft.    de   Sorbey, 

G MIO 

Ft.  de  Tigna.  F.M14 
Pt.    Doingermain, 

P LI2 

Ft.  Domont,  F..DIO 
Ft.  d'Orny,  G...M10 
pt.     Douaumont. 

P KIO 

Ft.   Du  Bois  I'Abbe, 

F M14 

Ft.  Dugny,  F...K10 
Ft.    du   Roulon, 

F M14 

Ft.    d'Uxegney, 

F M14 

Fortel,    F D  5 

Pt.  Francais,  F..D  3 
Pt.  Pransecky,  G.P12 
Ft.  Fresnes,  F..H  9 
Pt.  Frouard.  F..M12 
Ft.  Genicourt,  P.LIO 
Ft.    Gironville, 

F LU 

Pt.  Goeben,  G.  .MIO 
Ft.    Gr.    D.    Baden, 

G P12 

Ft.    Guentrangen, 

G M  9 

Pt.  Hacseler,  G.MIO 
Pt.    Haudainville, 

F LIO 

Pt.  Hautmont.  F.G  5 
Ft.     Htes  Bruveres, 

F DU 

Ft.    Illangen,    G.M  9 

Ft.    Ivry,    P DU 

Pt.    Tony,    P LU 

Ft.  Kaiserin,  G.MIO 
Pt.  Kameke.  G..MIO 
Pt.  Kirchbach.  G.P12 
Pt.  Kleser,  F...D12 
Ft.    La    Brighe, 

P DU 

Ft.    Landrecourt, 

F KIO 

Ft.    Landremont, 

G. MIO 

Ft.    Laniscourt. 

F P  8 


Ft.  le  Batnbois, 

F.    ..M14' 

Ft.    Ijeveau,    P.  .G  5 

Ft.    Liez,    F F  8 

Ft.    Liouville,    P.. Lll' 
Ft.   Lobau,    F....P  4 
Ft.    Lodiringen, 

G MIO 

Ft.  Lucey,  P....L12 
Ft.    Macdonald, 

F P  4 

Fort  Mahon,  F.  .C  5 
Ft.    Mannstein, 

G MIO 

Pt.    Manteuffel, 

G MIO 

Ft.   Marre,    P KIG 

Ft.  Mayot,  F...F  8 
Ft.  Moltke,  G...P12 
Ft.  Mont,  G...M10 
Ft.    Montberault, 

F G  8 

Ft.  Montbre,  P. GIO 
Ft.     Montmorency, 

P DU 

Pt.  Montrouge,  FDll 
Pt.    Moulainvilies, 

F LIO 

Pt.     Mundolshm, 

G PI2 

Ft.  Nogent,  P.  .DU 
Ft.    Nogent 

I'Abbesse,    F...H10 

Ft.    Noisy,    F Ell 

Ft.  Pierquin,  P.  .E  4 
Ft.  Pompelle,  P.  HIO 
Ft.     Pont    St. 

Vincent.  F.  ..M12 
Pt.    Pr.    Fried. 

Carl,    G -MIO 

Ft.  Pr.  Royal,  G.P12 
Ft.   Pr.    Roy.   of 

Saxony,  G.  .  ..P12 
Ft.  Regret,  P.... KIO 
Ft.    Rochambeau, 

P G  S 

Ft.  Romainville, 

F DU 

Ft.  Roon,  G PI2 

Ft.  Rosny,  F....EU 
Ft.  Rozellier,  F.KIO 
Ft.  St.  Barbe,  G.MIO 
Ft.  St.  Eloy,  G.MIO 
Ft.    St.    Michel, 

F KIO 

Pt.    Sartelles.     F.KIO 

Ft.    Sarts,    F G  5 

Ft.     Schwartzhoff, 

G P12 

Ft.  Sommy,  G..M10 
Ft.    Sorbey,    G...M10 

Ft.   Stains,    F DU 

Ft.    Sucy,    F EU 

Pt.  Tavanne,  F.KIO 
Ft.  Thierry,  F..G  9 
Ft.  Vaujours.  P.. Ell 

Ft.    Vaux,    F KIO 

Ft.  Vendoul,  F..F  8 
Ft.  Villey,  F....L12 
Ft.  Villiers,  P.  ..EH 
Ft.   Von  der  Tann, 

G P12 

Pt.  Wagner,  G.MIO 
Ft.  Werder.  G..PI2 
Ft.  Witry,  F....H  9 
Ft.    Wurtemberg, 

G MIO 

Ft.    Zastrof,    G..M10 

Fosse,    B I,  5 

Fouday,    G 013 

Fougeralles,     F..M15 

Pouligny."   G NIO 

Fourbechies,  B..H  6 
Fourmies,     F....H  6 

Fovillc    G Mil 

Fraillicourt,     F..H  8 

Fraire,    B H  5 

Praize,     F OI4 

Pranicris,     B. . ,  .G  5 

Framont,     B K  7 

Francheville,     P. .Lll 

Frasncs,    B G  4 

Frecourt,    G.    ...MIO 

Freiburg,    G P14 

Freisdorf,    G.     ..M  9 

Preisen,    G O  8 

Frelinghien,  P. .  .  E  4 
Fremereville,  F..L1I 
Fremicourt,    F.    .E  6 

Prencq,    F 0  4 

Frenelte,   F M13 

Freniches.    P.    ...F  8 

Frenois,    P J  8 

Frenois,    P M14 

Fresnes,   P E  5 

Fresnes,    P.    E  7 

Fresnes,    F F  8 

Fresnes,    F G  5 

Fresnes,     P GIO 

Fresnes,   F KU 

Fresnes-en-Woevre, 

F LIO 

Presnieres,    F.    . .  E  8 

Fresnoy,     P E  5 

Fresnoy,    P E  8 

Fresnoy,    F F  7 

Frcssies,    F P  5 

Pretin,     P F  4 

Freudenburg,    G..N  8 

Freux,    B K  7 

Prevent,    P D  5 

Frevin,    F.     .....  E  5 

Fribourg,     G.     ..N12 
Fricourt,     F.     ..  .E  6 

Friesenheim,  G..PI3 
Prisang,    L M  8 


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8 


INDEX  OF  THE  ^A/^ESTERN  FRONT 


Frise,   F E  7 

Froescliwiller,  G.Pll 
Frohen    le    Grande, 

F U  6 

Froidchapelle,  B.H  6 
Fromtlles,  F.  .  ..E  4 
Fromentieres,  F.CiIl 
Froniezey,  F.  ..LIO 
Frontigny,    F.    ..0  8 

Frouard,    F Mil 

Frouard,    F M12 

Froyeiles,    F.    . .  .C  6 

Fruges,    F D  4 

Fumay,    F J   6 

Furdenheim,   G.    .I''12 

Furnaux,    B JS 

Furnes,    B I'-  2 

Futeau,    F KIO 

Galametz,     F.     . .  D  5 

Gandekt,    F FIO 

Gannies,    F H  8 

Garrepuis,     F.     . .  E  8 

Gatelet,    F E  7 

Gauchin-Legal,  F.E  S 

Gaurain,    B F  4 

Gavere,     B G  3 

Gavisse,   G M  9 

Gavrelle,    F E  5 

Gebweiler,     G.    ..OlS 

Gedinne,    B J  6 

Gtispolshm,  G.  .PI2 
Gelycourt,    G    ...N12 

Gembes,    B K  6 

Genaville,    F.     ...1. 10 

Geiicch,     P F  4 

Gengenbach,  G.  .  R13 
Genicourt,    F.     ..KIO 

Gcnly,     B GS 

Genvry,     F F  8 

Gerardmer,  F.  ..N14 
Gerbepal,  F.  ...N14 
Gerbeviller,  F.  ..N13 
Gercourt,  F.  ..K  9 
Germaiiie,    F.     ..HIO 

Germont,    F J  9 

Gernay,    G G15 

GerouviUe,  B.  ..K  8 
Gerpinns,  B.  ...US 
Gertwciler,  G.  ..P13 
Gesnes,  F.  ..;..K  9 
Gesponsart,  F.  -.J  7 
Gheluvelt,    B.     ..F  3 

Gheluwe,  B F  3 

(Ihent,    B G  2 

Ghislcnghien,  11..  G  4 
Ghistelles,     B.     ..E  2 

Ghlin,    B G  5 

Ghyvelde,  F.  .  .  .  E  2 
Gildweiier,    G.    ..016 

Gimnee,    15 J   6 

Gincrey,    F L  9 

Girecourt,  F.  ..N14 
Giromagny,  F.  .N15 
Gironville,   F.     ...LH 

Gits,   B F  3 

Givenchy,  F.  ...E  4 
Givenchy-en- 

Gobelle,    F.    ...E  5 

Givet,    F .16 

Givonne,    F K  7 

Givry,     F Jll 

Gizy,    F .G  8 

Glan    Munchweiler, 

G P  9 

Ciode«aersvelde, 

P E  3 

Coin,    G -Mil 

Golancourt,   F.    ..F  8 

Golbey,    F M14 

Gomiecourt,  F.  .  E  6 
Gommecourt,     F. .  F.  6 

Gomont,    F H  8 

Gondecourt,  F.  ..F  4 
(iondrecourt,  F. .  L  9 
Gondreville.    F.    ..L12 

Cionesse,    F Ell 

Gorcy,     F L  8 

Gorze,     G MIO 

Gottenheini,  G..-P14 
Goudelancourt, 

P.    G  8 

Gouden  Hand,  B.G  2 
Gouratncourt,  F.  .7.  9 
Gourcelles,     G...M10 

Gournay,     F E  8 

Gouves,    F E  5 

Gouy,    F D  S 

Gouzeaucourt,     F.F  6. 
Gow^nhciin,     G...01S 
Goxweiler,    G.    ..PI 3 
Graftenstaden,    G.P12 

Graide,    B K  7 

Grammont,  B....G  3 
Grandcourt,  F.  .  E  6 
Gde    Rembercourt, 

F Kll 

Grandfontafne, 

G 013 

Gd.   Ham,    F J  9 

Gd.     Hettingen, 

G M  9 

Grandlup,  F.  ...G  8 
Grandmenil,  B...L  5 
Gd.    Mourmelon, 

F HIO 

Grand  Pre,  F....T  9 
Grandrieu,  B.  .H  6 
Gd.  Rozoy,  P.  ..FIO 
Grand    Rullecourt, 

F D  5 

Gd.    St.    Hilaire, 

F HIO 

Gr.  Tarchen.  G.N11 
Grandvoir.     B....K  7 

Granges.    F N14 

Gratreuil,    F.     ...J  9 


Gravelines,  F.  ..D  3 
Gravelotte,  G.  .MIO 
Greimeratli,    G. . .  N  8 

Gremilly,    F L  9 

Grenay,    F E  5 

Gresheim,    G.    ...OlO 

Gretz,    F El2 

Grevillcrs.    F.     ,..E  6 

Grigy,   G MID 

Gripport.  F.  ...M13 
Griviller.s,  F.  ...E  8 
Grouches,   F.    . .  .D  6 

Gruey,   F.    M14 

Grumbach,    G.    ..P  8 

Gruny,    F E  8 

Grupont,    B K  6 

Gruson,     F F  4 

Gruyshautem,  lt..G  3 
Gueblange,    G.    ..Nil 

Guemar,    G 014 

Guentrangen,  G..M  9 
Guerbigny,     F. ...E  8 

Guesnain,   F F  5 

Guignico-urt,     .F. .  G  9 

Guines,   F C  3 

Guirsch,    B L  8 

Guiscard,    F.     .  . .  F  8 

Guise,    F G  7 

Guisy,    F F  9 

Guivry,    F F  8 

GuUeghem,  B.  ..F  3 
Gundelfingen,  G.P14 
Gundershofen, 

G Pll 

Gundolsheim,    G..OI5 

Guny,    F F  8 

Habarcq,    F E  5 

Habay-Ia-Neuve, 

B L  8 

Habay-ia-V'ieiile, 

U L  8 

HaJikirchen,  G...O10 
Habsheim,    G.     ..()16 

Ilachy,    B L  8 

Hacquegnies,    B. .(i  4 

Hagen,   L L  8 

Hagenau,  G.  ...Pll 
Hagendingen.  G.MIO 
Haironville,  F.  .  K12 
Haisneso.     F.     .  ..E  5 

Halles,    F K  9 

Hailing,    G XIO 

Hallu,    F E  7 

Halluin,    F P3 

Halma,    B K  6 

Halsdorf,    (i.     ...N  9 

Ham,     F D  4 

Ham,    F F  7 

Hamhach,    G.    ...NIO 

Hamel,    F E  6 

Hamel,    F E  7 

Ilampont,    G.     .  ..Nil 

Han,  B K  6 

Han,    G Mil 

Hancourt,  F.  . . .  F  7 
Handzaeme,  B...F  2 
Hannapes,  F.  .  .II  7 
Hannescanip.  F..F.'6 
Hannogne,  P.  .  .  H  8 
Haraumont,  F.  .K  9 
Harcigny,    F.     ...H   7 

Hardelot,   F C  4 

Hargarten,  G.  ..Nln 
Hargicourt    F.    . .  F  7 

Hargnies,    F ,T  6 

Harlange,    L.    . .  .  L  7 

Harleheke,     B F  .1 

Hard,    F. M14 

Haroue,    F M13 

Harre,    B L  5 

Harsin,    B K  6 

Hartennes,  F.  ..  .F  9 
Hartheim,    G.     ...PIS 

Harville,    F LIO 

Hary,    P G  7 

Haslach,    G R1.1 

Hasnon.    F F  5 

Haspelscheldt, 

G PIO 

Hastiere,    B 15 

Hatt^ncourt,  F..F.  7 
Hattigny,  G.  ...012 
Hattonchatel,  F..L10 
Haubourdin.   P.    .  E  4 

Haucourt,  F E  5 

Haucourt,  F L  9 

Haiidiomont,  F..K10 
Haudompre,    F...MI4 

Haulchin.  F F  .S 

Hauptstuhl.     G...P  9 

Hausach,  G K'13 

Haussimont,   p.    .Hll 

Haussy,   P F  6 

Haussy,   F G  6 

Haul,    B .J  6 

Hautecourt.  F.  ..LIO 
Hautefontaine.  F.F  9 
Hautcs    Rivieres, 

F J  7 

Hautmont,     F G  5 

Ilautmougey, 

F M14 

Ilautvillerii,     F..  .C  6 

Hanvinc,    F H  9 

Havangisn.  G....I,  9 
Haver.siii.  B.  .  .  .K  5 
Hayingen,  G.  ...M  9 
Haielbrouck.  p.  .D  4 
Hebuterre.  F.  .E  6 
Hedauvllle.    F.    .  .F.  6 

Heer,   B T  6 

Heiltz.    P )li 

Heiltz-le-Maurupt, 

F.  jn 

Heimbach,  G.  ..f)  8 
Heimsbrunn,    G...016 


Heiteren,  G.  ...P15 
Heitersheim,  G..OI4 
Hcllemmes,  F.  .F  4 
Hellimer,  G.  ...Nil 
Hellocourt,    G.    .N12 

Htm,    F D  6 

Hem,     F F  4 

Hemelverdegem, 

B G  3 

Hemering,  G NIO 

Hendecourt,    F.    .  E  6 

Henin,    F E  6 

Heninel,    F E  6 

Henin    Lietard, 

F F  5 

Htnnemont,  P.  .LIU 
Hennezel,     P.     ..M14 

Hensies,    B G  5 

Herbeumont,  B..K  7 
Herbeviller,  F.  .N12 
Herliitzheim,  G..O10 
Herbolzheim,  G..P14 
Herchies,  B.  .  .  .G  4 
Herinnes,    B.     . .  .  F  4 

Herlies,  P E'  4 

Herlingen,  G.  ..Nil 
llerlin-le-Sec, 

F D  5 

Herlisheim,  G...014 
Herlisheim,  G...P12 
HerKsheim,  G...P15 
Hermaville^     F...E  5 

Hermies,    F F  6 

liermonville,     F. .  G  9 

Herpy,   F H  8 

Hersin,    F E  5 

Hertaville,  F....NU 
Hertzing,  G.  ...N12 
Herzeele,  F.  ..  .E  3 
Ilerzheim,  G.  ..RIO 
Hesbecourt,    P.     .F  7 

Hesdin,    F C  5 

Hesperaiig^,  L.  .  M  8 
Hesperingen,    L..M  8 

Hestrud,    F H   6 

Het  Sas,    li E  3 

Heuchin,    F 0  5 

Heudicourt.  F. . .  F  6 
Heudicourt,  F.    .  .1-11 

Heule,    B F  3 

Heur«,   B K  5 

Heusweiler,    G...N  9 

Heyst,    B F  1 

Hiermont,     F.     .  .D  6 

Hinges,    p E  4 

Hinterweidentbal, 

G PIO 

Hirra,    G 013 

Hirson,     P H    7 

Hirtzfelden,     G...P15 

Hives,   B L  6 

Hochfelden,  G.  ..Pll 
Hodister,    H.     ..  .K  6 

Hoteld,    G O  8 

Hofen,  G PI! 

llogne,    B K  5 

Ilolacourt,    G.    ..Nil 

Ilollain,    B P  4 

Hollange,     B L  7 

Hollebeke,  B.  ...E  3 
Hollerich,    L.    ...M  8 

Holz,    G O  9 

Hombleux,  F.  ...E  8 
Homblicres,  F...F  7 
Homburg,  G.  ..NIO 
Ilomburg,  G.  ..  .O  9 
Homecourt,    P.     .LIO 

Hompre,    B L  7 

Hon,    F G   5 

Hondeghem,  F..D  3 
Tlondelaiige,  B.  .L  8 
Ilondschoote.    F. .  E  3 

Hooge,    B E  3 

Hooglede,  B.  ...F  3 
Hoogstade,  B.  ..E  3 
Hornbach,    G.     ..OlO 

Hospres,    F P  5 

Hoste,   G NIO 

Houchin,    F E  5 

Houdain,    F E   5 

Houdremont,  B.  ..T  7 
Houffalize,    B.     ..I.  6 

Houplin,    P F  4 

Houplines,    F.     .  .E  4 

Hour,    B .T  6 

Houssen,    G.     ...014 

Housset,    F G  7 

Houthen,  B.  ...E  2 
Houthulst,  B.  .  .E  3 
Houtkerque.  P.  .E  3 
Houttaye,    B.    .  .  .F  2 

Houx,    B .T  5 

Houyet,    B K  fi 

Hucqueliers,  P.  .C  4 
Hugelsheim,  G...RI1 
Hugsw^ier,    G.    ..P13 

Huiron,     F .TI2 

Hulhich,    F E  5 

Hulste.  B F  3 

Humbercourt,  F.D  6 
Huttingen.     G....P1.'; 

Hvmont,   F M13 

Ibigny,    G N12 

Ichenheim,  G....P13 
Ichteghem,     B....F  2 

Iges,    P .17 

Igney,     P M13 

Hies,    F E  4 

IlHngen,     G O   9 

Hly,    F .T  7 

Imecourt,    F.     .  ..K  9 

Inchy,    F F  6 

Ingelmunster, 

B F  3 

Ingw«iler.  G.  ..  .Pll 
Innenheim,  G....P12 


Insming,    G Nil 

lony,     F GIO 

Ire,    F K  8 

Irmstett,    G 012 

Iseghem,     B F  3 

Isles-sur    Suippe, 

F H  9 

Issenheim,  G....015 
Issoncourt,    F....K11 

lttersdorf,'G N  9 

Ivoiry,    F. K  9 

Ivry,    F .Dll 

Ivifuy,    F F  6 

Izel,    B K  8 

Iz«l,    F E  5 

Jabbeke,    B F  2 

Jaillon,    F Mil 

Jallaucourt,    G.  ..Mil 

Jalons,     F lllo 

Jamagne,    B J  5 

Jamappes,    B.    ...G   5 

Jametz,    F K  9 

Jamoignes,    B.    .  .  K  8 

Jamoille,    B II   5 

Jarmenil,   F N14 

Jarny,    F.    LIO 

Jarville,    F M12 

Jaulgonne,    F    ...FIO 

Jaulzy,    F F  9 

Jeandelize,  F.  ...LIO 
Jeantes,  F.  .'....  M  7 
Jebsheim,    G.     .  . .  ( )I4 

jenlain,     F G  5 

Jesonville,   F.    ...M14 

Jeumont,    F H   5 

loeuf,     P L  9 

Johanns     Rohr- 

bach,    G NIO 

Tolivet,  F N12 

Jollain,   li F  4 

Jonchery,  F G  9 

lontjuery,    F (110 

Jonville,     F LIO 

Jouarre,     F Fll 

.louaville,    F LIU 

Tourny,   F C  3 

"touy,     F GIO 

Jouy-sur    Morin, 

F    Fll 

Julvecourt,  F.  ...KIO 
Jumencourt,     P. .  .  F  8 

Jumigny,    F (i  9 

Junglinster,     L..M  8 

luniville,    F II  9 

Jurbise,    B G  4 

Juseret,    H K  7 

Jussecourt,    F.    ....Ill 

Jussy,    F F  8 

juvigny,    F K  9 

Juville,    G .Mil 

tuvrecourt,  F.  ..N12 
Juzancourt,  P.  ..H  8 
Kaisersbtrg,  G..014 
Kaiserslautern, 

G P  9 

Kalhaustjn,   G.    ..OlO 

Kandel,    G RIO 

Kandern,   G P16 

Kappel,    G P13 

Kappelrodeck, 

G Rli 

Karlingen,  G.  ..NIU 
Kedange,    G.    .  . .  M   9 

Kehl,  G P12 

Kemplich,  G.  .  .  .  M  9 
Kenzingen,    G....P14 

Kerling,    G M  9 

Keskastel,    G Oil 

Keyem,    B E  2 

Klein,    G OlO 

Klingenmuster, 

G Pin 

Knesselaere,    B. .  .  F  2 

Knocke,    B PI 

Kochern,  G NIO 

Koenigsmacken, 

G M   9 

Kocur  la  Gde., 

F Kll 

Koeur    la    Pte., 

F Kll 

Kollnau,    G R14 

Konken,    G O   8 

Kork.    G PL' 

Krachenburg,  G..O  9 
Kreuzwald,  G.  ..NIO 
Krozingen,    G.    ..PI."; 

Kruth,     G Nl.S 

Kubelberg,    G.    ..O  9 

Kunheim,  G P14 

Kusel,    G O  8 

La    Barriere, 

B K  6 

La  Bassee,  P. . .  .E  4 
La  Berlieres.  P.  .J  8 
Labeuville,  F.  ..LIO 
La  Boisselle,  F. .  E  6 
La    BouteiUe, 

F  C*   7 

La    Bresse,    F. .  .N14 

Labry,    P LIO 

La  Capelle,  P.    .  .G  6 

La  Cassine,   F J  8 

Le  Catelet,  F.  .F  6 
La  Chalade.  F...KIO 
La    Chappelle, 

F ElO 

La  Chapelle,  F..K  7 
La  Chapelle,  F...N16 
La    Chan.    Aux 

Bois,  F.    M14 

La  Chaussee,  P. .  .01 
La  Chavatte,  F.  .  E  7 
La    Chepoe,   F.    ..110 

Lachy,    F Gil 

Lacon,    P E  4 


La  Croix,  F J  9 

Lacroix,    P Lll 

Lacroix,  St.  Ouen, 

F E  9 

La  Ferte,  F G  8 

La  Ferte-Gaucher, 

F Fll 

La    Ferte    Milon 

F FlO 

La   Perte-sous- 

Jouarre,     P.     ..Fll 

Lagarde,   G N12 

Lagnicourt,   F.    . .  E  6 

Lagney,    F L12 

Lagny,    F Ell 

La  Gorgu«,  F.  .  .E  4 
La  Haute  Maison, 

F Ell 

La  Herliere,  P. .  .E  6 
Laheycourt,     F...K11 

Lahr,     G P13 

Laimont,   F Kll 

Lallaing,    F F  5 

La  Malmaison, 

F G  8 

La  Marcq,  P.   . .  .P  4 

Lambres,   F D  4 

Lam'bres,   F F  5 

La  Montagne,  F.L  9 
Lamortaye, 

F DIO 

Lamorteau,  B.  .  .L  8 
La    Morthomme, 

F .79 

Lamorville,  P.... Lll 
Lamotte,  F.  _.  .  .  .  E  7 
Lancheres,    F.     ..C  6 

Lancon,    F J  9 

Landau,   G RIO 

Land"ecourl,  F.  .M13 
Landegem,  B.  .  .G  2 
Landersheim,    G..P12 

Landes,    P P  5 

Landrecies,    F.    ..G  6 

Landres,    P L  9 

Landrethon,  F...C  3 
Landroff,  G.  ..Nil 
Lacdstuhl,  G....P  9 
Laneffe,  B.  .  .". .  .J  5 
La  Neuvelotte, 

F M12 

La  Neuville,  P..  .G  8 
La  Neuville.  F. .  .  G  9 
La  Neuville,  F. .  .  H  9 
La    Neuville-au- 

Pont,    F JIO 

La    Neuville    aux- 

Bois,    F Jll 

Lanfroicourt,     F.Mll 

Langatte,  G 012 

Lang«marck,  B..E  3 
Langemer,    P.    .  .NI4 

Languion,    F I-  9 

Lannoy,    F F  4 

Laon,    P G  8 

La  Paire,  F.  '.  ...N13 

La   Paix,   F G  8 

La  Pave,   F F  6 

La  Pere,  F F  8 

La  Pinte,  B G  3 

La  Plage,  F.  . . .  C  5 
La   Pommeraye, 

F     PS 

Lappion,     F G  8 

Laquenexy,  G.  ..MIO 
Larbroye,    P.     .  .  .E  8 

Laroche,    B L  6 

La  Romagne,  P.H  8 
La  Romainie,  P.. JIO 
La   Rue   St. 

Pierre,    F D  9 

La    Sars,    F E  6 

La  Selve,   F G  8 

Lassignv,  F.  .  . .  E  8 
La   Targette,    F..E  5 

Latour,    F LIO 

La  Tretoire,  F...F11 
Laucourt,    F.    . . .  E  8 

Launois,    F H  8 

Launois,    F 013 

Lautenbach,  G. . .  0 1 5 
Laut«nbach,  G...RI2 
Lautenbach-Zell, 

G OlS 

Lauterburg,  G...R11 
I.auterecken,  G.  .P  8 
Lauterfinger,  G..NI1 
Lautzkirhen,  G...O10 
Lavacherit,    B...K  6 

Laval,    P G  8 

Laval,    F H  7 

Laval,     F 710 

Lavannes,    F.     ..H  9 

Lavelinc,   F N14 

Laveline,   F 013 

Laventie,  F.  .  . .  E  4 
La   Vei'vc,    P.    ..HIO 

Lavieville,      F E    7 

>La  Ville.   F G  8 

La  Villedicu.  F.M15 
La  Voivre,  F....N13 

Laxou.    F M12 

Lay,    P M12 

Lebach,    G N  9 

Le  Boisle.  F.  .  .C  S 
Le  Breuil.  F.  ..Gil 
Le  Cateau.  F...G  6 
Le  Chatelet.  F...H  9 
Lechelle.  F.  ...E  6 
L'  Echelle,  P.  ..E  8 
Le  Chesne,  F.  .  .J  8 
Le  Clerins,  P.   .  .MIS 

Lecluse,    F F  5 

Le   Coq,    B F  1 

Le  Crotoy,  P.  . . .  C  6 
Ledeberg,    B.    . .  .G  2 


Leerne,     B G  2 

Leers,    B F  4 

Le    Fays,    F 712 

LefTincourt,  F. ...J  9 
Leffinghe,  B.  .  . .  E  2 
Le  Fraitcux.  P..  .013 
Le    Gault,    F.     ..Gil 

Ltglise,     13 K  7 

Le    Gris-Nes,     F.C  3 

Le  Ham,  F N15 

Le   Hourdel,    P..  .C  6 

Leimen,    G PIO 

Leintry,    F N12 

Leke,     B E  2 

LeUing,   G NIO 

Lemarche,  P.  .  .Lll 
Lcmbach,  G.  ...Pll 
Lemberg,  G.  ...Oil 
Le  Menil,  P.  ..M14 
Le  Menil,  F.  ...N15 
Le  Mesnil,  F.  ..Hll 
Le  Mesnil  Amelot, 

F ElO 

Lemmes,    F KIO 

Lemoncourt,  G..M11 
Lendetede,     B....F.3 

Lening,    G Nil 

Le  Nouvion,  F.    .G  6 

Lens,    F E  5 

Lenses  tfi-JDendrle, 

B G  4 

Le  Parcq,    F.    ...D  5 

Lepine,   F C  5 

L'  Epine,  F.  .  ..Hll 
Le    Plessis-Belle- 

ville,    F ElO 

Le  Porte,  P.  .  ..C  4 
Lepror-les-Valles, 

P H  7 

Lepuix,    F N15 

Le  Quesnoy,  F. .  G  5 
Le    Quesnoy,    P. .  G  6 

Le   Raincy,   F Ell 

Le  Retortat,  F...G12 

Lerouville,    F Kll 

Lerouville,  F.  ...Lll 
Les  Alleux,  F...J  8 
Les  Attaquts,  F.C  3 
Le  Sauley,  P.  .  .013 
Les    Bas    Rupt, 

F N14 

Les-Bitry,  F.  ...F  9 
Lesboeufs,  P.  .  .E  6 
Les  Bruyers,  B..G  5 
Les  Bulles,  B.  .  .  K  8 
Les    Cuves,     P...N14 

Lesdins,    F P  7 

Le   Sec,   F L  9 

Les  Eparges,  p.  .LIO 
Les  Etangs,  G...M10 
Les    Gdes.    I.eges. 

F HIO 

Les  Islettes.  F.  .JIO 
Lesmenlis.  P.  ..Mil 
Les  Ptes  Leges, 

F HIO 

Lesseux,    F 013 

iLessines,    B G  4 

I-essive,    B K  6 

Lestre,    F F  6 

Le  Thillot,  P.  .  .N15 
Le    Tholy,     F....N14 

Le  Thour,  F H   8 

Le  Thuel,  P.  .  .H  8 
Le  Transloy,  F..E  6 
Le  Tremblois,  F.J  7 
Leubringhen,     P.  .C  3 

Leury,     P P  9 

Leuze,    B G  4 

Leval.    F 0  6 

Le   Vald'    .\jol, 

P N15 

Le  Valtin.  F.  .  .NI4 
Levergles,  P.  .  .  F  7 
Levignen,     P.     .  .  ElO 

Ley,    G N12 

,  Leyr.     F Mil 

Leyviller,     G NIO 

Lezennes.     F F  4 

Lezey,    G N12 

Liancourt,  F.  .  . .  E  7 
I-iancourt,   F.    .  . .  E  9 

Liart,   F H  7 

Libermont,    F.    .  .F  8 

Libin,  B K  6 

Libramont,  B.  ..K  7 
Lichtenaii.  G.  .  ..R12 
Lichtervelde.  B..F  2 
T.iencourt.    P.     .  .D  5 

Liepvre.    G 013 

Lieques,    F C  3 

Lierd«,    B G  3 

Liemeux,    B.    . . .  L  5 

Lierval,    F G  9 

Liesse,     F G  8 

Liessiers.    P.    . . . H  6 

Lievin,    F E  5 

Ligne,  B G  4 

Ligny,    F E  4 

Ligny,    F E  6 

Ligny,    F F  6 

Ligny,    P K12 

Lihons.    F E  7 

Lille    P F  4 

Lillers.    F Tl  4 

Linselles,     p.     .  . .  F  4 

Linthes.    F Gil 

Liny,    F K  9 

Lironville,    p.    ...Lll 

Liry,    F 7  9 

Lisbourg,  F D  4 

7,isdorf.  G N  9 

risle-en-Barrois, 

F K'll 

T.i«5eweghe,  B..  .F  1 
Lissey,    P K  9 


Liverdun,    F.    . .  .Mil 

Livry,   P Ell 

Livry,    F HIO 

Lixheim,   G Oil 

Lixieres,    F L  9 

Lixing,     G NIO 

Lizerne,   B E  3 

Lizy,    F FIO 

Lobbes,   B H   5 

Lochingen,  G.  .  .012 
Locquignol,   F.   ..G  6 

Locre,    B E  3 

Loftre,    F F  5 

Loison,    F L  9 

Loisy,    P Jll 

Loisy,    F Mil 

Loivre,   F G  9 

Lombaertzyde,   B.E  2 

Lomme,     F E  4 

Lommer,  G M   9 

Lomprez,  B.  .  . .  K  6 
Longchamps.  B..L  6 
Longchanips,  F..F  7 
Longtville,     P..  .  K12 

Longeville,  G NIO 

Longlier,  B,  .  . .  K  7 
Longpont,     F.     .  .  F  9 

Longueau,    F D  7 

Longueval,  F.  ..E  6 
Longueville,  F...C  4 
Longvilly,     1*.     .  .L  6 

Longwe,     F J   9 

Longweau,    F,    ..D  7 

Longwy,    F L  8 

Lonny,    F ]   7 

Loo,    B E  3 

Loon-I'lage,    F. ..U  3 

Loos,     F E  5 

Loos,  F F  4 

Lootenhulle,    B...F  2 

Lophem,    B F  2 

Lor,    F H  8 

Lorch,    G P14 

Lorentzweller,  L.-M  8 
Lorenzen,    G.    ...Oil 

Lorry,     G MIO 

Losheim,   G N  8 

Louette  St.  Denis, 

B J  7 

Louette   St.    Pierre, 

B i  7 

Louppy,  F K  9 

Louppy,   F Kll 

Louvemont,    F  .  .  .  KIO 

Louvois,    F IIIO 

Louvrechy,     F. .  .  D  8 

Louvres,  F ElO 

Lubey,    F L  9 

Lucey,    P.    L12 

Lucheux,     F.     .  .  .  U  6 

Lucquy,    F 118 

Lucy,    G .Mil 

Ludes,    P mo 

Ludres,    F .M12 

I-umbres,   F D  4 

Lumes,    F J  7 

Luneville,   Iv    ....Ml 2 

Luppy,.    G .Mil 

Luttange,  G.  . .  .M  9 
Lutterbach,  G...01S 
Lutzelburg,  G...012 
Lutzelhausen,  G..012 
Lutzelstein,  G.  ..Oil 
Luxemburg,    L. .,M  8 

Luxeuil,    F MIS 

Luzarches,    P.    ..DIO 

Lys,    F P  4 

Mabompre,  B.  ..L  6 
Machault.  P.  ..H  9 
Machecourt,    P. ..G  8 

Macon,    B II  6 

Macquenoise,  B. .  H  6 
Madeleine,  P.  .  .F  4 
.Magneux,  F.  .  .  .G  9 
Magnicourt    en    ' 

Comte,   F D  5 

Magnieres,    F.    .  .N13 

Magny,  F F  7 

Magny,    F N16 

Mahlberg,  G.  ..P13 
Maignelay,   V.   .  .  .E  8 

Mailly,    P Mil 

Main  ore  sson.     F..H  8 

Maing,   F G  5 

Mainville.  F.  ...I.  9 
Maisoncelles,     F.  .Fll 

Maisons,    F Hll 

Maissin,    IJ K  7 

Maixe,   F M12 

Maizeray.  F LIO 

Maizey,  F Lll 

Maizieres,   G.   . .  .N12 

Maizy,    F G  9 

Malancourt,  F...K  9 
Maldegem,  B.  .  .F  2 
Malo-les-Bains, 

P D  2 

Malroy,    G MIO 

Malstatt,   G NIO 

Malvaux,    F.    ...N15 

Mamer,  L L  8 

Malzeville.    F.    .  .M12 

Mametz,    F E  6 

Mamey,     P Lll 

Manancourt,     P. .  E  6 

Mance,  F L  9 

Mandrag,  P.  ...014 
Manheulles,  F...Lin 
Manhoue.  G.  .  ..Mil 
Manicamp,  P.  .  . .  F  8 
Maninghem,  F. ..C  4 
Manoncourt,  P. ..Lll 
Manonvillers,    P..NI2 

Manre.    F 7  9 

Marainviller.  F..N12 
Marbache,  P.    ...Mil 


INDEX  OF  THE  WESTERN  FRONT 


Marbaix,  B H  S 

Marbehan,  B.  ..L  7 
Marchais,     F,     .  .G  8 

Marche,    B K  5 

Marchelep,  F.  .  .E  7 
Marchiennes,  F. .F  S 
MarciUy,     F.     ...ElO 

Marck,    F C  3 

Marckolslieim,  G.P14 
Marcoing,    F.    . . .  F  6 

Marcq,    F J.  9 

Manenne,  B K  5 

Marest,    F F  8 

Maretz,     F F  6 

Mareuil,    F E  8 

Mareuil,    F FIO 

Mareuil,    F Gil 

Mareuil,    F 1110 

Margival,  F F  9 

Margny,    F E  9 

Margut,   F K  8 

Manakerke,  B. ..E  2 
Maricourt,  F.  . . .  E  7 
Mariembojrg,  B..U  6 
Marieux,  F.  .  .  .D  6 
Marimont,  G.  ..Nil 
Markirch,    G.    ...013 

Marie,    F'.    G  7 

Marlemont,  F.  ..U  7 
Marlenheini,    G.  ..012 

Maries,     F E  5 

Maries,    F El  2 

Mariey,    F G   5 

Marloie,  B K  6 

Marly    la    Ville, 

F DIO 

Maroeuil,   F E  5 

Maroilles,  F-  ...G  6 
Maronvillers,  F.  .HIO 
Marquette,  F.    .  .  .  F  5 

Marquilles,  F E4 

Marquui,    B F  4 

Marquion,  F.  .  .F  6 
Marquise,  F.  ..^.C  3 
Marquivillers,    F..E  8 

Marre,    F KIO 

Marsal,    G Nil 

Mars-la-Tour,    F..L10 

Marson,    F JU 

Martelange,  B..  .L  7 
Marteville,    F.     .  .F  7 

Marthill,   G Nil 

MarviUe,   F K  9 

Masbourg,  B.  .  -K  6 
•Masniunster,     G..015 

Matigny,    F F  7 

Matougues,  F. ...Hll 
Maubert-Fontne, 

F H  7 

Maubeuge,  F.  .  .G  5 
Maubray,    B.    ...G  4 

Maucourt,    F K  9 

Maupertuis,  F. ..  Fll 
Maurmunster,  G.012 
Maussey,  G.  . . 
Max«nchamp,  F.  .N15 
Maxeville,  F.  ..M12 
May-eii-Multien, 

F ElO 

Mazee,    B J  6 

Mazerulles,  F.  .  .Mil 
Mazerullcs,     F...M12 

Meaulte,    P E  7 

Meaux,  F Ell 

Mecrin   Pont,    F.  .Lll 

M«deah,    F J  9 

Meetkerke,  B.  .  .r  2 
Mehancourt,  F..M12 
Meienheim,  G...015 
Meirelbeke,  B.    .  .G  3 

Meligny,    F K12 

Melissey,   F N15 

Melle,    B G  2 

Melles,    B G  4 

Mellier,     B L   7 

Melreux,    B K  S 

Menevillers,     F. ..E  8 

Menil,    F N13 

Menil,    F 013 

Menil    la    Horgne, 

F.     L12 

Menil   la   Tour, 

F LU 

Menil    Lepinos, 

F H  9 

Menin,    B F  3 

Mennessis,    F.    .  .F  8 

Merbes,   B H  5 

Mercatel,    F.    . . .  E   5 

Mercatel.    F E  6 

Merckem,  B.  . .  .E  3 
Mercy-le-bas,  F. .L  9 
Mercy-le^Hau,  F..I.  ") 
Mericourt,  F.  . . .  E  5 
Mericourt,   F.    .  . .  E  7 

Merle,    F K  9 

Merlemont,    B.    .  .J  6 

Merlimont,    F C  5 

Merris,    F E  4 

Mersch,  L M  7 

Merval,    F G  9 

Merville,    F E  4 

Merviller,   F N13 

Mery,     F E  8 

Merzalben,    G.    .  .PIO 

M«rzig,    G N  9 

Merzweiler    G. . . .  PI  1 

Mesnil,  F D  8 

Mesnil,    F E  6 

Messancy,  B.  ...L  8 
Messincourt,  F. .  .  K  8 

Messines,  B E   3 

Metrich,    G M  9 

Mettet,    B J  S 

Mettlach,  G N  9 

Mettnich,  G O  8 

Metz,    G MIO 


Metzeral,  G.  ...014 
Metzerwiese,  G..M  9 
Meulebeke,  B.  ,  .F  3 
Meurchin,  F.  . .  .E  5 
Meurcourt,  F.  ..M15 
Mezerelles,    F.    . .  D  6 

.Vlezieres,   F E  7 

Mezieres,    F.     .  . .  F   7 

Mezieres,    F }   7 

Mezieres.    G.    ...MIO 

Mezy,    F FID 

Middelkerke,     B..E  2 

Mielino,   F N15 

Milly,     F K  9 

Mimbach,  G.  ...OlO 
Minfield,  G.  .  ..RIO 
MinorviUe,  F.  .  ..LU 
Miraumont,  F.  ..E  6 
Mirecourt,    F.    ...Ml  3 

Mirwart,    B K  6 

Misery,    F E  7 

Missy,    F P  9 

Missy,    F G  8 

Mitry,    F Ell 

.Modelin,    F 11  9 

Moerbeke,  B.  .  ..G  2 
Moerbeke,    B.     .  .G  4 

Moere,   B E  2 

.\ioerkerke,  B.  ..F  2 
Moeuvres,  F.  .  .  F  6 
Mogneville,  F ....  J 1 1 
Aioiuville,    B.    . .  .K  5 

Mohon,     F )   ' 

Mohringan,     G...N10 

Moircy,     B K  6 

Moislains,    F ^  7 

Molhain,  F.  ■■■■}  6 
.Molsheim,  G.  ...012 
MoUkirch,  G.  ,.  ..012 
Mombronn,  G...C)11 
Moinignies,  B.  ..H  6 
Mommenheim,    G.Pll 

Monceau,  B K  7 

Monceau   Farm, 

F G  8 

Moncel,  F Mil 

Monchecourt,    F. .F  5 

Monchiet,    F E  5 

Monchiet,    F.    .  . .  E  6 

Monchy,    F E  6 

Monchy,    F F  7 

Mondelange,  G..M  9 
Mondement,  F. ..Gil 
Mondorf,    L.    ...M  8 

Mondorl,  V.   M  9 

Monneren,     G....N  9 

Mons,  B.    .. . G  5 

Mons-en-Pevele, 

F F  5 

Mont,    B L  6 

Mont,    P M12 

Montaigu  F G  8 

Montataire,  F.  .D  9 
Montbliart,  li.    ..H  6 

Montbre,   F HlO 

Mo'ntceoux.  F.  ..F12 
Montcetz,  F.  .  .  .1111 
Montcornet,  F. .  .  G  8 
Montdidier,  F...E8 
Montdore,  F.  ...M15 
Montenils,  F.  .  .  .Fll 
Montenoy,  F.  ...Mil 
.Montescourl,  F. .  F  8 
Montfaucon,  F...K  9 
Monthairons,  F.  .KIO 
Montherme,  F.  ■  -J  7 
Montliois,  F.  .  . .  J  9 
Monthyon,  P.... ElO 
Montigny,    F.     .  .E  8 

Montigny,    F F  .S 

Montigny,  F.  ...G  8 
Montigny,  P.  .  ..N12 
Montlognon,  F. ..ElO 
Montmedy,  F.  .  .K  8 
Montmirail,  P.  .  .Fll 
Montmort,  F.  .  .  .Gil 
Montoise,  G.  .  .  .MIO 
Montplonne,  F..'.K12 
Montrecourt,  F.  .G  6 
Montreuil,  F.  ...C  5 
Mont-.St.-Eloy.  F.E  5 
Mont-St.-Martin, 

F J  9 

Montsec,    F I.ll 

Moorslede,  B.   ...F  3 

Morains,    F Gil 

Moranville,    F....L10 

Morchies,  P E  6 

Morchingen.   G...N11 

Morency,  F H  7 

Moreuil,    P D  7 

Morey,  P Mil 

Morhet,  B.  ...:.L  7 
Morialme.  B.  ••J-S 
Morienval,  P.  .  . .  E  9 
Moriville,  F.  ...M13 
Morlancourt,     F. .E  7 

Morsain.    F P  9 

MorsKach,  G.  .  ..NIO 
Morsbronn,  G.  ..PlI 
Mortagne,   P.    ...NI3 

Mortiers,    F G  8 

Morval,     P E  6 

Morvilte,  G Mil 

Morville.   G Nil 

Mouaville,    F.     .  .LIO 

Mouchin,   F P  4 

Mouilly,    F LID 

Moulins,    F K  8 

Moulle,    F D  3 

Mt.  Notre  Dame, 

F G  9 

Mt.  St.  lean,  P..H  7 
Mt.   St.    Martin, 

Mt.  St!  Re'-ny,'  F.H  9 
Mouroux,  F FU 


Moururett   le 

Montoy,  P.  . . .  Jl  1 
Mouscron,  B.  ..F  4 
Mouveaux,    F.    . .  F  4 

Mouy,    F D  9 

Mouzarve,    B.     .  . .  J  7 

Mouzay,    F K  9 

Mouzon,    F K  8 

Moy,  F F  7 

Moyen,  F N13 

Moyenmoutier,  P.N13 
ivioyenneville,     F..E  6 

Moyenuic,  G Nil 

Moyeuvre,  G....M  9 
Muhlbach,  G.  ..014 
Muhlbach,    G.     ■  .V  9 

Muille,    F F  8 

Mulhausen,  G...015 
Mullheim,    G.    ...PIS 

Muno,    B K  7 

Munster,   G Nil 

Munster,   G 014 

MurviUe,   F L  9 

MuscQurt,    P.    .  ..G  9 

Mussey,   P KU 

-Musson,   B L  8 

Mutterliausen,  G.Oll 
Muttersholz,    G...P13 

Mutzig,    G 012 

Muzeray,   F L  9 

Nadrin,    B 1-6 

Naives,  F KU 

Nampeel,   F F  9 

Nampont    St.    .Mar- 
tin,    F C  5 

Nampteuil,    F.    . .  F  9 

Nancois,    F K12 

Nancy,  P M12 

Nanteuil,   F Ell 

Nanteuil,  F H  8 

Nanteuil    le 

Haudouin.  F.  ..ElO 
Nantillois,   F.    .  ..K  9 

Nassogne,    B K  6 

Nauroy,    F H  9 

Navarin,   F .JIG 

Nazareth.  B.  . .  .G  3 
Nederbrakel,  B.  .G  3 
Neiderbronn,  G..P11 
Nederzwalm,     B..G   3 

Nennig,    G MS 

Nesdigneul,     P. ..C  4 

Nesle,    F E  7 

Nesles,   F C  4 

Nettancourt,    P...I11 

Neubois,    G 013 

Neu  Hreisacli.  G.OI4 
Neuetrburg,  G....P15 
Neuf  Bertiuin,  F.E  4 
Neufchateau  R...K  7 
Neufchatel.    P. .  . .  G  9 

Neufchel,    G M  9 

Neu   Freistett,  G.R12 

Neuhof,    (; PI 2 

Neuilly,    F FIO 

Neuilly    en 

Thelle.    P DIO 

Neunkirchen,  G. .  O  9 
Neuve    Chapelle, 

F.     E  4 

Neuve  Eglise,  B. .E  4 
Neuve    Maison, 

P G  7 

Neuves     Maisons, 

F.    M12 

Neuville,    P C  5 

Neuville,    F E  5 

Neuville,    F F  4 

Neuville,    F F  7 

Neuvillette,  F.    .  .D  6 

Neuvilly,    F F  6 

Neuvilly,    F KIO 

Neuweiler,  G.    .  ..Oil 

Nevele.    B G  2 

Nicey,    P Kll 

Nied  Altdorf,  G..N  9 
Niederbruck.  G..015 
Nieder   Lauter- 

bach,    G Rll 

Nieder-Rodern, 

G PU 

Niekirchen,    G. .  .N  9 

Nieppe,     p E  4 

Niergnies.  F. .  .  .F  6 
Nieucappelle,    B..E  3 

Nieulay,   F C  3 

Nieuport,    B E  2 

!Niffen,    G 016 

Nimy,  B G  5 

Nives,  B E  7 

Nizv-Ie-comte.    F.H   8 

Nobressart,    B L  7 

Noerdange,    L. .  .  .  L  7 

Noeux,   F D  6 

Noeux,    P E  5 

Nogent,   F D  9 

Nogent,   F Fll 

Nohen,    G O  8 

Noirefontaine,    B.K  7 

Noirval,    F J  9 

Noisseville,  G.  .MIO 
Noisy-IeSec,     F..D11 

Nomain,    P F  5 

Nomeny,    F.     .  .  .Mil 

Nomexy,   P M13 

Nonnweiler,  G. ..N  8 
Noordpeene,  F. ..D  3 
Noordschote,  B.  .E  3 
Nopeant,  G.  ...MIO 
Nordausques,    F.  .D  3 

Noreuil,    F E6 

Norevil,     F E  6 

Normee,    F Hll 

Norrent  Pontes, 

F D  4 

Norrois,    F J12 

Norroy.     F L  9 


Notre    Dame    de 

Lorette,    F E  5 

Nouart,    F K  9 

Nouillon,   F L  9 

Nouveau  Brighton, 

F B  6 

Nouvion,    P.     . .  .C  6 

Nouvion,    F G  9 

.N'ouzon,    F .J   7 

Novclle,    F F  5 

Noville,    B L  6 

Novion-Porcien, 

F H  8 

Novy,  F H  8 

Noyelle,    P G  6 

Noyelles    sur    Mer, 

P.     0  6 

Noyelette,   P.    ..  .E  5 

Noyon,    F P  8 

Nubecourt,    F.    ..KIO 

Nuncq,    F D  5 

Nunkirchen,  G..N  9 
Nunschweiler, 

G OlO 

Nurlu,    P E  6 

Obenheim,  G.  ..PI 3 
Oberbronn,  G....P11 
Oberbruch.  G.  ..015 
Ober    Ehnheim, 

G 013 

Ob.    Harmersbach, 

G R13 

Oberhaslach,  G..()12 
Odjerhergheim,  G.015 
Oberkirch,  G....R12 
Ober    Rimsingen, 

G P   15 

Ober   Steinbach, 

G PIO 

Obervisse,  G.  ..NIC 
Occoches,  P.  ...D  6 
Ochamps,    B.    . .  .K  7 

Oderen,    G 015 

Ochtezeele,    P D  3 

Octringen,     L M  8 

Odeigne,    B L  5 

Oedelem,    B.     ...F  2 

Oeuilly,     F G  9 

Oeuilly,    P GIO 

Oeuvy,    F H12 

Offagne,    B K  7 

Offenburg,  G PI 3 

Offerbach,     G....P  8 

Offey,    P E  7 

Ogeviller.     F N12 

Ognes,     F P  8 

Ognolies,   F E  8 

Chain,    F H  6 

Oignies,     B J  6 

Oignies,   F F  5 

Oiry,  F HIO 

Oissery.   F ElO 

Oisy,    F F  5 

Old   Ft.,    B E  2 

Ollieres,    P L  9 

Ollignies,  B G  4 

Olizy,    F J  9 

Olloy,    B J  6 

Olsene,  B F  3 

Omicourt,  F J  8 

Omoiit,     P .J  8 

Onavonne.    P.    .  .G  9 

Onhaye,    B )  5 

Onnaing,  P.  .  .  .G  ."i 
Onville,    F.    ......LID 

Onvillers,  F E  8 

Oombergen,  B...G  3 
Oordegem,    B.    .  .G  3 

Oos,   5 Rll 

Oostacker,  B.  .  ..G  2 
Oostcamp,  B.  .  .F  2 
Oosterzeele,  B.  ..G  3 
Oostkerke,  B.  ..E  2 
Oostnieuwkerke, 

B F  3 

Oostroosebeke,  B.P  3 
Oostvleteren,  B..E  3 
Ophasselt,    B.     ..G  3 

Opont,   B K  7 

Oppenau,    G.    ...R13 

Oppy,   F E  5 

Orainville,   P.    ...G  9 

Orbais,    F Gil 

Orchies,     F P  5 

Orchimont,    B.     .  .J  7 

Orcq,    B P  4 

Orfeuil,  F J  9 

Orgeo,   B K  7 

Origny,    F G   7 

Ormeignie,    B.    ,.G  4 

Ormes,    F M13 

Ormiecourt,  P. .  .  E  7 
Or-Tiingen.  G.  ..Oil 
Ormoy  Villers,  F.EIO 

Ornel,    P I.  9 

Ornes,    F K  9 

Oron,    G Nil 

Orrouy,    F E  9 

Ors.    P G  6 

Orsinval,    F G  6 

Ortenburg,    G.    .  .R13 

Orval,    B K  8 

Ostal,   F G  9 

Ostend,     B E  2 

Ostheim,    G 014 

Ottendorf,    G MIO 

Ottenheim,  G....P13 
Ottenhofen,     G...R12 

Ottingen,     G L  9 

Ottmarsheim,  G..OI.'; 
Ottweiler,  G.  .  ..O  9 
Otzenhausen,    G. .  O  8 

Ouckene.   B P  3 

Oudecannelle,  B..K  2 
Oudenburg,  B..  .F  2 
Oudezeele,  F...  .E  3 
Ouire,  F G  8 


Oulchy,   F FIO 

Dutches,    F G  9 

Outrepont,  F.  .  .JU 
Overmcre,   B.    ...G  2 

Oye,   P D  3 

Ozerailles,    F.     ..LIO 

Ozoir,    P Ell 

Pagnies,    B H  5 

Pagny,    P LU 

Pagny,  G MU 

Pafham,   F H  8 

Paliseul,    B K  7 

Palluel,  F F  5 

Pange,    G MIO 

Pannes.  F Lll 

Pareid,   F LIO 

Pargny,    F E  7 

Pargny,     P G  8 

Pargny,  F JU 

Paricke,    B G  3 

Paris,    P DU 

Paris   Plage,    F...C  4 

Paroche,  F Kll 

Parois,    F KIO 

Parroy,  F N12 

Partondrv,    P.     ..G  8 

Parux,    F N12 

Pas,    F D  6 

Passavant,  P.  .  ..KIO 
Passchendaele,    B.F  3 

Passel,    F E  8 

Patignies,  B.  ...  .J  6 
Paturages,    B.     .  .G  5 

Pauvres,     F J  9 

Pecquencourt,     F.F  5 

Peissant,  B IH  5 

Peltre,  G MIO 

Pelves,   F E  5 

Penchard,    P.    ...EU 

Penin,    F D  5 

Perenchies,    F.    .  .  F  4 

Perl,  G M  9 

Perle,   L L  7 

Pernant,  P P  9 

Femes,  F D  5 

Peronne,    P E  7 

Peronnes,  B P  4 

Perthes,    P H  9 

Perthes,    P JIO 

Peruwelz,    B.    ...G  5 

Peruyse,  B E  2 

Pesche,    B H  6 

Petersbach,  G...OU 
Petitmont,  P.  .  .012 
Pet.  Mourmelon, 

F HIO 

Pettingen,  L.  .  . .  L  8 
PeuvilTers,    P.     ..K  9 

Pevy,     P.     G  9 

Pexonne,  P.  . .  .N13 
Pczarches,  P.  ..P12 
Pezonville,  G.  ..MIO 
Pfaffenheim,  G...015 
Pfalzburg,  G.  ..on 
Pfarebersweiler, 

G NIO 

Phalempin.  P.  ...P  4 
Philippeville,     B..J  6 

Phlin,  F MU 

Pierrefitte,  P....  Kll 
Pierrefonds,  P...F  9 
Pierre  Levee.  P..  Fll 
Pierrepont,  F. .  .  .  E  8 
Pierrepont,  P.  . .  G  8 
Pierrepont,  P.  .  .L  9 
Piesnoist,  P.  .  .H  9 
Pignicourt,   P.    .  .H  9 

Pilhem,     F D  4 

Pillon,    F L  9 

Pimprez,    F E  8 

Pinon,  F F  9 

Pintheville,    P LIO 

Pirmasens,    G.     ..PIO 

Pisdorf,    G Oil 

Pitthem,    B F  3 

Plaine,   G 013 

Plainlaing,  P.  ..N14 
Plancher,  P.  ...N16 
Plasschendaele, 

B P  2 

Plateau    de   Tallies, 

B L  6 

Platsheim.   G.    ...PI3 

Pleurs,    F GI2 

Plivot,    F HIO 

Ploegsfeert,  B E  4 

Plombieres,     P...N1S 

Ployart,     F 0  9 

Poelcappelle,   B..  .P  3 

Poeuilly,    F F  7 

Pogny,    F JU 

Poilcourt,    p.    .  . .  H  9 

Poilly,    P.     GIO 

Poincy.    P Ell 

Poix,    B K  6 

Poix,  P G   6 

Poix.    F J  8 

Pollinchove.     B...E  3 

Pomade,  F H   9 

Pommier,    F.     .  . .  E  6 

Pompey,   P MU 

Pondrome,    B.    ..K  6 

Pont,  P. L  9 

Pont-a-Marcq.  F..F  S 
Pont  a  Mousson, 

P LU 

Pont-Arcy,  P.  .  .G  9 
Pontarme.  P.  ..ElO 
Pont-a-Vendin.  F.E  .S 
Pont  Faverger,  F.H  9 
Pont  Novelles.  F.P  7 

Pontoy,  G MIO 

Pont  Pierre.  L..  .M  8 
Pont    St.    Mard, 

F.     F  9 

Port    Ste. 

Maxence,   F.    .  ,E  9 


Pont   sur   Sambre, 

F G  6 

Pt.  Xivry,  P...L  9 
Poperinghe,     B. . .  E  3 

Portieux,  F MI 3 

Possesse,    ¥ JU 

Poucquesi    B F  2 

Pouilly,    F K  8 

Pourcy,    F GIO 

Pozieres,    F E  6 

Prag,    G R15 

Preseau,  F.    G  5 

Presles,     P G  8 

Preutin,    F L  9 

Pringy,    F Hll 

Pronviile,    P.     ...P  6 

Prosnes,  P HIO 

Provais,   P G  '9 

Proven,    B E  3 

Provencheres,    F..013 

Prouvy,    F F  5 

Proville,    F F  6 

Provin,    F E  5 

Proyart,    P.     E  7 

Prunay,   F HIO 

Prusle,    F E  7 

Puisieux,     F.     .  ..E  6 

Puisieux,    F EIO 

Pulnoy,    F M12 

Pulvershei^^,     G..015 

Punchy,    P E  7 

Pusseniange,  P.. .J  7 
Puttelingen,    G. . .  M  9 

Puttlingen,    G NIO 

Puxieux,    F LIO 

Quarouble.  F.  ..G  5 
Quartier,  F.  . .  .G  8 
Quatre  Champs, 

F J  9 

Queant,    F E  6 

Quend    le    Jeune, 

P C   5 

Quenneviere 

Farm,    F F  9 

Quers,   F M16 

Quesnoy,   F F  4 

Quesny,    F F  8 

?uevaucamps,    B.G  4 

)uiery,    F E  5 

)uievrain,    B.    .  .G  5 

juievy,    F F  6 

milen,    P.     ......0  4 

iuilly,    P .J   9 

Suinibach,  G.  ..0  9 
Rablingen,    G.     .  .  QU 

Raches,    F P  5 

Raddon,  P N15 

Radinghem.  F. ...D  4 
Raillencourt,    P. .  .P  6 

Raillicourt,     F J  8 

Raismes,  F.  .  .  .F  5 
Rambervillers.  "  F.N  13 

Rambruch,     I L  7 

Rambucourt,  P...LU 
Ramecourt,  F.  ...E  7 
Ramecourt,   P.    .  .G  8 

RamiUes,    F F  6 

■Raiioncha'"DS.  F.N'I.S 
Ramscappelle,  B..E  2 

Ramstein,    G P  9 

Ramupt,    G 013 

Ranee,    B «  6 

Rancourt,  F E  6 

Rancourt,    F JU 

Rangeval,  F Lll 

Ranguevaux,    G.  .M  9 

Ranaart,    F E  6 

Ranweiler,     G....01I 

Raon.    P 012 

Kaon  I'Etape,  F.NU 
Rappoltsweiler, 

G.    014 

Raray,    F R  9 

R'asey,  F M14 

Rastatt,    G RU 

Raucourt,   F J  8 

Raucourt,  P.  ..MU 
Raulecourt,  P.  ..LU 
Ravenel,  F.   .....E  8 

Raves,     F 013 

Raville,  F N12 

K*ais,   P PI  I 

Rechicourt,  G.  ..N12 
Rechingen,  L.  ...M  8 
Rechtenberg,    G.  .PIO 

Recogne,  B K  7 

Recovirt,    F F  5 

Recourt,  F KIO 

Redange,   L L  7 

Redingen,  F L  8 

Redu,  B K  6 

Regnauville,  P...D  .'! 
Rcgnieville,  F...LU 
Rehainviller,   P..  .N12 

Rchon,     F L  8 

Reichlange,    L L  7 

Reichshafen,  G..P1I 
Keidscheid,  G...O  8 
Reiselweiler.  G...PIO 
Remagne,  B.  .  .  .K  6 
Remaucourt,  P. ..H  8 

Remelfing,     G OlO 

Remich,    L M  8 

■Remillv,     P J  8 

Remilly,  G MU 

Reming,    G N12 

Rcmirecourt,  F..D  9 
Remiremont,  P.  .N14 
Remomeix,   F.    ..013 

Remy,    F E  5 

Remy,    F E  9 

Renaix,  B G  4 

Reringhelst,     B..E  3 

Renland,   L M  7 

Renlies,   B H  6 

Renneval,    F H  7 

Renneville,    F.    .  .H  8 


Renwez,    F.     ....37 

Ressons,     F..- E  8 

K'esteigne,    B.     ..K  6 

Rethel,    P H  8 

Rethondes,    P.    ..E  9 

Reuves,     F GU 

Kevigny,    F JU 

Revm,    F J   7 

Kexpoede,   F.    .  . .  L)  3 

Rheims,     F GIO 

Rheinau,  G P13 

Rheinweiler,  G...P16 
Ribecourt,  P.  ...E  9 
Ribecourt,  P.  .  .F  6 
Ribemont,  F.  .  .G  7 
Richardmenil.  F.MI2 
Richebourg,     P.  ..E4 

Richect,     P Lll 

K'ieding,  G OI2 

Riedselz,    G PU 

Riegel,   G.    ., P14 

Riencourt,    F E  6 

(Rienne,     B J  6 

Rieulay,   P F  5 

Rieux,    F D  9 

Rilly,    F HIO 

Rimbach,  G Ol5 

Rimognci  F.  . . .  H  7 
Rimsourg,  G.  ..O  8 
RinnthaL    G.     ...PIO 

Ripont,    F JIO 

Riviere,    F £5 

Rixheim,    G 015 

Robechies,  B.  ...H  6 

K'Obecq,    p E  4 

Robelmont,  B.  .  .L  8 
Robert  Espgne,  P.  JU 

Roche,    P .J  9 

Rochefort,  B.  ..K  6 
Rochehaut,  B.  ..K  7 
Rochesson,  F.  ..NI4 
Roclincourt,    P...E  S 

Rocourt,    P FIO 

Rocroy,    F .77 

Rodalben,  G.  ...PIO 
Rodemachern,  G..M   9 

Roden,  G N  9 

Roedersheim,  G.  OlS 
Roellecourt,    F...D  5 

Roeux,    F E  5 

R'ogecourt,  P.  ..F  8 
Rohrbach,  G.  ...O  9 
Rohrbach,  G.  ..OlO 
Roiglise,     F.     ...E  8 

Roisel,    F F  7 

Roizy,     F H  9 

RoUeghem- 

cappelle,  B.   . . .  F  3 

Roly.     B .J  6 

Roniagne,  P K  9 

Romam,    F G  9 

Romansweiler,    G.OI2 

Rombas,   G M  9 

Rombas,    G MIO 

Romont,    P NI3 

Ronchamp,  F.  .  .N16 
Roncourt,  G.    ...MIO 

Roncq,     F P  3 

Ronvaux,  F LIO 

Rood,  L L  7 

Roost- Warendin, 

F  F  S 

"Rop'pew  iiltn,  G. !  P 1 0 
Rorbach.    G.     ...Nil 

Rosay,    P JU 

Roschwoog,    G...R11 

Rosee,     B J  5 

Rosendael,  P.  .  .D  2 
Rosenweiler.  G..013 
Rosheim,    G.    ...013 

Rosieres,    F Kll 

iRosieres,  F MI2 

Rosieres-en- 

Santerre,   P.    .  .E  7 

Rosnay,     F G  9 

■Rossart,    B K  7 

Rothau,   G OI3 

Rothbach,  G.    ...OH 

Roubaix,    P F  4 

Roucourt,  B.  . .  .G  4 
Roucourt,    P.    . . .  P  5 

Rouffy,    F Hll 

Rougemqnt,  P.  ..016 
Rouges  Eaux,   F.NI.l 

Roulers,    B F  3 

Roupy,    P F  7 

Rousbrugge,    B. ..E  3 

Rouvres,    P LIO 

Rouvrois,    P JIO 

Rouvrois,-   P.     .  . .  L  9 

Rouvrol,    F KU 

Rouvroy,   F H  7 

Rovanmeix.     F....'L11 

Roville.     P N13 

Roy,   B K  6 

Roye.     F E  8 

Rozelieures.    F...M13 

Rozieres,    P LU 

Rozoy-sur-Serre, 

P H  8 

Riibempre,  P.  .  .D  6 
Ruddervoorde,     B.F  2 

Rudlin.  F 014 

Rue.    P C  5 

Fuffach.    G OlS 

Ruisseauville,    F.D  5 

Ruitz.    F E  5 

.•RMlles,   B L  8 

RuUy,    P ElO 

Rumaucourt,  P.  .F  5 
Rumaucourt.  P.  .F  6 
Rumbeke,  B.  .  .  F  3 
Runiegies.  F.  ..PS 
Riimersheim,  G...015 

Rumes.     B F  4 

Rnmieny,  F H  7 

Rumillies,  B.   ...   F  4 


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]lauia.uDd'i  8  x  11  Map  ut  Balkan  Btalea 
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INDEX  OF  THE  WESTERN  FRONT 


Rumilly,    F D  4 

Rumont,    F KU 

Rupt,   F.    Kll 

Rupt,   F N15 

Russ,  G 012 

Ruysselede,  B.    .  .F  2 

Saales,  G 013 

Saaralben,  G.  ...Oil 
Saarbrucken,  G..N1() 
Saarburg,  G.  ••■•N  8 

Saarburg,    G N12 

Saargemund,  G...O10 
Saarlouis,  G.  ...N  9 
Saar  Union,  G...011 
Saarwelliiigen.  (j.N  " 
Saasenhtim,  G.   .  .Pl't 

Sablon,   G MIO 

Sablonmercs,  F...l;ll 

Sachy,   F K8 

Sacy,  F OlO 

SaiUy,  F E  4 

Saniy,    F E  5 

Sailly,    F E  6 

Sailly,    F F  4 

Sailly,    F 1;  5 

Sains,    F D  7 

Sains,    F F  6 

Sains,    F H  6 

Sains-Richmont, 

p        G  / 

St.  Agnont,  F...L11 
St.  Amand,  F. .  .U  6 
St.  Amand,  F..  .E  6 
St.  Amand,  F-.-F  = 
St.  Amand,  F\ . .  F  7 
St.  Amand,  F--J1; 
St.   Amarin,   G..  .U15 

St.    Ame,    F NH 

St.  Andre,  B.  ..F  2 
St.  Andre,  F....F  4 
St.  Arnaul,  G...N10 
St.  Aubert,  F. .  . .  F  5 
St.  Aubin,  F.  ..F  8 
St.  Aubin,  F.  ■  ■'^]2 
St.  Avoid,  G.  .  .NIO 
St.  Aybert,  F.  .  .G  5 
St.  Baussant,  F..L11 
St.  Benoit,  F...L11 
St.  Benoit,  F.  .  .N13 
St.  Blaise,  G....013 
St.  Blaisieu,  G...P15 
St.    Bresson     F..  .N15 

St.    Brice,    F H  9 

St«.     Cecile,     B..K  7 

St.    Christ,    F E  7 

St.  Clement.  F...\12 
St.   Crepin,    F.    .  .E  9 

St.    Croix,    B F  2 

St.   Demis,    F.    .  .Dll 

St.    Die,    F N1.1 

St.   Eloi,   B E  3 

St.  Erme,  F.  .  .G  8 
St.  Etienne,  F. .  .N14 
St.    Etienne 

Blesmes,  F  . .  .Jll 
St.   Etienne   an 

Temple,  F.  ...HIO 
St.  Ettienne,  F..  .H  9 
St.  Folquin,  F...D  3 
St.  Gabain,  F.  ..F  8 
St.  Genest,  F....N13 
St.  tienevieve,  F.Mll 
St.  Georgen,  G..P14 
St.  Georges,  B. .  .  E  2 
St.  Gerard,  B.  ..J  S 
St.  Germain,  F..  .N16 
St.  Germainmont, 

F F  8 

St.  Gibrien,  F...H11 
St.  Ghislain,  B...G  5 
St.  Gilles,  F.  ..G  9 
St.  Helene,  F.  .  .N13 
St.  Hilaire,  P...D  4 
St.  Hilaire,  F...H  9 
St.  Hilaire,  F...LIO 
St.   Hilaire   au 

Temple,  F.  ..HIO 
St.  Hubert,  B...K  6 
St.  Imoges,  F.  .  .GIO 
St.  Ingbert,  G.  .  .O  9 
St.    Jean,    B.     .  ..E  3 

St.    Jean,    F Jll 

St.    lean,    F.    ...M12 

St.  Jean,  "G Oil 

St.    Johann 

Brebach.    G.    ..OlO 

St.   Tulien.  B E  3 

St.  Julien,  F.  ..LIO 
St.  Tulien,  F  .  .Lll 
St.   jure,    G.     ..Mil 

St.    fust,   F D  8 

St.  Juvin,  F.  ...J  9 
St.  Kreuz,  G...013 
St.  Kreuz,  G...014 
St.  Laurent,  B. .  .  G  2 
St.  Laurent,  F.  . .  E  5 
St.  Laurent,  F.  .  .L  9 
St.  Laurent,  P  .  .M14 
St.  Leger,  B.  .  L  8 
St.  Leger,  F.  .  .  .  E  6 
St.  Leonard.  F. .  .HIO 
St.  Leonard,  F...OI4 

St.    Leu.    F DIO 

St.  Louis,  G.  ..012 
St.  Loup,  F.  . . .  H  9 
St.  Loup.  F.  ...MIS 
St.   Marcel,  F.    .  .LIO 

St.  Mard,  F Jll 

St.   Marguerite, 

F 013 

Ste.  Marie,  B..  .K  7 
Ste.  Marie,  F...J  9 
.St.  Marie.  G....M10 
St.  Martin,  F....H11 
St.    Martin 

1'Hcureux,  F...H  9 
St.    Masmes,    P..H  9 


St.  Maurice,  F..N15 
St.  Medard,  B...K  7 
St.  Medard,  F..  .E  8 
St.  Menehould,  F..J10 
St.  .Mici.el,  F..  ..H  7 
St.    -Michel,    F.    ...\13 

St.  Miiiiel,  F Lll 

St.    Morel,    F.     .  .J  9  . 
St.    Nabord,    F..  .N14 
St.  Nicolas,  F.    ..E  S 
St.    Nicolas   du 

Port.  F M12 

St.  Omer,  F.  .  .D  4 
St.  Pierre,  F.  . . .  F  9 
St.  Pierre,  F.  .  .G  7 
St.  Pierre,  F.  ..H  9 
St.  Pierre,  F.  ..HU 
St.  Pierre,  F.  .  .'L  9 
St.  Pierre-Aigle, 

F F  9 

St.   Pierre-Brouck, 

F D  3 

St.    Pierre 

Cappelle,   B.    . .  E  2 

St.    Pilt,    G 014 

St.   Pol,   F D  2 

St.   Pol,  F D  5 

Ste.  Preuve  F.  .  .G  8 
St.   Privat,  G.    ..MIO 

St.    Prix,   F Gil 

St.  Python,  P.  .  .G  6 
St.  Quentin,  P..  .F  7 
St.  Quentin,  P..  .H  8 
St.   Quentin  en 

Tourmont,  P..  .B  5 
St.  Quirin,  G.  ..012 
St.  Remey,   F.    .  .N13 

St.  Remy,  F G  6 

St.  Remy,   F H  9 

St.  Remy,  F JIO 

St.   Remy,   F LIO 

St.    Remy,   G MIO 

St.  Remy  Blanzy, 

F FID 

St.  Saulve,  P.  .  .G  5 
St.  Sauveur,  P...M15 

St.  Simon,  F F  7 

St.  Souplet,  P.... HIO 
St.  Soupplets,  F.EIO 
St.  Sulpice,  F...P  7 
St.    Thomas,    F...J10 

St.  Vaast,  F F  6 

St.    Vaast,    F F  9 

St.   Valery   sur 

Somme,  P.  .  .C  6 
St.  Vaujtfbourg, 

P J  9 

St.  Venant.  F...E  4 
St.  Waast,  F.  ...G  5 
St.  Wendel,  G....O  9 
Sallaumines,    P.     E  5 

Salm,     G 013 

Salome,    F E  4 

Samer,     F C  4 

Samghin,  F.  . . .  E  4 
Samogneux,     P. ..K  9 

Samoussy,    F G  8 

Sampigny,   P.    ...Kll 

Saniree,   B L  6 

Sancourt,    P.     ..  .F  7 

Sand,    G O  9 

Sangatte,    P.     ...C  3 

Sante.    F E  4 

Sapigneul,  P.  .  .G  9 
Sapogne^     P.      .  .  .J  8 

Sapogne.    F K  8 

Sarcy.     F GIO 

Sarladinge,    B.    .  .G  3 

Sart,    B J  6 

Sartiach,    G P14 

Sasbach,    G R12 

Sassey,     F K  9 

Sauchy,     F P  6 

Saul,  L L  8 

Saulces,  F H  8 

Saulces,    F H  9 

Saulcourt,  P.  . . .  F  6 
Saulmory,  F.  .  .K  9 
Saulnes,  F.  ..L  8 
Saultain,  F.  .  ..G  ."i 
Sault-Iz.  Rethel, 

F H  9 

Saulxures,  P.  ..N15 
Saulzoir,  F.  ...PS 
Sauville,    F.     ...  J  8 

Saux,   F K12 

Savigny,   F J  9 

Savy,    F    E  S 

Sceaux,    P D12 

Schallstadt,  G...P1S 
Schifflingen,  L. .  .L  8 
Schiffweiler,     G..()  « 

Schiltighm,    G P12 

Schirmeck,  G....013 
Schlachtenhaus, 

G P16 

Schlettstadt,    G...P13 

Schliengen,    G PIS 

SchiTCrlach.    G...014 

Schnctt,    G OlO 

Schonau,    G PIS 

Schonenberg,  G.  .Pll 
Schoorbakke,    B..E  2 

Schopp,    G P  9 

Schorbach.  G.  ,  .010 
Schuyfferscappelle, 

B F  2 

Schwarzenackc,-, 

G O  9 

Schwejghof,  G...P15 
Schweigshau5"cu, 

G Pit 

Seboncourt,  P.  .  .P  7 
Sechault,     F.     ...  J  9 

Sedan,     F.     .• t  8 

Seefelden,    G.    ...P15 


Seicheprey,   P.    ..Lll 

Selbach,    G O  8 

Seloignes,   B.    . . .  H   6 

Selz,    G Rl  1 

Selzaete,    B G  2 

Semide,     F 19 

Semilly,    F G  8 

Semoine,  F H12 

Semouse,  P M15 

Semousies,  F.  .  .G  6 
Sempigny,   F.    ...E  8 

Semuy,    F .J  9 

Senlis,    F E  6 

Senlis,    F ElO 

Senon,  F L  9 

Senones,  .F 013 

Senonville,  P.   ...Lll 

Sentheim,    G 015 

Senuc,    F J  9 

Septmonts,  F.  ...F  9 
Septsarges,  F.  .  .K  9 
Seraincourt,    F. ..H  8 

Sermaizt.    F Jll 

Sermiers,    F    ....GIO 

Serre,    F    E  6 

Serrig,    G    N  8 

Servais,     F F  8 

Servance,  F N15 

Servigny,  G NIO 

Servon,   F JIO 

Sery,    F H  8 

Serzy,    F G  9 

Seuil,    P H  9 

Sevigny,    F 11   8 

Sevran,    F Ell 

Sewen,    G N 15 

Sey,   G -MIO 

Sezanne,    P t»12 

Shelles,     F F  9 

Sibiville,    F D  S 

Sibret,    B L  7 

Sicrck,    G M   9 

Signy  I'Abbaye, 

P H  8 

Signy  le  Petit, 

F H  7 

Signy  Signets,  P.Fil 
Silenrieux.     B..,.H  6 

Sillegny,   G Mil 

Sillery,     F HlO 

Silly,    G MIO 

Silly,   G Mil 

Silly  la  Poterie, 

P FIO 

Silmont,    F Kll 

Simonswald,    G.  ..R14 

Sin,    P F   5 

Singrist,    G 012 

Sinsin,     B K   5 

Sinzheim,    G.    .  .  .Rll 

Sirault,     B G  4 

Sissonne,   F G  8 

Sivry,    B H  6 

Sivry,     F .J  9 

Sivry.    F K  9 

Sivry,    P.    Mil 

Sleydinge,    B.     .  .G  2 

Slype,    B E  2 

Snaeskerke,  B.   .  .E   2 

Socourt.    P M13 

Soex,    F D  3 

Sohier,     B J  6 

Soissons,    F F  9 

Soizy,    P Gil 

Solente,   F E  8 

Solesmes,   F F  6 

Solesmes,  F G  6 

Sologne.    G Mil 

Solre,    P.     H  6 

Somain,    F F  5 

Sombrin,  P.  .  ..D  5 
Sombrin,  F.  .  ..D  6 
Somergem,  B.  .  .G  2 
Sommauthe,  P.  ..J  8 
Somme-Blonne.  F.TIO 
Sommedteue,  F.  ..KIO 
Sommeilles.  F.  ..Kll 
Sommepy,  P.  ...H  9 
Sommerance,  P. .  K  9 
Sommerviller.  F.^^2 
Sommesous,  F.  ..Hll 
Somme-. Suippes, 

F JIO 

Somme-Tourbe,  F.lln 
Somme- Yevre.  P..  Til 
Sommiere,    B.    .  . .  T  5 

Sompuis,   P ftl2 

Somzee,    B H  5 

Son,    F H  8 

Sondernach,    G...OI5 

Songy,    P Hll 

Sons,    F G  7 

Soppe,   G 01« 

Sorbey,    G MIO 

Sorcy,    F."    L12 

Sore!.    F P  6 

Sorneville,  F.  ...M12 
Sottegem.     B.     .  .G  3 

Sotzweilcr.    G O  9 

Souain,    F HIO 

Souchez,    F E  5 

Soude  N.  D.,  P..  HI  I 
Soude    Ste.    Cry, 

F  T71 1 

Soudron.  " P. !  !!!!hi1 

Souilly,  P KIO 

Soulanges,  F.  .  .  .Jll 
Soultzbach,  G..  ..014 
Soultzmatt.     G...015 

Soumoy,    B H  6 

Soupir,    F G  9 

Spada,    F Lll 

Spiesen,     G.     .  ..O  9 

.S^iincourt.     F L  9 

Staden,    B FT  3 

Staple,    F D  3 

Staufen,    G PIS 


Stave,    B J  S 

Stavele,  B E  3 

Steenbrugge,  B. . .  P  2 

Steene,   B E  2 

Steene,    F l^   3 

Steenstraate,  B..E  3 
Stetnvoorde,    F. . .  E  3 

StclKC,    u 01.3 

Steinach,   G K13 

Steinalben,  G.  .  .P  9 
Steinbach,  G....()15 
Steinbach,  G.  ...R12 
Steuiburg,  G.  .  .Oil 
Steinfeld,     G.      .  .RIO 

Steinfort,   L L  8 

Stcnay,  F K  8 

Stollhofen,    G.    ..Rll 

Stonne,     F J   8 

Slosswihr,  G.  ..Ol4 
Straimont,  B.  .  .K  7 
Strassburg,  G.  .  ..P12 

Strazelle,   p E  4 

Stuckange.  G.  .  .M  9 
Sturzelbronn,  G.PIO 
Sufflenheim,    G...P11 

Sultgen,    G M   9 

Sugny,    B J  7 

Sugny,    F J   9 

Suippes,  F .JIO 

Sulz,  G 015 

Sulz,  G Pll 

SulzbaCh,  G O  9 

Sulzbad.    G 012 

Sulzburg,  G PIS 

Sulzeren,  G 014 

Surburg,  G Pll 

Suxy,    B K  7 

Sweveghem,     B...F   3 

Sysseele,    B P  2 

1  agnon,    F H  9 

Tahure,   F JIO 

Taillefontaine,  F..F  9 

Taintrux,   F N13 

Talma,    F J  9 

Tannay,  F .J  8 

Tannois,  P K12 

Tarcienne,  B.   ...H  S 

Tartiers,    F F  9 

Tavaux,     F G  7 

Tavigny,    B L  6 

Tellancourt,  F.  ..L  8 
Templeuve,  B. . . .  F  4 
Templeuve  en 

Pevele,    F F  4 

Tenneyille,    B.    .  .K  6 

Tergnier,    p F  8 

Termes,    B,    K  8 

Ternuay.   F NIS 

Terny,  F F  9 

Terriere,    P G  5 

Tcrtry,    P F  7 

Teterchen,  G.   .  ..NIO 

Tetingen,  G NIO 

Thailer,    G N  8 

Thann,  G 015 

Thanweiler,  G.   ..013 

Thaon,  F M14 

Theley,    G O  9 

Thelus,  P E  S 

Thenorgues,  P.  .  .J  9 
Therouanne,    P. ..D  4 

Thezey,   F Mil 

Thiant,   P PS 

Thiaucourt,   P.    ..Lll 

Thibie,  F Hll 

Thieblemont,  P...J12 
Thiefosse,     F.     ..NIS 

Thielt,    B F  3 

Thiengen,     G P14 

Thiennes,  P.  .  ..E  4 
Thiescourt,    F....E  8 

Thil.   P G  9 

Thillot,    F LIO 

Thillois,    F G  9 

Thin-le-Moutier, 

F J  8 

Thimonville,  G..  .Mil 
Thionville,  G.  ..M  9 
Thirimont.  B.  .  ..H  S 

Tholey,    G O  9 

Thonne    le    Thil, 

K  K   R 

Thourotte,'F.". '.'.E  9 
Thourout,    B.    .  . .  F  2 

Thuilles.   B H    5 

Thuin,    B H  5 

Thuisy,  F HIO 

Thury  en  Valois, 

F FIO 

Thynes,  J? .J   5 

Tillct.    B L  6 

Tilloloy,    F E  8 

Tilloy,    P E  5 

Tilloy-Bellay,  F.  ..JIO 

Tilly,    F KIO 

Tincourt,    F F  7 

Tincry,    G Mil 

Tinques,   F D  5 

Tintange,    B.     .  ..L  7 

Titisee,    G P15 

Toges,    F J  9 

Tontenoy,  F F  9 

Torcy.    F FIO 

Touquet,  F C  4 

Tortequenne,  F. . .  F  5 

Tollfflers,    P F  4 

Toul,    F L12 

Toulis.   F G  8 

Tournav,  B F  4 

Tournes,   F .J  7 

Tourpies.    B G  4 

Tourteron,  F.  .  ..J  8 
Toutonville,    F...M13 

Tracy,    P E  9 

Tramerv,   F GIO 

Trancbiennes,  B..G  2 
Transinne,   B.    .  ..K  6 


Trassem,    G N  8 

Trelon,    F H  6 

Treloup,    F GIO 

Tremblecourt,  F. .Lll 
Tremborn,  G.  ..NIO 
Triancourt,  F.  ...Jll 
Triconville,     P....Kil 

Trieux,    F L  9 

Trilport,    F Ell 

Trmtingen,  L.  .M  8 
Trittleinge,    G....N10 

Trondes,    F,    L12 

Tronville,  F.  ...K12 
Tronville,    F.     ...LIO 

Trosly,    F F  8 

Troussey,    F.     ...L12 

Troyon,    F G  9 

Troyon,    F KIO 

Truchtersheim,   G.P12 

Trulben,   G PIO 

Turcoing,    F P  4 

Turkheim,  G.    ...014 

Uckingen,    G M  9 

Uekinger,   G.    ...M  9 

Uffholz,    G 015 

Ugny,    P F  7 

Ulmet,   G O  8 

Unterthal,    G.    .  ..R12 

Urbes,    G NIS 

Urmatt,   G 012 

Ursel    B    F  2 

Utzenfeld,   G.    ...PIS 

Vacon,   F L12 

Vacray,    P Jll 

Vagney,   P N14 

Valenciennes,    P.  .G  5 

Valhey,    F M12 

Valhuen,    F D  S 

Valmy,   F JIO 

Vance,   B L  S 

Vandieres,    F Lil 

Vandoeuvre,    F...M12 

Vandy,    P J  9 

Vannecourt,    G...N11 

Varennes,    P JIO 

Varneville,    P.... Lll 

Varney,   F Kll 

Varreddes,    P ElO 

Varssenaere,  B...F  2 
Varvinay,    F.     ...Lll 

Vassens,    F F  9 

Vatry,    F Hll 

Vaubecourt,   P..  ..Kll 

Vaucelles,   P F  6 

Vauchamps.  P.. ..Gil 

Vauclerc,    F J12 

Vauday,   P PI2 

Vaudesincourt, 

F HIO 

Vaudetre,  F H  9 

Vaudoncourt,  P.  .L  9 
Vauquois,  P.  . .  .KIO 
Vaumoise,  F^  ...FIO 
Vauvillers,  V.  ...E  7 
Vauvillers,    F.    .  ,M1S 

Vaulx,   F E  6 

Vaulx,   B P  4 

Vaux,  P F  7 

Vaux,  P .J  9 

Vaux,    F KIO 

Vaux,   P LIO 

Vaux,  G MIO 

Vauxcere,    P.    ...G  9 

Vailly,  F P  9 

Vavincourt.  P.   ..Kll 

Veiving,    G NIO 

Velaine,  F M12 

Vclaines,    B F  4 

Velasnes,  F K  8 

Velu,  F E  6 

Venault,    F Jll 

Vendegies,  P.  ...G  S 
Vendegies,  P.  .  .G  6 
Vendelles,  F.  ..  .F  7 
Vendenheim.  G...P12 
Vendresse,    P.    .  . .  J  8 

Vendrest,   F FIO 

Veneimont,    B.    ..J  6 

Venizel,    F F  9 

Vennesey,    F N13 

Ver,   F.    ElO 

Verberie,    F E  9 

Verdelot,     F.     ...Pll 

Verdun,   p KIO 

Vergaville,  G.  ..Nil 
Verlinghem.  P...E  4 
Vermand,  F.  ...F  7 
Vermandovillers, 

K  F  7 

Vermeiles!    P.    .  ..E  S 

Verneuil,   F G  8 

Verneuil,    F GIO 

Verneville,    G.     .MIO 

Vcrnv.    G MIO 

Verpel,  F T  9 

Verrieres,    F.     ...IS 

Verrieres,    F TIO 

Versigny,  F F  8 

Vertus,  F Gil 

Vertuzey,  F LI  2 

Vervins.    F G  7 

Very,    F K  9 

Verzenay,   F.    .  ..HIO 

Verzy,   F.    HIO 

Vescneim,     G. . . .  0 1 1 

Vescoux,  F NIS 

Vesigneul,    F.    ..Hll 

Veslud,    F G  8 

Vesqueville,  B.  .  K  6 
Vezanonin.    P.  '..F  9 

Vezelesi,   F Ml 3 

Vezon,    B G  4 

Viarmes,    F DIO 

Vic.  G Nil 

Vichte,   B F  3 

Vie.  F F  9 

Vieil.    F G  9 


Viels  Maisons,  F.Fll 
Vienne-la-Ville, 

F JIO 

Vienne-le-Chateau, 

F JIU 

Vienlle,    F Lll 

Vieux,    F }   9 

Vieux  Berquin,  P.E  4 
Vieux   Conde,   F.  .F  5 

Viffort,    F FU 

Vigneulles,    P.    ..Lll 

Vigneux,    F G  7 

Vigy,    G MIO 

Ville,    P K  9 

Ville,    F Mil 

Ville-en-Tardenois, 

F GIO 

Villemontoire.     F.F   9 

Vilieneuve,   F El  2 

Villeneuve-le- 

Comte,   F Ell 

ViUers,    F D  7 

Villers,   F E  7 

Villers,  F F  6 

Villers,   F G  5 

Villers,   F G  9 

Villers,   F «  8 

Villers,    F JIO 

Villers,    F K  9 

Villers,    F L  9 

Villers,    p M12 

Villers-aux-Bois, 

F Gil 

Villers- Bretonneau, 

F E  7 

Villers   Cotterets, 

F F  9 

Villers- Faujon, 

F F  7 

ViUers  sur   Lesse, 

B K  5 

Villerup,    P L  9 

Villesefve,  P.  ...F  8 
Villeseneux,  F...H11 
Ville   sur    Tourbe, 

F JIO 

Ville-s-Yron,    p.. .LIO 

Villey,   P L12 

Villiers   le    Bel, 

F DIO 

Vilosnes,   F K  9 

Villotte,    F Kll 

Vimy,    F E  5 

Vinay,   P GIO 

Vincennes,    P.    .  .Dll 

Vincey.    F M13 

Viomenil,  F M14 

Vionville.  G LIO 

Virecourt,    P.    ..  .M13 

Vireux,    F J   6 

Virion,    B K  8 

Viry,    F P  8 

Vitarville,    F.    ...K  9 

Vitassc,  p E  S 

Vitrimont,   P.   ...MI2 

Vitry,  F J12 

Vitry,  G M  9 

Vitry  en  Artois, 

F ...E  S 

Vitry-en-Artois, 

F F  S 

Vitry-en-P.,  F....JU 
Vittouville,    P.    .Mil 

Vivy,     B K  7 

Vladsloo,    B E  2 

Vlamerlinghe,    B..E  3 

Void,    P L12 

Volcksberg,  G...011 
Volkingen,  G.  .  .NIO 
Volmeringen,     G..N10 

Voncq,    F.    J  9 

Voneche,    B J  6 

Voormezeele,   B.  ..E  3 

Vorges,  F G  8 

Vouziers,    F.     •  .  •  •  J  9 

Voyenne,   F G  8 

Vregny,   P F  9 

Vrely,    F E  7 

Vrigne,    F J  7 

Vrizy,     F J  9 

Vron,  F C  5 

Vry,    G MIO 

V.  sur  I  lion,  F..MI4 

Vtres.    F F  6 

Vynckt,    B F  2 

Waben.  F C  5 

Wacques   Farm. 

P JIO 

Waderin,    G N  8 

Waereghem,    B. . .  F  3 

Wagner,   G MIO 

Wail.    F D  5 

Wailly,    F C  S 

Walburg,    G Pll 

Walcourt,  B.  ..H  5 
Waldfischbach.  G.P  9 
Waldhausen,  G. .  .PIO 
Waldkirch,  G.  ..R14 
Waldweise,  G.  ..N  9 
Walferdgen,  L...M  8 
Walhalben,   G.    ..P  9 

Wallerand,    P J  6 

Wallerfangen,    G.N  9 

Wallers,    P F  5 

Wambrechies,  F. .  F  4 
Wancennes,  B.  ..16 
Wancourt,  F.  .  ..E  6 
Wangassen,  G.  ..NIO 

Wanlin,  B K  6 

Wanzenau,  G.    .  ..P12 

Warca.  P   LIO 

Warchin,    B P  4 

Wardamme,  B.   .  .F  2 

Wardin,    B L  6 

Warhem.    F E  3 

Warmeriville.  F..H  9 
Warvillers.    F.      .E  7 


Wasen,  G PIS 

Wasigny,    F.    .  ..H  8 

Wasmes,    B G  S 

Wasselnheim^  G. .012 
Wassigny,    F.    ...G  6 

Watigny,   F H   7 

Watten,    F D  3 

Wattrelos,  F.  ..  .F  4 
Watweiler,  G.  ..015 
Wauxaillon,  P. .  .  F'  9 
Wavignies,    F.    ..D  8 

Wavrano,  F D  5 

WavreiUe,    B.    .  ..K  6 

Wavrille,   F K  9 

Wavrin,  F E  4 

Waziers,  F F'  S 

Weenduyne,  B . . .  F  1 
Weidersheim,    G..O10 

Weiler,    G 013 

Weder,  G 015 

Weilerthal,  G.  ..013 
Weiselbach,  G.  .O  8 
Weiskirchen,  G.  .N  8 
Weissenburg,  G.  .PIO 

Weiswell,   G P14 

Weiten,   G N  8 

Weitersweiler,  G..011 

Wellin,   B K  6 

Wembach,    G P15 

Wercken,    B.    ...F  2 

Weris,    B K  5 

Werlaing,    F.    F  5 

Wervicq,    B E  4 

Wervicq,     B.     ...F  3 

Weselberg,  G P  9 

Wesserling,  G.  .015 
Westendc,    B.    .  ..E  2 

Westkerke,    B F  2 

Westrehem,  F.  .  .  D  4 
Westroosebeke,  B.  E  3 
Westvleteren,  B.h'  3 
Wetteren,  B.  ..  .G  2 
Wettolsheim,    G..OI4 

Wez.   B F  4 

Wez    Macouart, 

F E  4 

Wibrin,  B L  6 

Wiebelskirchen, 

G O  9 

Wiencourt,     F....E  7 

Wignehels,   F G  6 

Wildenstein,  G.  .015 
Wilgartswiesen, 

G PIO 

Willencourt,  F...D  5 
Willerwald,  G.  ..NIO 
Wilskerke,  B.  ..E  2 
Wimereux,   p.    ...C  3 

Wiraille,    F C  3 

Winchringen,  G..N  8 
Winden    Minfeld, 

G RIO 

Wingen,    G Oil 

Wingles,    F E  5 

Winnezeele,  P.  ...E  3 
Winzenbach,  G...R1I 
Winzenheim,  G.  .OI4 
Wirwignes^   F.    ..C  4 

Wismes,    F D  4 

Wissant,    F C  3 

Witry,   B L  7 

Witry,    F H  9 

Wittenheim,    G...01S 

Wittes,   F D  4 

Wiwersheim,    G...P12 

Woel,    F LIO 

Woesten,    I! E  3 

Woimbey,    F.    ...Kll 

Woippy,    G    MIO 

Wolferding,  G.  .010 
Wolfstein,  G.  ...P  8 
Wollweiler,  G.  ..OlS 
Wolmeringen,  G.M  9 
Wolmunster,    G...O10 

Wolxh'm,    G PI2 

Wondelgem,  B.  .G  2 
Wormeldangen, 

L M  8 

Wormhoudt,  F.  .D  3 
Wortegem,    B.    ..G  3 

Worth,   G Pll 

Woumen,   B E  3 

Wusteweiler.  G..OI0 
Wulverghem,  B...E  3 
Wyngene,  B.  . .  .F  2 
Wytschaetc,  B...E  3 
Wytse   Laete,   B..E  4 

Xammes,    P Lll 

Xanrey,    G N12 

Xermamenil,  F. ..N12 
Xertigny,  P.  ...M14 
Xirocourt,    F.    ..M13 

Xivry,  F L  9 

Ypres,  B E  3 

Yvernaumont,     F.T  8 

Yvoir,  B I   5 

Yvrench,    F C  6 

Zabern,    G 012 

Zandvoorde,    B.    .  F  3 

Zarren,    B E  2 

Zedelghem,  B.  ..F  2 
Zeebrugge,  B.  ..PI 
Zeggers  Cappel, 

F D  3 

Zell,  G P16 

Zell,    G R13 

Zellenburg,  G.  ..014 
Zepenecken,    B.    .G  2 

Zerf,  G N  8 

Zevecote,   B E  2 

Zillisheim,  G.  ...016 
Zonnebeke,    B.    .  .  P  3 

Zqleux.  F C  4 

Zulte,    B P  3 

Zuydschoote,  B...E  3 
Zuytpeene,  F.  ..D  3 
Zweibrucken,     G.OlO 


13 


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II 


14 


THE   PRONUNCIATION    OF   WAR   NAMES 

By  C.  O.  Sylvester  Mawson,  Litt.D.,  Ph.D. 
KEY  TO  PRONUNCIATION 

Vowel  sounds:    ale.  bSre.  arm.  fisk.  senSte.  5m,  orgfln,  sofd  ;  eve.  Svent.  2nd.  nov^l.  bak?r  ;  Ice.  til ;  Old,  6rb.  6bey.  5dd.  c5mbine;  use,  Qrn,  Onite,  flp.  locfist;  fdad,  fd&t;  out.  oil;  meaO. 

Note. — «,  as  in  French  menu  or  German  MUller,  has  no  equivalent  in  English.  To  produce  it  hold  the  lips  rigidly  in  position  to  say  6b  and  attempt  to  say  5  9  or  M  in  German 
resembles  the  English  u  in  urn ;   e.  g. .  Odlhe  or  Goethe  is  pronounced  gQ't5. 

Consonants:   As  in  English,    ch  as  in  chair ;   u  as  in  (70 ,"  kw  for  gu  as  in  gveen :  sasinso;  sh  as  in  she ;  z  an  in  zone ;  zh  as  z  in  azure. 

Special  symbols:  k  (small  capitnl)  for  ch  as  in  German  ich  or  Scotch  loch  ;  N  (small  capital)  indicates  nasal  tone  of  preceding  vowel,  aa  in  French  bon  (b6N) ;  i)  (  -  ng)  for  n  before  the 
•ound  of  k  or  hard  {?  as  in  bank  (b.'ink),  finger  {fln'g^r) ;    '  indicates  the  elision  of  a  vowel,  or  a  mere  suggestion  of  a  vowel  sound,  as  in  Ypres  (e'pr"). 

Accents:   The  principal  or  primary  accent  is  indicated  by  a  hepvy  mark  ('),  and  the  secondary  accent  by  a  lighter  mark  (0 ;  thus  Bouvines  (boo'ven'),  Massachusetts  (mas'd-cho&'sSts). 

Note. — French  names  have  the  primary  accent  on  the  final  full  syllable,  but  this  accent  should  generally  be  very  slight.  The  other  syllables  are  marked  with  equal  stress  In  German 
names  the  principal  accent  is  placed  earlier  in  the  word,  as  in  English.  In  Hungarian  and  Bohemian  names  the  accent  is  on  the  first  syllable.  In  Polish,  aa  in  Italian  the  accent  is  on  the 
penult.     In  Russian  the  accent  is  capricious  but  very  marked.  * 


Names  from  thk  Western  War  Area 

Aachen    (or  Aix-la-Chapelle).  fi'K^n 

Aalst  (or  Alost),  alst 

Agincourt.    A'zhSN'koor';   Eng.  ijIn-kOrt 

Aisne  (river),  Sn 

Aix-la-Chapellc  (or Aachen). aks^U'sbA'pei' 

Albert.  ai'bSr' 

Alost  {or  Aalst),  a'tCst 

Altkirch.    alt'kirK' 

Amiens,  a'mySN' 

Ancre  (river).  aN'kr' 

Argonne,  Ar'gSn' 

Arlon.  ar'ION' 

Armentieres.  ar'maN'tyaj* 

Arras.  i'rSs' 

Artois.  ar'twS' 

Attigny.    A'te'nyS' 

Aube  (river).  5b 

Aubenton,  O'baN'tON' 

Aubigny.  Q'be'nye' 

Audenarde  {or  Oudenarde).  ou'dS-nSr'd? 

Avesnes,  a'van' 

Avricourt,    a'vrS'kdor' 

BSle  (or  Basel),  bal 

Bapaume,  bi'pOm' 

Bar-le-Duc,  bar'-l?-dak' 

Basel  {or  Bale) .  ba'ziSl 

Bassfe.  La.  \tk'  bi'aa' 

Bastogne.   bas'tfiN'y* 

Bavay.   b^^vS' 

Beaumont.  bo'mON' 

Beauvais,  bo^vS' 

Belfort.  b51'f6r' 

Berlaimont.  b?r'18'm8N' 

Bertincourt.   b?r'taN'k65r' 

Bcsan^on.  be'zaN's6N' 

B^thune,   ba'tiin' 

Blamont,   blS^niON' 

Bohain,  bO'SN' 

Bo u chain,  bcio'ahSN' 

Bouillon.  boo'yON' 

Boulogne,  b(Jo'16n'y';    Eng.  bdb-lon' 

Bouvines.    boo'ven' 

Boves.  b5v 

Brabant-le-roi,  brA'baN'-l?-rwa' 

Braine-le-Comte,  brSn'-!e-k9Nt' 

Bray-sur-St'ine,  brS'-siir'-sfin' 

Briey.  br^'?' 

Bruges,    briizh 

Calais.  kAMS';   Eng.  kSl'a 

Cambrai  (orCambray),  kSN'br?' 

Carignan,  ka'ren'yaN' 

Cateau.  Lc.  I?  kS'to' 

ChSlons-sur-Marne.  sha'lflN'-sur'-mAm' 

Chalon-Bur-Sa6ne,     shi'lfiN'-siir'-son' 

Champigny.  shaN'pe'nye' 

Cbarleroi    {or  Charleroy),  shdr'lS-rwa.' 

Charleville,  ahSrl'vel' 

ChSteaurou.K.    sha'to'r6&' 

Chateau-Thierry.  sha'tS'-tyg're' 

ChStel.  shS'tei' 

Chatillon-sur-Marne,      sha'te/yON'-fliir'- 

mArn' 
Chaudefontaine,  shod'ffiN'tSn' 
Chaulnes.  sho'n' 
Chaumont,  8ho'ra6N' 
Chauny.  sh6'n5' 
Chimay,  shc'mS' 
Chiny,  shS'ne' 
Ciney.   se'n?' 
Clary,  klS're' 
Combles.  kflN'br 
Comines.  kO'mSn' 
Commercy,  kfl'mSr'sC 
Compi^gne.   kbN'pyPn'y' 
CondE,'  kQN'da' 
Contlans.  kSN'flSN' 
Coucy  le-ChSteau.    koo'se'-Hf-ehft'tO' 
Couloinmiers,  koo'16'mya' 
Courtrai,   koor'trC 
Crauniif.  Ur.'i'fin' 

Cr6cy  {or  Creasy).  krS'se';    Eng.  kx^ttTi 
Cr^cy-sur-Sorre,  kra-ae'-s(lr'-63r' 
Croisilles,  krwii'scl' 
Damiiiarlin,  daN'njAr'tiN' 
Damvillers,  daN've'ya' 
Denain,  de-n5N' 
Dendermonde    (or    Ti^rmunde) ,    d2nM?r- 

mCn'dS 
Diedcnhofen      (or      Thionviiie),      de'd^n- 

hO'fen 
Dijon.  de'zhSN' 
Oinant.  de'naN' 
Dixmude,  dSks'miid'i    dc'miid' 
Dompaire.  dON'par' 
Dormans.  d6r/maN' 
Douai  {or  Douay),  dC^/a' 
Doullens,  doo'l5N' 
£pernay,  a'pSr'nS' 
Spinal,  a'pe'nai' 
fetain.  a'tSN' 
Fere.  La,  Xk'  far' 

Fdre-Champenoise,  fSr'-shaN'p^-nwAz' 
F6re-en-Tardenois.  far'-aN'-tArd'nwa' 
Fert^-Gaucher.  La.  16'  fgr'ta'-gS/sha' 


Fert6-8ous-Jouarre.    La,    U'     f5r'ta'-B65'- 

zhoo'ar' 
Fourmies.  foor'mC 

Fresnea-en-Woevre,    frSn'-aN'-vO'Cv'r" 
Genappe,  zh?-nap' 
Gironville,    zhe'rfiN'vSl' 
Givenchy,  zh?'vaN'Bb6' 
Givet,  zhg'v?' 

Gorizia  (or  Gorz),  g8-rId'z5-S 
Gdrz  (or  Gorizia),  gQrts 
Gravelotte,  griv'lSt' 
Guiscard.  gez'kar' 
Guise,  giiez' 
Hal,   hal 

Hautmont,  o'mON' 

Helgoland    {or  Heligoland),  hgl'gd-lSnt 
Hirson,  Sr'sfiN' 
Huy.  hoi 

Juniville,  zhu'ne'vSl' 
La  Bass^e,  W  bA'sS' 
La  Fere.  W  far' 
La     F^re-ChampenoiBc.     16'  far'-shaN'p?- 

nwaz' 
La  Fert^-Gaucher.  16'  fgr'ta'-go'sha' 
LaFert€-80U8  Jouarre.  16' fer'ta'-8oo'zho&'- 

ar' 
Lagny,  16n'ye' 
Landrecies,  laN/dra'se* 
Langrcs,  15N'gr' 
Languion,  laN'ge'SN' 
Laon.  laN 

Le  Cateau.  1?'  ka'to/ 
Lens,  laNs 

Le  Quesnoy.  1?  ka'uwft' 
Liancourt.  IS'aN'ko&r' 
Li^ge.  le'Szh' 
Lierre.  IS'Sr' 
Ligny.  len'ye' 

Ligny-en-  Barroia.  len'yg'-aN'-ba'rwa' 
Lille  (or  Lisle),  lei 
Longwy,  IOn'vc' 
Loos.  I5-8s' 

Lorraine  {or  Lothringen),  10-ran' 
Lothringen  (or  Lorraine).  16t'rln.K-?n 
Louvain,  Idb'vaN' 
Lun^ville,  Ifi'na'vSl' 
Lys  (river),  les 
Mainz  {or  Mayence).  mints 
Maisons-Alfort,  m5'z6N'-z61'f8r' 
Marcoing.  in6r'kwSN' 
Maubeuge,    mo'bQzh' 
Mayence  {or  Mainz).  ma'ySNs' 
Meaux.  mo 
Melun.  m?-lQN' 
Messancy.  mff-saN'sS' 
Meuse  (river).  mOz;    Eng.  mGz 
M^zidres,  ma'zySr' 
Mons,  m6N9 

Montdidier,  mSN'dS'dya' 
Monthureux.  m5N'tti'rQ' 
Montmedy.  mSN'ma'de' 
Montmirail.  m6N'm6'r6'y' 
Moreuil,  mfl'rQ'y' 
Mouvaux.  mdo'vO' 
Moyenmoutier.    mw6'yaN'm56'tya' 
Mulhaus^n  miil'hou'zSn 
Namur.  n6'mur' 
Nancy,  naN'se';    Eng.  nSn'sI 
Neale.  nal 

Ncufchateau.  nO'aha'to' 
Neuilly-sur-Marne,    nll'y5'-Btir'-m4m' 
Neuve  Chapelle,  nQv'sha'p5i' 
Nieuport,  ne'oo-pOrt 
Ntmes  (or  Niames).  nSm 
Oise,  w6z 
Orchiea,  Sr'shS' 

Oudenarde  {or  Audenarde),  ou'dS-nar'dS 
Ourcq  (river),  oork 
Ourthe  (river),  obrt 
Pfironne,    pa'rfln' 
Philippeville,   fc'iep'vSl' 
Pierrefitte.  pyar'fet' 
Pierrefonds.  pyar'fflN' 
Poit.'ers,  pwa'tya' 
Poix.  pwa 

Pont-i-Mousson,  poN'-ta'-mcjo'zON' 
Pont  Ste.   Maxence,  p3n'    sSNt'-ma'zaNs' 
Quatre-Bras.  k6'tr'-bra' 
(iuesnoy,  Le,  15  ka'nw6' 
Ramillies.  r6'me'y§' 
Raon-rEtape.  raN'-ia't6p' 
Raucourt,  ro'koftr' 
Rethel.  r5-t?l' 

Rheims  {or  Reims),  rgmz;    Fr.  r^Ns 
Ribecourt.  reb'koor' 
Ribemont.  reb'mfiN' 
Rochefort.  rflsh'fSr' 
Rocrol,  rfl'knva' 
Roisel,  rw6'zCl' 
Roubaix.  roo'ba' 
Roulers,  roo'la' 
Roye,  rwS 

Rozoy-sur-Serre.  rft'zwa'-sUr'-slr' 
Saar  (river),  sftr 
Saarbrackea.  S&r'hrUk'JNi 


Saint-Amand,  saN't6'maN' 

Saint-Denis.  sSN'-dg-nC 

Saint-Di6.  saN'-dyS' 

Saint  Hubert.  sSN'tu'bar' 

Saint-Mihiel,  sSN'-mS'ygl' 

Saint-Omer,  sSN'tfl'mar' 

Saint-Quentin,  saN'-kaN'tiN' 

Saint-Trond,  s3N'-trON' 

Sambre  (river).  saN'br' 

Sedan.  s?-daN' 

Scntis.  aaN'ies' 

Suzanne.  8a'z6n' 

Signy  I'Abbaye,  sen'ye'  la'ba' 

Sissonnc,  s5's5n' 

Soissons.  sw6'b6n' 

Solcsmes,  sS'lam' 

Soramc  (river,  department).  sCm 

Suippes.  swep 

Termonde  {or  Dendermonde).  t2r'ra6Nd' 

Thiaucourt,  tyfi'koor' 

Thielt,  teit 

Thionviiie  {or  Diedenhof en) .  tyON'vSl' 

Thuin,  tU'SN' 

Tirlemont.  t^rTmON' 

Tongres,  tfiN'gr' 

Toul.  t6bl 

Tourcoing.  tobr'kwSN' 

Tournay  (or  Tournai).  tdor'na' 

TrClon.  tra'IflN' 

Trieste  (orTriest).  tr?-Sst' 

Valenciennes.  v6'laN'8ySn' 

Varennes-en-Argonne.  vi'rSn'-zaN'-ar'gSn' 

Verdun.  vSr'dllN' 

Versailles,  vgr'sii'y";    Eng.  v?r-salz' 

Vcrvins,  vSr'vSN' 

Villers-Bretonneux,  ve'lSr'-br^-tfl'nQ' 

Villers-Cotterets,  v?'13r'-k8'te-rg' 

Villers-la-Ville,  ve'iar'-16'-vel' 

Via^,  vf'za' 

Vitry-en-Artois,  ve'tr5'-aN'-6r'twa' 

Vi  t  ry-  le-FrauQois ,  ve'tre'-15-f  raN'swft' 

Vosges.  v5zh 

Vouzicrs.  vdo'zya' 

Wassigny,  v6'ae'nye' 

Wavre.  v6v'r' 

Wofivre,  vft'Sv'r' 

Vpres.  5'pr* 

Yaer  (river) ,  g'sS' 

V voire,  e'vw6r' 

Zabern,  tsa'bSrn 

Zeebrugge,  taa-brdbg'? 

Names  from  the  Eastern  War  Area 

Aidin.  T-den' 

Allenstein.  al'2n-8htTn' 

Ardahan,  ar'd6-han' 

Augustowo,  ou'g(ibB-t5'v6 

Baku,  b6-k6o' 

Batum.  b6-to5m' 

Belgrade.  b?l'grad' 

Beuthen.  boi'tSn 

Bialystok,  bya'lI-stOk 

Bosphorus  {or  Bosporus),  bQB'p&-rfi8' 

Botoshani.  bO-tS-shan'y* 

BrSila,  bra-c'la 

Braunsberg.  brounz'b2rK 

Brest-LitovBk,  brfst'-lye-tfifak' 

Brusa  {or  Brussa),  broo'sa 

Buczacz,  b6o'ch6ch 

Bug  (river),  bd6g 

Bukharest  (or  Bucharest),  boc/kd-r^st' 

Bukowina  (Bukovina),  bdo'kS-ve'na 

Cernavoda     {OT    Tchernavoda) ,    chSr'n6- 

vS'da 
Cetinje  (or  Cettinje),  ta?t'?n-ya 
Constan(a  {or  Kustendje).  kAn-stan'tsa 
Cracow  {or  Krakow).  kra'kS 
Crajova  {or  Craiova).  kra-y0'v6 
Crimea,  krl-me'd,"    krT-me'd 
Czenstochowa.  chCN'st8-k5'v6 
Czernowitz,  ch?r'nfl-vlt8 
Danzig  (or  Dantzic),  dan'tslk 
Dardanelles.  dar'dd-nSlz' 
Delatyn  (pass).  d2-la'tln 
Diarbekr  {or  Diarbekir),  de-ar'Mk''r 
Dnieper  (river),  ne'i>?r 
Dniester  (river).  nes'tSr  ■ 
Drohobycz.  dr0-h6'blch 
Dubno,  d<56b'n8 
Dukla.  ddbk'la 
Durazzo,  ddb-rat'sQ 
EpiruB.  S-pT'rfls 
Eregli.  Sr'?-gle' 
Erivan,    i*r'?-van' 
Erzerum.  frz-room' 
Erxingan,  ?r'zln-gan' 
Euphrates  (river),  O-frS'tS* 
Eydtkuhnen.  It-koo'nin 
Fiume.  fyoo'ma 
Galatz,  ga'lats 
Galicia.  gd^lIsh'T-d 
GaUipo1i,gal-le'p5-ie 
Gleiwitz,  glT'vIts 
Gnesen,  g'na'z^n 
Gumbinnen.  gdbm-bTn'Sn 


Herzegovina,  hPr'tsJ-gS-v^'u-* 

Horodenka,  h5'rS-d5n'ka 

Ivangorod,  ?-van'g8-r6t 

Jamboli  {or  Yamboli),  yam'bO-lS 

Jaroalaw  (or  Jaroslau),  y6-r6B'lif 

Jaasy  {or  Yassy),  yiis'S 

Kaisarieh    {or   Kaisariyeh).    kl's6-re'ye 

Kalisz.  ka'Iy5sh 

Keltsy  {or  Kiclce).  ky51'Ul 

Kholm.  KClm 

Khotin.  Kfi'tySn 

Kief  {or  Kiev).  kS'yCf 

Kielce  {or  Keltsy).  kySl'ta? 

Kishinef  (or  Kishinev),  kS-sbC-nySf 

Kolomea.  ko'13-ma'a 

Konigsberg,  kQ'nlKs-b^rK 

Kovel,  k6'v?l-y' 

Kragojevatz    {or  Kraguyevatz).  kr6-go?>'- 

yC-vits 
Krakow  {or  Cracow),  kra'ko 
Kremenchug  (or  Krementchug).  krfm'Sn- 

ch<i&k' 
Kremnitz.  kr?m'nlts 
Kur  or  Kura  (river),  koor;    kub'r6 
Kurisches  Haff.  kob'rish-gs  haf 
KuBtendje  {or  Constanta),  kus  t?n'je 
Lemberg  {or  Lw6w).  l^mberK 
Libau,  IC'bou 

Lodz  {or  L6Ji).  I8dz;    Id&j 
Lomza,  lom'zha 
Lotzen.  Iflt's^n 

Lublin  (or  Lyubhn),  lydb'blyen 
Lutzk  (or  Lutsk),  lobtsk 
Lw6w  {or  Lemberg).  Ivdbf 
Mahrisch-Ostrau,  mS'rish-fis'trou 
Marienburg.  ma-re'?n-bobrK 
Mitrovicza    (or    Mitrovitz).    mg'tr8-vet'sa 
Moldava  (river),  mOI-da'va 
Monastir,  mfiu'ds-tgr' 
Mush,  moosh 

Nakhitchevan.  na'K^-chg-van' 
Narcv  or  Narev  (river),  na'rSf 
Neutitschein.  noi'tlt'shTn 
Nikolaief  (or  Nikolayev),  nye'k8-Ia'y6f 
Novogeorgievsk,  n8'v8-g5-8r'g6-y5fsk 
Olmutz.  81'muta 
Ostrog,  6s-tr5k' 
Ostrow,  6s'tr8f 
Peremysl     {or   PrzemySl),    p2-rS'mIshl-y' ; 

psh?'mi8hl-y' 
Petrokov  {or  Piotrk6w).  pye'tr3-k8£' 
Piotrk6w  {or  Petrokov).  pyStr'kdbf 
Podgorze.  p8d-g66'zhS 
Pripet,  pr5'p5t 
Prisrend.  pre'zri*nt 

Proskurof  {or  Proskurov).  pr8'akdb-r6f' 
Pruth  (river),  proot 
Przaanysz,   pshas'nish 
Przemyfil    {or  Peremysl).  p»hS'mI«hl-y' 
Pultusk.  pdbl't<i6sk 
Radom,   ra'dftm 
Radzivilov.  rad'z5've-I8f' 
Rastenburg,  ras't^n-bSbrK' 
Rava  {or  Rawa),  ra'va 
Rawaruska,  ra'va-rdbs'ka 
Riga.  re'g6 
Rzcazow.  zh5'8h<56f 
Saloniki  {or  Salonica),  83'18-ne'k? 
San  (river),  siin 

Sarajevo  {or  Sarayevo).  sa'r6-ya-v8 
Scutari  {or  Skutari),  skoo'ta-rf 
Seres.  s?r'?s 
Sereth  (river).  ^-r5t' 
Siedlce  {or  Syedlets).  ahgl'tse 
Sinob  iOT  Sinope),  sS-nSb' 
Sinope  {or  Sinob).  si-no'pe 
Sivas,  sC'vaa' 

Skoplje  (or  Cskiip).  skflp'lyg 
Skutari  {or  Scutari).  skuo'ta-r5 
Sofia  {or  Sophia).  sO'fe-ii;    s8-fe'a 
Sokolof  {or  Sokolow),  sO/kS-lof 
Stettin.  sht5-t5n' 
Stralsund.  shtral'z<56nt 
Stryj,  strg'y' 
Suwalki,  8ob-val'kf 
Swinemiinde.  ave'n?-miin'd? 
Syedlets  (or  Siedlce),  syCd'lySta 
Tabriz.  t6-brez' 
Tarnopol.  t4r-n8'p61-y' 
Tarnow,  t6r'n^f 
Tchernavoda  {or  Cernavoda),  ch5r'n6-v6'- 

da 
Tomasof  {or  Tomaszow).  t8-ma's<ibf 
Urmiah  {or  L'rmia,  Urumiah),  o&r'mCi 
CakUp  {or  Cskub,  Skoplje).  Us-kUp' 
Valjevo  {or  Valycvo).  val'yS-vS 
Vistula  {or  Weichsel),  vIs'tQ-ld 
Volga.  v81'gd  ;    Russ.  v81'ga 
Volhynia.  v81-In1-6 
Warta  (or  Warthe).  var't? 
Weichsel  {or  Viatula).  vTk's^I 
Yassy  (or  Jassy).  yas'S 
Zamosk  (or  ZamoS^),  za'mOsbch 
Zittau,  tsit'ou 
ZIoczdw,  zlS'chdbf 


16 


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KQVIVALENT   PROJECTION 


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■from 


Central  and  Western  Europe 


50  100  150  :00  250  300 


Railroads. 
Canals  — 


Capitals ® 

Size  of  type  indicate sVlative 
importance  of  placed. 

Hainmotur!!  Moii  <.f  Europe 
Copyrighted  1iy  C.S.HaiiimoDd  k  Ca.ir.T. 


35. 


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20° 


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BRITISH  ISLES 

scale:  of  miles 
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Othtr  JtaitrtMidl 
Submarine  Cablet        — 

Sttu«,€r  HouttM  *i»L^^  / £an.i, 

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10,000  to      20.000 •  Qupenstown  / 

Und«r  10,000 o   Rutbln  ' 


6     Lonpitude    D        West  *  from         E    Greenwich    2 


'"^     A!  UtBuoiuTiB  s  tl  Map  orBdUtli  UlM 
Copyrfeht  bj  C.8.nainiiMmd  t  CB..y.T.  }\ 

East     Gr 


33 


-ilifl 


u 


Fiottfian  If.  \* 


JV 


Islands      I  \  r£2,'   r/sb«<A 
_^^  .„.r«(r    (rr^a„\,     (Tr.ioM-  a 


SCALE  OF  MILES 


Shetland       ,  ,    . 
Islands    ''*'"'' 


Tr^Xk'"T'h, 


Oftii- J. 


■    N  O  R  T 


P^\lMk  n.naU.lia,         SEA 


1     '  ^ 

..LE8 

_j 

0            10            w 
Rallroadi 

30 

40 

Submuine  Cables 

C»n«l»  



Size  of  tjrpe  indicates  relative 
Importance  of  place  i 


A.        7° 


15 


O      Longitude        5 


35 


C^   v^'ci.**     %\\    yL>r 


^:^^. 


naromonJ"*  8  i  U  Mni^  of  Irelnnd 
Copyrlcht  bj  C.S.Iiiu»mood  &  Co.,y.T. 


Longitude        O  West 


D        Greeowich        7 


K 


F 


36 


j^o       Ti      2       C       4        Dr.      K       8       F     JO      G     12     XI     U.J      is     H-     in     1^      ^     Mi     ^     'N     u      Om       r»28      QmI?^ 


v-^,-   ,F-^^=rz: 


rr 


I 


HammoM'f  ^  z  11  Mfto  of  Norwkj,  Swoden  uid  Denmark. 
'  OMijrIght  ti7  C&liAiniaoDa  ftUi^,N.Y. 


itude        Xi        Eaat^from     JVt        Gro^wich       J^ 


37 


soli    Jhiivs 


^^C|~^\A«  II  i  ji  t'Tm  n  (i  I  rvQ72 '■  ^ 


Oleihlin  ,V 


Bethunr  ^^ 


'^OIlWIu; 


Leute 

■*''i^°'"°^  H  i^  i  N- 


2^yf^ 


s 


\p^ 


ifeviX    Z/n^ 


I, 


B  3°S0'  CLongitude4'    Bast    ID    from  4°30'         KQrcciiwfoh  5°  IP  5  30'  G-         ^^^ggfcatri,^Ii:)^=^    6''30'  J 7     KIO 

38 


39 


40 


41 


43 


44 


18     Gio 


45 


..,^.yt^%..  >'**We''S5'.-i4J 


47 


48 


i 

1 

§ 

s 

§ 

6 

1 

n 

n 

pa 

^ 

a 
^ 


t/3 

a 

0. 


05 


-^     I    -  ^     fi~ 


H    I 


W    £  S  0.    ►. 

I  a  a,  =  .•" 

t-  s=  1  ? 

o  '^'^  I  - 

8  M    c  ^  a  1^ 


49 


\ 


50 


10- 


10 


20 


Monrovia^ 


oASCENSlOf*  I 

(...) 


»T    r     ^        «        FERNANDO  PO  I}'?    yt~-' 
CJifAf  0/  Dinfra  / 

UlNEA        „„p,  ,„     BaJ 


.ST.MELEN*  1. 


— f"^ 


r>. 


EOUATCtRIAL  g 
IFRlfcA 


kabindaV 


Loand3d_^„ 


^ 


EtOOMIC  MAP 

OP 

AFRICA 

SCALE  OF  MILES 

0      100    200  400  r,00  SOO 

REFERENCE 

Industrial  Districts 
Agricultural  Regions 
Non-Productive  u 


,  Principal 
Workings 


/-^  Coal 
■  Iron 
©Tin 
^Copper 
+  Gold 
o      A  Diamonds  . 
SO 

Agricultural    products   are 

indicated   hy  initial  letters  in 

districts  wbere  the  products  are 

laigely  obtained. 

g     Barley  q|    Olives 

Q,   Cacao  p    Oil  Palms 

Cf    Coffee  Ru  Rubbei- 

Ct    Cotton  Su  Sugai 

0     Dates  J    Tea 

G     Ground  NuIsJq  Tobacco 

Iv    Ivory  y    Vineyards 

M    Maize  ^   Wheat 

Navigable  Rivers 


10 


>^ 


^R   0   N\q  (o 


Lobito  B. 


Lake  \  ^^Momb 

4^-1^      11   ^^    GERMAN    V/(?!'£""«  ' 

EAST      APRIOA^lWVfSam 
.]^_^y.Ry^      \^j.,..,.    OCEAN 


\  S  0  0  T  H  W-B  E 

ALFUCIlOAvTr— ;^y  RI(J  A 


vgS 


— 1 ■»^■■■  ,  .'v.21 


-  -AS- 


10 


-20 


BEOHCTANALAND 


/ffetoVr 
l^afekln^o   ( -jV 
.-^^ Johannesburg 


/ffetol 

bur& 


J'St^VT^^''®"'^'^  Marques  '^ 
fvi /f/.\.;  /^Deiatjua  Bay  / 


< 


CT^K 


■^         -O 


N 


Cape  'Town 
C  afGood  Hope 


J^il!!j 


BICV 


0 


E 


-so 


.luuiuiiju  l'9U''coiiotnIi;  Hap  of  Africa, 
Copyright  V.'lT.l,!?  CS  nftmmood  it  Co  .N  y. 


20"    Longitude  West    10"  from  Giecnwicli    0° 


10" 


Lonu'ituJe       28 


30' 


Greenwich       60^ 


53 


0      100  200  400  600  800 

REFERENCE 

Density  of  Population 
to  the  square  mile. 


Uiiderlinlmbitant 
1-8         inliabitants 

8-16    "  , 
lG-32 
32-Gl 
64-128   ' 
128-256  " 


Towns  with  over 
50,000  inhabitants. 


RstntDoiii] 's  PopoIatloD  Hap  4[  Atrlo 
Copjrlghl  1017.  t»T  C.S.HtTnmoB'l  t  Co..N.T, 


20"    Longitude  West    10°  from  Gieenwioh    0" 


10"      Longitude       20"  East 


54 


0- 


Z3ns  jo,snnHisi 


^ 


^1  J 


':iii.\ 


<?*,' 


^J 


* 


V 


yl^. 


.i^t.  Il  fr  ,1 ^t* 


%>— ■sii'iv  sal 


<?■ 


s 


^s 


,  /KS4  .5 


^iSr_ 


u/^- 


?"vi;v 


i^S 


Ul 


J  Mini-. 


S" 


^u 


"N. 


3     o7 


ijii 3- 


sj-  ..r'l~  -S 


#; 


4  >.  (fr» 


Ti 
■Li 

( 

Li 


i^J 


X  .^^ 


/  fs.5  °  -fw        \ 


-I-V* Ve^T-i-T^^^' 


•i  *  J 


'DDQll 


*j-  a..?      j3 


5  \  '» 


/> 


-  r  ^ 


hi — fr 


\SiA 


^i 


i*>i»-| 


'        ■  :10-%1l^.«f-'^.H 
a5  r^J?  E-i  •«  a]  ^ 


a-  o 


s.    cb 


O 


/i^  il^S 


m^^ 


■cP- 


'i  -l=«  sk:^ 


2    o. 


DO 


56 


^f 


57 


58 


59 


60 


6^ 


&^ 


63 


64 


S  'tf 


65 


66 


A.         n" 


n 


100° 


E 


MASCAI 

Bleph 


,lr„p      y'M    1%    B  V''l= 


CNegrals 


NORTH 


Preparit  yorth  Channai  '^  ^''awt.ai 
.  PREPARO  I. 
Prtparia  8uuth  Chantxl 

LITTLE  COCO  I.      •qBCAT  COCO  I. 
Coeo  Channtl  .     . 

_   -LANDFALL   I.  ^^ 


KALEQOUK  l.t'V 


NARCONOAX  )• 


ANDAMAN?  ^j-Arf  Commallit 
IKTe|lVltW  \.fu»»OUH0  I. 

MIDDLE  ;^Uaman)   )    ,    ANDAMAN 

, BARREN  lAl'oleanoj 

>HENRY   LAWRENCE   t 


'Ji 


SOUTH  ANDAMAlP^  J  ^AVElOCK  I. 

*     RUTLAND  (. 
!     ItuncuH  Pawauge 
S.SENTfNpL  •      *^-  ^ 


Sandy ^ 


:o.. 


TTLE  ANDAMAN 


Ten  Dtjree  Channel 


ICOBAR  9 


\^ 


TAVOt    l,B      ^    tP 
CAB008AJ.         '        ^ 

TCNA3SEfll 
ELPHI'tBTGNE 

MERGUl  J  _    J^ 


Clara  i.^ 
5ullivani 


K     \%:  11  VCh»iapUb-'  r,' 

iJ^    W      V  /(M.Tlamat      \  >M.Path«I»ungi 


KOH   CM  A  NO  ^) 

KOH  KUlti    Y      Theppog_ 


BALLY  MALVEt 

CORAL  BANKJI  »TtLLANCHONO 

I  TEReaSAQjpO*^^?^*^.^ 

I  .AM^-r*>\3»J'"""^*^NIC0BAR 

P  KATC M A LL*^    N A n'cOWRT  ~' 

CORAL    BANK*- 


Svinintra  Channtl 
LITTLE  N'COBARf^,  ISLANDS 

GREAT  NICOBArJ^ 

^*"''  P 

PULO   RONDO a 

PULO  aRA8SE^*^''"'-°  "^^ 


IXBIAF      OCEAN 


<^ 


\      BURMA,   SIAMx^    «f^ 

AND  \ 

FRENCH  INDO-CIIINA^  ^ 


SCALE  OF  MILES 


50  IW  150  200  250  ^UO 

Railroads - 

Capitals -;0 

Size  of  type  indicates  relatiye 
importance  of  places 


Uammoiid'a  fi  X  11  H&p  i>f  Butuia.  Bbm  t 
(  OcwrifM  ^  C.P-Hiimnond 


A  92' 


T? 


ind  Preach  Indu-ChttiA 


K>iON  ne  I. 

-  Vi 

fr     '^^'^f^^^~\       (i^sVenohow 

^*^*        VJ^'1^,.H0N  MAT  I. 

\C.Vung  Chua 
\  ^-^Cbodon 


«  Bngblnti 


^y«K»»nj«l: 


C.Laii 

ThuaAtn 


/^"^^f    Tim  rape 


hhvmay  Bay 

C.Totirane 


-nti.nglai    iJW.\>liv^  V„ 

olovknL  sjk      \^  f 


L«ntigiiBlil 
ll.diing 

C.fiantam 

Moduli 


Siung  Trei 


(Bieu  nirjir 
(Great/Late) 


SuinlJo'r'  "^v  \ 


aULF     OF     SI  AM, 


'ANB   I-U     3v        ,    -  - 

LOUQMBOROUCM  l.tf         '..  yc™-  4."">^"       I 

.,.„,      if  Mmi>4'   '■""'^    - 

9T.M*TTMEW  1,*^    •'^  JUnRauan        r- 

CH««cE  i.o        .(lji.cb.ljAii.-{;-   t 

"lOOLE  I,.  S(,K0P«I1  3?*^^^; 

BAYER  IS.  *        Y     ■.     -flao  ff/-onff  ;5  I 
C.Dohhlni   .(oP"kl^         ^    ^ 
M.Taki.atibigjCi. /Tao  Luong  ,        ,.  r.e/„  ^ 


*°'^  "  T  )Brei{mbeI 

C.Samit* 

KOH  RONO^ 


^  "♦*-'--"-^  ■(NJLJ'T.h'^h  *''*'*' ' 


P.  RAJAH  I  ft.i\Tjrfang 


P.TERUTO^ 
P.LANGKAWI*^ 


P.  LAD  A  "it 


?v-;ko,..,;..8  Thorn  =i'7»--j,  vv, 


V     Phuyoaayftian  DaiB. 

"    '""-"<      c.  " 

to*      r         -ypVareli 
Sbalrane^Sij  ,    ,  ,  n 


C.CimbodIa 

(Uamao) 


C.Biike 

_  St.Jncql 
Oanhrai  Dap 

'Kua  Uanilmtg 
'Kua  Kvki«n  R.   U'' 

'Kua  BoMtao  R.      ^r 

•^PUtO   CONOOHE 


jinh-thuan     j^  Padaran 


Uarhor 
Hlnb'thuaD^^        q 


{Jo  Stn,il.UL%'-i.l 

Diamond  Ft.  GcrKeljo. 

PULO   PENANG 

tmmci  Of  wtitiU  'i 


liemam 


PERH(NTA,'»    IS 

OHEAT   REDANG  I. 

-^ 

lEAL   BLUFF 
TrUiKanu 


SOUTH 
CHINA  -S 


Cape  (flam 


E    A 


SEVAIfO 

K«alaBelan|u>i  "    ' 

■^KltAniP 


'P«kkti 

^.VARfelLA 


P..,kiJ»»  *■;;-( 
''-S.I 


^  .       £)PULO    THJMAN        ■ 
~  ,   .        ■    VP.PEMANGIL 

.  "babi  rs. 

I     ^TINGGll. 
1^*81  BUI. 

Tengar  Pt, 
.Cffomanla 

IP  ore 

tS(„  .■„,„,.) 

yBINTANO 


ANAMBA  ISLANDS 
HIJmata  I 

TH   NAfUNA   18. 


,or£at  natuna> 
nXtjuna  islands 


Longliude  C 


OrMDwich  104 


67 


or"""     o  ^     -= 

6,20  (-3     longitude      1:2      Ea^t  from     U      Qntuvrleh    IM 


mnmoad-B  8  i  11  Map  of  PhUippbM  IilMdi 


"rlrrts:  strait /_ 


I6«° 


REFERENCE 


HEIGHT  OP  LAND 
Over  6000  feet 


DEPTH  OF  SEA 

O-lOO  fathoms 
100-1000 
10OO-20OO 
2000-3000 
Below  3000    " 
Navi£able  Rivers 


I'HYSICVL  MAP 

OF 

AUSTRALASIA 


SCALE  CF  MILES 


0       1 00     200     300     4tX!     JOO     600 

BBinmoiid'E  Pbjtlctl  Krip  of  Auitralfteia 

Cop^rlgtit  1017  "bj  C.S. Hammontl  i  Co..  N.  T. 


ISOTHERMAL  LINKS 
(In  Degrees  Fahrenheit 

I   ii^for JauuarytSummer 
.  ■  —for  July         (Winter) 


Longitude        ISO' 


im     Greoiiwich 


I  )'^ 


180'^        Lbn^ituOc  W«st 


73 


c 

ai 

u 

H 

H 

h 

•- 

■< 

?5 

H 

U 

r/! 

74 


75 


I      c  , 

.C.TI^m^i^         7"'°' 


GO 


Dolon-'o<tfo|"  .' t.i;; 

tire/      nTfcBiii.  f)  ,   •f*-'""— '    Vi 

Ghi-lj  y^Sjasgn  Arthufy 


7     '"''■'' '*'^^k^-"'^^"^*^ 


Kendrick  J. 


Arxobu]<o  or 


i..im, i!'""'y.^ra,,n« /,.  "'—/•- '■ 


S,Auf/u*l 
HAOELHAES  ARCHIPELAGO 


MARIANNE 


Saisi-ANbs         '   \ 


ll/niitj  S™«.)  JJ„,fe„„ 


•,'.;"."■  "■ 


-1     A-'-S 

■Aii<i/. 
-'AVnuihtra  ''    _.«« 


Aiutieion  I, 


IS.       'Sariounr, 
(U.r.)  .„B"-"- 

■Guam 

m.s.) 


-".-.".1.  /.^  ->»» 

'""'■■■  &*>A  RO  L  I  N  E    *■■ 
is-:.-^^      \    ,.•    .  in'.. 


■  >- — .X**  /    ['illibsk   ^Karnjinaiy  I. 


2*  S 


tclicodt 


ElchlKhlnftk        <^-  W(u(or«ii 


j6»hae  Kainlchftlki 


•  JfarruA  /. 

(Wctino 


WoAe  /.  ■ 

(Ki-.) 


oXtJ  "  «-''>*»'"  '•  ■ '       "  :'h*t,„n  I,. 
]     '        MARSHALL    ISl  ANDS 


H 


1T0° 


)lr.iM!;i:»  /.  Q      \Q 


rriJlyS  Pt,      \ 
"C.Uamaii 

HtratU  Slwat  ,• 


.^'' 


J  1G0° 

E      A      N  P*^""". 


150° 


y.Ainga  / 

.  /-St' 


M«.  /.  _,,   /  «  C  T  1 


•■     ■    *<"    *»',!  W SPftiar&Si 


.  I 


\[        N       G 

PriMtof  It. 


St.a,m 


SEA 


.9 


Bristol  Ba  f 


\ 


I    S    I,    X     W     D    S    I    Arnifa       •%,    ■«'"■»" 


Eurujiia  .y<jrttock  U. ' 


^^MnUton  <2fhi:\'^''  I?^f^''' 


■  Xuyuor  la.      O 


'!l'^v'"^^'^^^"'^**^Y"  ?9  \  \  COR 

Ci-r/jtnfarii 


Rldicrvitlt 


CA.;l 

jW<M.,U<xrk  I.  _    . 

Vt>r£n  trciittfea  HCh'. 


L       Arch,  f 


130°  C  Long.  140^  X)  Ea8t   150^ 


Atlantic  I. 

4- 


Simpaofi  I. 
SOLC^MON 

ISLAXDS 
'{^_     (arid.*)  -Vo.-.-, 

thUtyUxt.         fit. 


Mi"  SAX!  I 


■••■■J/,     \ 


UlIflolDt 


-t*. 


S^i^' 


LOavs 


TO  8AN  FRANCISCO .W 


/ 


K  from    160°  FOreenw.lTO"  Gr     ^'^iSO 


TX  170°  Long.  J 


76 


r 


JM 


130° 


?^  120' 


O 


110° 


100° 


li 


80° 


70° 


i^'^lX  *'""  "-•'^o.^t."?^'  ^'"  ^■ 


iVince  -*/6erf  «a. 


r. 


VICTOBIA    jj;^ 


-1 60I1  -^ -^  or^-^"     ^EmerprUj^    ^^,^^  ^^ 


lmB  A  F  F  1 

ChrUHon 


'-«'.,^T^2;v'  'c«^'-  ^"^^ 


i-l  Ir  rideoce. 


ll'toWml.  tV^  ^},,Uilm  eV 


.#■''"■'-" 


•^•■'te^'ii^.i-!: 


so^iiS 


■oetlap  J  , 


1*  ^  ,--^r-.*  Bow 


■A        I 


....  -^.^  ;.i!!^^&'4  iLSa^"!!f^  ^?x^ 


H    U 


North  SItepcrt 


. ,      ..  „        ,  Bomtk  Sltepem... 


iil'i)'<iiiiii^liiia.iiiJ>m 


Disco  Bay    f§ 
Egedesnittidi 
KugatBiak 


J;'«,Vw ^ 

VoMhington  fe-v"  " 

Z  uk  ken*  ppen'-^ 

NapuBok  Cj'      , 

)-J      Godihaab^-^ 
and  New  Berrcliut 

53      ....    .V 


cc 


GREEN 
LAND 


»^  and  FUkerowW  c       ^^ 

■^       Frwl«Ik>hMb^  O     £  "^  3 

^  Ari|uk\v>lvlstut    K    ^ 


JuUaDihaab 


-^•^"^■^C!^ 


^;>:j;^^ 


IDAHO 


"Smi  Ffiu 


Pnrt^ 


^"^^-"^^^ 


-?^' 


^^i^^O^^^LX 


j^ 


Sa&Blu 


ReviUagfyedo  Ia.\ 


-^la-, 


"  ~-  ~-1S^3     «fw  rlanl.-^ 


.     OF        \v\l=     X^S'%«W^m^'' "iU.v., 


sga^,vi^^^^^gssf 


LAN 


O 


^%t^    \o*>>i 


.^^Lz::^->tw.ir£.flJL  JO,  liUc/w 


\      GALATAiiOS  IS. 

iV'ORTH  PACIFIC  OCEAN    \ 

THE  UNITED  STATES  AND  INSULAR  TERRITORIES:^^ 


r.ia  iiiw.  United  States  and  Insular  Territories  \\ 

i  Japan  and  Its  Possessions  || 

'.V*"™*' *■         British  Possessions  ||  ||      Steumship  Routes  with  Distances— '-^^- 


Raitroads-'^—'- — - — 
Submarine  Cables    -^ — 


iimvM  o 


130°        isr 


Mail  routes  with  duration  of  passage  ■ 

Oopjilcht  >J  0.8,a*i]uiMa4  ft  Oft,^.T. 

120°  O  110°       ^' 


Ho^^rn>?W^^At„n,\  \\  <  '«;''"j. 


..<'] 


— 


T     I 


30 


A     N 


'Chatham  I.  / 


\  CaIIa> 

'A. 


80 


10 


10 


100°  Q 


90°  1-t 


70° 


x 


60' 


U 


50' 


^' 


77 


78 


157V 


H 


157 


156  30 


K 


t'OAHU 


.  Kwitau  Bay 

)  Mohapu  Pt. 

I  ..:^*=x'>:  ■'^Waiiiiarialo 

KAOHIKAIPU  1 

Makapuu  Pf. 

n  nit  ma  i 
Koho  Head'-' 
i/iatvdlfioa  Pi.) 


^Z- 


MOLOKAI/ 

tnau  Pl.r 
il^a-lae-o-ka  laauY 


.<*" 


+» 


Kamalt 


c 


Awalua  Landing 
Kuena  Pt 
HonoQu  Pt. 

FIVt  NEEDCeS 

LAN/ 

tCaumalapa^ 


'C»" 


Lt.^" 


.^^^ 


'^-'M. 


Halawiift^ 


155  30 


INTER-ISLAND    DISTANCES  BY   SEA  IN   SEA  MILES. 


AROUND    OAHU    FROM    HONOLULU — ESPLANADE    WHARF   TO 


MILES. 

Bell  Buov I  J< 

Diamoncl  Head 5 

"Koko  Head 12 

Makapuu  Point 16 

Mokapu 27 

Kahuku  North  Point 48 


MILES. 

Pearl  River  Bar 6 

Barber's  Point 15 

Waianae  Ancliorage 26  ' 

Kaena  Point,  N.  W.  of  Oahu 36 

Waialua  Anchorage 46 

Kahuku  N.  Pt.,  Oahu,  via  Kaena 58 


HONOLULU    TO 


^^<^'' 


Lae  o  ka  Laau,  S.  W.  Pt.  Molakai 35 

Kalaupapa.  Leper  Settlement 52 

West  Point  of  Lanai 50 

Lahaina,  Maui 72 

Kahului,  Maui go 

Hana,  Maui 128 

Maalaea.  Maui 86 

Makena,  Maul g6 

Mahukona,  Hawaii 134 


Kawaihae,  Hawaii 144 

Kealakekua,  Hawaii  (direct) 157 

Kealakekua,  Hawaii  (via  Kawaihae)... 186 

S.  W.  Pt.  Hawaii  (via  Kawaihae) 233 

Punaluu,  Hawaii 250 

Hilo,  Hawaii  (direct) 192 

Hilo,  Hawaii  (windward) 206 

Hilo,  Hawaii  (via  Kawaihae) 230 


HONOLULU  TO 

Hanalei,  Kauai * 125  ~ 

Niihau 144 


o 


Man 


•maike  t.\ 


Kealaikahikf 


JV 


j:'^  -<i^ 
.^■^m:-^' 


p^     f.      Mantle  Bay 

Makena  LBn«iin 

£>  MOLOKINI   I 

t^aialkahlMj^' ^i:.. 


Nawiliwili,  Kauai q8 

Koloa,  Kauai io3 

Waimea,  Kauai 1 20 

LAHAINA, 

Kaluaaha,  Molokai 17 

Lanai 9 

KAWAIHAE, 

Mahukona,  Hawaii 10 

Waipio,  Hawaii , 37 

Honokaa,  Hawaii 45 

Laupahoehoc,  Hawaii 62 

HILO,    HAWAII,    TO 

Punaluu,  Hawaii 7° 

Kaalualu.  Hawaii 80 

South  Point  of  Hawaii 85 


MAUI,    TO 

j    Maalaea,  Maui < 12 

1    Makena,  Maui 18 

HAWAII,    TO 

Hilo.  Hawaii 85 

Laeo  ka  Mano.  Hawaii 20 

Kailua,  Hawaii 34 

Kealakekua,  Hawaii 44 


East  Point  of  Hawaii 20 

Keauhou,  Kau,  Hawaii 50 

NorthPoint  of  Hawaii 6a 


'21 


^•Dlowalu 


ikff 


(ill- 


KAHOOLAWe 


HAWAII 

SCALE    OF   STATUTE   MILES 
6        10  W  30 

ailroads. 

teamship  Lines 

ubmarine  Telegraph  Cables ^ 

erritorial  Capital     @ 

ounty  Seats • 


G 


15730 


JJ  Longitude  157°  -West 


ClMAUl 


UoltuUu  UodlDg 
ke-Laa-0-Ki  lllo  Pt. 


.*'>»* 


Knpukaufua  Pt, 
'  Kaputokahi  Harbor 

'kaulkl  Head  Pt. 
Haiiiua 
Mokao  Landing 


.^' 


y 


N 

Uoitoipu 


Na>i*.ko«a  IJ, 


.^^^ 


cr 


Kawaihae  liar} 
j        Kiiah     Ft 


\  AfiiK'dtAi  i 

^Miiheu'H    ■  ■ 
\papih.  , 

Ni\iillli  Pt. 

HAWAIF^'" 

Henholv.Pt:  '■ 

Wawahiwna^f^t. 
Kaluko  fuh  /•'"'U  ) 

Hillwl  Pt.l       Iv.u 

Kailva  2J'<i\j..f 
Kiiniou  Pi.\ 

COUNTY      H 

Kulkiutahelfit.] 


/HAMAKliA,' 


30' 


so" 


,^\ 


Kv:x 


f(iii.iwt;fiahehd 

Keal.tkekud  n.u,--',     '■'!> 
Palemano  Pt.\ 
UonauAau  liayY'. 
il«e  Ua^}:. 

I       '  * 

KaijIuoulPt.i 
I 
Ka  laij  Piiif'kiil{ 

H. 
Milolil 
Hanan 
Oki«-  I. 
Ke  All  o  Ki. 


I<au>la 


V, 


Keauhou  Pt, 
landing 


jialuti  Landing 


Kalapana 


8 


Hammond'a  11  x  I8  Mk^  of  RaVall  Terrlwiy 
OoryrtRht  hj  C.S.namnwoaftOo.,N.Y, 


156  30' 


ISOCHRONIC  CHARTS 

The  zones  of  color  show  the  number  of  days  taken  to  reach  certain  regions  from  the  Port  of  New  York  before  and  after  the  completion  of  the 
Panama  Canal.  For  comparative  purposes  the  basis  of  three  hundred  nautical  miles  steaming  per  day  has  been  adopted,  each  zone  of  color  re- 
presenting five  days  or  1500  miles. 


lOO"  ISO" 


NEW  YORK 

VIA 
CAVE  HORN 


I0O^LoiiKitudeiaO°      Eaal 


80 


82 


i  1  2?i 

o  &    . 

l\ 

t^ 

4 

Al<^ 

— TTfTo 

"s^ 

r    f^ 

*    Si 

s  ^  "^ 

M 

S   ai 

S  2§ 

1   '-      -U- 

Li/ 

=1 .^_^ 

^ 

•     ( 

Be 

A 


I 


W  - 


v-4  ■4-' 

■*-*  "IS  w 

•^  aj  a) 

A,  >-  o 

i    "  ^^ 

i  3  o-g 

§  -i  .9  a  S 

s  §*£  e-t: 

"  ^  •"  P- 

"S  ■a  "tt  S 

1   2  «  °-5 

**  5  ^  S 

o  5  -3  « 


r^ 


83 


84 


85 


VEGETATION  MAP 

OF 

NORTH  AMERICA 

SCALE  OF  MtlES 


0        100      200      :iOO      4U0       fiOO     «00       700 

REFERENCE 

Natural  Vegetation 

IcQ  Df^iirt,  Tundra  and 
A  Ipine  Flora 
Northern  and  Eastern 
Coniferous  Forest 
CordiHei'.'.r;  ;ind  Pacific 
Uoniferun;   ■   irest 
Broad-lea  •  !  Forest 
and  Meaii'^rt 
Upland  lit  Oil  1  leaved. 
Forest  and  3i*j:nlow 

Everereoii  Forest 

vergreen  Trees  and 
IShrubs 

TL^inperate  (iraislaml^ 


Semi-desert 

Uvsort 

Tropical  Grasslands 

Tropical  Thorn  Forest 
U  lupical  and  Eqaatoiial 

I'l'i-eat 


VZO" 


BamBOBd't  T«f«tatl(ra  Map  of  North  Anwrloft 

Copjrifrbt.  1916.  hj  C.S.  TTain;nond  k  Co..  S.T.  | ^  ;   ^-       / 


110° 


Loneitude 


100"         West  from  90**  Greenwich 


Qf^ 


0       nw     -201)     ;fl»     400     :.(» 

REFERENCE 

Industrial  Districts 
Productive  Regions 
Non-Productive 


Principal 

Woritiiigs 


CTJCoul 
■  Iron 
O  Silver 
•  Copper 
+  Gold 
QPetroleum 

Agricultural  products  are 

indicated    by    initial    letters    in 

districts  where  the  products  are 

largely  oljtained;- 
g    Barley  q    Oats 

(jg  Cacao  HI  Rice 

CI  Coffee  5„  Sugar 

Qt  Cotton  jg  Tobacco 

Fp  Fruit  y   Vineyards 

fH    Maize  yy  Wheat 

-  -   ■  Navigable  Rivers 
120° 


Bammoad'i  Eoonomlo  Hftp  of  JVortb  America  1 
CoDTrlght.  I«tt.  by  C.3.HftinnOBd  k  Co..  N.Y.I 


1 10° Loiigitiide  100"         West  from  90"  Greenwich 


80'' 


87 


88 


:c^^;^<^V^^^^- 


uj     £■ 
a'    2      t, 

a    I" 

*j  OS  c  J  g  a    1 
C  o  o  o  £  oj 

:Q<  ♦■a 


/ 


89 


//// 


1U° 


X) 


110° 


108° 


F 


1»>° 


101" 


.^IFako 


GU4H0A 


^'ARCOS 


■Vuei-fita  B, 
Piilma*  B. 


Potoll 
Mod. 


<?" 


J' 
5>  nMAo|e  I.    •"■"•".  '\ 


■2.      > 


iVC — ^  J»  Ijiiisfr^j.. 


n  r^ /-A..  ^ ^      I   7B^ ..'^nR.  AiAA*-*  *y&.   >Sft.J   j>V„*   *y*       \ 


'oada:       in  operation         projected 
Capital  of  the  Republic  ® 
Capitals  of  States  e 

Size  of  type  indicates  relative 
importance  of  places . 


BuLiiaadl  11  s  16  Uap  of  Mezioo. 
ipjrlcht,  Ittlttt  b7  0.  S.  Baiuiaond  &  Co.,  S.V 


,   /.■  !  Hu»c«nci  Ta^a  m  (.a  ro'-' 
— — 3  ,»       »- 


-."-. 


Pt,Japti : 
Tf'fu.j 


'-y-'ti 


8° 


I? 


r> 


110° 


108° 


F 


106° 


104° 


H 


10/Longltude  J    We 


90 


»-*■"/,' 


&>y 


I  AlbBni 


\c.     J|A*/ 

^     C   L.^ 

7^\'^t 

*«'*5*'^^' \ 

iN«U)Jie] 


Bndj 


ai»rbl«  F&uii 


PAG. 


ln\onlo^ 


P,  «r 

-    Sturkdata  t>--'~\^        *->■ 

Kenedy^ 


'i'i,. 


•;i^ 


'I  liny  ntf 


Dlefturnonir 


/■•\\\ 


yli^^^n 


l^ 


ilNT 


'H^<'\ 


^r 


^^„. -^.^^  kifcs^ 

^»      B-^-  V         T  .i^L ■ 

SI'^^    ,»— — — T — T?^^ 

■^rti^!*^;.       fcBAfcosfE""  ; 

y,   .  iiW^^-  -     ^BRETON  1^  I  / 

.CnUlM  tWn'^&^''^^^^DeIlalof  the 

,^  y     f  / !   J — /- — ^ 


Cedar  Kej^ 


gUMOWV 


y^ 


J-' 


"> 


o 


r 


fX-*^ 


antctnorcloi 


8.Tcre«L, 
Mendez 


^^S. 


:  Jose 
.Cmrlov 


I  1  1  \ 


>^ 


■flit*!** 


A>*     C.Cor/l'""'" 


^Q 


:^-Ttic.i  Myitis] 


^^. 


L«  UbwUd 


'Q^ 


/pt.Reef 

■  TS-PedfO 

n-TURNEFFE  U 


3   B    ^ 


B     J^ 


JV 


30 


26 


21 


22 


8W*N  18- li 


io:Si 


>\^ 


eO 


./ 


— ;y^ 


^Se--f'S: 


t  peo   '%.-^ 


from  KQreenwich98° 


O  F  i  '^'\<?>  *" 


>^iinleilt» 


fe-. 


J'Btt-Bufi 


N      D      tl 


taAfi' 


'  ^M^ 


"'U 


■'^\ 


8.Simon  B.^ 


\Eipli>o 


18 


90° 


m; 


94° 


O 


90° 


Q 


80° 


Ti 


91 


Q2 


93 


,^  r 


94 


95 


97 


M°l  83'2  82°8   3i'4  »•  5  n'a  ^'i^' 8  7c'9  ;5°10  74°11;3'12  k  13  u'U  ii)"15 eo'lO  ee'l 7  6i°18 ee  19 co"20 04"8 1  ii3'22 m'iS 6i'2« ai'gS 5ii*26  56'27  67'28 5o*29 65°30 i4'31  m' 


lu     14"  11     73-   12    7a'    13    71-   14     70*    15    «»•    16    W    17    «•   18    W    18    W  80    M°  21    w  22     ea"  28     el'  84    to'   26   t»'28 


98 


99 


75**    Longitude    E  West       H^3ti'       from  F    Greenwich 


«^   lladfofdo\  Co'  f^K' 


QUEBEC 

(South  Central  Part) 

SCALE    OF    MILES 

0  5  10 

Railroads : ^ 

Railroads  Proposed „ 

Canals 

National  Parks | | |_ 

Dominion  Capital ^ 

Province  Capital 


County  Seats ® 

Size  of  type  Indicates  relative 
,  importance  of  places 

'    '    UuDisMKl't  ConplitoMfepofQuebee  CBoulbCcntnl  Put) 
Oopjrlgbt,  1018    tyr  dfi.  Htminnnd  k  Co..  Pi.Y. 


1^X1 


B 


lacli 


,"    V  A  u  D  R  eIt  I L'  "^^^^*%:.r  ^ 


100 


:x 


■^      Bool  du'Mood*  r 


°    8i.L-nal»/  .^.- 

"2pe     I  T 


-^— .         \    Sl.Jatia/ 

-CleopbM  X  °^>    Y    ^'"' 


/8i.Pio«i«io  ' 
;.,N.r<-iM8tiw    T"^;;^^,!^.        B«>5,i'7L<  V>^ 


BELLECHASSbX      ^v 


E 


\  CriDbgtj 


'erc&REsI  ST.  HYiKINTHE>A™-/;,..«  /        ^  "« 

tili'y/  1.     )  aj«ii  vjui*j«j.,i»C^^.i  i../v  I  >^.c.„..,./ ?/--j    r     ^r5v.n— »iii„7;^<.   r    t 


°iu,j4wimir    Nr».^i„?''"ft,v^<^  wih  Vocu Ji...n Jsl 


ArniittoDg         I 
StTThMpblle^* 


'■  inI'"  W'^l/*"    feC^^     ^''^j->y",    V^^^Si-'^i^^-^.'fi^'^'''''^ 


l»r  iboip"/ 


day,  y'^vj.rt.tifc  i(aiiiru..Rcti^  :  :  ■■■o~ics«,>i;n  ^ — of  Vi:igS=^2!>*C!tT~o — ^-'"Tr' 


tf  %    '^"S  '4         vJ-*  / 


.(Bir.^l.I. 


HAOUDoiid't  Compktt:  31)l[i  of  Dntulo.        (&ouU>«rn  Put.) 
Copyrigbt.  IWfijbj  C.S.Himmond A  Co.,  Xew  York.  [ 


80^30 


IT     l^ongilude      79'' 


102 


Albion  ' 


/Currlert 


jjArcade  vj 


•^2!S— _cj^,L 


Sm^, 


««weg 


'■"'. 


5»«^ 


Pens.  JcV 


V. 


/Crjslal 

"  'pilfttsl 


:^: 


IWDBvlUa'^ 


I  d'ananduiijii''/ 

H*mlockUk«i"«t 


Naples  o 


X 


Pcnn  Vani, 


>Hornel: 


Bel  fldere 


CtnlBleiS) 


*tWellBvllle 


I  Lake 

I  Keuka 


^Bstb 


Ueiieva 


'Vid\    [g 


Wntkft 


IV"* 


,»v^» 


■\  ir-^ 


-£>£ 


6 


■   43 


H.. 


j "^  X  B.Colttnibl» 


pfHuw  Berlin 


CinduDttue 


P       •'>. 


X.      Cornl^^^ 


18°30 '  Omnwich  IC  7«°  Xj 


31)' 


ValtonX 


TVI 


N 


-f>°30' 


1 


IS 

/«  ADd«B  n 


103 


104 


105 


106 


120°  U.iiBili.J..  >I 


110 


116° 


114° 


BRITISH    COLUMBIA 

Southern  Part 

SCALE    OF    MILES 


111 


\ 


L°A   "«°B  '"'°  C  '""P  m'E  iM"  F    iat°  G    m°H    m'J    m°K  m'Jj    i«i°]H 


I(»3o°    0  ™°  P  "J"  R  »«•"  S  >»°  T  >M°  D  »»°  T  ™° 


B^IIO"     (J^      TlS"     1)        is;*      E         126°      F        ^°      G         IS*"     H         123°       J         188°      K        '2'°      L  '»>°     M        »'»"      X         "f     0  111°     P         110°     R      lU'S 

— 


112 


113 


114 


116 


^ 

^ 


Hi 


a  H 


°»a 


°,.s 


117 


18  J 
20 


D.(JJ. 


01  TER  BRAM^ 


p.'"*  t'^' — fiJ^ — *i I/i^';  c^-^r  ""'^'- 


TURTLl  DOVE  CAYc: 


ST.  THOMAS 

AND 

ST.JOHIV 

SCALE  or  MILES 


VIRGIN  ISLANDS 
OF  THE  UNITED  STATES 


CA"  JO      f 


118 


J29.5l''"'n"'ti<''»  Cllniiite  Map  orSoulh  Amcrloa 
CopjriEht  tj  C  S.ItanimoEii]  1  Co.,N.Y. 


2Q  7     January  Isobars 

^t Prevailini?  Winds 


80°       Longitude        70°  West 


123 


-     iJb^J^  ^  .\     LEEWARD 

PORTO  RICO  •  ^ 


.  EQUATOR., 


IlftoimDiia't  Vegetntion  M»p  of  Suuth  Smtri^x 
Cop»rlelit,  1916,  by  aS.  Hammond  4  Co..  N.Y. 


VEGETATION  MAP 

OF 

SOUTH  A31EKICA 

SCALE  OF  MILES        

100       200  400  600 

REFERENCE 
Natural  Vegetation 
I  Ice  Desert,  and  Alpine 
Flora 
Puna 
(Cold  Semi-desert) 

Coniferous  Forest 
Broad-leaved  Forest 
and  Meadow 

Evergreen  Forest 

Evergreen  Trees  and    " 
Shrubs 


Temperate  Grasslands-^ 

Semi-desert    • 

Desert 

>.  ub-tropical  Forest 

Tliorii  Foresk 

Tropical  Grasslands  ^ 

Kiiuatorial  Forjsst 


'^■^i^    Swamp 


10 


80^       Longitude        70'^  West  60"  from  50^       Greenwich       40 


124 


00' 

— r~ 


^   ^0°     I  PORTO  RICCI~  •  ^     V 


EQUATOR 


ECONOMIC  MAP 

OF 

SOUTH  AMERICA 

8C*t.E  OF  MILES 

u     100    200  400  000  am 

REFERENCE 


60'  from  60^      ^reeiiwich       40" 

125 


Proclnctivo  Regions 
N.in  I'niJuctive 


.    Prinf'ipnl 
Gold  Y  Workini.'s 

^  Diamonds 
Z^  Nitrate 
©Tin 
T  Manganese  , 

Agricultural  prr^tucts  are 
indicated   by   initiul   letters   in 
districts  when    tlie  products  are 
largely  obtaiucd;- 
Ca  Cacao  Ru  Rubber 

Cf  Coffee  Su   Sugar 

Cl  Cottoa  T     Tea 

Fr  Fniit  To   Toli:ifco 

M  JIaize  V     ViiT-yards 

RlRice  W    ^Vheat       pO 

-     Navigable  Rivers 

lUamtond's  Eeonoinlc  Mip  nf  Snufh  An>vrlc« 
Copjrlglit.  1016.  bj  C.8.  lUminond  k  C«.,  N.Y, 


80°      Longitude       70°  Weat  60°  from  50°      Greenwich      40 


126 


127 


129 


1 


131 


CP^  CM*. 


134 


135 


137 


n 


D 


E 


'J^tu'dy 


Jpiillemvllle  V 


fimaghtSi^  H»Uf«»l 


WeatportJ 

iTlncbeater 


Bello,**«'lTrSKI-.ii'kf?''*°'"*'fS°\"'j?;';!K:;291'  ff  1^ '         -  '  V 


„^, '-...;"',,.  , 


O  Woe 


rrwVci.r'^'   '=r. 


■  \ ' '  aa'-t  ?"«,  A'M  ^^"^W\#m.    "" 


TfolWko  Iron  W^fki 


5  \  ^^*. 


^St1«ii>g  g^f^^^^ « 


-   T'-n  ■■  -^-  N  Colebrook-  ^^      r  >  i- 


ftr.iliaiiiryt 


BrnifttrertTji 


%'?>.!€ 


f''>'ii'>ls''^^sll  a , '^ns^"'-  '- 


Wr^ii?  "y 


Mt|^ 


7      Fairy  & 


^>-*rt-Wi  ^J^'V'f  ^fc-''^ 


sa 


E  _ 

J VyMepipigMyv</  >>    '«"  i  i        J    s-Mohbodj^; 

llaplotoivS\y#fSlialtcrJ 

I     V      /— 1U»       ;<ta,  < 

itnjHioiivlUli 


^  Klibc' 


road  BrubLy      iX'^-KllIn  fffnn       J         /J      \         Cl 


^ 


\    ^V    I       -^-t-T'  Jsl  "'^^ W.L. \^  1    iJlL'  \~A\     Vel-.VvW'.     X/V*-       Jj^oo  city   wb"*^     fcheS 


ffaTrflfcLlO    BroKklicJdl,'  X,V»:^)h  * 


Fll«>kStll,!i\OifVrj' 


f "i  o'RIdgel>urjr   V/B^tBll  ,      Botj 


iBrooltBvmlei  iFi„,^^, 


-^''^«-4lliM<!*d/ 


^,,.M^"^'S:^^^'r"(  \ 


J  Duncan'' 


Mt.C8l:melpJ-  -^ 
)  Halndi/n   P^  t 


■iliiliiff 


kiiti*  Sia-W/Galea     '^ 


.ribforJv.^    S^y     "vsJ  If'        •>       jTn.e.to  ^>CV    ^M.,..,.,.„  ^*    \ 


finiifo'd  n. 

Lstrtilford  Pt. 


'"ionff  Aeo*  Pt. 


L   ^ 


N 


D 


p    o   u  ^' 


>•**>,  IITTLC  OW 


Ft.Mloki^ 

PLUM  t.  ^    '       QWl-l.  I, 


'..../^"^..' 


z> 


ukTZ.  «_ 


e/ierr»  H/Vt 
Of  P(. 

DIXEIIS  li 


ID 


G 


II 


138 


ii'a' 


n. 


71'  IB' 


in 


"<=^ 


T 


M 


NaS 


.W.TownBend     !'»"£' 


"bomtonB  Ferry 

I 


>       _  „  "^       Hekbruok   I 


70*16' 


Q 


R 


/<iind4cnt4        \    .":2''''irM-i-U  ipmii ...,      nJ"  jj 


A  1-     ,'^'^f"S;T'''"'''\Lafrene«! 


toQJuhirille 


_  ■^■<'Voti-., 

l|Mtc  il)ure)gi;ii.i 


N.Chtlmnff 
rw  Gr»atiT\SlNi3KldBprlnf^™.  „- 


■';m 


'^rvarJiSla./   Littlettjl 


stow 


»-,    ,*/s.Cbeltaflfonl  fii'""",T'.-' 
T-lttWtOD  I LJ     iMl;>r  i. 

idftfrd  Spia 


laggett/rAndi 
o.**,  I^''    li/Ballard  Vale' 


E.Boifo*lp;)'' 
Bo,ft,jli.)E\ 


FoHu  n. 


SOUTHEM  NEW  ENGLAND 


42 
16' 


,„n/ihr,SD.po* 


eastern  Pt. 

>,iCriM»«3u.) 

'rr'»>"<i  IGREAT  MISERY  I. 
.    "^'J-         tB«KE»8., 

em 


iedf^ 


Sai^STllle 


•""""l['i'Vrrn'm'^''°'i  I  II    itP°^-' 

iWjrallol.     ^.yjjjV^J^ 
MIII(iiry$' 


'lN.,Onifloii         I 


iTiK«lM,  I. 

rt'lnthroj'  a»Mb 
OST^I'I  IV  °*^'  '•    OUTCH  8«*8TI»  1. 

X!&  Isi'Vr -.t  8""" 


en 
> 


MASSACHUSETTS, 
COKI^ECTICUT 

AXD 

KHODE  ISLAND 


SCALE  OF  MILE6 


0  6  10 

State  Capitals  ^ 


16  20  26 

County  Seats  <s> 


42, 
80 


Size  of  type  indicates  relative 
importance  of  places. 

Principal  Through  Auto  Routes ^ 

Other  Auto  Eoute  i_ 


l.'i.&i?I"''5.? 


Cedar  Pt. 


^P  A\m/y''^'iV^^'9/l  Meadow  l,rw.v\<A  Xt^l  ^'aj"*'*""  ?   ^N.MidW'"''-''  ^  [.      "^  %, --' 


fls  Iryi'orr.lnB    1) 

M^tftck^t 


naV^Saguiah  Head 

^     "     LIGHT 

\LONC  QEACM 

louth  gocky  Pt, 


GAPE 

'  ^i?  "''l',^"°B^%\Certer  Hill  PI. 


(7  0  Z 


B  ^  r     fc>'  ^^ 


79° 30' 


B 


C 


78°  30' 


NEW  YOKK 

(Western  Part) 


SCALE    OF    MILES 


lO 


11 


Railroads.. .  j  • 

Canals — 2 1 

Interurban  Electric  Lines.———  !;! 

County  Seats s  Si 

Size  of  type  indicates  relative  ^« 

importance  of  places  ~\  ■ 

Niagara  on  tlie  Lake\ 


K 


Somerset 


Maplestreet   /   llNewUne  N.Hartland 

HElberta 


;i  own     I    /^^      y  \^^     -/C(X)mer 

.    ^  '^■\Northrl<lgy^   Warrens 

■*'*'^'"     LockportJe. 


iRidgaJiSfii    "^"''"^ 


StaiiifordH=' 


&-/^   Falls  y 


aVr 


Kaymond 

o 


:Jr^^^  ^^^^^*^rlSpiyi/'^^^ 


/AirLiueJc.      G-  T.  WAB. 


^iat;a^a 


Bridget 


^ 


oWolcjfttHburg 
Bartinsville  ~  \     Sworin\illc    V  '^i. 


\t^        Tranilfy 


ijss'vx  '«*k %; 


;  Bellenie  *^^a 


*        _  Allen 


«A'%.^ 


TilTI  V*ra\\WftJ     f^^'     r ill  1    Jivjfoi''    I     ' ^-Mfcrlll* 


Uftm.        ^    -      > ?*/     WoaJ^ 

Cemetrjg^^aiQbuHA'^'/'^TlsY'lc^ 
Cloter  ~ 


^ 


t 


t 


f^ 


i 


surer  Creek^ 

Waites  Crosflin^ 


Smiths! 
■  ^Millsl 


Iroquoif 


lalia 


5g5ti«mbuMA'*VOTjv'«t*S^:X"D  It  \A        T71  ^ 


Mills 
Oewettville 


'Derby  Biding- 

[EdiirCeAJet  Bta.) 


illers   yi:,ndoii»UlB 

KcnyuQvillg/^ 


. r  — p->  IIarl>or„ 

KiWwlesvilleC      Su.        Rk 

Hlllville 


Alabama     /T,      "'■'i       lE.OakSeliK 
ifWhealville    /^  /'^ 

Baaoiii^ 

Indian  raits 


'  LoNiKwood 


.Kars>.rienSla^,^^,„^,SV»_^    t,Jil«.„ 

y°    n.rifhrnni„.  I  I,..,....         ,^ 

^-^  '^—    '^  ^^.iswulds    i/if  Alexandej 


rJ- 


t 


SlieMon 


jjohnsonburf 

0      M 


Rock 


W 

Pe  rrys^ 
Strykenrille  / 

j  "1^  /N.Java  ^a, 

V(lBn,Ap  ^/V  o    wAher<fleld  Spriiiis 

I  /       ^— ^  XN.Jai^  jgj, 

Jlollai  d       iJava  Center]  

itag. 

I  Curriers/ 

^Java 


'alieridan 
Van  Bfir^iiX^'^    VjlffVAJlntiTo^     ■»  1 


•orestvllle**^/ 

Naahvitteo  ■ 


"Barcelona 

Westfi^ 


A/'^kinner       -. 
Kwitmer^      f 


.eside     ^>^ 
ly  Dal;*- 
^¥V  Casiadaga 


/Charlotte  Center 
^'\\'*^  \  l/i  (  ,^  Cherry  CreeJ^Xf^ 

■[^''•^t^'i*-' Ce  ntral  i  a 

i^\A*^  ^^^        °    \  nl  ^StnelalrTille 


errysliy 
\  Cottage 


Clearl  B<£otiewa'ngo  Valle- 


ilCoIli 


HoHon 


E.Concord    Sardinia 


iGowanda 


f/e»t  ValleW 
Eaat  Otto   \        Bel 


Maples 


^,S.  Ripley 


SummerdVleV  \  Chautau^uS&*^=_Av>*V^^^^  V\\     )  J    ^'''**°?^^^ ft 

Gerry/  ]    | 


Ellleottvilti 

T^  T%.  A   /  R 

'.""i";,       J    /Little  Valle! 


Open 
Mi  adowa  \ 


[o  Marks 

N.Clymer^^ 

;  ,<V^Fr«nch  Creek      , 
I  */^  Clymerhm°J 


^.♦v 


V/  .** 


:aiidolp  Vj 

fKenni  dy 


"</  A- 


Ashvil 


0.  X.      ^^*     **«  JA¥fcSTOWN\ 

Boomer  >wnX  X'-'V/,  *o^  * 


/Hueti 

Kiantone^      "VJ 


Humphrey/^ 
Great  Valle//i«  Center  / 


/Napoll 

,£.Rando<pli     /      »■  d  .  A 

r    >'       f      ff.BalaMiani 


[;lt«t_HouM  ^    Wit.* 

;^Cold(Spring       ^N        ^J^ 
^/^ /'(Quaker FridgeSu.)       R'^^rslde  raJkMlf 'r-.    \-fa*     *^,.  ^   Bo, 


I  WinR  \ 


iFrankllnvJlle 


n  vHuniphrey 
^\     Sta.        ' 


"Haneyl 
Ilusdale 


urWfe  Sti 


y>\Liru«»lonc\ 

\\\V  KiiaiijiNCreek 


Little  Genesee^ 
WHileli'iuse       «^ 


79°  30' 


c 


Longitude  XJ 


IC 


77°30' 


F 


ve^ao'  It 


T 


B 


^,  I 


Braddook  Pt. 


'/       Cl&rksnn^      (iBi'l/ml 


o 


V 


\/         TPultneyviUe         ^  ^^"y    / 


I  Adams  hi 

I  /siMMioerpoi-tV'j;;;^^ 

-,-,„.         **.Sr  I  .Allies  Bl-Vj 

,    ...veden  W     "o""    .1.     "-.ftM  w.fe»lj^ 


I  .Biclwcll 


I  \    jLincoln 


lofJll./.^^V/^.Vj 


I 


vE^     I    ""^  "'«'/    -'11... .  tv»-^^^^f  1.1. 


iiia.         nalltti* 
Cedar  B*aii'i|i 


OSWEGp-^Mi  Fi 


\ 


Frnit  Vallej, 


SouthwMi-Oa^go^ 

\Ot^pt  Center^ 


tJ  ILlllltTll  „ 


Jilerlingi)  HanVibal  CentfeK   X.V-^  V 
V'tH       \(  \  A^(fl/fioaii/a\ 

ibal 


N.WolcotVJ  |yMartviUe>|^  I  \e  Ham) 

Red  CreeWn^  Ticioryj/  W.    OBepiSl  Col^i 
^•l'  QJ     )\     Flor\daville 


irida 


>S.SodU8 
Wayne  Center 


Biitler 
Center 


-'VictotJ 


I      J 

(S.Butlcrf         I  ((i- 

I  M_    /       Brick  CliJ>cli>i 
SpriuJI 

II 
1/ 


^Conquest 


■i  .ir     F-tiirldje  \^  | 

lISi 


/Avon.;       y  n  II    ti^YEI?, 


I 


Finy«ra7  Ap 


j  P».R.R.Jc\/Vvr«l         E.Gruvelma 

im>n*  Morris  O*^ 


^ 

^l.rra\^ 

'.S!> 

^   blr/ff^ 

«r  Uk    S 

ETX   /  V^ 

XRi'ip'O 

"!r 

Fislier 

^j 

if 

ttuscarora-jT* 

f\  WeBtviewV 


.  ...      .j^-*^   J^^X^^m  M 

^A)'  '^''i  Lniunda  Ju  /  /  A.  vftW  Reeds  ConiErs  j 

7>''"Ct/J.  aj4"..\mN\  °       f- 

"T^^uiida         ^ /    Cu.iiiiiiii«l|cjJ  Ac  J-  L„ 


Ossian  I 

I  ^^  I  /rV1{'i«Pi-sviIle 


,J>hi;lp> 


Tyrel' 


2-f atisyie'"" )        ";;         „ouUrtl<Ci.dd..i,j„-,  .  \J 

— ^^    ^  ^^^ —      '^      ^" ■  '■■^'  'I  1 

JbtUus  iStal 
'*  lljjiiius    /  CO 

•i  1 1 Eis'  '^  seneca-F-ailj 

A    I  I  I^WaterloOj, 


IStaiVati'lei 


•^  C-  i      ftonlJi-Beld^r^ 

iishill  /VinceU  ,  I  ia  1  Reed  CoVnera  ^  , 

„,       ,„  )      IClieihlVe      /Vf  ctft>(^  / 

Brivtol  Csaterlo  -^       /        i 


Thompson  V^ 


Kasli 


'  V  /        OraoKor  . 


£/  ^Middlesex  A   BentohCeote*  ^ir^^    A      Tl      ^-    \       \  \a    Hayl 

V  •-//  >>t  ;.  r  V~^      /'-J^f^     II  \      \  >  ACnrin 

Y  *>a  X-Tottar  /e iK^      *♦>  V  ''  \  \  /      W 


Parleys 
layette    //^^j^^^^__^KN 


R«c(ler\     Ejariek 


Mi  lot  1 


Qulick        )[/         y/w.lt(dy  J'fJ'-d    /^'""Z,^  . 

H^^       °    /  Tate/me-  ''' 

,  l.n.oH^-Y    /A  (T         ,,_. 

'        \aplU/7      I  /  KLka  P.rk«    iMTnCeute 

*^  ^  ^  '       I  Haly^  Bl»f!\l*..iat 

I  (^■'^  BranclipitrtJfe^*-^      /  /         |Hiiul 

I  f   Italyhllf 

I        ^..  /  /jCrosb] 
1 
^^ ^1 

/^  Pmlteu^7~/J 


WiliVrd, 


;ols  JCi 
Htmro 


N  CoUocton 


[ogleside 


^oraina 

□s  Sta. 


^     ^TracjB 
Birdsall         BUhopsille 
nHfltonTtUe   _X 


Haskinvitle 
^teplienfl  Hills 


-Si^ 


i^fieiinettB 


Almond 
County  Hmiae 

G  _^    /NAY 


iVithey 


BconoDt  Sta. 


^ORNELL 

kCanlsteo 


/Purdycreek 

Bennetts//^ 


doic 


re  lis 


/I  W.Uiik 

1  ndpl^ndence        I 
I 


Jasper 


I 


Kexvlllo 

"Hallsport           j   /          /i/arney  Mill      ^^  ^ 

(_                                       Edwaifft       y^.    /       Voung  Hicko^ 
^lapes  WhitcsviIJ^5^r^^.O^^/,   , i^       \^^  IpTroups 

JliuudGV  ^     ■*  SpriagJMiliT^Saunders 

1    V      ^^5^*-  o  __^ 


Beans  Sta 

Sticktieys9« 

DiDehartso'^ 

Reoclian?^*  (     UrbanaVW     ^'"j 

J^^  N.  7    /        /.^ 


Catawba/  \r/'i     Crystal/bprint; 

•i ^ 

"Wayne/  i 


Wheeler^  \  /(,/         /      H 

li   .  .  V  MitchciiviiiA  A/  yf/„„.iiS£ 

Jord^s  te^leasant  Valley  /  I    /     ^-^ 

rflcrmitaiic  BrAdfurd 

'kaiiS^dU  j#fT.-old  Springs  L 

,N  Y.S.  I-'isli  Hatcher/y\_/r;  i 
BriMidage  I  )    ^C*    \  .  ,      , 

Towlosvillfl     (         "'V^kJ  ?Co""ty  "'>'"•'  J/-V  ^aiaf  ill 

°p;?^J;^ath  ^ /y    Sonora    j 

*•  S.Bradford!  J^VUonterey 

B      (  E'^  N    ,     I 

Havuna 


a  i  Alert     X'N^' 

,  ,    ,       I  Ovid  Center^, 

<  /   S^         (IBheBnike  8vrB.bt»0 

Interlaken' 


,   :-<:>di^  J  Townsei 

Center/ 


'LaAe\ 


WIle\ 
^J    -J  Austin 


[Q] 


O^enl^Q  Center  Q^M'sd 

^nice  ^1 
.  Mora\n| 


lis  Cry 
r'li^rs      W _r        "I! 

'«--'       'vi^iisTTi?  ^1 

arljcl   °W. 
Qkraioii 

E.LanBlng 


Lansing 

Inland  Pt. 

lllo*  tr>.    N?S>  \\ia4s''i'ry 

|urg  (S.\\iuJIireventoriui 


l-ogan  * 


PotPfXiljf, 


0 


reventoriun 
uSty:  f 

hoKinneys 


\,F«nt(4  V>^  X.J  ,  ,      . 

Key  nolrffUlo       9^4cklenburg 

^•\1  V  I    /y        /   * 

jReaBtack  \\      lI\-;'---^rennettsbii/g 

■    "       *^^Hiirdett 

J  I       (  >i  Enfleld  Fall 

__        UAV^    (L         el    R  /o|  Trumbull  Crf^nei 
^^^^HTwtblWS^l  ^\  r.     A   ij    I  CayutaSiUei        \    A    / 
JV at k insWl jTTrftl     \  V      / /cavuTa  N    Ke*ffield 

^*^^^^  PmV"  y}'<AM    >'"""i>a 

Townsend      /  /-'ntvV^N^'^dessa 
More  laud  Sta 


P\,\^  I  N  S, 


ITHAC 


rotine  Depi 


Danlr)^ 


I 


Biieuavista 


Risingvllle 
^.Cameron 


'^Thurston 

CurtisS 


Hornby 

'E.  Campbell 


■^7^^|Cameron  MiUscoopers  PlaT 
^edgesville     >^atlilxjnii\^  OanK  Mil  J 

Iddlsonf/    ^\!^° 

S  Presho  q 

W.Caton'' 
Woodhull  ^--^^^^     \        ^ f      /    c^ 


■,xi 


XWefit%[d 


78"  Ureenwjch 


-i—MiT* —  —  +———.     Tr    /  Jackson    1 


IjjPost  Creek^ 
I 


.1^ 
)a^l,y 


Catliu 


-arfj3 


I  K.Speiici 

""""Ll^^Si^odliourn      I     ^ 
Pln«  ^alle^      /Park  Sta-/         ^'^ii^wartwooH 

itlivanyille 

'M  /U    JN     G  ""^^gTsH^ 


p 

1  \       )Horse 

Bl»|Flil.J»^»^ 

nW^Ci^ek    '•^V^//}i^\Y*^-^'"''^*  U)*«nsMm.( 


Ur«eBport 
lorsehead^  S.Erin 


[  Chemung 


»<lShields 

j\      Tl 


CbemunKA^eiiter        iT 


I  PineCil^^^'alya'JcS^ 


lely  Creek        \       W.-irjii5ri^''g"'"\' 


Caiulor'J, 


11 


l;^ 


'nammonil'ii  Complete  Map  of  W«*IWfc  (Teetern  PartJ 
OopjrlBht  by  C.illammotid  A  Co-.N.Y, 


76=30'         H 


141 


o 


76^30' 


IT 


NEW  YORK 

(Northeastern  Part) 


iptvillp\/ 


0   12    3    4    5  10 

Railroads 

Canals 


SCALE   OF   MILES 


Interurban  Electric  Lines  - — ,  .  .  . 
State  Capital  ©  County  Seats 

Size  of  type  indicates  relative 
importance  of  places 


Principal  Tl  rough  Auto  Routes 
Other  Auto  1  toutes 


terrace  Park 
RlHorrlst'owB 


";^ 


Macnmh 


/    Brasiex. 
Corners 


AVo^f ni i nslc r  Park   j 


J^Jreiielli^ishers  Landing 


llU)uis 


^-'^Bucksbridgef^  ^  " ' 


WJotsdam) 


Aorler9 


°KokoiHOt 
D-  Poysterc^ 


If* 


Herhionr 


Bicrivill^       /Bigelov-         ^ 
V    -    .»,         '''RictvUie  8tk.) 


Russpll' 
.    Pal  111  e(^  life 
Slalbird   '  ^ 

y        SRusseir 

DegVa«se'\^,^ 

fcPdwards  •    \ClarksboroN 


rontei 
-lay  ton 


^  WOLFE  ISLAND     Jf 

tCan^^Iiicenf 


_ I Farge 


c/Oinar 


ii>:^ 


lUk 


iTj^  L./]    ,^)/         *^ Jtfoon  i. 


'/~yiUiL.       /  SomcrvnaC     '/^^     /   ")  /Fowler  ST' 

CC3— -'^  ^  /V^^J"5»B1^         tfton  Works/ 


VHyalt 


|Thlladelp^ 

''ojISterlingv 


E 


rc-^l"/,"^ 


'^ 


Pt.Pentnsula  ( 


Pillar  Pt 

Sacket  Harbor/ 

Chamb^rViis 


\5 

Pamelirf  /!^^vaiisTliill3        \\    f r^ 

FourCodTers  AlEviSVSta.) 

^rc\River      ^T  /  LcraysJillc  _. 

El  TD  //  o    *''^'" 

^^  ,,        ,     0      ^        l/^     -tk/  fc>     Bf^ 

BU«k  Rl»er^  ^'    .  v^. v/-       v^t,-  . 

/WXarthaee^r^^^^^ 

pKTOWN         •  c.&ujLff^  -     — 

^KutlaiiH 
jMills, 


r^l  Bridge  Sti 


la.i^^war 
,  E.Pit/aiij 


Colt 


n/aparte 


rPitzgcrald 

Burnett 

lati^^l  Bridge  sia 


-^Tjiliia  Sta 


Slonj  PtL 


*3j 


o    :2V 


A      K      B 


-^uralhih         -, 

^       AtllejiUe 


»ii''JL 


\Pinckiiey 


CaVorland  li 


irishurg 


Tremaineao        ~^       jr^""  /  \     \^^ 

^     St^'       ^  >^  Windecker 


)  Indian  River 


'avtT  River 


Beai'K 


umber  Four 


i.  "Pxt/ 


T      A      H,       Z       O 


-jLacoiia 


Port  Ontirii 


'^HjXSJ' 


fOrw 


(New  C< 


Worth°Center 

\piamon 

N  ^uylSTon 

stu 
lei 

/preWiboro| 

'Smartville  )  ^^    VZ 


vParkera 


^. Margins  I 


Hooker^ 


Pniity. 


j'^^i^^Mi^^Jrsu 


^.^^^J^Paul  ^^ 

I'AiisiiiK  y~) 


v£. 


c».i... 


^ 


v^edBcldl 


^icard 


^I 


Bea»er^       KirschiiVfwillc 

\  /NpwBremen  ^ 

Vz-X  ---^^Crjstal  Dale^ 

^Bushes  Landing     f^nd  •P«^^^p-<^ 

:d>t^  *V*  iSo»'°'*^         /- 

*..,.<Ki  fciteielake 


J^eiitleia  Bi^antingiiain 

'"TjBrniKiiiyAa 
TjOreig 


/Bigl 


Olttr  L. 
)  ';       Fultoa-Cha 


«i„5u.i,j«p^^  p 


A''  J/tfOSe 


W 


Port/l 


Molia»-k  Hill 

TalcotlviU^ 

Pasadena 


^  Otter  Lake 
^    ,  ,.     (lOiutBiT) 

/-<      /  /TV    1    y  wwdhuti 

t     .  //^, i 


GJ-       76°30' 


1£ 


.■M"    I  0         N    /?£      , 


LZ 


I£ 


142 


73'  30 ' 


^A'i 


Q      WW 


K 


\^^SS9B»«ar.  81..)  -*liB 


iTenuIIIoa 


„1„Y     •wA)*""^'"  8l«.)  -%Siffor4l  Hajtilies 


10 


\ 


lJ>yy\>&  ecu 


lerville  WW  ^ 

■  ...ilib^l  Cem/r         loVTV 


wens  Cornersi  imI  •      x'^'^^^X   J^         't — 

^  /-TSVV     \*     VCaJghdci? 

■^      S.OranlWX   "^Jv   \      \      )  4 


75"  SO' 

)  Avaf 

o 


'     JNortliWesI 


■'  Lee  Center^ 


(f   w  »<;^^' 


I       Btavt  rU 


jx  I  Cross/  ( 

s.^Af.aAcl^.       Baldwinsviui 
.\         I    'A        /         ■/. 


Usville^ 
I      -c^**  ^o*  -\   Kiniiciv 

k,  .->^'S-*'-\,.n,J        „ 


faylvaii  Bcachl 
W^^«*i  Sylvan  .Ir.L, ^^         ^,=*---^— = 

I      4^—S ^ — .Bf^J- .ill  Creckj/    „°OryeS|)r 


Dunn'broo] 


JsL-,k4.«  rak—^     o  Remsclft^f,    ^v^        /tK  Grant 

(blokes  /Tjr- ^Steuben    »  fOv^H  y  c 

■estcrnville  1^'^^''' 1 1  Pj^^^STlnckky     *?^ 

"•  U   E  Floyd       J\.  ^•"JL^  i\.  J->' 

-       /  TrentoJ5^/     \.    /luLsia 

oCaiilroden       Barw&vaJJjE^  I        Xx^c""**'* 

eMil^-\l     (  Hopand  Patent,J?^^n       \3y\^|J^^''**''S^'ll 

N.Gage   ^'^S^.^^Cold  I 
StittTiUe    ^N^J^nton         /^h<, 


ha^aa  J    JK        r*    7       'jT'"''^|^\"/  /|^S?So„»  "^ WhT.clawo         "Vv^li^^^K^  V..„,„a  slaj/^. 


\ElbriiUf         Canlll 
-•^  SHalfwa 


"■,io4'"  ;,ra((ie 


/) 


if  cU  \Bartlcu  ,    , 

V  „  ,Whlt«5bo 

I  /  X^olemaiis/J  . 

W  3slmoi-eIaii.ry<r*~7'Vork»lII*^^^^ 
'■  c  a  WorksjJi^ttSyork  Mills/cS 


/crtleld// 


'huyl.rj/  fi? 


Or 

9^ 


vXKiiisle 
lEiiseno 


I-'      wirr  '  >.    i\Ska.iea(ele«  Ft.-  R^"^*'  Bridge      Otioi/daga      )»      f        Tft  1^ T 

jThryj^M,o|,g^B^3,^j,^]^;|g^^;;^  Onondaga  Ca.tiJ  VJv'''""*"'^  \      ^N.  ! 

Kt^n^.t    ■       ^LGiffor^  A  As.  1  V-lrWaterv  lie 

:l      Xt^V       Sta     A         /Navarino 

i\use  HilU  ift.     \  I  ^*      oy/s 

\^\  -^  Case„  V     I**'*%«e/&'^  o 

I  \  ^\plisco  LatfeVAmber  "  \o  1   yVv  Pompey 

,0««C0  *^"**'^^uatiJa 

,afce     .---^  \       f  XlCoIIingwcJse         h  Delph 


KenwooT^  VernJ.. 

^^  —  I  ^  .  Cenleri 

■(,,,   Clockvill 

,      /  McVTillflville 

VPe^fyville  „Alene     \  11  I  1 

^BUktilU  Bu?*  Valley  Milljl^^  J     g„J  , 


fChilienai.Bo  Falls 


'n 


"^ 


Slooltbr 


ICazeii^vi 

Ponipey  CentY'r 


oAuatin 


*  ^^orodin 


Otisco 

Otl«:o  Valley  /     »         n      .      ,. 
"     ^  It  y      Apulia 

r  VX A  HeAHopeof  VA^PaffordX  -I,      \/ 

/  oScii^oi^X        ^omro  WHU>Wsvill\\\^     Tu^l^^,ake  P^k^f  *5*s>'» 
lierrifiel*^      N.    \  J  X^*     V 

Mil,  C*caile>VJ  \  \        'f  ^''*^"\oTula 

^\^  Veiii;%^>    ^  ,       \        /  „  \    \     :l\     Isrftttl  5(ifeble 


fenice  Center 


Olentiave 

8empro\ius    1 


DelphilFalU  \- 


I    ' 

fa„Ji        I 

„  Ti    '"oV/ii  «•    -.^X""'""^      """iM  Hollo«rcy/j;.e*.Sol,v,ll>. 

,'"  \l        (/iN^S^  ■orrls.llleV  flSf      <'^     ", 

'     ft\l  1,1  ^^..''  u \      _  W^    .!*       ,.,       ^ 


>ta 
Augusta 


'■■'^Nelson         pratti  Hollowo>C;>'^  .SoIsv.II. 


Pabias 


If^Ipiii  FallX^  I 
Sta 


MorrisvilV  Sta  i  ^^.1*^  jj^  Rattrk 
Pi  ire^'ooUs' 
EaM>n(/^/«*^ltspprl 


Dresstrville 


,\V     Tun>.I.ake  Patk'Tf "l^sJA   ,  Y  rK^Jf"^ 

m  \x..M^-^ — {— -i  // 


%Woi>d&tock       jlfEi^Xjff 

*^£orgetown  Sta 


N.^'  MJj 

Franklliffy       Willowi 
Sprmg/rtS  Chadiv 


lyl. 
lew  lli'rtror<f*!^^^^j  sp|„|,.|;.^ 


JfWashiniftV  MilU  -^ 

"  ;  Ffanktort  HUP 


,  N  , 


Ilion? 


Paris 
>fanalKlro        /    „  ■ 

Clay.lf 

.  Pans  Sta.  V;;.^^ 


j.Litch&eld 
Litchfield 


as- 


'  skan 

ill 


^ 


BichBcld*¥^        !A  Jcedar.ille  o 

idison  JJ)  A^^s^^  \ 

'1'^         .  >//  BfTAggwaterl 

I        rVPStockweli 


^        Lebanon    -js, 
yOeorgeCown 


Kandalls 
fville      v*. 


Lansii'i 

ville=' 


Jc\oa     i^l/cke  "t  -i     : 


,  i'/i 


,_,^_-J?| -rl  \  CliiD/R   T   L    /, 

"°T  ^OroU,„Ci.y°(    ^     VMSRbTLANB  ^ 

'ajbel      "^rotoay  Nubi  -— ^ 


'k^-kw  ^ 


i\ 


11 


tr«UO  pieiahnH^''*"""'"  Vd^    I 

«"^-    (^i^D,Jdel\     a:     I 

vciitorium        VcSirreBvine  >»       ^'"S»\ 


_Mayburys 
c.^lodBelt  Mills 


S.Cuyler 


ler  \l— — 

Js       LilltaiBC, 

Mariposa 


LiiioklaV 


j  iLincklatn  (  i     BcaverJMeadoivs  '""'" 


„    .       ,,  ,,     W        S.OtselicW'        Irelantl  MiUaX       SIierl?\irn.  ^ 

v^nion  Valleyi/  V^  \Four  CoijieriS 

oil  ^'' 

'    I  Jl/>  .      9^  ^        N.Pharsalia 


>loii 


7)^*^*      /  W  Wi^cstoKsta 


/         SC5ImSW\ 
River  For  Jl/*— """"''    ^  tHUiI  l(^ 
*     )  lyUnadllla  Forks  /^Icl^aeld^nr!. 

f  {  Ca^iadardgo, 

/Leonardsville     /  I   £^^^ 

(^         Vi.ExeioiJ      Exeter 

Schuyler  Lake'J^ 


%: 


Burliiigtotv/PlBts/ 

okksrij 


Taylor  ValleV       I  /od-,   i.      c"  ^^y^ 

y  \     n        /    P'tt^her  Snr*figa 


tcKinneys  ^^lia/y 


j^jl^^(_j    'Pitcher      yi^harsalia^ 

E  Fniion-  ,V         \  V|  ^.^yt^u        ,.  d 

^  ^^ C\ab<i\ntfi"^     ^^-"^  E-Pharsalia7 

\    Whi  es  Mil&\  . 

'Con,^™,  <\gGoelBrook'-'(       S^/ff'  "'^ 


12 


Aubun 
Jc. 


E.VirgiT^ 
MeEsengerville\ 


JMaVatbonV 


.  Plht^.villi 

/  S.Plyinout>»^ 

^Preston 


Texis  viUey^        7  io-JMcDoi(ough° Y        „   o      \ 


*    VV^  D  CI    .    L    -ti    r--4        >iV  Hbiits  Corners  A 

XV>sPcssetner  Viatel- VI  Ilel  !  Vjb  _»-t— — —.J^  — —  1 

r       ,        X?^^P^?=^o(       (Ja'»«Sta?^.  l,L      Killaw.« 


■tWillet! 


<^      ! 


loiigh 


)OTAriW'/,; 


New  BeJITJiConlre 
Davis  Cr. 

i.N«wBerlii\/'^A^ 


"5'^'"'''"  /      II.\t-lrk„ 

Oarrattsvillc/  \        ffHy^e 

rp.-ii..dO    /    T       I  S^ 

S.HartJick 
New  Lisbon 


iV<  ods 

nN  >rwlch 

HohofSTille^ 


Hilf^rd 


Whites  Store! 

lams  Curneral 
3  n 

1  ock^ells  Milti 


Ce 


Ji  I      Tyner, 

'Upper  Li'sie       I  ^Jsmilhvillc  /     (  ^AIW  /OuHford 

'  iQ  7     Flats        I      \  itC '  /      I 

,  A V,^  I       \  J?S. Oxford  ( 

Lislel/ll  \  1/  ^  '      '       -^n^''^"'""' "^l 

Triangli 

\'  \          I  ^jr^rv/ne     _^ — to  o./  ^  .j     o\     fNsw 
tl     V.      f  ^u*'        ^- ^      W.Uainbridffe    V    * 

Pi         M<?/»  Coventp; 


(nit       MtNuptoTCC/ 

Tf    '#         Tnierl 


Watson 


<5! 


c*„„    „Catalonkl 
Strait^  Cornera 


I arkerq 


\ 


loventryAll 

BttlnJjrlds  - 


(tllards/ 


Colliersvii 
Otsd.wal„  "W  "^"'t"'"*.-^ 

pOilbertsvllle    \  vO''«<"""r'^neO)lta  J^i^/< 


cV 

'N.Pranklln/ 


Cdbu 


MRockdale    J  Wells  B^dsrV^'j      ,'      'i 


,  ^Guilford\)(f-^IIB<Illla  i 

terlln  Jo.  Sla.)3r 


Sidoer, 


I 


•  ■Fenlon     N°Cole^.|l 


Dyei«  Belde 

"-     Ham  — 


pemlngsville  x         |     n_^^    ^ 
>■.  1        7  --^«iJ■Be^  HVloJCeote'^lr   B 

ill.       '*^  ■rA-c^^..>^=i*^ 


,,        --; «,j^'"^''^h{    valloi 

'Oti  *''''*5i^Q:— --^"X  jJTS.NincveA  '^ 

f  at"      n  ^ —  C\  \     mT  x\*  o       J  Tji 


^J'\s'^  4^^  J'  '^^^••rickvilV^  N.Haniden 

L  j  ^E.Mason^Uif  ♦*  <^J^       j5NortlIfeeld    „     I 

FVn,       ' /-  o,      v^^Wood-\  /  Moqhi 

lennetts-I        .^^^  r  ^^^    /  **i™  •  XWbst 


) 


,*";■-,-,;■•''       Maio-viUe   j»     A**^">^"   /-m 
!  Ivanhoe"  JJ     I     ■  /Si 


Howes 


18 


S.Owego 


\  I      1  Iracj 

Apiachln  I      \sOteek 


S'ApiJjachiD 


Traej    V 


Um 


NEW  YORK 

(South  Central  Part) 


^.Windsor 


'"•^''•«„  °  AVA'""""\    ^^    'HIilUltlllL       /      *?  McClu., 

•**^-'a  ConkIi",\\lLa„gdo!l  ?:i.,y.-*/'&"le,„e. 


ilalCe„te\    Conklin''?!*!;:^^'         T  'VCo\«mui^,-„  ^, 

HawlenonV-FoftJy       ^^         N       Edson,  ^BVIrove        ^QM 

c/rl»tUvilleY^RIvel.ide  "'"'''  Si       ^/ ^\"""' 

^  \X-*."'>ir»iae     st.t«  Liiie'K^    xftascadeVal 


"T" 


[eposll 

«»        s"  \      HaTvardf  fe«^ '^^';'',' _ 

-,  „  \\\  1  I      f^llir  \  J?  ^^      '^^^Oregotytowa 


SCALE    OF  MILES 


e].2«45  JO  15  ^ 

BailToads c Gonalg 

Interarban.£lectric  Lines 


rrat  Bei]d 
:^.  E^ 

rll 


^\La(ic8boto 

A 


state  Capital  ®  County  Seats  e 

Size  of  type  indicates  relative  importance  of  places 


1 


ntaln 
Brook  L  p 

lensH      T      /  Mundale 

I                      J          «      4               N  °Loomi6\/|           /  Delan 
1/                JxoulCncca                J    '^            •■«         / 

}J                 /                      \  CleaTer/       \           ^l]         /  Uainden 

^-WkltOnHCy^  H.wley; 

Rockroyal  L.^^  j  A-c^^v^  JJ^^S:^ 


ia  Sprinui  ( 

^  !  /    \  / 

'ford  I  (            )  /; 

I  \  BarboJr-viUo  A* 


iPBeerstoa 


I     ^  '^-'eh    J        V/V    ^/<l 

I       HambletTine,x*'*^T-a»lrA/'-^^^i.' 

\'\ 
pApex 


Rock  Rift 


\ 


^\  French  W»^.    t.V,^,,^„ 

«  HIse.     1  \     .  Peibrookb 
(.-D^^tockport        )      lllock  ^ 


N  r  1       A 


fjc   W°80' 


H 


75°S0' 


144 


M 


74° 


N 


73°  W 


o 


Benson  Ccntero 


Dolgerllle/ 


nlrondalt        ^ y   v,ia 

Stratford 

Canada  Lak^ 
SalistnirvJ  Kmmonsbiirg  ^    PampJ 

Middle  Sprite 

J*ort)ibu/h 


ppeniieim 


^T^ 


1/ 


LpHope 


Benson     *^\ 


w 


/W  Slony\Creek 


\R     */    R  E     , 

6t<  ny  C:^i^^--vo'«i;°°>'  C™*      Oldwef 


St<  ny  Crqik 


orthKni' 

Sacatula; 
Pinnacle  /^ 

^  Wj  Os\K.rnfi  I 

4  CranbcrW  CrcaV    Iindge/|| 


Batchcllervili'le 
I 
.1 


Blegrker  V 

Motiiitain  MaTliei 


^i     S    ^ 


ockwood 

GLQ.VEBSTI1 

mccks  CenteJ 

JOHNSTOWW 


^roadftlbi/i  Jc.      "''pi— d.- 

Z'        >JfcHagedorns 

I      Ave       ^  V^C_§i^^  o  1    1^     "^     Mosht 

V.ilMms  Mill  Corners! 


PcrthV_J''Oalvvayy 


Ne„»JlleSSl.}0>« 

J  „Mi"\n 

j        Halti^nie 

I 


^pliralab 

Sanuiio  isyille^a. 


ielliston 
■ol^  Plain\\^^jjatine  Bt 


Starkville, 
,lK-riTes*iUe      Ir^xS'       rOs,P       .      ^■■-^^=- 

-        >4        M        Om 


ierrj  V.ller 


Hsgsmaii^^'  I 

arrower  ^ 

„ Vi.<^  "•^grflAJHSTEtilMM 
Hunter  rxSBBS^fc^  «j/      V,, 
.   J>   ^^SSf^h^uncsnlle 


Qlenvill 
[gffmans 
itterMrf^il 

;iioltefdaiii  Jcf 


fSprak^rsf  r      Mill  Pomtn  Midp»iU« 

G    \  0        M       B     Sr 

)  ^--'Charleston  C        Scotcli  I     >* 

.  Burton..nie>     „„  ^-^  6     -^^HEXEi 

1 ,1/.;,. w  J      '^Brainan  Corners  _ 

i-^k""  TrT5rr_  ^_.  ..     V    r,    ^    r,    g   jj    B    0 


vQiiarr^^ 


?7N  \  Ti-^^y//   Afki^tf)  Z<>»*Cl 

Ii  rt  -^ r>.      X    C*>v^ —    jr     m\&  -^^^     Norlotis  Sidft^ 

X^L^  kpattens  ^Alnt    [" 

■r  J°         i 


''S.0rs7;vil?J 


S.Gl>i(s  Falls] 

'/fl^    H^rliiiati 


alls       ^ 

'Bjle/  Belcher/ 


!U3n?Jnfic^ 

B  Porter  Cora  ( 


ebrint^ 

JtS_  Corinth 


^MMJaes  Kill 

wit     J— v  s 

ft.Millc;"' 


lill" 


N.Ilebro°oSl«l"il3  "jf 


^Fort  Eijj  na        r 


Argyle 


.  Ureeii«itjt]  j. 
, /lo/    Grejluwic: 


lirkersvillc    /Middle  (Jrov. 

SABAT 
SPBlJ 


Sdmylervlllel^-T-Vv^'  1/  ■>)|B»ltei.      „ 

^5\«\(*if''''''"»''-'(afc=:*SBeiiter  Falls 

^     G»^     ^-^^^Ktorj-  null    IfOrMnwlch  ))  ^Salem 

/Behiivrer  Jc. 

^'Saratoga  Lake       ♦(  J  \^Ea8lon\ta. 

,    \CedSr  CovejiUe  \\r  B  V^olla 

'^•ilnffs    Quaker  ill  ^^^rchdale 

Springs//!      FlySiiinnii 

/ia*e/H.^K^leliuins        //I  o  tAvt_  c   _l   -.  a 

^ayvflUV  ygorners        jfji        R  Easton  fV  '       T    _^' 


all5tonSU.)|IviH.^ailree\_j/       ¥        Bemis  /ijf  ^»^«o-/      Jeji      'Centtr  Can]»)ridgc 

tilwaterCcnlcrl     Heights^&i'  ■WCanlM"']  \1,        r/ii^i   |  WliiUCreek/l  &! 


Caml/ridjEe 


Bonrid\V5Plti.,,,^       H>^ 
Lake\\3CBSS2V».% 

1-VV; 

rjones-  Usherslu 


"rAX,''Jfe"'ord         »*^    tlifton  ParB  A/  \X-^^Iomh.  inock  Hoosicm-A      J        * 


,       Pelersbfi: 
,  Ptlt3town\        N,Pet4rBljuA 


Uiddlcficjd  i      ■ 

Center  {  CentcrV,  | 

Rose  boo  in 


K        ■     I. Chark..lon     ^akridge^^S     S      C--4L    E     NEC 


.  SloansvillAo 


Esperanrel 

tsperance        'l' 


(Kelleys  bta. 
^^      Oifford 

Duaii>s£_ a^ 

nsvUle' 


.  '  Center! 

nine  burg  Bridge  BrUDSwiCK, 

Ansiiighurg  "^^ 


./ey      \Hyndsv,lI?iA 
,(ch/o„5v?lleCli"ry  Val 


\U  \     oVovenor  Corners-  BcboiianWo^*.         4***"*^— <^c^    ,.,.*— "vtrDuni 

P|B.w.rd  Krlisle  Cenlero         °        ,  J'U        \ Quaker  SCreet  f^          ?*%^ 

.     I            fh  \  \      f                 I              CentralAW           U---**^        i    »     Knox  Star>^ 

-'       ll>or1S»Si  \laiJyersv1Me''o«.ec?'ja«*y(*tell'^"l«'k5       -f    \               AH.,^ 

Vanes \j°;e^^;^  r.l.lSi.     j:::^^ii^tJ!yP^W.na..s     ^       /    WTownslJ?"^ 


'  S/C    H 

»,    o  . 
Beards 
I  Jiollowf 
'?      Pairlaodo 
Sunirnit 

Propi 

'lotteville 

'    c".      L 
.  Emiaence 
Stewart  ^  *^ 


iTCiisoiivillu 

N.Harpersfieldn'^^ 

«7FTiI..,.rt's 

Ci;iiter  ^-?^..rtrit:ht 

■^Kort^right    \^  SUmlun 
iglit  Sta.V 


Roxbury^ 


o  Bov  itiaf 
;{«5iiytkmnB  Center 


r 

Vegao/ 


Am 
fman! 


,     Halcottd 
N/w  Klngeton'^f  vJile  , 


ptelly  Cdrners-^ ' 
nfli'ii  Cdrs 


Headowdali 


rnervjlli 
illej 


Sobleskill    *. 
ii.era%rings//^cbobarie"^""P^'iP«       l^"' 

W.BerSj^ii^^^^ij^rne 

HVa\(|[R    IE/, 

Illdilleburc      /  \      E  Bern. 

.''       A^     L 

Hunt4rslaa<f^ — /^  S.Berne°\^    Reidsvill^  C 

Fultonham 

L     1  * 

^RenaaelaeAlIle 


Uuilderland  AX^Ncwiuiinllel        j/1 

a^ilderland         <!Mt°*»«»;;?ie,«Za»/C^^-*^*yn»iii>kin 
nler  ^^^s^W    l  jST/?''"  WorkS^        (    V 

,x-McKown»HjSJ<4'T'?2|»/y''  lJ>Msi4nkUl 

{u^CrFontVJ'^">'lll«°    ^-JMKTForbea  Ateobe  W^iidlake 

:flerbfr\>|r;«SSTOfe^N?sfe  '^'" 

Ne»lrii«P''V!F5?J^^^  fA-rill?^ 

I         uifT^  ri ,i\»  lands     H,'"'"" 


l(.BI.»helm  "-/"ingslonville 
Erot>me  Center 


Bates 
Potter  Hrfll 


/Oillioa     rtCV 

*"      — ^tone»»iIle 


Preslbn 
\     ^^oli/w     //    /  /SWeBterj 

edusa 
[Cookshijigl    ^.,— "•"' 

""Hill  /  iOrl-enyiVe 

Norton 
Hill 
Greenville  Cc  ij 


y  Corn  w  ally  lUe 
E.Windham^^unsidfl  / 


c Free ho  i 


Pi'fltlsvillS//'     Red  Falls  [winrflUm 

/-.„,,,^         >Oi     "'^(i"'*'  Hensonville' 

Jewetfto  ^k;  AjJiK^  skill 

Round  Top 


y 


West  Kill^ 
'HalCQtt  Cent* 


kill°Jc  ~ 

failed         DunravenN^   .#^:^^4^^«*      /     ^■^lt"»"  ""'4V">^  Edgew^ 

'■7/       „  ,,ur»j£Ii#C         yl"^     /Pine  H.lWSw  ShanWen  ■>■>-  -#*=*^rtr- 

o-A/        I)eliJi5£J:==5?>^Keeney6  \^'  f    x\     ^^^^Si^       ^  ^'Lanesynle 


/^umwi^ountain, 
-^'        ^"Ri'shnellsvillo 


Hunter' 

Elka  ?krk    ^»»'-''Palei 

M    0    Uf  N    f\  I    N/S^ 


ArS'nn^""'^*''^''  ^'a.       ^^npMapledale 
^^^^  ^''"DAybrook 


rflT^         Piatt  Clove 


W.  Saugertrfr 

^'Fawns^ 


ftvS**^         Nci^-lbuenicla 
Lake  Hil 


WoodlandU 


hady 
PhjMant  "  \i)      ,,,i\\0   Hi»JrtVo<«ib\(il/uLi„| 

,  .,    «        .-I  ,\vi!Vrhe  Corner        iK;I'5i««8tock>ltJ"aV  "'  f»»l 

ilide  Uountainjj  ^^^»W  °    Wittenberg 

^lontoma     °' 

Rubyo 


Siiv^ldll 
ilurle] 


Jelhlehcm^eDl 


s 

\ 


E^Taconic 
y^  Siding        f 


QBerlln 


EL         A    'VE       R 

Cei^r  Berlin^ 

Taboi 
ton 


i.BeM 


/ 


i^town 


^ville        a-Mettlehein 

rmansville 


Slitersf  w'/eyjAiyf    J*  nhain^  HolIcA 
nbdfsh  Sta.  "S     ^'L^  I>J...'^:^t?P.l'<-»('"^'^A 

,Selkirk/l/f  ""^^^kji^  \^     ^^^') 

olS.ihodackJ/   ^**4a?M  .t;£Jt^f-  - 


S'  own  CeliterS 
ig  Cornera     /^ 
Oa?r 

Wyttitiaiioi 


lO 


!»\ 


fBoboiUick  LWolioc  \l      BraiQftP-.,^ — -y  ,       .  ,.  „     ,(,   . 

(V»Qalu*Bebi»iO        //     ^---VTi.   /  w  LtiiWWK^  ^     ^     lll^ban«n 

o»ailia.»lll— HftlXlden/C-'^/Bi'l'/' jli'ls  ^^J^u,  JjUSprlnsa 

Cri..>lnB|V  M.cliatlia/n>  /  0\*  £1'..'''  o*      »■■    ™^         — 
NiverlnJyfy  K   /c*»  VVf^«*»°       UbanoaiWi/  "J^^ 

^Chatli^m/,   E   /ce*^*'  ' 

TifTitl^ 


tfSli\£>bsanJj 
I  Empire/ 


Fall.      J        ,  Vxt^S^<!^  BedrSeJr- 


Lhjckport 
fSj^kpSffSta. 
Pulvci 
jTstolt.lll.      -6      I.   /<e;Harleinv(lle 
nBniuOletleii/    /         / 


^lirdenV       S        V        Crary.-Sys. 

>  Xjoi;iiianlo\^       (^Otencoe  Hills 
iivio^stoa 

,  I    wui   II  — v.."M        -,-^F^—  1  j-SS-^aghkaiiic     ^,  , 

l/sa/^/    #//  yV  ^  -i-V       W^aghkaniCo\-^7>„,hV/  Copake  »61is4_^ 

MLVj/h        „  C\  Jflno  store.     ^<^'' AiS^'  I,ou^k«^»l)p 
11  Jdsod*  1    I  Viewmonle  w*    ^Maiiotton  N,CoFpkj 

'"]">/£/ J/         Clermon^L/^  ,c?^  W.Copake^ 


^anaaj 


;ii 


rt/  Uppei 

iTCPa   Km  Ho^ 
'fc/Atnikii^fir 


Tanntra/ 


i,— yiteadTMi 


w 

rOi^at  BarrlugtOD 

as 
cc 

Ashle?  Pain 


11 


«V    KIinSTOM 

•/ftej^yJBVporl 


tkeJgfBarry^~tJS'(r       Rhinceliff  Jc. 

1      V 11  ul/MaoQ^     /        I   Pin^  I'lainsy 

'>   iiF'3l^»y     LTflK^?^™—,  ,,  .„„nelA  X     KV* 

:i»*imyville      X,  IT      ,.Ji  'S^o   ft) '"■i='Njn 

<«    «-       -^  /",_^  /Milan       Briarcliffc  o^■^i  •  «rf  Q  • 

v"'=l^1f^&<gKjjT„fSe<rk       (.       >.         iFhi'iy         °-1lI'.   .        J  III 

\^\\\    Enterprise 

.     .  ("  ^^'Vo/    oy — '        /B/UsBt»d 


J^F-i",, 

'       .y/Attleburj/  . 

t,y/8ti8slnp:     (         cil 
^'oij-jWl    >SHuI1.  Mills 


'74°  80' 


N 


73°  30' 


Mfi 


14 


ilV      Vill&tJ.     /  PliiUipsporft*'       N  p'        

'A\\  ?y^x"'"  "^1       sflYf     ^^'al^fr  Valley 


'Ml 
cf-i  yw//v^r'*      M,iiton 

-         -^I  A^f'^^'mi   \      Latiri'townP 
I     /     I        V      /■Bfatlekill       ) 


as 


16 


117 


^  Li.    ^°\      Uor '"^•|y''l'«  ,x*MncshlS        »      .\Moi.nt.u\         V 

MoWwiVai./Map* '       '"     ^  '       ""'"     ''^ 


^\  Moiintaiiiv 
^,.  /  Dale  *^ 
■yjI/oiiipsouviUc' 


,    ^^^Spring  GlenN    Riitsonville- 

Re<,l  HillJ   ^.Vri.PR?..,^,V-   BruynswiL-k<^y 


iJHanulicstcr  Btfidgfc        /Lainofce 

\  Freed..m^      /      /.jnit^  iDover  Furoi 


Noxun  / 


pes        cjClove 


S. 


(Hawl')- 


MluiSSk      J         S  ,  „ 

/Bartyviif- 
Sholfo]  '" 

PouiK^ddy 
ParkeiW^lL-n'" 


o     (Lagra'ngcv;*]!! 

Crouses^Store    /    Win| 
^,-  l\  ly       rfv>.,  )=  Clove  Valley 

.»^  HJ^ten&rk^*      ^ilvan/fBeekni^n 

.jBkmpi.inKVii'if/ I,"  V*!^^rNr 

Falls  /      '^skUnf^reiljr       y ■*•■  \  Stonehi 

"'■''"?.^*  \E.Fiiikill  UJ*  J 

'^AViccopee^      i  Wlialev  Lak 

fishkill  ^  Shen^tloah  /^^"''"'^s^ij^ 
faring  Ml 


Eoud.Eddy 


k^o„iWriSodeffri6y/^^^^  #^S^^r^i^'^P^  t7T°'"t  tX^  fe"/  lj 

«a.„,.a^^„3jr^„.^y^,..#^^^ 

late  I  htA  '•;*  i»  V^  77^"" '■'*°'' J"'        Y/        <//  )   XewliiirshX)!     ^9  ""i" BL^^SStPR F BSKI T  I    Aoi«».ikl /XKv"  c*fc2lB"l<ic.ibricl 

yyi           f         fhj    ,    t/'o  y^      ____--^nesik.i  iM,  J      IT                       ^  VorkfWbA  M                S# 
-^CioWaii  i.   (/ 1™"!!!  /^      /<      yiiT             //y    .jrWin-lianan  ^  (IrktoxvV      V^_  ,J^a(anah 
"""  >^1         /Q.    /'TomVlLf/  /yjlonu.X      U<--I«lil)/        ^ A     /C 


yPiue  Island 


■'V/Emplre  Qur"-' 
LBuchuck 


/aien\^6J.U     ^^Su 

•e  Kav 


BranthviUe 


THarshall 
Creeks 


Pgdensburg^ 
TEdisun 


V 


Slate  ford  ■itSk*     i.  *■ 

J*^-        VSa^j-^/Ha  I  ncabu  |g 

Portland]^^gli,n,,,ia 


i^SoiittiSeldgj 


^m-.nvoud  ^keACir     gierh^TV] 


(K^.;>» 


^''     Grassy  «  bh* 

0  GM.  LftA.  N  Dd 


l\  T'Ci'^SJ   .\kl«<«'"  NPjrilJ  /l3^'<ake 


iroton-on-Miidsoii  Jr'»r.  K I S 

null    Jm\\u\ 

eM  t 


|p  Echo  Lake 


YAndove'r  Jo. 


Notcuiig  A    ■''^^^ 


Ht  Hope 

jA'iiarlonqj 


Orelsnd 
Hiberais 


P.ouiptoa  Jc 


"'""f  "•'Clieslcr 


Paters  on/ 


Bl»,iv,.l(VV,     "K^rdVI.    ^->Sj!,.v„iifcil  (\\ 

t^J»urghyv^    m-         Jg     *;/^\*thT*iiio^oE. While  Fl"sO 

Pallai&5e'KJ  DfbW  f  e£iKi"/"T'' 


IS 


Simierville     •{.   ^'^  fZ 


'i  E 


E»se.yFe|ijy''cSdwell 

JAoDtclair  Kin 

W.Orange 


S'"''? 


'      .   .^A        tVCollege  PL    S  1   M^o^\a  lUifi^.J  JaiK? 


Roaeller 


Plainfleld 


/     ,,^.u«cD  Kidgo'ir/^XpTtfi'llaDd  Beach 


IG 


S'"*.  "'*«'. 


JS 


\u 


^: 


[ItOfl  /'' 


V  4         'a,  V  -V     '*■  ♦» 


i.Sandy  Hook 


I 


M 


Longitude  N^ 


146 


o 


Windsor  LockeJ 


72° 30' 


Htlroie 


R 


\  N«y  Hartford 


I  \  CuUiuavillefp         Jc. 


LilcUficlJ/  I 


) 


o 


Vfttertowon 


« 


BrookDeld  Jcl' 


j  Bethel 


Hsrtfonl 


ETUaUford 


PlainTllIe 


^    New  Britaiiiy 


dwilliiiiaatic 


Culchester 


"G 


fftorwfch 


vvV-*. 


\  New  London 


4lElotida 


Stony  CreckA 


'""••^i 


13 


15 


/'  ./.; 


Br/dgeportl 


South  portii>' 


NorwalkTj 


I      / 


O 


5 


V  ^u\lf  Tcrre 


JKt.S«lunga-> 


n         >      ff Melville        Thompsuns  ^ <^       {      .BoX,mia  ^HW^'i s,*°'t  JV  /  'N' 

B.lhp.,,<J:    I      Deer  Park^^,^-r  '      ""'"l  «\£a4-(„\   r  gv  'Y'driiia     .  I  U—J-'-r'^— *,K 

^        -A  B ,   --otft^  i;        »  M/.l!   ^irSi'^   "°3* 


aBr.*ll         y^ 


UScld... 
Lake  ft 


JT      i> 


/S 


o 


jli5J«l 


<^  Baiting  Hollow-  Jamffl 

Aqucho^ 


CalTcrton_^ 


^J/^'T/i       ^^    ^W*       V7'«.*>e\.      "*''■■  ^-t^-^^X^  U    Plunder,  \       T 

'rP^„    r:;:'r5»i!r»*^n.uL-«..veoro««      'coram)  .^r\  fr.  V,*^.,  jr^. 


--"^    / 


./^' 


IHERS  ISIAHD 


Orient  PofnjL 
E.MarWrj^-^^^IJO^'  ^ 

3P^V    /^N n ha nspl  Manor  t  ,.,_       yio,  Aun 

\ S  hf-Itt^ftrilci  g  hts 
VSheItf< 
Und 


S» 


/Spring? 


/  Noyack  Roaq 

^^'■*-.  o  W»i>sc6tt 

Water  Ar,-,i^r         ^7  osasaptJnadc 


AjutfffansiBU 

ipton 


IV.Sirvllle    ^ 


^lir=Tinelawn\        /       Bay     "' 

Bni^Jit*atffr«^->L         /  *i 

s  t> 


^ 


]!f 


c 


A 


^ 


japcoKUC  Bcuii. 


o 


XEW  YORK 

(Southern  Part) 


SCALE  OF    MILES 


0   1     2  3    15 


15 


2ff 


17 


18 


Railroads .«___^^__ 

Interurban  Electric  Lines  ■ 

State  Capitals  ®         County  Seats  » 

Size  of  type  indicates  relative 

importance  of  places 


Principal  Through  Auto  Routes  . 
Other  Auto  Routes ^ 


BaninoDd'B  Complete  Hap  of  N«w  York    (goutbera  Parf] 
Copjrisbt.  1916,  bf  LMJ.llnniniond  .«  Co.,  N.Y- 


19 


'3"30'  Oricnwich 


o 


R 


147 


148 


149 


c 


78*10 


£: 


^^.. 


Nj 


[llrfCor 


Chajitnu 

fSb^rniui 


Clyni«: 


Lake\ 


U. 


>  1ktdUn« 


cSv(I.ak^j — ^.t^upufprojM 


'E_S-^ 


^jjfierm^nj 


DtemkrTun 


M»8t.wL. 
\»  Cmmt 


Till  III  1 1     T2iir<ft  "kS^^fe''"'  aS^^^j^T"'"?  t.         «-Hi 


:L.. 


'Toy. 


lO 


11 


'Suhlnowr 


g?.  JC„....".i,Gr»     \o'*'  B«bcocWJs'JB*M»nu  [/€]^H"^i*f       ,.-'3r«H?sj»i%^,B. 


jVj 


1         r    D»l|>h««     A>   ""'"oO.lfon 


W)     ErTs°""'T'""*""""'V 

I  \8i.Uo  -^  * 

Ilaiiiaictul'i  Compleie  Map  of  PMiDijlTitilft. 


a  Milli/BniBdoB.ill./ 


nilijMiirtrol 


B 


79*30' 


X) 


76'30' 


E 


73*    Longitude    B" 


150 


rHU* 


ijd*ioir-v»\WJ  ..I  ^ — ^'  >^ — -o — ?  I       I'l  >' I  I     nWwTilF     iTli  ry  ~B  Hiiii|P|iii  II  iiliii  II I  i''itf  I'  'W^f'W^vtmr^]'! 


-*I^J»™.j(SIlll« 


ri?€S"3te^^M 


pEartjviUe      La4l 


(TkV'-Vslbsfe" 


'Montagu. 
Haloenvillj 


^liawOr.^., 

Sc3 


^I^Mi°ijp|^^ 


mtitoX  Co|wlU  JUJ^^  >Urt  iii»^ 


lO 


:.)■- 


U         llol 


/l« 


Roct  jnas/p*^^iyv'"'"'«j     w.ji„i„./,J|^  ""'••/ 


Olaaslior^ 


II 


from        G-    Greenwich     77° 


H 


76'30' 


Iv 


76^30' 


M 


151 


_\li***  Hl«Hon*v 


PEikLlck 


\i.  Dm) 


CookB  U1II 


.*^J> 


LRiobmond  Furnace f* 

(RijhniaadUu.) 


Ne«dmor«  o 


QNi>rth(!r»fl  ■,  >^ 


^°°^F>T"M§S);"«;;^^^*-SCTI 


3   ^ 


FnnkvllIeV  v      7 

— f       BwaotOD 
AllaifioDt  *■_  r~^ —  kj  9^1^^^ 


DoDcldBonpO' 


i^/^  Elk  Garden 


lOffuttir       ^        WaHmftn^ir*'         /^  o Hart mona villi 


.*.J^^^ 


V/, 


^Pawpaw 


w. 


Petersburg 


reters 

MARYLAND 

AND 

DELAWARE 

SCALE   OF    MILES 


OS  15 

Railroads 

Electric  &  Steam  Bys, 

Canals 

National  Capital  -. .-® 

State  Capitals  ®     County  Seatsi> 

Size  "of  type  indicates  relative 

importance  of  places 


V 


\  Molt  Atto 


aS^TSt01>jik/B»Jtb<bu,iVj"i 

•jr.  Tf     [  'TburniuDtCS-^'B^i  "<» 


0O~?       _  _       -r.,v*Ulb4 


I.         -    K     _=kjl'W 
llBdlepointfi^    o 


'■^r''f'*/- 


**?; 


Strasburg  Jc. 


s^y 


«or- 


/Liberty 
Furnace 


Front  Kuyal 


\ 


U'ssliingUin 


Warrentonl 


.    Luray 

Piiirelpal  Through  Anto  Eontes. 
;her  Auto  Routes... 


38"= 


55' 


'  Chevy  Cliasc  St«. 

N     T ,  »G  a  ' 

Cabin's-*.*  /  ^•**■/;BctIK8|a 

"      Jcil  .1 


Sflf 


■^10' 


Longitude      7"  05'         West 


froaj         77  GreeDnloh 


DISTKICT    OF    COLUMBIA 

A.NU    VICINITY 

SCALE     OF     MILES 


,'  1 .  T  I        ^^ii^.L^!"'"'} 

!a<ille   c^Y 

.6>  =N" 


/c,      \         /                 WhitM  laiyF^  Miriinsbfinr) 
<  /■»      'I  V--'- y  fflj,  .°  T    PoJlefdu. 

^    \      i-rn^„  f  Sugarland^^ 


Bliieuiout 


.^ 


Calverton 


^u 


76  "i&'  Greenwich 


Oakleigh 

ov.       .^_,^-^-2i^2^^^^  BALTIMORE 

B^iistpn  ^^^jg^'l  EudawiSod       AND    VICINITY 
>pard   ^ 


FUhing  Pt.    ■^,Sall^Pt. 
"uii'u  l*JI^>»l/  t^^   Carroll 


M  anassas^Occo 


7«  30 ' 


152 


llllSWICTt^ 


Eastport  jiiarD 

jimj  Ridge 


IIP,    *     O^'S^  xOr'^sionY  <^i^'M*'  ^  Kut 


H^'llaudillle 


Tuxedo  ,  o  woddDiore\\     {  ^VBt 


:^i 


DELAWARE 

Kiu» 

ilummoek 

Fourteen  root  JJank 

,aMiftt£r  BE«H  Light 

,FOAD  NECK  HAY 

JSdiuIjf  Pf. 
.ClarlnPtK 


IChompsonvUlc  ^ 

4^' 


.       -  - .   Jnkej 
IWBBiiABprlngi 


ilcKeiidr««o 

lUe^Tol>nBhl 

■  (0^^  - 
rrj 
'"dor 


.t„  N     /     PorfTol 

[ V— -MdCoccb 

IronBidea  llfflbsp  MWelo 


iporWWboH'n   Middle- 

Wh'K^pUnl 


Mali 
|Green, 


LinoolD 
F]8ttj'tonvmeL 

TIlendalFJj 


BanlopBi 


Q^^l^l/o^ii^^kv^C 


°Mldnay "-' 


-i^il- Vji;u.i.T.     1)  ^'vVilU  nj       oT*^         Blacir  Walnut  Pt.       . ■^'"'''4       *      V^, 


WlUdwi 

*n  '   .        «    ,  V/um  J^-  SHARPS   1./ 


'"'•)'    WliBrf       t\ 


1.  -// Vw.Ll 


'       yiBUndi   Ai&t'-i,,   .  ,,    UppeT/FelTyoWb»JlaI)a#JV^^~ 
^    fj.S^J      Clara,-,    Lavty(a(l~j;&c,*  _^_  ,  '  t«J        . .  /qI 


-    -        K,  SlcKiklej^ 


Warwick    Trinity;; 


BlsboplMiknittowi 

',o8lpt«iaent   K^ 


fowelWUl^ 
'oWango 


KOI — (,   I  t.  J 'r'f/^.J'vxSTw..™  rliii''''''     J'  Mill"  = /-i^OsctuVro  'r^    '« 


B  Landing 


Af"! 


Citj    \ 


^ 


''BammoDd'a  Completa  Uap  of  HBrrtud  ud  Delaware 
Oopyrlght  by  C.8.Hnmtnona  ft  Ciw.W.Y. 


36 
30' 


Catron  ..MSj'oVw 


'J 


A'wbtiC*"*'"*' 


V 


_Rondo 


Gtute/v 


»ehl^ 


hPleMantgBpJf  GMd«»  SUlMvIll 


=  Kentuck         Urookl/-o  ^J!^*""  'i 


A      L\I      ^     A"X, 
Mcidvillf3v»e«tlierj\  Mcllult    ' 

UtDjRoad    " 
.  Mill  fu"U«on]K^5^**^;j 


Raiuble 


80^30' 


c 


E 


7&"      LodRitude 


154 


155 


E.LIveriMji*!- 

sWellsvlllw 


NORTHERN  PABTi( 

OF 
WEST  VIRGINIA"* 

Samt  SeaUat  Main  Map 


Indian  y(„t  o 

-ud     \trnoii  oSewdm\e  EnJIwiil 

\^M»nin6-W  E  ToZ  E   L      Kodoll 
>Chiia.  o        Aihw 

R"*  °M.,h.II 


Unle      Wheal 

Sincerity  &_ 


i I ronton 


'*«z 


K 


Vieat       o       ^    Litll. 
°Newd«l«  Eadlcott  llundfci_ 
cBebee     De»no  ^f"^*'"!  Burton 


lyMd  Trw ^ 


^" 


olioilol\> 


W,.'E    T    2    E    L^-'-f'-'^lS*- 

r  ,  -o  ""■"•''J,  VViocn  »■  W"I1»I"'-   Huel°fc,„|,  oKjutn^  \    A^O 

— — !^^^K!:_ti!ite^  Con..„o  Vt-S«l  Arcb.W-.  MUlo]  \^f«*SliUo>«i!: 


Marietta^ 


V^lcw 


/  Toll  OaS^si'^^^^^     A^^^^^^^^^k 


.nW. 


W  Kikwire' 
ft.   SktililSvX  Toplnt  Gr. 


I   Alicfkrlan   < 


-■■+-'     -      ^  'f.^..  "     r^-^    M,„l.ml  :SI    ji^        /Loit  (reel 

'""-^     ''■'■nstuwu'^ 

[Run 


Eluibrooko 


k  Uupoldo 


Bt.    <-J? 


Miutml.;' 

V"  '^^ 

Auburn       ^^1^    "         »/    Fln^  Churcliville       .*:■::; 'Jf7»i^l?»-^ 

uw       /■"  CoiB  Mllle  ^.^j         Camden,  I       >— 


5  Rackets-' 


Sbermu 


,.  Bilverton  i 


GaHlpolisj 


..^Uartf. 

„'-.W.Colun 
PSpilmuk    Grab 
tfMaggie       J    Bu 

f'oidtuwu  *^" 

»^         **»'■     Schu.jiboi 
flVr        cFlklrmtk 

l^ABb 

irigbton 

vD  1  1   wi.,  Baden 
H/T  "~     A  ■%.   ctvC'i''  '' 


^Fnwd^VgLoub'h      I  J^q Alfred 


Newberno 


oBigsp^jlogB 


Jokel 
GraDtivIl^ 


'<i'"'i 


Taunei 

JRoTera 
Dekalb"; 


Luoerne ^^Pfj-inn  ' 


EdmUton^^'t"^, 


Uvel 


kldwin 


)aoltageviIIe#°Mentot,^', 

\J"mc  kIs  0  N» 


FuBle'  t 


Green  boUo 
MilierfliHitt  Fen  J 


1  J'ondliok  BomhiVeJ\T£)' P'^-A     \G1" 

B,"0K%tt      MoCauaUn'   llGrimais  Ldg>}j?"Hj 


X 


„  -  Orf 

?•„  CABELL  Bi 


ibudCAplin 

JiBel^veo  ' 

£,Oul\,  Fletcfae^ 


ilgby 


.f>  °CountBTJIl« 


^-Oki 


Brlgbt  ' 


J/CatletMburg^ 
Kenol 


Inei 


oFudga 


rvi-av 


3f  Lett   1 

PCenUrvilleC 

PPfaUoak 


uatlflt  WidMOkr 


i*°To.oi,i 


'Gl.i.rlll*!''>-tlXJ"""    "F-lll. 

GS  I    L    M       ■■ 

WiibM*  MurUlo  S' 


L     o   E         W 

UaMg.  oGillooly       y  -^  4<;uen 

^     ■  Fiiisler      /    Vandaiia  jiocu J 'v«nl„ 

...i-r^ij — likburnArnoldaPrtO*  «-»ille       'f-J^^^aJBi 

'^^*  '  "^P  P  s 


OrmcT 

Millard    g      -    -Hut 
T'M««TR'cb2ri^oni>S" 
Wellinston      *fcf ^'■^''"'       °'**'^"  -», 

'    Morford       r    CALHOUN       Smmpt^own     Cedarvillfl' 

65h'illUo    G«ux   rr«Wb«k"'5'fii„„^J       ^Valley  -^it;!!^^'^")^' 

Q     ^      L  °  *£lnk         ArnoldBburg  ll  r,    RenDie>'^Cutlip  St*,/  JJonn 

,rTlushvtfleo  Erne«t       \^n_„.  I    Perkina        .^fnapiVCutlipB'^J;  RjlljBouf  v,,,., 

LwoWalnutGroTe  °     OitoVJl««'>  ,       Froitn\  -^      Cfc.  Exchange?  lie«tetft^Su,;,,i,,    ,        . 

Ji^^S    ,Zo2         A     '     N  E   *'7\0rnut   Eo^"^  -*-'F>V^.Bedi!el>'£i«''7r/  Vo'"^   FSftlfc^*'TM7rr^V'J 

4£  r --"  "lr^"#%Slli^-oNa ,„, ,, 


^*- 


^Glendonr?^     o  oCiifleld 

,    ..       , -M^        .,:...    ..  r-     Littlebirch 

Uolsteadi 


k. 


c'i~-sO''»'>>'"''V-^s^"~^=?"'''°*^''.«°%"°''  't''  ■'""'■"a- 


.Tesl*-^""^' 


(ArOete")  (       SbeM&CCo,,o     /    SwwilaaSI  Tuigollhrleetlej' 
Iranc^eld  ^mitb  ^  Mj» 


■p  I,  Jtiidji  i 

g.8tiUner       !>■      ^' 

J-i-^IahsvUI^    -^ 

'i  Quaker  Spry/; 


awkey^Train^Sodo 

r  Ckve  Fork^'^rf' 
Bulger-jyBP^ 


_;DSiiv^gj',™sjuiiik'\o,B..':;..';G»i( 
j^harleston     _  .  ,,p 


UmovEl  Upper  Hodom 
^Big  Run 

'  Ko?aa    /Wanel 


>- 


^&^° 


'  «     Kley 
iarleoa  Sla.       " 

leara  t-i^mirloJvuiB  '-^'J'P  PeylomP^' 

.„o  Allen  \    I        T^  ^^     Poster  T^V"!  Setb; 


syw 


-•)  ' 


\Foui 


«uee'nBRjdge7*iip\ 
J'reBton    ^e'"'*\ 


*"^-bur  \^Greeo>^ 

inn;';""" 


^' 


"^l^^-^'iir^'^T^^Sfi) 


""■^iSiv    'ofr'','"&      ,8E.n"~(S.^ 

UugbeT  i\  If"    ^ 

Fort  Braflift  \ 
^*>--o  Ettfef 

Blo«loii/»,/^Ba»5tac^6l/°r  7°^McC«i."«ll 

^^.^JBaPaugaludt  /jP-^-l_    Vfl^'VP^-Crrvlt^jj:  Slm.lT  V„Poplar 

"  — ^     »-'   .A-'-  ^1  "Manbw       "■-— ' 


.Oph.ll.  i^,,f„4 


kilibo 


— __^-.'^.!Sjt>Wt,„  FayettevUle  ©oWVi^^ 

Hughar^; 


oLau^iabui 

c  \  S'^PIl' 

^HaplexK^ 


X  Jlaaseyrfvilleo  ^  a^^^  " 

-\        jAmeUJt    Damarci.  .„ 
-=A,C  tieo        c^^^o  p       « 
^J  PoBeyo     8u..«o»."a, 


)=j,E^kllckK.,,„„k 

Q,'-'°M   ol 


Veuo 


Elton  ^ 
Lor  khtldfl*  .,,..■-  _^ 

»:»T».vG  r^iSulpm 
Bw  Riohiig)&(>i         ^ 

S«i<lii«||^Su.l'^Tetnp«> 


A    °Ab 

A^'siaker 
k^Mill.    ( 


CofTuian 


^HolA 


PattoqJ 


SaulBvillft  ; 


Newfound 

oebraucb 


Mulleny 

.Eliuore,* 
TaftV. 


A.nii'"' J^'^-  VbM"7^^  r    ^Oi 


,_ae^ 


Ebgli. 


!oi,tu>>2h«r,Vs 


VurabamU 


Clorerdale  ^  ■■ -^ 


n 


1) 


in        Loiifcitude         9n'30' 


156 


«:^.    Lynn     ©c^], 


SSM?s*^^' 


te 


yANCBar(0.  'B«imi?i,iiv7..V''>..vni9»».w.ii„/<5|a''''~i  >>ii.   Di,i,iii,  ?iii«d2iv\\Tj   ".^-^j:         -  ■"^- i!>"-.*i t  -  "^'s^'i 


V-i=.t^--^'> 


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,  ,         SberrilTrFord] 


l^ug  Id.BXonftfortr^Slftwsli 


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f  PbjilftT 


'"it.'"'     J      "     (iMdtcnufa  Jo.Y»y^„iMmW'> 


,  AoN^O  L  P  ft=»'9Lsi 


tgTOfa        ' — .1..... 


"""'''?  iu.oo.'l  faF,o.i,    r^ 


•'"•'^St, -I— J 2tlS27jiw-,;?;v^/./E,g^io;i2^,„j,,f/l.ii^^ 

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s- 


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y] 


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Rockhlll> 


ChcsterL 


'ineviUf 


.        _^'«nlo»Tllll  •"'•o'    i*£^  AoiootUlA      '^ 


-• '    [    oLUtlcB  MillB    V^m^^C-i  Spri"K' 


oPuwettoa  i 


R  1(1  H  M  0  N  D/ 

_/_SJJh«rdeIl 


ydMo 

Bluff/  tSiJ-«*»'" 


83°30' 


83^^30 ' 


XCbilnK^l-flp 

-'-   -   P„,, 

:  ^DdMldaV  Klneitol" 

/Ro«l«nd 
Jfii 


-O. 


DarlingloS 


Florence  ' 


■Sa/TT^, 


^'>. 


S.  A,.iii./ 


'SeUers 


w'  <1V 


ii 


C.o«.f^ 


M 


D 


E 


F 


T^^ao'  Loiigitoile  Ct 


^H 


158 


75°3U' 


/s,1>    ]smTM  1. 


A 


T 


J^Frying  Pan  StioaU 
Light  Vttael 


»tn         H   Greenwich  78°30' 


Cap*  Looktnd  Skoai9^ 
Light  VuMl      ^ 


34, 
30' 


1  Principal  Through  Auto  Kojutes . 
(Ithor  Auto  Routes 


K 


m; 


KORTH  CAROLINA 

SCALE    OF    MILES 
0  5        lu  20  30  40 

Railroads „ 

Railroads  Proposed ^» 

Canals _.. 

State  Capital  ®  County  Seats  m 

Size  of  type  indicates  relative 

importance  of  places 

■*■                   I                                                           Hammond'*  Complete  Hap  of  Nortb  Caroltbt. 
i OoT^ytlght  bj  0.8.namgiopl  ft  Ot^y.T, 

76°30'  JS"  76°  O 


33" 
30' 


159 


Fmnklinf|l£ 


\LkU  1 


y 


o 


D 


TB}nae 


.  'WTunmU 


"A     l-rattto-ii-r™.!.! 


Sutmydtli 


l;^ 


ISOU.  ^=>-^ewp< 


EL  E/  \   /*'?'y-i/i2i*''jfe?,  r^*rv 

v4?yy^.  txTHf  J^r^^^ 


f  Clarkesville 


Tail..  jri'I^ie,  A^'ta^B'  ir~^'5^"'Sfc-  s^^^^^sSiM^^^^^ 

-'rLoiiH^^iil.     iCenttriilla  »     ;VK     „  >^  '  ,  «\    1    #V  tF--^      I 


Cely 


Ct.fr/     oS^j\rm'imp  / 


,      Cb»lineirJ- 

/T/giW 

Telita 


ICare^iV 


oodvUIe 

PhllMD  Jack's  Vk  ^L^^Ada 


^Hopewell 


fe  \    <    J,       OB!«Sr.HlU'l{0«'H"ii 

j Bgfai ?J  HoodatownS-^  zj  ^ 


Ti'htJeBTHlV-x       S 
Vr  jT  Bullock  Creek^       /(MrCModli Buijf-vJ|hai 


y  Cree^^ 


I  WnrJlnP  " 


llal.tllvllla    CI 


Wars  Kl.{.atf?\  OWnpnUe  y         PfolJ-l'olnt^r) 


/  a\]b(  B;  E 


I   -JCokeBburj   ''O 


lElberton 

0%'    ' 


t'    y    L(-baiion 


S._A. 

Ai'IiIkiu 


DutilajiV 


^v 

\ 

>Biiiitliso.iia 

''^ 

7 

«/\      ' 

/ 

I 

\,_Vrawfurd 

f 

|^!**4^iugtuii 

/ 

CroBram 

Etrafao 
Manila 
Cfcrroll 


,_    cBui.....v~. 
"..A^'S^->    Luke/  J   ',, 

^  \-troilitr         t^      Wlnnjboro'v 
-,        -».>j  -       Re\iKi  .I'ttrr'T    ,,.    >-=-<-r-'''^'E«3ktoBV 

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t       'f^tli/Moiintrme 
bprs.i)  =yr«'       ^ 


^S.*     Vauelmaville   ^      o)/bMlver.W  /^     _  ^ 


Uttlc  Moi     _ 


8130'  Longitude         E 


160 


F 


G 


II 


rlotte 


A 


Jl.jAt^ 


:R 


oDUlo 


'  ■"  MiddeiidtSff 


Mb  ley-i 


Brjuit/     /'^,'^MtK^B/R  S^fi 


.Small* 

,„Mjnl.    y^i 


Lujoir7|(|4N,*-R;3cTJ 
eLuach-' — '' 


Thiriiiai- 


Bptlily^  Pitclu  r 


o 


x^ 


uillet 


^laltheiysoiTys^     Laurnf 


Bennettsvil3c 


OuslcrN 


,      -   Greetiplain 


:^.  BctlnuiJri'i"™"!' 
T?-^  *\»-       Leland 


Stokesbjldge 

L  ^«jaE  jA^iEYo.. 

iditta 

■«■  \Elli«(t; 


'^Tlnlpioiuijll,.  Jay« J— -^^iH.sy„, 

<  Lurllir^<rt)ruiiN 


-^       "Uj/piVr 

SOU."i^  !      ■ 


\ I   L yL\|ro  k ^^v/"  V^ 

HomesilllcJV 


-  M   mil        iHIHii    II    fWl     1  r  |1liilll  - ^— - 

'  '       "  ■ "  111  ^  ,.  ^^- 


Tardellao  ^^ 


Uurlun  ^>-      ■ ,    /8„]^ 
■^      Kooncfe/ " 

,     I  (Of  N  ,   , 

Bnlpas^ b'/Kaipi    ^{fc__-^ 
A-  "^-^      \Ao^i»l   :;:wiillvM>U  Ferry. 
/g        M.Tson.y      S_'?W^"^  ('Blanche 

YTelSrnacle  /  {Ec'iteiMJ^xile^        ,        L^       \ 


v^  Hinniui) 
X^O- Kfinjs»l>ili„     ^^ 


\0»ktoi 


I    I        II  "»"■"'"""         ^^^       T_l.  „ 


*        Waiii{)ce 


„r^ 


f  .V^  ^  K£.■;^5^^< 


y» 


"Vl^jnesta 


j»,«ebBrg,    \_!^,J^ 


/o  °lLa  R/E 

"'°l:C._^'.l: 


N 


Kinitstre^^        Benson^        "{ 

w-rl,  I>/7\i  /A  M  S  B 

Jrcclyville' 


/^\  I   V      -.^.^     BKTV^Jt      ^    Mel    _        ^ 


Bowman/ 

rs     I,    V 


\;  iliree 
;' 


KcevJ;svillen!i         Q 


y 


^       Byrds 


0\h 


i*fc^  I  Mike^tv  ^       \    (Sidney 


■RayeutBioiiiivv r  '^"y —  n  v  j  j  ■vij 

Omega    \,^Oi^  V,    -■       ' 

ly      1    Oetsingcr    >\    ^n'alt(>rboro 

Cj  °  0     L  '^^  ^    -  --  ~ 

""Vo  Br"a...-.-^,V   Block-; 
lj^8»>         v^  Bryan       — '—^--^ 

■''"'sl^^nderSonviUe^V 


jejlarli-fcranch 


c .  ilwrrl  I 

J^7  Eadytowi^iP 
Cniinors?     _?     I   fS  on  ■    1  V^ 

Uy  Hill  ^      ^'  * 

Chicorajj 
''(^I^dridge 

»ce  Plnopolis, 


■ivddvn 


/"^Vf*  ;^/<  Cliiir^hol 

Mouz2lNgs     /  /BrockiutoD 

Fowler        >    *>   N>9inith 


\htdoBy. 


u 


1.  p 


filtfcUei 


iin       ,,;wo.« 
MornsvilleVO  -     -/^\    «ay -■"     "    "/tf 


lutkSTUleft,':! 

JivfipiTCjo         j   Singlelfjn 
y  .    '//?<  __    j/Bucksport 
Oaks  ^   fe^(   \?7t»Xw^     '^ 

^ au'hannano--''  (|      Al  v'jpLnki 
f.  1  p.  t       ^  rSl\{  fiiirjii-'ss 


Stalvey  Miycfte  Beach 


JHaiid 
NUuDVille/    Vauglit*' 


urcol      ,, 
Pine  IsuDC 


\  "5^  "5- 


'9      %■' 


>    • 


eau         I 


VW.AiidreCB'^-^js.*'',^* 


B 


R     s 

f        Ijongridi 


Monc"kBCuroyi\A.  f      "^i,^^, 


irbeth  Janifstow^ 


MUe  iSldlug 


Brthcra  /v-  PalnrervIlK 


T!  ll, 


^*-  ..    ..   ,m#, uNvPiuKOrove 


-floue>bljl 

-E     / 

,/coop.?°°«o'' 7>>V       S&         Jrj^-df/l^ 

^Drawbridge        /JL       \  t,i*      MrClelllnville      ^OH.S)'*  ^,,^«>"<i 


-*.o  W'i^^^^f^^^^^^^t^^ 


flrincipM  Through  Auto  Routes. 
'^r^ttu^o>^^^-^^^^^r^io^^f!r     X"'"^'*'*^ -"g*' ">»  Q t^^'*  -^"^^  Routes 


from  in  OrceowJch  80°30' 


<^J«^Cp 


^ 


33 
30' 


l"^  Ai^Qaodale 


SOUTH 
CAROLINA 


SCALE   OF    MILES 


tufi  Say  lAgUt 
IULL8  I. 


0  5  10  20 

^  Railroads 

Railroads  Proposed 

\>  Canals ._ 


State  Capital  ©  County  Seats  » 

Size  of  typi  indicates  relative 

importance  of  places 


lO 


G 


I-I 


Bwnmond'i  Com{>)cte  &Up  of  Boutb  Cv^IIsk, 
""X^rlBht  bj  C,S.Uftiiiiaond  4  Co«N.X,. 


K 


161 


A.  S5°30' 


'l^  N    /6      rIV,  T       ik  C       A      IK       of.     L        B 

l'«^^""«  i    Uwner  2/  o  M  niiiij^:  Harris     VJL  Visattc 

L~-Vrro»ley;3Bari.t, 


tttbiiii  Ga|> 

Pine  UuunUi 
MouiitBia  Citj 


A.8S  30 


162 


163 


-A.85°30' 


D 


iw^ki^i' 


mnke  Jc. 
(E.A.Jo.)  wC 

PowIt<i(fe& 


TDavis  Spuri\ 


i^  '^'"-cLf^^^'Kit^^      M^ 


Uiiibus  "" 

lIusCvgM 


J^".iJ 


jT BtoreTHScbillce  _ —   -  -   -i    - 

JHAT)T^BOOCHEE'^T""''"°  Bra.itl.|y» 

'   JIalloca 


qL,--'''^ScBlc 


LaucaatcrJ'v- 


cv 


M  A  R  1 


:*.*Ste 


.Uaiik 


SouilTlaiiiN 


JOaijloKl  ,'  ^ 


Judil^^  ^/0?ffepsonviIlc 

.J:ii„  r      K     =<\        0^?  Palmetto^ 

iils^ark 


^wji 


A'cstlk 


Katlileea  J 


TAiriiiiie  BLECKi 


Buena^ 

J  Vlstft'i. 


Di^^ville       S.    V. T 

"    ^    ^  M.aCn.ssV, 

(LBrrnsscSla-J  \<? 


^-^r.       /] /Barley 

i    j  S-s  U  ^W^T       ^ 
AmericusS 

0  ate  wood  x^      Cr. 


('^   .^>\HuntiriKtoo 


Ci  L    A/  -K 


iiilliviUe 
liin^ston 


passer     Leesljurft 


I  lloiiderion®       lEIko/ 


■■'"'^       cV  Snow 


PU  fj 

Wallace^ 


■y  sou.  .,     )     _^r'      y-,w  ^ 


nblcSr 

VDulKjia, 


K, 


IB^romviUe   «*i,icliurat 

Tippetlville  J  , 

BartonvilleO 


*,  GrcastoiA 


K'?.\ 


4-)^ X- — j_ — -fci """fi  "    .^x'B  J   »"    ■^'^r-'-'     u^ou    A'tar  i^s^^oc'- 


"/llaiiic-s   «?     /      Mal,,Ci?rvi-,  L  /  \Talmad6e    VvvV 


—      Kramer  ^ 

kjchelle^ . 

'^ortez** 

.     \Befl*i  «v' 

^wens»>oroC^J\>T       VT 
^Jalmadge    ^*\V^J"''*J■^" 


lakficld.^-^ 


/   ■    \.      v,^  ■"  Walters 

>-  Aniicna       ■Century/ 

''of  relate  r 


r^     ^-^  /  ;/  ^'T'sotil  ^^  ^Morgan  I  t\      /  ofiJ-o--^Unj  J^ 


'Albany 


1    ..  .^         ^^/i^^'^ 

I  WilJiaiiishtirg"^V„— f 


Bryimt 

_,  'Pcru^ f     '  - 

ll«hely">fcl 


8 


Rowena, 

■^;^^i'l2■lMi]lc  Post 
]A    '^j     E,    .-,. 

-  ^Daiiiasoiis)  °   iiJamasc 


ill  iSeld 
-/  Ccdf r  / 
IjoSprn^iJshllieia 

TO>fI.,i<l 


B      A 

c,„  Gaston 


jWiiii3ville)p' 


J      Dop  U  G  H  ECiT  YAi'^-^^ 

Pretoria/  (FyKauiiey^i 


.PAnilKjy 

\T     T\R 
Afjhbum 

JuscllaV*"  ■*.'^  ^•'TTX 

yP<?      *^ycaiiuire"^^ 

Hobl^ 


W    0   .R    i7^B  -AcE-'rJ 

Isabella^  \     /'yjiing^r  '- %_  ; 
iJVmiiiBliam\A'  "*  " 

SylveBte^MSsA  Sinilier 


City  ,./\PoulS^^^>^§~ 


Newton  3 


^Maloiie 


GEORGIA 

Southern  Part 

SCALE    OF    MILES 


"licnmiJa'^l^la 
^teaiii  Mill 

-NX  D       "b? 

•^  Ji,.     KeyiiuldsviUed 


W.Baiiibriilg<>Jfc2i?'"''r"»«     C  ^+ 


Kaifnni.  ^^-^-TvBridgcIjoro     *-i^ 
leister/     I    I  rt\  ;  ■ 

■  \Pnl(lietts 

..ugl: 

*Duffee 


VD.Auii 


Va 


I 

Pilieltav 
P_     „-  JIansen<^ 


Sale  Cityf*; 
Akridkei    I 

XJ 


„  — -dfi  i^iiiiiaKi'V"' 

'^"'  S*"        VVcrUlaiul  \^A   (^ 
''"^7  \sfcsbee  \  \        -^N       \.     ,      '      " 

V^  Jackson^dj.     ^      ."^^ 
arts^cldi^S'-l'le^  I  2  ^  C?***'"''*'"\  o<v 


L'     -Ll     I     R   *        \     BlasingaflieSi  \'^ /i?      i.e'*'^''*/     ^xc*"*- 
ns..nt<Sol     ElL-Fa.lstonY  \ V« ^/.feSi^    H>^ 


S\N<s,oaKnignia       dNi!'^'y  ^ 
(ro^kfiHdJr —  ''^ 

A  Li  tleartsease^  

-St..)  AlapahaYT;" 

Ash  wood/ 

^B     R    \r   ,_     . 

''-— -^  V      fOrinil 

o  Lacnntc  *-  S  "**''i-,njl9..m\| 


r-;^f^f  I  c^oX  L_  ^Iku 


ip     jfVixi 


.  g  CnuiforiJtf 


•^^LiliiCBJilkV         \\ 

-A  „  x.  (o«bf«ok„L 
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>Vliig!,ani\ 


3' 


t<ojj-£ain;ii,uidt  Tkvosiii^S^    *^ 

J  Pavo°f  r  ^^  \=  . 

Toura.n.,/    pa„e„  «Hollir^  Ur  / 

V     W  ^/UulA.n  KBarwick       '^    KilcV  G< 

(T  p  qxm  'A  s    IV       '?'"'' -r 

fihumasVllIe      C,*^         tJ     H  N^/. 


■^ 


lO' 


0  3  10  20 

Railroads „ 

Railroads  Proposed .^ 

State  Capitals©     County  Seats® 
Size  of  type  indicates  relative 
•importance  of  places 
Principal  Through  Auto  Routes.—— 
Other  Auto  Routes L__ 

B  85° 


Quincy 


U     F 


73/-^'z:z 


•Y-  n:.rs: 


Spring  Hill/ 


j(Co4y 


<fFanlew 


Galrs^<  \  lL.l'''ii'cr-/  '."'^'l 
KJilia 


lsher\ 


DecsK 
*\  Bri^gst,.n^ 

ClvMtville;,  , 

\  ^Lak<rarii 


HMoDtioello 


O 


K 


c 


u 


E 


HigdoQ 


in 


164 


G 


.T 


8130' 


•arfielTftX  X  " 


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Ca|)lulo°\-IlXtt!rs  t^-J^'Ji* 


Vi»ia 
jiirL'e 
Jill 


K 


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tq\^Soperto» 


n'*" 


Xy*/      Curryi 

^       /Avaiits 


WHEEJjER    ^., 


Sha  psa 
fcpur/ 


Z[  idct' 
Kiljbcc 


/  Brfu  =L    .Lrpi 

in.lktouy    I         i^-.j...      •«  »  Dinky  ,    <r^   r   p.,„|il   »/ 


■\AV"i"te      Clyol 
Tiawiice       ^ 


uluinV    Bfll'^'^A 


,,       ,„        ,„       _^„, ^,        BE'PINIS?>HAL„        _,  ,      ,. 

Dink/  I    SX^i    Y   ^„„(  »/      )  Sflison  J>^    VVVl  ^^^*-w,    _.- 

I?iiL'erf\     \  X  >JPiDeo»a        i\  ~^.IljucoI 
auii'peVaiX     \    f\y^'ain1for 


^  SCobbtown 


fEdiiav 


\  Danlon 
ColltaSf 


j^Lone  Pond  ]&uton%^    l^,^_  ".^ 
Uvilda/ 


Enal  1    Tk     ^-^j ^       -vj      -,,1     V 

IbuII  , 


'^  XWiiiiBV 


X:i)bbville    )„o  k     Lumber  Cll 


in^lKct^ 


tClirlutni        V  "^ 
/  CltrluttcvmeSta^ ■  V 


-^77^ 


\H.,h,:and-^*  ^S^dii-^ "■' 


MillsC         J  \^Z^>  LynnV"~0^!^(iford^^  '>fr^s,^     ,        „J^ 


y  Maysi 
1.  ^«;^    Gral^alii»"         " 

,cnr\  Rup"o-?r6oaii       vj  


9\// -%S!iiilcy^"i''o^'  Trinityo 

'  lileK/e/VBeaVds  Croek      — ^~jt  ..»<^^ 


Jff^H 


-^  Light 


iMyra 


{     /H.iri-'.ws  Bluff 


^      -I         -  ^ 

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Clifton. 


,  Belfast  , 

(I     T    '    Z"      \f      I  HIncsvUI?®      'N!     fJy'Tb.l*.    ^ 

)1    ir     If         YDoilald        ,  „o„l„  Branch  >^elniosh     / 

('VRodcriA  Allen\,u;st.^;!£^  V*S?,'.?, 8>Of 

W''^?;'i\(W.l.lS»::%'V^'*''**^-^^"'^^^       Spur  , 


Sound         %.' 


LlTT^e  WASSAW  I, 


^OSSABA^  tSLAIlD 


v-'^RIv.  ,  Swa„,pV^t£^:iPrW>^a^""^;V:,i>  ™>.o'^^^  ^C,,,/,.,.,... 


V*  Patters,. OX''    ,    ^ 
Walkersvillev       v^VBixoii 

Zirkl, 
,0«=V^             ^^Haydfi.' 
P        I        E)XR      H] ^E     M 


^Blarkshear 


so*"' 


S^'lialoys" 

Pl-cakc  -.,  „ 

/i^anii 
.xfp>-°       Njipiiiimifi  M/ill 


\6T. CATHERINES 


Lai^T 


r^M    C/ 


niaiiis^Vi.^^    y/Hoiiicstead 


?*■'    Pciidarvia 

"Vi    A  //Y     N 

"■"■"•""""'aratigevil^       i  «B.rri 

Mt.PleasaritV/  JS^-^  " 

•'*"    2.j!oi-'-<i^    A'W    P"'"'l=k'v/m,    .- 

Waynesvi  lle^-^^; — 
RayliouN        J^^""^'^    \     P7~ 
<7  Lulatonyf-^kiiisi.ii  r  -■      ' 


INFO/, 

_     Jbobp       ' 
)  IdIouiIo    ^' 


4 


■V 


^luff^  l^WOLF  I. 

^AUama/ia  Souyid 


-S}- 


Huskin/t„    ,  „ 
V^Praganztt^ 

V/a«  fU  Viufl 

Flledel. 


Gleucoo9,jS 


<^ 'I k>...llurf 

lid     / 


tN/£ 


Sl/imoii3  Island 
4^  ^  .*•■/. .^im on  Light* 

\Sl.i3i1non  Sound 

/jEKVL  ISLAND 


^Lang 


Albxandcrvillc  ' 

-A  r 

'-— X_L I 


f  tljJtonvill^ 


,,-  ,  F()lkit(.t« 

C    H    A    R  1l    T     0    "F^ 

raders  Hill 

\  i       SWAMP  '  ,  w„,. 


fBuriit  l''..ilc 

U,         C     (    A 
\JfLfer~J 


Malluy^ 
lace 


QMa 


Tliatjb'ardo 
/bakers  Mill 


D 


While     f^ 

ypriiiga/a- 


^IP- 


Warcli-niiy 


SI. Andrew  Sound 

/^Little  VuvtUrlattd  L  Light 


ICUKBERLAND 


yT^vrsi    /ISLAND 


\,  ^.J/Callaliau 


■Zs,'",., 


G 


H 


/Baldwin    JacksouviL 


165 


/Cumberland  Sound 

"^ Amelia  1.  Light 

Fernandina 

yOceau  City 


iSt.JohnH  River 
,Jvyy£^yi>ort 


8i°30' 


H  1 7  Hatnmoad'i  Complete  Ukp  of  OMtr^     Boutbtni  Put. 

Oofijrlgbt  br  CBtHamiBOBd  ft  OBitR^T. 


ic 


ID 


G 


U 


M 


E 


X 


•«»..M.«tf   "•""«' 


0 


F 


0 


INCLiA 


Hammond's  Complete  Map  of  Florida,  (Northeni  Part) 
Copyrighted  by  C.S.Hammon^  &  Co.,N.Y. 


A. 


85 


B 


C     Longitmle 


West  83 


y 


166 


X)  Greenwich 


W 


80 


^        FLORIDA 

Hailroads ^ 

Railroads  Proposed » 

Canals 

i_  ^        State  Capital  ®      County  Seats  a 
^j  Size  of  type  indicates  relative 

importance  of  pUcea       . 

Principal  Throughj^uto  °""*"" 
Other  Auto  Routes .^_ 


^/JU?-d/'<--^ 


167 


B 


84 


83 


G 


U 


M 


X 


27 


26 


Principal  Through  Auto  Route 
OtherAutoRoutes^^^^^ 


0 


F 


0 


0      5     10  20  30 

0~~6    10         20         30         ■io~ 


(Ughtnol-  ..      , 

LOGGERHEAD 

KEY  !Tor-M:  . 
Fi.'Jtrt.T..., 
BIftD  KEY 


Hammond*s  Complete  Map  o: 
Copyrighted  by  C.S.Ha 


85 


84 


Longitude    C West        83       frt 


168 


tSi^te*  /petersbnrgHiillSBfenblJGlil''' 


22  MILES  =  1   INCH 


SCALE  OF  STATUTE  MILES 

I  1- =J— 


50  GO 

KILOMETERS 


rKEY 

!Y  TORTUGAS 


<^  ftCelCCA  SMOAL 


i.CSonthern  Part) 
!Co.,N.Y. 


Greenwich      D 


169 


=>     1    1  ""  i5  ».  ■5.- 

I  g  ^  p.  =     § ; 

§<  ®  -S  a  3    ■ 

i-i    «  a>   c3  <J     ' 

Qj   '*:i  Qi  -*-" 


;    p    p    „    O  .S   £  P 


2  S  «  ^  •-  ^  K 

■3  '3  5  .H       Ho 
«  «  W  W       ---S     A 


H 


m 


■+,  s 


171 


172 


173 


Ma 

+■ 

r^ 

-^•i^L 

f 

- 

*y^^ 

1  i^ 

JAri 

r" 

/J 

.^ 

'  rr 

'        rt^*"         riiSSM       H       IW.KP*fc.»  "^   U   "'""'=0 


»c»">o'  •■;y,'; 


■TpEDMOjjSONi 

' "  "a! 


"  C  A  L  LW  W  A  Yiftfiil? 


rV^A^    .TnfeWn™4.AiL''"^^  *V        J5*^.->1/  II        I  I    "Hill        ^     1 TT 


b  oCuvJii 


TOl 


IcDalcl  WMrJw.    S  Bm^ijI 


ms^x 


u,  BAR  D*- A  A  N  "  LisfSw,  ^-  ■^*Sai»-4fe*;a^.>Kt"* 


L.,c.8J 


B 


:e 


F 


30' 


o 


87°£ongitude  H     West     ^0' 


174 


^"^^^^V--/  /"/l^fc    if.^  "  I  s?::„i'ifes:;u  „  R'|■iN^^^^^k^S'*-::C4»— 


1,0^? 


:^ 


-■ffiH<-^J«-iw<t-^»e.-t^>^^-t-' — -       HMdiii  III         I         li      III   ill  1  .  K''/T"J(!OIVi*«.0  N-  m*       rt  A  T 


■~  Ma(Ji«i)?Vi5 


jJfibiS',"';"  Tie'-'i"'/"""*    iK,,;,.,  um  I  <i."«;«i°vr  ov.i»  ~*vi-".t.V^t?>'''»"<>    ^,i<t.ch,ii.,   p 


M  0  N'R-0  EC-' 

" '(J»Ql»li*l 


175 


13  84°30' 


G-  Longitude      H    West     63°    from    J      Oreenwlc 


176 


^  s  H  lVa  n  d  \^ X'  "•"•■""fX    <«: 


ransfield  | 

I 


0  Furl:  o.  f^:^        f  I      \c5j7    Igple 

S    -I       ' 


,er    •[ 

Creek  >i 


«iiiOre  ' 


f  I 

R  ^  K('   j,..i 


New  W»terl 

E,F«irfleld^      E.  I'aklltiXC/j 

"  ^^  Bu^ksV      SV^^**"         17  „  Rogers    y5i«Iej'^* 


\      E.Fairflel 
'       Ski  ° 


^oC^' 


ifttet 


Calcutta  ( 

East  I.Jre3?JSv°S'^ 


s^ 


t v,^_£HitcarToJlton   ""d^Ji         PjVehlll      i,.„„ 

II 
BerglU 


Nevr     rO\  Atwojiajt=Zr>-S^al,ul 
CumberlondB         J/^ui  D«llroy*  (e.ott  am  > 
'^Barricki        AlBonquin 


>OA«deiau\       jmfw«rd  •  ^Wlotcrgreea       ^      g„  ^g^,^, 


lOambier  Walbon. 


Mound 

tOJBTl.__ 


ew  PhiiidelpMaT\\5  y  OpaUrmo 


^Calumet, 


40» 
30' 


Ucbmgnd 


CastoDj 


^-(OFlfhers 
'   la.Flfleon 


O.V.,  Kjj,.,,  A  \  jj  B  F  F  E^^S  0  ] 


i^, 


.'        ^  ^    ^  TunnelhUl)     I         W^  Hit;    ^Op,  *,,    Ve/T    '%  VA  Nj 

— jL  •wcii^jCir'"/r       J      '  ■  rnin  'Oj>       '       •         ,  -x  i^_ 


I 


Xlm 


\  LonfTUb 


DMrti 


ft-HTl*"" 


PlalnQeld^ 
'Wnig  Creek 


M 


H 


N 


O  8r30' 


Q  81- 


m'sv 


177 


lO 


11 


1       ^Uothjj  OjfordVS  oCtatfMi^=r---Mnwi.Mii«zt-"SSiN!i*l<II<ko\Vll 


13 


■Snjac»_    +^;'k 
._tT*>^\.SlJ«\¥u»"i»"    '■  _  


n?^       Al   <^       K..  Aallocl,  //.v.»5;i„ii„i,„,VA  ""^ 


.acij„T,.'!X.''"""rB«i  "'■*<.,, 


fy 


WbltfwA 


MartlDu/lUe  X 

^''     CuajtowDg 

Villadrille 
^Ljnchljurg 

<<iiljiUlifci 


^astwood""^""'")^  Gnth 


BonTneville^>  I  NewTngburg 

hll^m^-S^     \    °  Wall, 


^>>fc<\(<^L.         ^  ^ii-V-X    A,™1 

BuofaanaD 

ijien  Jean      \      LinnOi 


Cars  Run.     t 


^-rv^ 


C     0.     ■< 


fyoungBville*' 
UarBbaBriUe 

Cbeny  Fork 


oDunback      \         Uassl«2  \ 


"9  J     VflT     '/ 


S\  Cedar  Mill*/  !      c?  ri  S 

BlueSCreek     ■ 


A       D 

-HllUfoik 


Vinejard 


i'/;; 


UaysvilieT 


Sptliigdftle 


M 


•i.  :V^l»tileo        S  ^- — ^  f,  ^  Clifford 


GallWdcN  Stocltdalc 


cLjns      \    El&k'^ 


lieMteys'KiTtO         Tullpo 


'''Kipijle      Koppo 


irlmei 


ll*rlbaj 

Ports  mo  uX 


-jToDga ( 


-  ■   I  ^  i      \       vTondruno/^        5>    S 


^Slout  i 


^ 


t^ 


o 


o 


D 


S4° 


B3 


F 


Q-  Longitude         H    West     83°   from     J         Oreen» 


178 


TC 


31 


:n" 


o 


ppktoa 

;own  , 


Pu,i»„\  "r^i.futgf!      wa.i™ii.ik^  m;A,, 


iCuernicjl, 


ei         ■  -^i*' '■"■I lA-i-  f^j« 


FERSON  ^' 


(     k  ^      iPlOBant'te 

l.ocuBt  Grov» 


Dillo 


Otaeisoo/    ' 


-'        <  I  Y      OldbT-*^ 


M       I oCl.ji.ii: 

'«ii I      .     Plm 


Ikcr  Cit!f    5^''Tj'"'ne\YiIle 


■" --^^ X    ^'-^"-'^^    r^^^^ s|f^a(^« 


J  Sprat?=:;^^%^^/f|Sv*  ^Mt-iiliti 


iksvllC       tVd^l! 


,-J,m.  p  /^        R      R'*'i.yiV^^T.*" "Turin,, y — A^. 


jUlyVV 

Dhiokton ,  jtNI 

Renrick  HosklBSTllleo 


ilia  BingbBut 

DKlgbt 


lO 


njurar  C. 


179 


180 


^SM^  MICHIGAN 

I  (Southern  Peninsula) 


%c. 


^ 


'"""SjO^!""!-';:*''""""-'*^'' "' 


<«.i.„ 


[l_eity,^ I^        XxjngiUuiti       »(i-   West  from  F  Greenwich  85°         1 J^ ^'7^'9s^-f?iT,ctTl"'^^^         "  'N^ToiTlgrf  8 


181 


^  sguJtii 


Piffton  Bag 

A      K      E 


9  J 


182 


183 


L.     SI    I    ^    1,4§^ 


Mf- 


184 


,      oiB~/U 

'Rarlit'irgo 


Swoir- 


Onkland   ., 
_5  Orange 


NFiIual     ^  j 


uirt-ii      I 
Islan.l    j 


Dontn       I 


Tlmhcr- 


Trre'g 


f^EarT^ 


(Jrind»f->nc  t.      I    v 


j      llartonettJ 


T  !■      f  Chnpman      A, 
°  t  \M-—\      Tuscol.iilv 


Ed3(. 


.^.lfi"«"|-        I 


\      Rice  fjlteV^F       '  """•■"'an 


^"  JJkeiAsisnot  I  ^ 


^R 


UbetyJ  Vclg. 


lUrajiowB 


"|K-'    -.rJ 


UPrei 


ILIL. 


...     ,L 


(  ^.c  LochW  .^S        I         rt      I 


^f 


Kgjn  me 


MaHclI 


it  Valloj  I 

4.-"oir.„I 


^Sia^^V. 


W         loiL,  .;.,U/E.ii.ofaii 


>  oP.II  C 


N   . 


CUj, 


.1»; 


;fe2!J^ 


1 1^^.  Dunad 

1P=^'.  Monduvia    -  -    ^. , 

-N'orden  <5 


F    A 


^  %.         ^^V  Ricknri  ^^_:^. 

,    0le<j  *  PHc. 

Ij     'Uri.f 


'  X*"         "I         11 


rempeakS^P*-"'"''  4 "'"' " 


kl  I><  dga     I  ° 


"Ci^  90'30'    Longitude  G 


H. 


K 


]Vt 


O 


SO'SO' 


B       I       O      R 


X^logebiff 


'*4lJ^         Carver  BajL 


.^  Pi.*';''"  S„.o» 


,v»V 


y^ — f  *\\  J?  ' 


7f  -^rEN..j:j(\j«.j  s  t^A 


y 

(/ 

^ 

-He 

^ 

i-^ 

;•»« 

<^>'x'i:^^- 

\ 

X 

^i  \'^ 

k. 

y 

An 

i(  1 

autC 

'v"^ 

( 

^xA%2s£^ 

Huron  Rher  Pt. 

^Pine  RherPt. 


Big  Bay  Pt. 


WISCONSIN 

(NORTHERN  SECTION) 


SCALE  OF  MILES 


■^  0  6  10  20  30  40 

State  Capital  ®  Count}'  Scats® 

Size  or  type  Indicates  relative 
""""^  '  Importance  of  places  ^ 

0 

Grand  Portal^ 


J  Branlte  Pt. 

MIDDLE 


i5 


?PreB^lue  Isle 
Mareiuette     Laughing^ 
Skol  Pt. 


v..    ,1 


^Ev^ 


r.nleri'.r 


4_: 


s.  /cYi  lV?  [n/ 


5,  j  .  Fin« 


1/F    L 

^/LoDf  Lai 


-ipoppl 


«rfr~<!^ 


0   E*- 


FetiM  , 


M 


AVN 


lG/|L      A       D 


:<i** 


A    RUlIisNM 


•^^^ 


?fV^T^ 


U:" 


jRochereai'  X  Deaths  Dooi 

/   A,     """ 


ROCK  '■  '^^ 

WASHINGTON  I. 


eiicmJ 


^:. 


Tlllrd-S    I  «. 

A'^"i!i!.-WV    I  A^ 


T  ,_a;: 


u  "^ti  c 


ir'i^;; tivi;,-i;^.H=;r- 


"<l"      ... ., 

Clmonvilltl 


^'^fK,.- 


o  Oct  a  g 

■a i.'  '        ^' 


UuienSiC. 


leiicniilnee 


Pesbtlgo 
Harbor  -^k 


4> 


JoNimur      \ 
^LiWe  Tall  Pt:      f  | 


^iflfarlor 


TjBcLftODpgrt 
)whUefi8h  Pi. 


SawjeifcftBojy 


fciiiliuy    T 


s 


Principal  Throi  gh  Auto  Boutes  ■ 


^igt>m     Other  Auto  Sou  :< 


I  P   ;     I  ft»Ut»mg>|     ^Uorr,rF.rgoTllkQ_ 


H 


O'      from      J 


,es 


^ 


V 


V 


V 


^Greenwlclili. 


ffaiiniiDiia's  Complete  Mip  of  WIsuodbIo 

(Northern  B«ctlon) 
Copyright  by  C.S.H«inmond  t  Co.,W.T'. 


JST 


^     187 


90  30  '   J.fiiKitudc    Gr  Wc«t  90 


188 


I 


>o  EWeri  J  . 

iMauitov  'oc 


N" 


O 


I 


4 


Mcag 


Cir 


^ 


.N 


^ 


6? 


^ 


^     • 


-  HiiDDXjfid*i  ConipUta  ITBp  ol  Wlsecm^     (Boutbero  Seotloa) 


Oop^rlght  bj  C.a.UamiiMtidJtOehtN.T. 


lo 


189 


190 


191 


192 


193 


194 


9fS0' 


ibrtl 


Mempbls 


Rutledgfl/^ 


oTenmili  " 


.Epworlb 


_   ,_       i  Ti 

iriaJHill    I    If 


^''^  F,  A  N. 


Keli 

H    E 


^Mt-AIrj       J.L, 


nr:: 


oberly  }*"A'*'e8»o 


^/[-(L^! 


Welcf     o''«» 


Tull  'Or-v,Z^ 


Wi&RnDS 


"•y^y 


j  Dftvenport  [l 

152 


rl-    /  JRuoker 


V7^ 


irriebuTg 


Mitlnii 


Perahef  leg 


'•tenbu^K  I^'^lo  Ilone  / 


3t  ncnown  \ 


Biady  fluokjl  \Vwn  on 


Ulgb  Point  I 


%^\, 


0 


f  PerBti 


0, 


iltlenburg 


"l^i 


.UloV  nU       L 


7  Auron 


Va^_ 

iLino  Creek 


D       E 


MoDttc*)     jb 


b 

|GIntet/BQjdB»llI«, 


N,'J»    .    .,'(|,,u,.;.s, 


>|JeffersL_^ 

-     ^^^      PlummerB  n 


IMilUlrook 
tjctivner 

'     14D^turl3    ,.  Oms^  utr^  Pol  t 


Spring   I  '  .-,,        ,, 

"•"■•Oo  I  Ukkorjbi  1  o5/       Ks£?! 

4'''"°*H.Jl,,  * 


I       HSckeiV 


OM^ 


nBt.Euiab4h 


lUmHj 


&tLM^ 


>      "S 


H*wk»ye 


n  G    Greenwich        92*'30' 


=^ 


PKeadait 


UoljeoiTille 
UoIIdo 


^?kr: 


U 


3^ 


V 


90  30'  m; 

I 

MISSOURI 

Northern  Part 

SCALE    OF    MILES 
0  5  iO  20 

Railroads- ^_ 


urgen, 
CTCfa 


State  Capitals®    County  Seats® 

Size  of  type  indicates  relative 

importance  of  places 

Principal  Through  Auto  Routes. 
Bther  Auto  Routes 


North  Ili|e^^'X\^'^ 

ji.   R   1   0  Jttfn 


N„r^ 


m 


««/, 


Uuntlngtoti 
Spading' 


Uddo! 


It    hlMD 

NwlitM 


ii.I 


WLA   Y 

[■iledo 
RowlsviUo 


''ni^a^^"'rL  ^*'««/i4^'S!^ 


D^S      fi\ 


,  tuystown 


Aud 
PotfdJ 
,C^k  1 

Uop*o 
Loom  CtM^         Welcome 


Fr« 


Icriakgburg^ 


LlD((g     PotU 


5 


MONfCOiMRy 


<> 

A 

^i^Sk!"' 

■sSs?^ 

*— -%,^J^ 

L    A 

>.      \ 

\      \ 

^^ 

J-^l^ 

W 

Jacksou 


>'«w  Il&rmuDy        j  I 


Guatte 
New  Hut 


J  loiitKomery    c^ 

"  ay__^ 


.oBlgapJlnt         PjndUtou 

1  ■■'  Wtrrfii 


J^  Becmoni  5/Clo  er  Bottom' 
^  Xf        Cedw  Pork 


Llndelll    o  ail  BlrdoS   ,, 


..J     J     .         fTKoobTlei 
JUtoedooli    / 


.Clemento/  Cyrene\    Eiit 
oAa|l«y 

~llo^' 
pLo^vilk 
\M)*My 


Beilflow  «    *T"»»t^ 


_,-..._    0   L„-., 


Ti     fitelt  hageo° 


ijr 


Cmco 


:S 


"Pimeiwr 


/j^ 

^mjvlll. 

"~~- 

1^ 

^^ 

-/ 

fbllo  11.11/^ 

-^ 

r 

^ 

/ 

>' 

\«r«:nn«Id 

/ 

■^      ^    VV-^  New  Hop*  \ 


[w^n* 


,  BruMclii       Foley  1 
ArRentViUe^  ' 

49-  ' 


,Trut  idftil   F  "■'fl4''Wen8W« 


Cb»rito  I «•*»§»•      Howell 


p^.  oNoeer 


ntiDiiid^ 


s-'V'u   CbfcntlUTWlilleld' 
^^Bwvetor, 


5r 


FliutS!1l||    I   ,  JoBepl 

j47     Q''fo4 '^'■^»' 


PerutiTj*- 
vUle  ^, 


Gnffto 


Ekst  Allot 


5?  /^K'°'  ■ 


b'eldoa  SytiQg  ^jft 


J         OC«ppeln    Hmmbuiig 
^■n45  S'^i-^llo'X^ife-i.MoJ^olf 


jJSw"  4o"«'f  lo    Owioiiio    T  E  »?  B  Rl 
.'""Jri  'itMt.l  op.  t  XTfioUm^'^  I 


i,..i+^^^''"rr''5Ji«f|^^, 


o    V,Ho!fflli^a?^X^jl'KBBburjc  I    t^  r  jAnthoulf  i  Mill 


HlQCH 


V»l.J^rtVButw 
tlkytr 


Pr'^^'|y~"^f^a:fi'|^'  'p.  Jl'? 


Uodlne 


.Ht.1  ope 
4jfLuebbJng°     ^^f 

nufi /_ 


37 


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EXPLANATION 

Numbered  squares  represent  Units  of  area.  The  Unit  of  area  in  which  each  place  is 
located,  is  shown  in  the  accompanying  Parcel  Post  Guide. 

Using  the  Zone  Scale  below,  measure  from  the  center  of  the  Unit  in  which  the  post-oflice 
of  departure  is  located  to  the  nearest  boundary  of  the  Unit  in  which  post-office  of  delivery  is 
located.  With  the  distance  in  zones  thus  determined,  the  rate  for  any  parcel  of  eleven 
pounds  or  less  may  be  calculated  from  the  table  in  the  lower  right-hand  corner  of  this  map. 
The  Zone  Scale  maybe  reproduced  on  a  separate  slip  of  paper,  or  an  ordinary  foot  rule,  yard- 
stick or  a  blank  sheet  of  paper  may  be  used  and  applied  to  the  Zone  Scale.  For  example,  a 
foot  measure  applied  to  the  map,  shows  distance  from  center  of  Unit  3158  (Aberdeen,  S.  D.) 
to  Unit  3334  (Abilene,  Tex.)  is  5  H  inches;  applying  the  foot  rule  to  Zone  Scale,  we  see  that 
the  rate  between  these  Units  is  to  be  calculated  on  the  Fifth  Zone  basis. 


SCALE  OF   ZONES 


ti- 


^     2nd  ZONE 

1^'  i/«' i^l. 


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1th  ZONE 


ith  ZONE 


1^7° 1^^ 1^ 154^ los^ 1^^ lyi' 


■1°' 


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I 


236 


72  2722 
h~\ 
78  3723  2673 


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F  OF        2«"l3f    F}     ^  I    -^      r 

PABCEL    POST    MAPI 

OF   THE 

UNITED   STATES 

SCALE  OF  MILES 


MO 


200 


300 


Copyright,    by  CS-Heaimond  &  Co.,  N.T. 


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INCLDUISS  BALIICI 
or  0.8.  I 


237 


PARCEL  POST   REGULATIONS 


A  general  parcel  post  in  the  United  States  is  provided  for  in 
fectioof^of  the  act  of  August  24,  1912;  some  of  the  regulations 
have  been  am<,ndcd  from  time  to  time  by  the  Postmaster 
General. 

Section  1.  That  hereafter  fourth  class  mail  matter  shall 
embrace  all  other  matter,  including  farm  and  factory  products, 
not  now  embraced  by  law  in  either  the  first,  second,  or  third 
class,  not  exceeding  eleven  ^unds  in  weight,  nor  greater  in 
size  than  seventy-two  inches  in  length  and  girth  combined,  nor 
in  form  or  kindlitiely  to  injure  the  person  of  any  postal  employee 
«r  damage  the  mail  equipment  or  other  mall  matter  and  not  of 
a  character  perishable  within  a  period  reasonably  required  for 
transportation  and  delivery. 

Sec.  2.  That  for  the  purposes  of  this  section  the  United 
States  and  its  several  Territories  and  possessions,  excepting  the 
Philippine  Islands,  shall  be  divided  into  units  of  area  thirty 
minutes  square,  identical  with  a  quarter  of  the  area  formed  by 
Ihe  intersecting  parallels  of  latitude  and  meridians  of  longitude, 
lepresented  on  appropriate  jwstal  maps  or  plans,  and  such 
units  of  area  shall  be  the  basis  of  eight  postal  zones,  as  follows: 

(a)  The  first  zone  shall  include  all  territory  within  such 
quadrangle,  in  conjunction  with  every  contiguous  quadrangle, 
representing  an  area  having  a  mean  radial  distance  of  approxi- 
mately fifty  miles  from  the  center  of  any  given  unit  of  area. 

(b)  The  second  zone  shall  include  all  units  of  area  outside  the 
first  zone  lying  in  whole  or  in  part  within  a  radius  of  approxi- 
mately one  hundred  and  fifty  miles  from  the  center  of  a  given 
unit  of  area. 

U)  The  third  ■'one  shall  include  all  units  of  area  outside  the 
second  zone  lying  In  whole  or  in  part  within  a  radius  of  approxi- 
mately three  hundred  miles  from  the  center  of  a  given  unit 
of  area. 

(d)  The  fourth  zone  shall  include  all  units  of  area  outside 
the  third  zone  lying  in  whole  or  in  part  within  a  radius  of  ap- 
proximately six  hundred  miles  from  the  center  of  a  given  unit 
of  area. 

ie)  The  fifth  zone  shall  include  all  units  of  area  outside  the 
fourth  zone  lying  in  whole  or  in  part  within  a  radius  of  approxi- 
mately one  thousand  miles  from  the  center  of  a  given  unit 
of  area. 

(/)  The  sixth  zone  shall  include  all  units  of  area  outside  the 
fifth  zone  lying  in  whole  or  in  part  within  a  radius  of  approxi- 
mately one  thousand  four  hundred  miles  irom  the  center  of  a 
given  unit  of  area. 

ig)  The  seventh  zone  shall  include  all  units  of  area  outside 
the  sixth  zone  lying  in  whole  or  in  pE.rt  within  a  radius  of 
approximately  one  thousand  eight  hundred  miles  from  the 
center  of  a  given  unit  of  area. 

(A)  The  eighth  zone  shall  include  all  units  of  area  outside  the 
seventh  zone. 

Sec.  3.  That  the  rate  of  postage  on  fourth  class  matter 
weighing  not  more  than  four  punces  ahall  be  one  cent  for  each 
ounce  or  fraction  of  an  ounce;  and  oO  such  matter  in  excess  of 
four  ounces  in  weight  the  rate  shall  be  by  the  pound,  as  herein- 
after provided  (see  sec.  7 ),  the  postage  in  all  cases  to  be  prepaid 
by  postage  stamps  affixed. 

2.  That  except  as  provided  in  the  next  preceding  paragraph 
postage  on  matter  of  the  fourth  class  shall  be  prepaid  at  the 
following  rates: 

(a)  On  all  matter  mailed  at  the  post  office  from  which  a  rural 
route  starts,  for  delivery  on  such  route,  or  mailed  at  any  point 
on  such  route  for  delivery  at  ?Qy  other  point  thereon,  or  at  the 
office  from  which  the  route  sta'.^.s,  or  on  any  rural  route  starting 
therefrom,  and  on  all  matter  mailed  at  a  city  carrier  office,  or 
at  any  point  within  its  delivery  limits,  for  delivery  by  carriers 
from  that  office,  or  at  any  office  for  local  delivery,  five  cents 
for  the  first  pound  or  fraction  of  a  pound  and  one  cent  for  each 
additional  two  pounds  or  fraction  thereof. 

ib)  For  delivery  within  the  first  zone,  except  as  provided  in 
the  next  preceding  raragraph,  five  cents  for  the  first  pound  or 
fraction  of  a  pound  and  one  cent  for  egxh  additional  pound  or 
fraction  of  a  pound. 

ic)  For  delivery  within  the  second  zone,  five  cents  for  the  first 
pound  or  fraction  of  a  pound  and  one  cent  for  each  additional 
pound  or  fraction  of  a  pound. 

(d)  For  delivery  within  the  third  zone,  seven  cents  for  the 
first  pound  or  fraction  of  a  pound  and  five  cents  for  each  addi- 
tibnal  pound  or  fraction  of  a  pound. 

(f)  For  delivery  within  the  fourth  zone,  eight  cents  for  the 
first  pound  or  fraction  of  a  pound  and  tlix  cents  for  each  addi- 
tional pound  or  fraction  of  a  pound. 

(/)  For  delivery  within  the  fifth  zono,  nine  cents  for  the  first 
pound  or  fraction  of  a  pound  and  seven  cents  for  each  additional 
pound  or  fraction  of  a  pound. 

(g)  For  delivery  within  the  sixth  zone,  ten  cents  for  the  first 
pound  or  fraction  of  a  pound  and  ninf-  cents  for  each  additional 
pound  or  fraction  of  a  pound. 

(A)  For  delivery  within  tiie  seventh  zone,  eleven  cents  for 
the  first  pound  or  fraction  of  a  pound  and  ten  cents  for  each 
additional  pound  or  fraction  of  a  pound. 

(i)  For  delivery  within  the  eighth  zone  and  between  the 
Philippine  Islands  and  any  portion  of  the  United  States,  includ- 
ing the  District  of  Columbia  and  the  several  Territories  and 
possessions,  twelve  cents  for  the  first  pound  or  fraction  of  a 
pound  and  twelve  cents  for  each  additiooal  pound  or  fraction 
of  a  pound. 


Sec.  5.  The  Postmaster  General  shall  make  provision  by 
regulation  for  the  indemnification  of  shippers,  for  shipment 
injured  or  lost,  by  insurance  or  otherwise,  and,  when  desired, 
for  the  collection  on  delivery  of  the  postage  and  price  of  the 
article  ship[jed.  fixing  such  charges  as  may  be  necessary  to  pay 
the  cost  of  such  additional  services. 

Sec.  6.  That  this  act  shall  not  in  any  way  affect  the  postage 
rate  on  seeds,  cuttings,  bulbs,  roots,  scions,  and  plants  as  fixed 
by  section  482  of  the  Postal  Laws  and  Regulations  (edition  of 
1902),    (See  sec.  7,  par.  4.) 


RATES  OF  POSTAGE 

Sec.  7.  Parcels  weighing  four  ounces  or  less  are  mailable  at 
the  rate  of  one  cent"  for  each  ounce  or  fraction  of  an  ounce, 
regardless  of  distance.  Parcels  weighing  more  than  four  ounces 
are  mailable  at  the  pound  rates  shown  in  the  table,  above 
a  fraction  of  a  pound  being  considered  a  full  pound. 

2.  The  parcel  post  rate  between  any  point  in  the  United 
States  and  any  point  in  the  Hawaiian  Islands,  the  United  States 
Postal  Agency  at  Shanghai,  and  any  point  in  Alaska,  and  be- 
tween any  two  points  in  Alaska,  except  for  parcels  weighing 
four  ounces  or  less,  on  which  the  rate  is  one  cent  for  each  ounce 
or  fraction  thereof,  shall  be  twelve  cents  for  the  first  pound  and 
twelve  cents  for  each  additional  pound  or  fraction  thereof. 
These  rates  also  apply  to  parcels  mailed  in  the  United  States 
for  delivery  in  the  Canal  Zone,  and  to  parcels  between  the 
Philippine  Islands  and  any  portion  of  the  United  States,  in- 
cluding the  District  of  Columbia  and  the  several  Territories 
and  possessions.    (See  sec.  3,  par.  2  {:).) 

3.  The  eighth  zone  rate  of  postage,  except  on  parcels  weigh- 
ing four  ounces  or  less,  on  which  the  rate  shall  be  as  prescribed 
in  section  .S,  shall  apply  to  all  parcels  of  fourth  class  matter 
mailed  in  the  United  States  for  delivery  in  Canada,  Mexico, 
Cuba,  and  the  Republic  of  Panama:  Provided  (a).  That  as 
prescribed  by  existmg  special  postal  conventions  with  these 
countries  such  parcels  shall  not  exceed  two  kilograms  (4  lbs., 
6  ozs.)  in  weight,  and  (b)  that  nothing  in  this  section  shall 
affect  the  dispatch  of  parcel  post  packages  to  Mexico  apd  the 
Republic  of  Panama  up  to  eleven  pounds  (5  kilograms)  in  weight 
under  the  existing  parcel  post  conventions  with  these  countries. 

3Vj.  The  eighth  zone  rate  of  postage  shall  apply  to  parcels 
of  fourth-class  mail,  exceeding  four  ounces  in  weight,  ex- 
changed between  the  United  States,  or  an>^  of  its  possessions, 
and  United  States  naval  vess-^ls  stationed  in  foreign  waters. 
When  such  vessels  are  stationed  in  a  port  of  the  United 
States,  or  any  of  its  possessions,  the  rates  applicable  to  or 
from  the  post-oluce  at  such  port  shall  be  charged. 

4.  Seeds,  cuttings,  bulbs,  roots,  scions,  and  plants  are  matter 
of  the  fourth  class,  notwithstanding  that  a  special  rate  of  postage 
(one  cent  for  each  two  ounces  or  fraction  thereof  regardless  of 
distance)  applies  thereto.  The  limit  of  weight  is  increased  to 
eleven  pounds  by  the  parcel  post  law  (see  sec.  1),  but  no  other 
change  is  made. 

5.  Cut  flowers,  dried  plants,  and  botanical  specimens  not 
susceptible  of  propagation  are  transmissible  at  parcel  post 
rates. 

6.  Samples  of  wheat  or  other  grain  in  its  natural  condition, 
potatoes,  beans,  peas,  chestnuts,  acorns,  etc..  when  intended  for 
planting  must  be  prepaid  at  the  special  rate  of  postage  prescribed 
in  paragraph  4,  but  when  intended  to  be  used  as  food  the  parcel 
post  rates  apply. 

Sec.  9.  When  parcels  are  presented  for  mailing,  the  senders 
shall  be  required  to  affix  stamps  before  the  matter  is  ac- 
cepted. When  a  parcel  is  insufficiently  prepaid,  and  the  send- 
er can  not  be  located, the  matter  shall  be  treated  as  unpaid  or 
insufficiently  prepaid,  marked  "Held  for  postage,"  and  the 
addressee  notified  immediately  on  Form  1543  (except  as  pro- 
vided in  sec.  38).  Such  matter  shall  be  held  not  longer  than 
two  weeks,  unless  the  office  of  address  is  so  remote  that  the 
postage  could  not  be  received  from  the  addressee  within  that 
time.  If  the  required  postage  is  received,  stamps  of  the  value 
hereof  shall  be  aftixed  to  the  matter  in  such  manner  as  to  cover  a 
part  of  the  words  "Held  for  postage"  andtheparceldispatched. 

2.  When  the  sender  of  any  insufliciently  prepaid  matter  pays 
the  postage,  after  dispatch  of  notice  to  the  addressee,  such 
matter  shall  be  indorsed  "  Postage  subsequently  paid  by  sender," 
the  stamps  affixed,  and  the  matter  dispatched. 

3.  When  the  required  postage  is  not  received  from  the 
addressee  within  the  time  speciBed.  the  matter  shall  be  marked 
"Unclaimed"  and  sent  to  the  Division  of  Dead  Letters. 

Sec.  10.  Parcels  weighing  more  than  four  ounces  must  be 
mailed  at  a  post  office,  branch  post  office,  named  or  lettered 
station,  orsuch  numbered  stations  as  may  be  designated  by  the 
postmaster,  or  delivered  to  a  rural  or  other  carrier  duly  author- 
ised to  receive  such  matter.  Parcels  weighing  four  ounces  or 
less  may  be  mailed  in  the  same  manner  as  matter  of  other 
classes. 

2.  Parcels  collected  on  star  routes  must  be  deposited  in  the 
next  post  office  at  which  the  carrier  arrives  and  postage  charged 
at  the  rate  from  that  office. 


PREPARATION  FOR  MAILING 

Sec.  1 1 .  Parcels  must  be  prepared  for  mailing  in  such  manner 


IMPORTANT  AMENDMENTS   TO  PARCEL  POST   REGULATIONS 


Subparagraphs  (d),  (e),  {/)  and  (g),  Section  3.  are 
amended  to  read  as  follows,  effective  January  1, 1914 : 

(d)  For  delivery  within  the  third  zone,  (six)  cents 
for  the  first  pound  or  fraction  of  a  pound  and  (two) 
cents  for  each  additional  pound  or  fraction  of  a  pound. 

{e)  For  delivery  within  t  he  fourth  zone,  Tseven)  cents 
for  the  first  pgund  or  fraction  of  a  pound  and  (four) 
cents  for  each  additional  pound  or  fraction  of  a  pound. 

(/)  For  delivery  within  the  fifth  zone,  (eight)  cents 
for  the  first  pound  or  fraction  of  a  pound  and  (six)  cents 
for  each  additional  pound  or  fraction  of  a  pound. 

(g)  For  delivery  within  the  sixth  zone,  (nine)  cents 
for  the  first  pound  or  fraction  of  a  pound  and  (eight) 
cents  for  each  additional  pound  or  fraction  of  a  pound. 

On  and  after  March  16,  1914,  the  rate  of  postage  on 
parcels  of  books  weij:hing  8  ounces  or  less  shall  be  1 
cent  for  each  2  ounces  or  fraction  thereof,  and  on  those 


weighing  more  than  8  ounces  the  pound  rates  shown  in 
the  table  .ippearing  in  map  on  page  133  shall  apiily. 

The  rate  of  p<istage  on  gold  coin,  gold  bullion,  and 
gold  dust  offered  for  maiUng  between  any  t  wo  points  in 
Alaska,  or betweenany  pointin  Alaska  and  any  point 
in  the  United  States  orits  possessions, shall  be  2  cents 
an  ounce  orfraction  thereof,  regardless  of  distance.  Such 
gold  coin,  gold  bullion,  or  gold  dust  shall  be  inclosed  in 
sealed  packages  not  exceeding  11  pounds  in  weight 
and  sent  by  registered  mail.  (Effective  January  1,1914.) 

Section  7  is  amended  to  read  as  follows,  effective 
January  1,  1914:  _   ■ 

Parcels  weighing  four  ounces  or  less  are  mailable  at 
the  rate  of  one  cent  for  each  ounce  or  fraction  of  an 
ounce,  regardless  of  distance.  Parcels  weighing  more 
than  fo'ir  ounces  are  mailable  at  the  pound  rates  showQ 
in  the  following  table,  a  fraction  of  a  pound  being  coD- 
sidered  a  full  oound; 


that  the  contents  can  be  easily  examined.  (See  sees.  19  to  37, 
inclusive.) 

2.  A  parcel  must  not  be  accepted  for  mailing  unless  it  bears 
the  name  and  address  of  the  sender  preceded  by  the  word 
"From." 

3.  In  addition  to  the  name  and  address  of  the  sender,  which  is 
required,  it  is  permissible  to  write  or  print  on  the  covering  of  s 
parcel,  or  on  a  tag  or  label  attached  to  it,  the  occupation  of  th( 
sender,  and  to  indicate  in  a  small  space  by  means  of  marks, 
letters,  numbers,  names  or  other  brief  description,  the  character 
of  the  parcel,  but  ample  space  must  be  left  on  the  address  side 
for  the  full  address  in  legible  characters  and  for  the  necessary 
postage  stamps.     Inscriptions  such  as  "  Merry   Christmas, 

'Please  do  not  open  until  Christmas,"  "Happy  New  Year," 
**  With  best  wishes,"  and  the  like,  may  be  placed  on  the  covering 
of  the  parcel  in  such  manner  as  not  to  interfere  with  the  address. 

Sec.  12.  Postmasters  must  examine  parcels  when  presented 
for  mailing  to  ascertain  that  the  postage  is  fully  prepaid. 

2.  When  any  parcel  offered  for  mailing  is  sealed  or  otherwise 
closed  against  inspection,  or  contains  or  bears  writing  not  per- 
missible, it  is  subject  to  postage  at  the  first  class  rate  and  shall 
be  treated  as  first  class  matter  (except  as  provided  in  sees.  26 
and  32).  If  such  a  parcel  exceeds  four  pounds  in  weight  it  is 
unmailable. 

3.  A  parcel  containing  two  or  more  classes  of  mail  matter  is 
chargeable  with  postage  at  the  rate  applicable  to  the  highest 
class  of  matter  inclosed.  A  parcel  composed  of  two  articles, 
one  being  matter  of  the  third  class  and  the  other  matter  of  the 
fourth  class,  is  chargeable  with  postage  at  the  fourth  class  rate 
when  such  postage  is  equal  to  or  greater  than  that  which  would 
be  chargeable  if  the  third  class  rate  were  applicable.  However, 
when  the  postage  on  a  parcel  containing  both  third  and  fourth 
class  matter  amounts  to  more  at  the  third  class  than  at  the 
fourth  class  rate,  owing  to  the  graduated  zone  rates,  the  parcel 
must  be  charged  with  postage  at  the  third  class  rate  (one  cent 
for  each  two  ounces  or  fraction  of  two  ounces),  and  in  such  case 
the  parcel  must  not  exceed  four  pounds  in  weight,  imless  it  is  a 
single  book. 


LIMIT  OF  WEIGHT  AND  SIZE 

Sec.  15  Parcels  mailed  for  delivery  within  the  first 
and  second  zones  must  not  exceed  fifty  pounds  in  weight  and 
parcels  mailed  beyond  the  limits  of  the  second  zone  must  not 
exceed  twenty  pounds  in  weight. 

2.  The  law  prescribes  that  a  package  to  be  admitted  to  the 
parcel  post  shall  not  exceed  eighty-four  inches  in  combined 
length  and  girth.  In  measuring  the  length  the  greatest  distance 
in  a  straight  line  between  the  two  ends  of  the  parcel  shall  be 
taken,  while  the  girth  is  the  actual  measurfmcnt  by  a  tape 
encircling  the  parcel  at  its  thickest  part.  The  parcel  shall  be 
refused  for  mailing,  if  even  slightly  in  excess  in  size  or  weight. 


PACKING  OF  PARCELS 

Sec.  19.  Medicines  composed  wholly  or  in  part  of  poison  or 

poisons,  and  anesthetic  agents  which  are  not  outwardly  or  of 
their  own  force  dangerous  or  injurious  to  life,  health,  or  property, 
and  not  in  themselves  unmailable  (see  sec.  16),  when  packed  a4 
prescribed  in  sections  21,  22,  and  23,  and  the  package  bears  the 
name  aiid  address  of  the  manufacturer  of  or  dealer  in  th« 
article  mailed,  may  be  transmitted  in  the  domestic  mails  from 
the  manufacturer  thereof  or  dealer  therein  to  licensed  physi 
cians,  surgeons,  pharmacists,  and  dentists. 

Sec.  20.  Admissiblearticles  which,  from  their  form  or  nature, 
might  damage  other  mail  matter  or  equipment,  or  injure  the 
person  of  any  postal  employee,  may  be  mailed  when  packed  in 
accordance  with  the  following  conditions: 

2.  When  not  liquid  or  liquefiable,  they  must  be  placed  in  a 
bag,  box,  or  removable  envelope,  or  wrapping,  made  of  paper, 
cloth,  parchment,  or  similar  material,  and  inclosed  in  a  box  or 
tube  of  metal  or  wood,  with  a  sliding,  clasp,  or  screw  lid. 

3.  In  case  of  such  articles  liable  to  break,  the  inner  bag,  bo^* 
envelope,  or  wrapping  must  be  surrounded  by  sawdust,  exce'" 
sior,  cotton,  or  other  similar  substance. 

Sec.  21.  Admissible  liquids  and  oils,  in  packages  not  exceed- 
ing eleven  pounds  in  weight,  will  be  accepted  for  mailing  when 
intended  for  delivery  at  the  oiTice  of  mailing  or  on  a  rural  route 
starting  therefrom,  when  inclosed  in  a  glass  or  metal  container, 
securely  closed  and  heavily  wrapped,  provided  it  is  not  necessary 
to  transport  them  over  steam  or  electric  railways. 

Sec.  22.  Admissible  liquids  and  oils,  pastes,  salves,  or  other 
articles  easily  liquefiable.  will  be  accepted  for  mailing  regardless 
of  distance  when  they  conform  to  the  following  conditions: 

2.  When  in  strong  glass  bottles  holdmg  four  ounces  or  less, 
the  total  quantity  sent  in  one  parcel  shall  not  exceed  twenty- 
four  ounces,  liquid  measure.  Euch  bottle  shall  be  wrapped  in 
paper  or  other  absorbent  substance  and  placed  in  a  box  made  of 
cardboard  or  other  suitable  material  and  then  placed  in  a  box 
and  packed  in  a  container  made  of  double-faced  corrugated 
pasteboard  of  good  quality.  The  corners  of  the  container  must 
fit  tightly  and  be  reinforced  with  tape  so  as  to  prevent  the  escape 
of  any  liquid  if  the  contents  should  be  broken,  and  the  whole 
parcel  shall  be  securely  wrapped  with  strong  paper  and  tied 
with  twine.  Single  bottles  of  liquid  holding  four  ounces  or  less 
may  also  be  packed  as  prescribed  in  the  following  paragraph: 

3.  When  in  glass  bottles  holding  more  than  four  ounces,  the 
total  quantity  sent  in  one  parcel  .shall  not  exceed  sixteen  ounces, 
liquid  measure.  The  bottle  must  be  very  strong  and  must  be 
inclosed  in  a  block  or  tube  of  metal,  wood,  papier-mache,  or 
similar  material;  and  there  must  be  provided  between  the  bottle 
and  the  block  or  tube  a  cushion  of  cotton,  felt  or  other  absorbent. 
The  block  or  tube  must  be  at  least  five  thirty-seconds  of  an 
inch  thick  in  its  thinnest  part  for  bottles  holding  eight  ounces 
or  less  and  at  least  three-sixteenths  of  an  inch  thick  for  bottles 
holding  more  than  eight  ounces.  The  block  or  tube  must  be 
rendered  water-tight  by  an  application  on  the  inside  of  paraffine 
or  other  suitable  substance  and  must  be  closed  by  a  sciew-top 
cover  with  ufficient  screw  threads  to  require  at  least  one  and 
one-half  complete  turns  before  it  will  come  off.  The  cover  must 
be  provided  with  a  washer  so  that  no  liquid  will  escape  if  the 
bottle  should  be  broken. 

4.  When  in  a  metal  container,  the  weight  of  the  parcel  must 
not  exceed  eleven  pounds.  The  container  must  be  hermeticallj 
sealed,  inclosed  in  a  strong  box  and  securely  wrapped.  ^^ 

5.  All  packages  containing  Kquid  must  be  marked  "Fragile.  ' 

Sec.  23.  Pastes,  salves,  etc.,  not  easily  liquefiable,  will  be 
accepted  for  mailing  when  inclosed  in  water-tight  metal  con- 
tainers and  placed  in  a  strong  pasteboard  or  wooden  bos  and 
securely  wrapped. 


238 


PARCEL  POST  GUIDE 


Sec.  24.  Manufacturers  or  dealers  intending  to  transmit 
articles  in  considerable  quantities  should  submit  to  the  post- 
master at  the  mailing  oMice  for  approval  a  specimen  parcel, 
showing  the  mrnner  of  packing. 

Sec.  25.  When  sharp  pointed  instruments  are  offered  for 
mailin.fj,  the  points  must  be  capped  or  encased,  so  that  they  can 
not  cut  through  their  covering.  Blades  must  be  bound  so  that 
they  will  remain  firmly  attached  to  each  other  or  within  their 
handles  or  sockets. 

Sec.  26.  Seeds  and  other  admissible  articles,  which  are  liable 
from  their  form  or  nature  to  loss  or  damage  unless  specially 
protected,  may  be  put  up  in  sealed  envelopes  of  material  su'Ti- 
ciently  transparent  to  show  the  contents  clearly  without  open- 
ing. 

Sec.  27.  Ink  powders,  pepper,  snuff,  or  other  similar  powders, 
not  explosive,  or  any  similar  pulverized  dry  substance,  not 
poisonous,  may  be  sent  in  the  mails  when  inclosed  in  the  manner 
prescribed  herein  for  liquids  (see  sec.  22),  or  when  inclosed  in 
cases  made  of  metal,  wood,  papier-mache,  or  similar  material, 
in  such  manner  as  to  render  impossible  the  escape  of  any  of  the 
contents. 

Sec.  28.  Flour  of  all  kinds  must  be  put  up  in  such  manner  as 
to  prevent  the  package  breaking  or  cracking  or  the  flour  being 
scattered  in  the  maiUi. 

Sec.  29.  Queen  bees,  live  insects,  and  dried  reptiles  may  be 
mailed  in  accordance  with  the  instructions  of  the  Department  of 
Agriculture  as  promulgated  by  the  Post  Office  Department 
under  order  number  6242,  of  May  4,  1912. 

Sec.  30.  Seeds  of  fruit,  nursery  stock,  and  all  other  plant 
products  for  propagation,  may  be  mailed  in  accordance  with  the 
mstructions  of  the  Department  of  Agriculture  as  promulgated 
by  Post  Office  Department  orders,  number  6313,  of  May  29 
1912;  number  6655,  of  November  16,  1912;  and  number  6674 
of  November  27,  1912. 

Sec.  31  Candies,  confectionery,  yeast  cakes,  soap  in  hard 
cakes,  etc.,  must  be  inclosed  in  boxes  and  so  wrapped  as  to 
prevent  injury  to  other  mail  matter. 

Sec.  32.  Sealed  original  packages  of  proprietary  articles, 
such  as  soaps,  tobacco,  pills,  tablets,  etc.,  put  up  in  fixed 
quantities  by  the  manufacturer,  and  not  in  themselves  unmail- 
able,  will  be  accepted  for  mailing  when  properly  wrapped. 

Sec.  33.  Fragile  articles,  such  as  millinery,  toys,  musical 
inEtruments,  etc.,  and  articles  consisting  wholly  or  in  part  of 
glass,  or  contained  in  glass,  must  be  securely  packed  and  the 
parcel  stamped  or  labeled  "FRAGILE."  Parcels  so  labeled 
must  be  handled  with  the  greatest  posFible  care. 

Sec.  34.  Parcels  containing  perishable  articles  must  be 
marked  "PERISHABLE."  Articles  likely  to  spoil  within  the 
time  reasonably  required  for  transportation  and  delivery  must 
not  be  accepted  for  mailing.    (See  sec.  1.) 

2.  Butter,  lard,  and  perishable  articles  such  as  fish,  fresh 
meats,  dressed  fowls,  vegetables,  fruits,  berries,  and  articles  of 
a  similar  nature  which  decay  quickly,  when  so  packed  or 
wrapped  as  to  prevent  damage  to  other  mail  matter,  will  be 
accepted  for  local  delivery  (see  sec.  3,  par.  2a),  either  at  the 
office  of  maih'ng  or  on  any  rural  route  starting  therefrom. 
When  inclosed  in  an  inner  cover  and  a  strong  outer  cover  of 
wood,  metal,  heavy  corrugated  pasteboard,  or  other  suitable 
material,  and  wrapped  so  that  nothing  can  escape  from  the 
package,  they  will  be  accepted  for  mailing  to  all  offices  within 
the  first  and  second  zone. 

3.  Butter,  lard,  or  any  admissible  greasy  or  oily  substance, 
when  intended  for  delivery  at  olfices  beyond  the  first  zone  must 
be  packed  in  accordance  with  section  22. 

4.  Vegetables  and  fruits  which  do  not  decay  quickly  will  be 
accepted  for  mailing  to  any  zone  if  packed  sO  as  to  prevent 
damage  to  other  mail  matter. 

5.  Eggs  will  be  accepted  for  local  delivery  (see  sec.  3,  par.  2a) 
when  so  packed  in  a  basket  or  other  container  as  to  prevent 
damage  to  other  mail  matter. 

6.  Eggs  will  be  accepted  for  mailing  regardless  of  distance 
when  each  egg  is  wrapped  separately  and  surrounded  with 


excelsior,  cotton,  or  other  suitable  material,  and  packed  in  a 
container  made  of  double  corrugated  pasteboard,  metal,  wood, 
or  other  suitable  material  in  such  manner  as  to  place  each  egg 
on  its  end  and  to  prevent  them  from  striking  together  or  against 
the  side  or  top  of  the  container,  with  an  outer  cover  of  double 
corrugated  pasteboard,  metal,  wood ,  or  other  suitable  material, 
and  wrapped  so  that  nothing  can  escape  from  the  package.  Ail 
such  parcels  must  be  labeled  "EGGS." 

Sec.  35.  Salted,  dried,  smoked,  or  cured  meats  and  other 
meat  products  may  be  admitted  to  the  mails  and  may  be  trans- 
ported, regardless  of  distance,  from  one  State  or  Territory  or  the 
District  of  Columbia  to  another  State  or  Territory  or  the 
District  of  Columbia  when  the  provisions  of  the  act  of  June  30, 
1906,  and  the  regulations  promulgated  thereunder  by  the  De- 
partment of  Agriculture,  have  been  complied  with;  provided, 
however,  that  fresh  meat  in  any  form  may  be  transported  only 
within  the  first  and  second  zone.    (See  sec.  34.) 

Sec.  36.  Specimens  of  dried  blood  or  of  diseased  tissues  or 
communicable  diseases,  cultures  and  tubercular  sputum  may 
be  mailed  in  accordance  with  instructions  of  the  Treasury  De- 
partment (Bureau  of  Public  Health  and  Marine-Hospital 
Service),  as  promulgated  by  the  Post  Office  Department  imder  ' 
Order  No.  3064,  of  April  22,  WIO. 

Sec.  37.  Postmasters  must  refuse  to  receive  for  mailing  parcels 
not  properly  indorsed,  or  packed  for  safe  shipment. 

FORWARDING  OF  PARCELS 

Sec.  46.  Parcels  may  be  remailed  or  forwarded  on  the  pay- 
ment of  additional  postage  at  the  rate  which  would  be  charge- 
able if  they  were  originally  mailed  at  the  forwarding  office,  in 
which  case  the  necessary  stamps  shall  be  affixed  by  the  for- 
warding postmaster.  Payment  must  be  made  every  time  the 
parcel  is  forwarded. 

INSURANCE  ON  PARCELS 

Sec.  62.  A  mailable  parcel  on  which  the  postage  is  tully 
prepaid  may  be  insured  against  loss  in  an  amount  equivalent  to 
its  actual  value,  but  not  to  exceed  $25,  on  payment  of  a  fee  of 
five  cents  and  in  amount  equivalent  to  its  actual  value  in 
excess  of  $25,  but  not  to  exceed  $50,  on  payment  of  a  fee  of 
ten  cents  i  n  stamps,  such  stamps  to  be  affixed.  The  amount  of 
the  insurance  fee  shall  be  placed  on  the  receipt  given  the 
sender  and  on  the  coupon  retained  at  the  mailing  office. 

2.  When  a  parcel  is  insured,  the  sender  will  be  given  a  receipt 
showing  the  office  and  date  of  mailing  and  number  of  the  parcel. 
The  parcel  should  be  numbered  to  correspond  with  the  receipt, 
stamped  '"INSURED,"  and  an  insurance  tag  securely  attached. 
It  will  then  be  treated  as  ordinary  mail  until  it  reaches  the  office 
of  address,  when  it  must  be  delivered  to  the  addressee  or,  unless 
otherwise  directed  by  the  addressee,  to  the  person,  firm  or 
corporation  in  whose  care  it  is  addressed,  or  to  any  resjwnsible 
person  to  whom  the  addressee's  ordinary  mail  is  customarily 
delivered,  and  a  receipt  obtained  therefor  on  the  tag  attached 
to  the  parcel.  When  an  insured  parcel  is  received  without  the 
insurance  tag  attached,  the  prescribed  receipt  should  be  obtained 
from  the  addressee  on  delivery. 

2 lij.  No  article  of  any  class  bearing  the  word  "Insured" 
on  the  outside  envelope  or  wrapper,  or  on  a  tag  or  label  at- 
tached thereto,  shall  be  accepted  for  mailing,  except  insured 
parcel  post  mail. 

3.  A  receipt  signed  by  a  person  other  than  the  addressee  must 
show  the  name  of  the  addressee  as  well  as  that  of  the  person 
signing  it.  A  signature  made  by  mark  (X)  must  be  attested  by  a 
reputable  witness. 

4.  When  a  return  receipt  is  desired  by  the  sender  of  an  in- 
sured parcel  the  postmaster  at  the  mailing  office  shall  stamp  or 
write  across  the  margin  of  the  insurance  tag  the  words  "  Return 
Receipt  Desired,"  and  the  postmaster  at  the  office  of  address 
shall  obtain  from  the  addressee  a  receipt  and  mail  it  to  the 
sender. 

REGISTRATION 

Sec  63.  la  view  of  the  provision  for  the  insurance  of  fourth 


class  mail  and  the  furnishing  of  receipts  for  such  mail  whe« 
insured,  the  necessity  for  registration  is  removed  and  therefor*- 
fourth  class  matter  shall  not  be  admitted  to  the  registered  mail. 
Six.  65.  A  mailable  parcel  will  be  accorded  the  usual  special 
deliye-y  service  when  a  special  delivery  stamp  or  ten  cents  in 
ordinary  stamps  are  affixed  thereto  in  addition  to  the  parcel 
post  postage.  When  ordinary  stamps  are  used  the  words 
'Special  Delivery"  must  be  placed  on  the  wrapper. 


C.  O.  D.  PACKAGES 

Sec.  66.  Thesenderof  a  mailable  parcel  on  which  the  postage 
is  fully  prepaid  may  have  the  price  of  the  article  and  the  charges 
thereon  collected  from  the  addressee  on  payment  of  a  fee  of 
ten  centsin  stamps  affixed,  provided  the  amount  to  be  collected 
d()es  not  exceed  $100.  Such  a  parcel  will  be  insured  against  loss, 
without  additional  charge,  in  an  amount  equivalent  to  its 
actual  value,  but  not  to  exceed  $50. 

2.  The  sender  of  a  collect  on  delivery  (C.  O.  D.)  parcel  will 
be  given  a  receipt  showing  the  office  and  date  of  mailing,  the 
number  of  the  parcel,  and  the  amount  due  him. 

3.  A  C.  O.  D.  parcel  will  be  accepted  for  mailing  only  at  a 
money-order  office  and  when  addressed  to  a  money-order  office. 
Money-order  offices  are  designated  in  the  parcel  post  guide  by 
an  asterisk  (*)  or  a  dagger  (t).  The  postmaster  at  the  mailing 
office  will  be  held  responsible  for  the  postage  required  for  the 
return  of  a  parcel  addressed  to  a  no n -money -order  office. 

5.  The  C.  O.  D.  tag  must  show  the  amount  due  the  sender, 
the  money-order  fee  necessary  to  make  the  remittance,  and  the 
total  amount  to  be  collected.  It  should  be  securely  attached 
to  the  parcel,  which  should  be  numbered  to  correspond  with  the 
tag,  stamped  C.  O.  D.,  and  the  charges  to  be  collected  plainly 
written  thereon.  The  parcel  will  be  treated  as  ordinary  mail 
until  it  reaches  the  office  of  address,  where,  on  payment  of  all 
charges,  it  will  be  delivered  to  the  addressee  or,  unless  otherwise 
directed  by  the  addressee,  to  the  person, firm  or  corporation  in 
V  .ose  care  it  is  addressed,  or  to  any  responsible  person  to  whom 
the  addressee's  ordinary  mail  is  customarily  delivered.  A  receipt 
for  the  parcel  must  be  obtained  on  the  tag  attached  thereto. 

6.  A  receipt  signed  by  a  person  other  than  the  addressee  must 
show  the  name  of  the  addressee  as  well  as  that  of  the  person 
signing  it.  A  signature  made  by  mark  (X)  must  be  attested  by 
a  reputable  witness. 

7.  When  a  CO.  D.  parcel  is  received  without  the  tag  attached, 
the  charges  shown  on  the  parcel  must  be  collected  and  the  pre- 
scribed receipt  obtained  from  the  addressee. 

8.  An  employee  must  receipt  for  the  total  number  of  parcels 
given  him  for  delivery.  This  receipt  will  be  surrendered  to  hira 
either  on  the  return  of  the  parcels  or  the  receipted  tags  and  the 
total  amount  to  be  collected. 

9.  The  receipted  tag  will  be  considered  as  the  addressee's 
application  for  a  money-order  for  the  amount  due  the  sender.  A 
money-order  will  then  be  issued,  stamped  C.  O.  D.,  and  mailed 
to  the  sender  in  a  penalty  envelope  by  the  postmaster,  who  wiH 
enter  on  the  tag  the  number  of  the  money-order,  the  amount 
and  date  of  issue,  and  file  it  with  other  money-order  applications. 
No  return  receipt  will  be  furnished  the  sender,  as  the  money- 
order  serves  that  purpose. 

10.  The  addressee  will  not  be  permitted  to  examine  the  con- 
tents of  a  C.  O.  D.  parcel  until  it  had  been  receipted  for  and  all 
charges  paid.  A  parcel  may  be  refused  when  it  is  tendered  for 
delivery,  but  after  delivery  has  been  effected  it  cannot  be  re- 
turned on  account  of  dissatisfaction  with  the  contents  or  the 
amount  collected. 

11.  A  parcel  may  be  forwarded,  in  accordance  with  Section 
46.  without  the  payment  of  an  additional  C.  O.  D.  fee.  When 
so  forwarded  a  duplicate  receipt  tag  should  be  filed  showing 
the  office  to  which  it  is  forwarded. 

12.  1  he  records  of  C.  0.  D.  parcels  must  be  preserved  at  the 
mailing  office  for  one  year  and  at  the  delivery  office  for  thi-eo 
years. 


PARCEL    POST    GUIDE    OF    THE    UNITED    STATES 

Giving  the  Unit  numbers  of  Principal  Cities,  including  all  places  having  16,000  or  more  inhabitants 

To  find  on  the  map  the  location  of  any  place  named  in  this  guide,  or  the  Unit  in  which  such  place  is  situated,  run  your  eye  along  heavy-face  numerals  on  the  Canadian  bordet 
until  you  come  to  the  heavy-face  numeral  nearest  to  the  desired  Unit.  Duluth,  Minn.,  shown  as  in  Unit  2555,  may  be  quickly  located  by  following  the  heavy-face  num- 
erals to  2550  and  proceeding  down  thiscolumn  to  2555. 


UNIT 

Aberdeen,  Wash 5705 

Akron,  Ohio 1516 

Alameda,  Cal 5573 

Albany,  N.  Y 713 

AUentown,  Pa 867 

Alliance,  Ohio 1467 

Alton,  111 237  I 

Altus,  Okla 3279 

Amsterdam,  N.  Y 763 

Anderson,  Ind 1918 

Ansonia,  Conn 666 

Appleton,  Wis 2160 

Asheville,  N.  C 1627 

Ashtabula,  Ohio .1415 

Atchison,  Kan 2869 

Athens.  Ga 1681 

Atlanta,  Ga 1781 

Atlantic  City,  N.  J 770 

Attleboro,  Mass 465 

Auburn,  N.  Y 1013 

Augusta,  Ga 1532 

Aurora.  Ill 2165 

Austin,  Tex 3138 

Baltimore,  Md 1020 

Bangor,  Me 209 

Baton  Rouge,  La 2488 

Battle  Creek,  Mich.. .  .1864 

Bay  City,  Mich 171 1 

Bayonne,  N.J 767 

Beaumont,  Tex 2788 

Belleville,  III 2321 

Bellingham,  Wash 5551 

Beloit,  Wis 2263 

Berkeley,  Cal 5573 

Beverly,  Mass 413 

Biddeford,  Me 362 

Binghamton,  N.  Y 914 

Birmingham,  Ala 2031 

Bloorafield,  N.J 767 

Bloomington,  111 2218 

Boise,  Idaho. 4961 

Boston,  Mass 464 

Braddock,  Pa 13 18 

Bridgeport,  Conn 666 

Brockton,  Mass 464 

Brookline,  Mass 464 

Buffalo,  N.  Y 1213 

Burlington,  Iowa 2467 

Burlington,  Vt 660 

Duller,  Pa 1317 

Butte,  Mont 4606 

Cambridge,  Mass 464 

Camden,  N.  J 869 

v,anton,  Ohio 1467 

Carbondale,  Pa 915 

Cedar  Rapids,  Iowa. .  .2515 


UNIT 

Central  Falls,  R.  1 465 

Charleston,  S.  C 1333 

Charleston,  W.  Va 1522 

Charlotte.  N.  C 1428 

Chattanooga,  Tenn.. .  .1878 

Chelsea,  Mass 464 

Chester,  Pa 869 

Chicago,  III 2115 

Chicago  Heights,  111.    .2116 

Chicopce,  Mass 614 

Cincinnati,  Ohio 1820 

Cleveland,  Ohio 1515 

Clinton,  Iowa 2365 

Cohoes,  N.  Y 713 

Colorado  Springs,  Colo.382 1 

Columbia,  S.  C 1481 

Columbus,  Ga 1834 

Columbus,  Ohio 1619 

Concord.  N.  H 512 

Council  Bluffs.  Iowa. .  .2916 

Covington.  Ky 1820 

Cumberland,  Md 1219 

Dallas,  Tex 3033 

Danbury,  Conn 666 

Danville,  111 2118 

Danville,  Va 1275 

Davenport.  Iowa 2415 

Dayton,  Ohio 1769 

Decatur,  III 2219 

Des  Moines,  Iowa. . .  .2715 

Denver,  Colo 3819 

Dubuque,  Iowa 2413 

Duluth,  Minn 2555 

Dunkirk.  N.  Y 1264 

Dunmore,  Pa. 916 

Duquesne,  Pa 1318 

Durham,  N.  C 1226 

East  Chicago,  Ind  ...  2065 
East  Liverpool,  Ohio, .  1417 

Easton,  Pa 867 

East  Orange,  N.  J.  . ,  .  767 
East  Providence,  R.  I  .  465 
East  Saint  Louis,  Ills,  .2371 

Eau  Claire,  Wis 2459 

Elgin,  Ills 2164 

Elizabeth,  N.J 767 

Elkhart,  Ind 1915 

Elmira,N.  Y 1014 

El  Paso.   Texas 3985 

Elyria,  Ohio 1566 

Enid, Okla 3126 

Erie, Pa 1364 

Evanston,  III 2M4 

Evansville,  Ind 2123 

Everett,  Mass 464 

Everett,  Wash 5553 


UNIT 

Fall  River,  Mass 465 

Fargo.  N.  Dak 3005 

Fitchburg,  Mass 513 

Fond  duLac,  Wis 2161 

F'ort  Dodge.  Iowa 2763 

F'ort  Smith,  Ark 2778 

Fort  Wavne,  Ind 1866 

Fort  Worth,  Tex 3083 

Freeport,  111 2314 

Fresno,  Cal 5325 

Galesburg,  Ills 2367 

Galveston,  Tex 2840 

Gardner,  Mass 513 

Glen  Falls,  N.  Y 712 

Gloucester,  Mass 413 

Gloversville,  N.  Y  .  .  . .  762 

Green  Bay,  Wise 2159 

Greensboro,  N.  C 1326 

Greenville,  S.  C 1579 

Hackensack,  N.  J 767 

Hagerstown,  Md 1119 

Hamilton,  Ohio 1820 

Hammond,  Ind 2115 

Hannibal,  Mo 2469 

HarrisburK,Pa 1018 

Harrison,  N.  J 767 

Hartford.  Conn 615 

Haverhill,  Mass 463 

Hazelton,  Pa 917 

Hobokcn,  N.J 767 

Holyoke.  Mass 614 

Homestead.  Pa 1318 

Houston,  Tex 2889 

Huntington,  W.  Va.  . .  1572 

Hutchinson,  Kan 3122 

Indianapolis,  Ind 1969 

Ithaca,  N.  Y 1014 

Jackson,  Mich 1764 

Jackson,  Miss 2384 

Jackson.  Tenn    2227 

Jacksonville,  Fla 1538 

Jamestown,  N.  Y 1264 

Jersey  City,  N.J 767 

Johnstown,  Pa 1218 

Joliet,  III 2165 

Joplin,  Mo 2824 

Kalamazoo,  M  ich 1914 

Kansas  City,  Kan.  .  .  .2820 

Kansas  City, Mo 2820 

Kenosha,  Wise 2113 

Key  West.  Fla 1549 

Kingston,  N.  Y 715 

Knoxvilte,  Tenn 1 72  7 

Kokomo,  Ind 1968 


UNIT 

Lafayette,  Ind 2018 

Lakewood,  Ohio 1515 

Lancaster,  Pa 968 

Lansing.  iVlich 1813 

Lawrence,  Mass 463 

Leavenworth.  Kan. . .  .28CO 

Lebanon.  Pa 968 

Leominster,  Mass 513 

Lewiston,  Me   360 

Lexington,  Ky 1772 

Lima,  Ohio 1767 

Lincoln,  Neb 3017 

Little  Rock,  Ark 2579 

Lockport,  N.  Y 1212 

Logansport,  Ind '967 

Long  Beach,  Cal 5181 

Lorain,  Ohio 1566 

Los  Angeles,  Cal 5180 

Louisville,  Ky 1922 

Lowell,  Mass 463 

Lynchburg,  Va 1274 

Lynn,  Mass 414 

McAIester,  Okla 2929 

McKeesport,  Pa 1318 

McKecs  Rock,  Pa 1368 

Macon,  Ga 1733 

Madison,  Wis 2262 

Mahanoy,  Pa 967 

Maiden,  Mass 464 

Manchester,  N.  H 463 

Mansfield,  Ohio 1617 

Marion,  Ind 1917 

Marion,  Ohio 1667 

Medford,  Mass 464 

Melrose,  Mass 464 

Memphis.  Tenn 2378 

Meriden,  Conn 615 

Meridian,  Miss 2234 

Michigan,  City,  Ind. .  .2015 

Milwaukee.  Wis 2112 

Minneapolis.  Minn.. .  .2659 

Missoula,  Mont 4705 

Mobile.  Ala 2187 

2415 
1318 
767 
1984 
967 
717 
1868 
2406 


Lackawanna,  N.  Y. 
La  Crosse,  Wis 


.1213 
.2461 


Moline,  Ills 
Monessen,  Pa.  . .  . 
MontcI.-;ir,  N.J,, 
Montgomery,  .Ma 
Mt.  C'armel,  Pa.,  , 
Mt.  Vernon,  N.  Y 

Muncie.  Ind 

Muscatine,  Iowa, 

Muskegon,  Mich 1962 

Muskogee,  Okla 2877 

Nanticoke,  Pa 966 

Nashua,  N.  H 463 

Nashville,  Tenn 2026 


UNIT 

New  Albany.  Ind 1922 

Newark,  N.J 767 

Newark,  Ohio 1568 

New  Bedford,  Mass. . .  415 
New  Britain,  Conn..  ,  .  615 
New  Brunswick.  N.J.   768 

Newburgh,  N.  Y 766 

Newcastle,  Pa 1367 

New  Haven,  Conn. .. .  616 
New  London,  Conn...  566 

New  Orleans,  La 2i89 

Newport,  Ky .1770 

Newport,  R.I 466 

Newport  News,  Va...  .  1374 
New  Rochellc,  N.  Y,  .   717 

Newton,  Mass 464 

New  York.  N.Y 767 

Niagara  Falls,  N.Y...  1262 

Norfolk,  Va 975 

Norristown,  Pa 868 

North  Adams,  Mass .  .  663 
Northampton,  Mass,  .  614 
No.  Yakima,  Wash..  .  ,5355 

Norwalk,  Conn 666 

Norwich.  Conn 565 

Norwood,  Ohio 1820 

Oakland.  Cal 5573 

Oak  Park,  lU 2115 

Ogden.Utah 4516 

Ogdensburg,  N.Y 859 

Oil  City, Pa 1316 

Oklahoma,  Okla 3128 

Olean,N.  Y 1164 

Omaha,  Neb 2916 

Orange. N.J 767 

Oshkosh,  Wis 2210 

Oswego.N.  Y 1012 

Ottumwa.  Iowa 2566 

Owensboro,  Ky 2073 

Paducah.  Kv 2224 

Painesville.Ohio 1465 

Parkersburg,  W.  Va...l520 
Pasadena,  Cal 5180 


Passaic.  N.J 

,.  767 

Paterson.N.  J 

.  .  767 

Pawtucket,  R.I 

.  .   463 

Peabody,  Ma,«s 

..   413 

Peekskfil.N.Y 

..   716 

Pensacola.  Fla 

. . 2088 

Peoria,  III 

..2317 

Perth  Amboy.  N.  J . 

. .    767 

Petersburg.  Va 

. . 1074 

Philadelphia,  Pa... 

,.   869 

Phoenix.  Anz 

..4582 

Pinebluff.  Ark 

..2580 

Pittsburg,  Kan 

. .2824 

UNIT 

Pittsburgh.  Pa 1368 

Pittsfield,  Mass 664 

Pittston,  Pa 916 

Plainfield,  N.J 767 

Plymouth,  Pa 916 

Pontiac,  Mich 1663 

Port  Huron.  Mich       .1563 

Portland,  Me 361 

Portland.  Ore 5607 

Portsmouth,  Ohio 1621 

Portsmouth,  Va 975 

Pottstown,  Pa 918 

Pottsville,  Pa 967 

Poughkeepsie,  N.  Y. . .  715 

Providence,  R.  1 465 

Pueblo,  Colo 3822 

Quincy.III .2469 

Quincy,  Mass 464 

Racine.  Wis 2113 

Raleigh,  N.C 1227 

Reading,  Pa 918 

Revere,  Mass 464 

Richmond, Ind 1819 

Richmond,  \'a 1073 

Roanoke.  Va 1324 

Rochester,  N.  V 1112 

Rockford.Ill 2264 

Rock  Island,  Ills 2415 

Rome,  N.Y 862 

Sacramento.  Cal 5471 

Saginaw,  Mich 1712 

St.  Joseph,  Mo 2819 

St.  Louis,  Mo 2371 

St. Paul, Minn 2659 

Salem,  Mass 413 

Salem. Ore 5659 

Salt  Lake  City,  Utah. .4517 

San  Antonio,  Tex 3190 

S.in  Diego,  Cal 5083 

Sandusky,  Ohio 1616 

San  Francisco,  Cal.  . .  ,5573 

San  Juse,  Cal 5524 

Savannah,  Ga 1484 

Schenectady,  N.Y 713 

Scranton,Pa 916 

Seattle,  Wash 5553 

Sedalia.  Mo 2671 

Shamokin,  Pa 1017 

Sharon,  Pa 1416 

Shawnee,  Okla 3028 

Sheboygan,  Wis 2111 

Shenandoah,  Pa 967 

Shreveport,  La 2734 

Sioux  City,  Iowa 2964 

Somerville,  Mass 464 

South  Bend,  Ind 1965 


UNIT 
South  Bethlehem,  Pa.,  867 
South  Omaha,  Nebr. , .  29 1 6 
Spartanburg,  S.  C  .  .  .  ,  1529 

S[>okane.  \\,ash 5053 

Springfield,  III 2319 

Springfield,  Mass 614 

Springfield,  Mo 2674 

Springfield,  Ohio 1719 

Stamford,  Conn 716 

SteubenvUle,  Ohio 1418 

Stockton,  Cal 5(73 

Superior,  Wis 2555 

Syracuse,  N.  Y 962 

Tacoma,  Wash 5554 

Tampa,  Fla -,  ,  ,  .1593 

Taunton,  Mass 465 

Terra  Haute,  Ind 2070 

Toledo,  Ohio 1715 

Topeka,  Kan 2920 

Torrington,  Conn 665 

Trenton,  N.J 818 

Troy, N.Y 713 

Tulsa.  Okla 2976 

Union,  N.  J 767 

Uniontown,  Pa 1319 

Ulica.N,  Y 862 

Vicksburg,  Miss 2434 

Vincennes,  Ind 202! 

Waco,  Tex 3085 

Walla  WaUa.  Wash..., 5156 

Waltham,  Mass 464 

Washington,  D,  C 1071 

Washington,  Pa 1368 

Watcrbury,  Conn 665 

Waterloo,  Iowa 2564 

Watertown,  N.  Y 911 

Waukegan,  Ills 2114 

Wausau,  Wise 2309 

Waycross,  Ga 1586 

Westfield,  Mass 614 

West  Hoboken,  N.  J ,  .   767 

Wheeling,  W.  Va 1418 

WhitePlains,  N.  y.    ,716 

Wichita.  Kan 3073 

Wilkes  Barre.  Pa 916 

Wilkinsburg,  Pa 1368 

Williamsiort,  Pa 1066 

Wilmington,  Del 919 

Wilmington,  N.C 1130 

Winona,  Mmn 2510 

Winston  Salem,  N.  C,  1376 

Woonsocket,  R.  1 5U 

Worcester,  Mass 514 

Yonkers,  N.Y 717 

York.  Pa 1019 

Youngstown,  Ohio,  ..  .1416 
Zanesville,  Ohio 1J69 


239 


TRANSCONTINENTAL  AUTOMOBILE   TOURS 

From  material  kindly  <urnished  by  the  American  Automobile  Association. 


Several  distinct  and  predominant  routes  are  being  developed  across 
the  continent;  gradually  each  is  becoming  standard;  and  has  its  special 
advantages,  depending  principally  on  the  nature  of  the  country  and  the 
time  of  the  year.     These  routes  may  be  summarized  briefly  as  follows: 

(1)  Lincoln  Highway,  starting  at  New  York  City,  crosses  New  Jersey, 
Pennsylvania,  Ohio,  Indiana,  Illinois,  Iowa,  Nebraska,  with  a  loop  into 
and  out  of  Denver,  Wyoming,  Utah,  Nevada,  and  California  to  San  Fran- 
cisco. It  follows  considerable  portions  of  the  Old  Oregon  Trail.  There 
are  some  stretches  of  rough  going  between  the  Missouri  River  and  the 
Sierra  Nevada  Mountains,  but  as  a  whole  it  offers  an  average  of  fair  to 
good  travelling  and  hotel  accommodation  practically  throughout.  West 
of  Chicago  the  "Overland  Trail"  is  for  about  95  per  cent  of  the  way  the 
route  of  the  Lincoln  Highway. 

(2)  Pike's  Peak  Ocean-to-Ocean  Highway,  starting  at  New  York 
City,  crosses  New  Jersey,  Pennsylvania,  Ohio,  Indiana,  Illinois,  Mis- 
souri, Kansas,  Colorado,  Utah,  Nevada,  and  California  to  San  Francisco — 
a  most  interesting  and  picturesque  route  crossing  Pennsylvania  along  the 
William  Penn  Highway,  and  across  the  Rocky  Mountains  over  new 
highway  construction  with  magnificent  scenery. 

(3)  Santa  Fe-Grand  Canyon-Needles  Route.  The  original  line  of 
the  Trail  to  Sunset  was  through  Albuquerque,  Globe,  Phoenix,  and  Yuma, 
the  way  it  is  largely  travelled  today;  but  more  lately  there  has  been  de- 
veloped a  new  and  shorter  connection  from  Albuquerque  through  Hol- 
brook.  Flagstaff,  WilHams,  Needles,  and  San  Bernardino  to  Los  Angeles. 
This  route  affords  an  opportunity  to  visit  the  Grand  Canyon  of  Arizona. 

(4)  The  Northwest  Trail,  through  Wisconsin,  Minnesota,  North 
Dakota,  Montana,  Idaho,  and  Washington  should  eventually  be  a  popular 
midsummer  route  and  open  a  fine  territory  to  through  automobile  travel. 

(5)  Twin  Cities-Aberdeen-Yellowstone  Park  Trail.  This  is  a 
newer  and  shorter  route  than  the  original  line  of  the  Northwest  Trail 
between  Minneapolis  and  the  Yellowstone  River  in  eastern  Montana, 
and  likely  to  carry  an  increasing  proportion  of  the  travel  from  Chicago, 
St.  Paul,  and  Minneapolis  into  the  Northwest. 

(6)  The  All-Southern  Route,  through  Virginia,  North  Carolina, 
Tennessee,  Arkansas,  Texas,  New  Mexico,  and  Arizona,  though  as  yet 
only  partially  developed,  will  ultimately  be  a  popular  fall  and  winter 
route,  offering  many  scenic  attractions  and  climatic  advantages. 

(7)  Atlantic-New  Orleans-Texas  Option.  An  increasing  amount  of 
travel  from  the  Atlantic  seaboard  to  the  southwestern  States  is  following 
this  route  despite  some  drawbacks  between  Mobile  and  Houston, especially 
in  wet  weather.  But  it  is  the  most  logical  way  from  Florida,  southern 
Georgia  and  Gulf  of  Mexico  points  to  New  Mexico,  Arizona,  and  southern 
California. 

OVERLAND     TRAIL 

Improved  roads,  principally  gravel,  extend  most  of  the  way  from 
Chicago  through  Geneva,  Dixon,  and  Sterling,  111.,  to  the  Mississippi 
River,  which  is  crossed  into  Clinton,  Iowa.  The  Central  Transconti- 
nental Route,  as  it  is  called  in  that  State — passing  through  Cedar  Rapids, 
Marshalltown,  State  Center,  Jefferson,  and  Denison  to  Council  Bluffs — 
provides  excellent  travelling  in  dry  and  settled  weather,  but  is  slow  and 
difficult  to  cover  in  or  after  heavy  rains.  Crossing  the  Missouri  River 
into  Omaha,  Nebraska,  one  has  a  choice  between  two  important  routes 
from  that  city  to  Cheyenne,  Wyoming. 

The  upper  one,  with  which  the  name  "Overland  Trail"  is  more  closely 
identified,  follows  the  Platte  River  valley  through  Fremont,  Columbus, 
Grand  Island,  and  Kearney  to  North  Platte,  and  then  along  the  South 
Platte  River  to  Big  Spring,  Nebraska,  beyond  which  the  Union  Pacific 
Railroad  is  paralleled  generally  to  Cheyenne.  The  lower  one,  known  as 
the  Omaha-Lincoln-Denver  Transcontinental  Route,  turns  southwest 
from  Omaha  to  Lincoln,  thence  nearly  direct  west,  following  closely  the 
hne  of  C,  B.  &  Q.  R.  R.  through  Hastings  and  McCook,  Nebraska, 
Sterling  and  Fort  Morgan,  Colorado,  to  Denver.  If  one  is  leaving  Omaha, 
with  Denver  the  next  important  objective  point,  it  may  be  desirable  to 
use  the  lower  route.  A  complete  circuit  from  Cheyenne  to  Denver  and 
return  can  be  made  by  any  who  may  prefer  to  follow  the  main  line  of 
the  "Overland  Trail"  throughout,  with  a  side  trip  to  the  Colorado  capital. 

Proceeding  west  from  Cheyenne,  the  route  passes  over  Sherman  Hill, 
topped  by  the  Ames  monument,  erected  to  commemorate  the  com- 
pletion-of  the  Union  Pacific  originally  crossing  this  summit,  but  now  built 
around  it.  There  are  two  routes  between  Laramie  and  Rawlins,  Wy- 
oming, the  shorter  way  via  Elk  Mountain,  more  hilly  but  providing  a 
quicker  run  during  good,  settled  weather,  and  the  longer  way  along  with 
the  railroad  through  Medicine  Bow,  preferable  for  a  leisurely  trip,  or  in 
the  late  fall  or  early  spring.  The  final  choice  between  them  will  be  de- 
termined by  future  improvements. 

West  of  Rawlins  the  going  becomes  rougher  through  Wamsutter  and 
across  the  Continental  Divide  at  Creston.  The  Bitter  Creek  country 
between  Point  of  Rocks  and  Rock  Springs  is  the  roughest  stretch  on  the 
entire  "Overland  Trail,"  though  hard  going  continues  most  of  the  way  to 
Granger,  Bridger,  and  Evanston.  Near  the  Utah  line  the  route  enters 
Echo  Canyon,  the  parapet  edges  of  which  still  show  the  stone  breast- 
works of  the  Mormons.  Near  Echo  Station  in  the  canyon  the  route 
divides,  one  option  following  through  Parley's  Canyon  direct  to  Salt 
Lake  City,  and  the  other  continuing  through  Weber  Canyon  to  Ogden. 

Two  Main  Routes  Across  Utah.  Strangers  approaching  Utah  from 
the  east  will  soon  discover  a  keen  rivalry  between  the  two  routes  crossing 
the  northern  part  of  that  state,  one  below  and  the  other  above  Great 
Salt  Lake.  If  there  is  any  hesitation  about  crossing  the  desert,  as  with 
a  family  party  or  with  children,  the  tourist  should  go  north  to  Ogden. 
From  Ogden,  the  "northern  route"  follows  the  general  line  of  the  Southern 
Pacific  through   Snowville,  Elko,   Winnemucca,   and  Lovelock  to  Reno. 

Should  Salt  Lake  City  be  cut  out,  and  the  route  taken  from  Echo 
Canyon  to  Ogden,  the  distance  from  the  Wyoming-Utah  line  to  Reno 
would  be  somewhat  shorter  than  the  route  by  Salt  Lake  City  and  Ely. 
Being  along  the  railroad,  the  towns  are  naturally  closer  together,  accom- 
modations better,  and  telephone  and  telegraph  service  always  fairly  near. 


Ely  is  the  strategic  route  centre  of  eastern  Nevada,  as  here  the  Salt 
Lake  City-Ely-Goldfield-Los  Angeles  route  ("Midland  Trail")  crosses  the 
Salt  Lake  City-Ely-Eureka-Austin-Reno  line  ("Overland  Trail").  The 
tourist  using  the  option  via  Ogden,  bound  for  Goldfield  and  Southern 
California,  should  continue  through  Snowville  and  Kelton  to  Cobre, 
thence  nearly  .south  to  Ely  over  a  reasonably  good  road.  By  taking 
the  northern  route  to  Cobre,  the  traveller  saves  the  desert  between  Salt 
Lake  City  and  Ely  over  the  direct  route. 

Roads  Sometimes  Very  Bad.  In  brief,  the  tourist  west-bound  across 
Utah  and  Nevada  should  consider  the  essential  differences  between  these 
two  routes,  and  then  choose  the  one  judged  best  for  his  particular  purpose, 
temporary  road  conditions  taken  into  account.  One  who  has  crossed 
southern  Wyoming  need  not  fear  road  conditions  on  either  of  t4ie  two 
main  routes  west  of  Salt  Lake  City,  except  for  the  occasional  heavy 
rains  or  cloudbursts. 

When  the  latter  are  encountered,  as  on  the  stretch  from  Austin  to  Fal- 
lon, Nevada,  the  desert  valleys  and  flats  are  converted  into  shallow  lakes 
of  thick,  sticky  mud,  composed  largely  of  adobe  or  alkali.  The  many 
mountain  ranges  in  Nevada  run  practically  north  and  south,  and  as  the 
route  from  Ely  via  Eureka  and  Austin  runs  practically  east  and  west,  it 
follows  that  these  mountains  must  be  crossed.  This  is  done  via  passes, 
most  of  which  are  low;  after  a  cloudburst  or  very  heavy  rains,  some  of 
these  passes  are  washed  out,  and  at  the  same  time  deep  arroyos  are 
encountered  at  frequent  intervals,  making  progress  very  slow. 

From  Reno,  on  the  main  line  of  the  Overland  Trail,  there  are  again 
two  options  across  the  Sierra  Nevada  Mountains  to  Sacramento;  one 
along  the  railroad  across  Truckee  Summit  and  the  other,  and  probably 
most  popular,  south  to  Carson  City,  thence  up  over  the  mountains  to 
beautiful  Lake  Tahoe.  To  see  the  beauties  of  this  lake  to  best  advantage, 
tourists  are  advised  to  take  a  run  up  the  new  road  built  along  its  west 
shore  to  Tahoe  Tavern.  The  route  then  crosses  the  Sierra  Nevada 
Mountains  over  fair  roads,  and  down  through  Placerville  to  Sacramento. 
No  better  highways  are  to  be  found  anywhere  than  those  leading  from 
the  California  capital  to  San  Francisco. 

Road  travel  across  the  Sierra  Nevada  Mountains  this  way  is  only  pos- 
sible between  about  May  20th  and  November  15th,  which  dates  should  in 
fact  be  considered  the  extremes,  as  heavy  snows  might  close  the  route 
earlier  in  the  fall  or  keep  it  closed  later  in  the  spring.  Parties  starting 
from  the  Atlantic  Coast  about  the  middle  of  April  will  ordinarily  reach 
the  Sierras  as  soon  as  they  can  be  crossed  with  comparative  ease. 

"TRAIL  TO  SUNSET" 

The  route  of  the  "Trail  to  Sunset,"  largely  over  the  "National  Old 
Trails,"  has  been  carefully  and  deliberately  chosen  from  a  strictly  touring 
standpoint,  offering  varied  scenery  and  numerous  points  of  historic  in- 
terest. Starting  at  Chicago,  the  great  meeting-place  of  travel  from  the 
Eastern  States,  it  traverses  Illinois  on  good  gravel  roads  to  the  Mississippi 
River,  crossing  same  into  Davenport,  Iowa.  From  Davenport  to  Des 
Moines  it  uses  the  River-to-River  Road,  graded  and  marked  with  a  white 
band  on  telephone  poles  throughout  its  length. 

Formerly  the  trip  from  Des  Moines  to  Kansas  City  was  made  largely 
by  Omaha,  and  thence  south  along  either  side  of  the  Mississippi  River. 
This  can  still  be  done  if  desired,  but  improvements  on  the  much  shorter 
lines  from  Iowa  City  through  Chillicothe  and  from  Des  Moines  through 
St.  Joseph  to  Kansas  City  are  now  sending  a  large  part  of  the  travel  that 
way.  Leaving  Kansas  City,  one  enters  the  historic  Santa  Fe  Trail  and 
follows  it  for  the  most  part  across  the  entire  length  of  Kansas.  It  is 
marked  at  frequent  intervals  with  granite  monuments  erected  by  the 
Daughters  of  the  American  Revolution;  and  for  a  great  portion  of  its 
length  follows  the  Arkansas  River. 

From  La  Junta,  Col.,  the  route  strikes  southwest  through  the  south- 
east corner  of  Colorado,  still  following  the  Santa  F^  Trail  to  Trinidad, 
thence  across  the  beautiful  Raton  Pass  into  New  Mexico. 

The  route  follows  closely  the  A.  T.  &  S.  F.  R.  R.  and,  still  on  the  Santa 
F6  Trail  through  Las  Vegas  to  Santa  F^,  traversing  large  cattle  ranges 
and  passing  Mexican  adobe  houses  and  Indian  pueblos.  From  Santa 
F6  to  Albuquerque  the  route  goes  through  several  Indian  towns.  At 
Albuquerque  two  options  to  Springerville,  Ariz.,  are  available.  The 
best  road  surface  will  be  found  at  present  on  the  route  leading 
south  from  Albuquerque  and  crossing  the  Rio  Grande  at  Socorro,  thence 
west  via  Magdalena,  San  Augustine  Plains,  Datil  Mountains  and  Rito 
Quemado.to  Springerville,  Arizona.  From  the  Mormon  settlement  of 
Springerville,  the  route  traverses  the  White  Mountain  National  Forest, 
crossing  the  plateau  of  the  White  Mountains,  9,000  feet  above  sea 
level,  and  passing  through  the  Apache  Indian  Reservation. 

From  Fort  Apache  the  route  leads  across  the  Natanes  Mountaip  range, 
dipping  into  the  desert  near  the  Gila  River  at  Rice  in  the  San  Carlos 
Reservation.  It  passes  through  the  copper-mining  town  of  Globe,  and 
thence  over  the  magnificent  state  road  leading  via  the  famous  Roosevelt 
Dam  and  down  the  splendid  Salt  River  Canyon  to  Phoenix,  the  Arizona 
capital.  Leaving  Phoenix  this  route  soon  dips  into  the  Gila  Valley,  a 
wide  sandy  desert,  and- passes  Agua  Caliente  Springs.  Just  beyond,  at 
Palomas,  a  wide  detour  northward  is  made  on  to  a  mesa  to  escape  deep 
sand  on  the  direct  route  along  the  river.  However,  this  direct  route  is 
scheduled  for  improvement  by  the  State,  and  will  cut  off  30  miles.  The 
route  goes  through  a  pass  in  the  Castle  Dome  Mountains  and  crosses  the 
Gila  River  at  Dome  (by  ford  or  ferry,  according  to  the  depth  of  the  water), 
thence  18  miles  to  Yuma. 

Here  the  tourist  crosses  the  Colorado  River  over  a  new  bridge.  During 
1915  there  was  built  and  opened  a  plank  road,  of  heavy  timber  and  with 
frequent  turnouts  for  passing  cars,  across  the  sand  hills  west  of  Yuma, 
giving  a  direct  route  through  Holtville  to  El  Centro.  During  the  winter 
of  1915-16  this  road  was  further  improved. 

Leaving  El  Centro  there  are  a  few  more  miles  across  the  wonderful 
Imperial  Valley,  once  the  dreaded  Colorado  Desert,  and  then  the  route 
enters  a  mountainous  country.  The  going  now  improves  with  each  mile, 
and  the  scenery  is  superb.  The  last  hundred  miles  into  San  Diego  are 
over  a  fine  boulevard.  North  of  San  Diego  it  skirts  the  ocean  for  60 
miles;  practically  the  entire  distance  to  Los  Angeles  is  over  good  roads. 


240 


THE  WORLD   AS  THE  HOME  OF   MAN 


THE  WORLD  AS  THE  HOME 

OF  MAN 

GLIMPSES  OF  LANDS  AND   PEOPLES 


EUROPE 

Its  Central  Position.— Europe,  next  to  Australia  the 
smallest* of  the  continents,  has  stamped  its  influence  on  the 
entire  world.  Indeed,  the  history  of  the  world  largely  hinges 
on  the  history  of  Europe.  Occupying  a  central  position  m 
the  mass  of  continents,  Europe  is  eminently  fitted  by  nature 
for  this  predominance.  No  other  continent  can  compare 
with  it  in  the  variety  of  its  configuration  or  in  the  relative 
extent  of  its  coast-line.  The  commercial  advantages  of  this 
structure  are  obvious. 

It  is  a  no  less  important  consideration  that  the  varied 
outline  of  Europe,  together  with  its  diversity  of  surface, 
has  given  rise  to  several  centres  of  civilization,  independently 
developed  in  their  physical  seclusion  from  intervening  regions. 
For  nowhere  else  do  we  meet  with  such  marked  peninsular 
formations,  no  vast  uninterrupted  tracts  of  land  occurring 
anywhere  except  in  the  east.  And  these  very  eastern  re- 
gions are  all  comprised  within  the  limits  of  one  political 
state — the  vast  empire  of  the  Russian  Slavs;  vvhile  all  the 
other  European  nations  are  crowded  together  in  what  re- 
mains of  the  continent.' 

Its  Relation  to  America. — Geographically,  Europe  is 
an  extension  of  Asia;  but  though  the  political  boundary  is  an 
arbitrary  one,  the  two  continents  are  distinct  in  culture, 
religions,  and  ideals.  Civilization  has  travelled  westward, 
and  the  seed  of  Europe  has  borne  rich  harvest  in  the  New 
World. 

"East  is  East,  and  West  is  West."  Kipling's  line  is  too 
often  quoted  without  reflecting  that  the  "West"  is  not  marked 
by  the  western  shores  of  Britain,  but  has  its  farther  boun- 
dary on  the  Pacific  seaboard.  The  chronicler  who  records 
the  progress  of  modern  civilization  will  not  think  in  terms 
of  an  Eastern  and  a  Western  Hemisphere.  The  time-honoured 
division  has  been  an  anachronism  since  the  banner  of  democ- 
racy was  unfurled  on  either  side  of  the  Atlantic.  The 
"herring  pond"  is'  no  longer  a  barrier,  but  a  bond  of  union 
between  Europe  and  America.  Politically  the  United  States 
has  stood  aloof,  and  in  consequence  a  false  notion  of  separate- 
ness  has  grown  in  the  popular  mind.  Actually,  America  is 
more  intimately  related  to  the  various  European  states 
than  any  one  of  such  states  is  to  another.  The  long  period  of 
political  isolation  was  finally  ended  when  the  soldiers  of 
democracy — French,  British,  and  American — fought  side 
by  side  on  the  fields  of  France  and  shed  their  blood  in  one 
common  cause. 

This  truer  conception  of  the  West  is  ably  expressed  by 
that  keen  observer  and  accomplished  essayist  G.  Lowes 
Dickinson: 

That  there  is  a  West,  in  a  real  sense,  with  a  unit  of  its 
own,  is,  I  think,  true.  But  it  must  be  limited  in  time  to  the 
last  two  centuries,  and  in  space  to  the  countries  of  Western 
Europe  and  the  continent  of  America.  So  understood,  the 
West  forms,  in  all  the  most  important  respects,  a  homoge- 
neous system.     True,  it  is  divided  into  different  nations, 


speaking  different  languages,  and  pursuing  different,  and 
often  conflicting,  policies;  and  these  distinctions  are  still 
so  important  that  they  colour  our  fears  and  hopes  and  sym- 
pathies, and  take  form  in  the  burden  of  armaments  and  the 
menace  of  war.  Nevertheless,  seen  in  the  perspective  of 
history,  they  are  survivals,  atrophying  and  disappearing. 
Behind  and  despite  of  them  there  is  a  common  Western 
mind  and  a  common  Western  organization.  Finance  is 
cosmopolitan;  industry  is  cosmopolitan;  trade  is  cosmo- 
politan. There  is  one  scientific  method,  and  the  results 
achieved  by  it  are  common.  There  is  one  system  of  in- 
dustry, that  known  as  Capitalism;  and  the  problems  arising 
from  it  and  the  solutions  propounded  appear  alike  in  every 
nation.  There  is  one  political  tendency,  or  fact — that  of 
popular  government.  There  are  cognate  aims  and  similar 
achievements  in  literature  and  art.  There  is,  in  brief,  a 
Western  movement,  a  Western  problem,  a  Western  men- 
tality; and  the  particular  happenings  of  particular  nations 
are  all  parts  of  this  one  happening.' 

Races  of  Europe. — How  was  Europe  peopled?  The 
question  might  have  seemed  easy  a  few  years  ago,  and 
Macaulay's  schoolboy  would  have  replied  glibly  that  the 
people  of  Europe  sprang  mostly  from  a  common  Aryan  stock 
"somewhere  in  Asia."  Could  he  prove  this?  Easily 
enough.  Are  not  the  languages  themselves  sufficient  proof? 
Are  not  the  different  branches  of  the  Indo-European  or 
Aryan  family  of  languages — the  Teutonic,  Romanic,  Sla- 
vonic, and  Celtic — proof  that  the  people  speaking  them  are 
members  of  the  same  original  stock?  But  these  ideas  are 
now  more  or  less  exploded.  The  "Aryan  race"  rests  on  no 
satisfactory  evidence;  while  the  most  we  can  say  with  cer- 
tainty about  the  Aryan  languages  is  that  they  have  spread 
from  some  geographical  centre  which  must  be  looked  for  in 
some  part  of  Europe  and  not  in  Asia  at  all.  But  language 
is  not  a  test  of  race.  The  American  negro  speaks  English, 
but  that  does  not  make  him  of  the  same  race  as  the  Anglo- 
Saxon.  Nor  can  we  readily  believe  that  the  tall  fair  Nor- 
wegian is  of  the  same  race  as  the  short  swarthy  Tyrolese, 
though  both  speak  a  kindred  tongue.  Here  we  part  com- 
pany with  the  philologists. 

Anthropologists,  however,  make  use  of  different  data. 
They  realize  that  the  shape  of  the  skull,  the  texture  of  the 
hair,  and  other  peculiarities,  are  more  reliable  criteria  than 
language.  They  are  generally  agreed  that  there  are  not 
merely  one  but  three  great  racial  types  in  Europe,  all  inter- 
mingled but  nevertheless  distinct.  These  are:  (i)  the  Teu- 
tonic, with  long  head  and  face  and  narrow  prominent  nose, 
high  stature,  blond  hair,  and  blue  eyes;  (2)  the  Alpine, 
with  round  head,  broad  face,  broadish  nose,  medium  height, 
and  stocky  build,  light  chestnut  hair,  and  hazel  gray  eyes; 
and  (3)  the  Mediterranean,  with  oval  head  and  face,  rather 
broad  nose,  medium  height,  slender  build,  dark  brown  or 
black  hair,  and  dark  eyes. 

The  Teutonic  or  Northern  race  is  confined  to  northwestern 
Europe,  and  is  seen  at  its  purest  in  Scandinavia,  Denmark, 
North  Germany,  and  the  east  of  Great  Britain.  Its  original 
home  remains  a  mystery;  though  possibly  it  was  in  the  north- 
east of  Europe. . 


^G.  G.  Chisholm,  "Europe"  (1899). 


'G.  Lowes  Dickinson,  "Appearances"  (IQIS). 


243 


244 


GEOGRAPHICAL  MANUAL  AND  NEW  ATLAS 


The  Alpine  race  is  found  in  the  mountains  of  Central 
Europe,  and  also  on  the  Russian  plain.  This  race  is  regarded 
by  Ripley'  as  an  Asiatic  element  which  once  pushed  forward 
as  far  northward  as  Brittany  and  even  the  British  Isles,  but 
afterward  retired  before  the  advance  of  the  Teutonic  race. 
It  is  identified  with  the  "Celtic  race"  of  other  anthropologists. 
These  Alpine  migrants  introduced  the  use  of  bronze  but 
left  no  marked  traces  of  themselves  among  the  permanent 
population  of  the  north.  Another  Alpine  offshoot  affected 
Greece,  while  in  Asia  Minor  they  appear  in  history  as  the 
dreaded  Hittites. 

The  Mediterranean  race  centres  along  the  shores  of  the 
Mediterranean,  and  comprises  the  ancient  Iberians  of  the 
western  peninsula,  the  Ligurians  of  southeastern  Gaul  and 


northern  Italy,  the  Pelasgians  or  early  inhabitants  of 
Greece,  and  the  denizens  of  northern  Africa  (the  probable 
headquarters  of  the  race).  The  Mediterranean  race 
pushed  as  far  north  as  Scotland  and  eastward  to  the  Upper 
Danube. 

From  earliest  times  a  constant  movement  of  people  has 
been  taking  place  in  Europe,  from  motives  of  conquest, 
commerce,  or  better  settlements.  The  continent  itself  is 
peculiarly  well  fitted  for  such  migrations,  for  its  configura- 
tion is  such  that  movement  is  rendered  comparatively  easy. 
Hence  we  see  the  chaotic  blending  of  types  in  almost  every 
country  of  Europe,  and  were  we  guided  by  speech  alone  the 
ethnical  problem  would  remain  unsolved.  See  Racial  Map 
of  Europe,  p.  22. 


SYNOPSIS  OF  EUROPE 

(See  Maps,  pp.  22-29) 


Extent. — Area  3,814,000  square  miles;  greatest  length,  from  Cape  St. 
Vincent  to  the  Urals,  3,370  miles;  greatest  breadth,  from  Cape  Matapan 
to  Nordkyn,  2,400  miles.  Europe  occupies  about  one-fourth  of  the  land 
surface  of  the  globe.  It  is  only  one-third  the  size  of  Africa  and  about 
one-fifth  the  size  of  Asia. 

Population. — 446,805,000,  or   about   one-fourth   of  the   human   race. 

Peninsulas. — Europe  has  nine  peninsulas:  four  in  the  soutjt^The 
Peninsula  (Spain  and  Portugal),  Italy,  Balkan  Peninsula,  and  the  Wimea; 
four  in  the  north — -Jutland,  Scandinavia,  Kanin,  and  Kola;  and  one  in  the 
west — Brittany. 

The  Isthmus  of  Corinth  connects  the  Morea  with  the  mainland  of  Greece. 
The  Isthmus  of  Perekop  connects  the  Crimea  with  the  mainland  of  Russia. 

Capes. — Nordkyn,  North  Cape,  and  the  Naze  in  Norway;  the  Skaw  in 
Jutland;  Ortegal  and  Finisterre  in  the  north  of  Spain;  Cape  Wrath,  north 
of  Scotland,  Cape  Clear,  south  of  Ireland,  and  Land's  End,  southwest  of 
England;  Roca  and  St.  Vincent  in  Portugal;  Trafalgar  and  Tarifa  in  the 
south  of  Spain  iSantaMariadi  Leuca  and  Spartivento  in  Italy;  and  Matapan 
in  the  south  of  Greece.  North  Cape  on  an  island  is  the  most  northerly 
point  of  Europe.  The  most  northerly  point  on  the  mainland  is  Cape 
Nordkyn.  Cape  Roca  is  the  most  westerly  and  Cafe  Tarifa  the  most 
southerly  point. 

Seas,  Bays,  Gulfs,  etc. — Europe  is  the  continent  of  inland  seas.  The 
three  on  the  north  are  the  White  Sea,  the  Baltic,  and  the  North  Sea;  the 
three  on  the  south  are  the  Caspian,  the  Black,  and  the  Mediterranean. 
The  ATAiV  Sra  is  a  vast  bight  of  the  Arctic  Ocean  and  is  very  shallow.  The 
Baltic  is  shallow  and  almost  tideless;  its  chief  gulfs  are  those  of  Bothnia, 
Finland,  and  Riga.  The  North  Sea  is  a  shallow  sea  between  Great  Britain 
and  the  Continent.  It  contains  numerous  sandbanks,  over  some  of  which 
there  is  only  100  feet  of  water.  It  has  two  large  bights,  the  Zuider  Zee  and 
the  Dollart.  The  Irish  Sea  between  Great  Britain  and  Ireland  may  be 
regarded  as  part  of  the  North  Sea,  though  it  is  much  deeper.  The  Caspian 
is  shallow  in  the  north  and  very  deep  in  the  south.  The  Black  Sea  receives 
the  drainage  of  nearly  one-third  of  Europe.  It  is  connected  to  the  Medi- 
terranean by  the  Bosphorus  and  Sea  of  Marmora  and  the  Dardanelles. 
Its  branch,  the  Sea  of  Jzof,  is  very  shallow.  The  Mediterranean  is  the 
largest  inland  sea  in  the  world.  It  is  2,330  miles  long  and  has  an  area  of 
1,007,220  square  miles.  It  includes  four  minor  seas — the  Adriatic  (with 
the  Gulfs  of  Trieste  and  Quarnero),  the  Tyrrhenian,  the  Ionian,  and  the 
jEgean.  It  includes  also  the  Gulfs  of  the  Lion  (so  called  from  its  stormy 
character),  Genoa,  and  Corinth  on  the  European  side,  and  Sidra  and  Kabes 
on  the  African.  The  Bay  of  Biscay  on  the  Atlantic  is  one  of  the  stormiest 
seas  in  the  world. 

Straits  and  Channels. — The  most  important  waterways  are  the  pas- 
sages between  the  Atlantic  and  the  North  Sea,  between  the  North  Sea  and 
the  Baltic,  between  the  Atlantic  and  the  Mediterranean,  and  between  the 
Mediterranean  and  the  Black  Sea. 

The  English  Channel  (called  by  the  French  "  La  Manche"  or  the  Sleeve, 
<rom  its  shape)  and  the  Strait  of  Dover  connect  the  North  Sea  with  the 
Atlantic.  The  Strait  of  Dover  between  France  and  England  is  twenty 
miles  wide,  and  its  greatest  depth  does  not  exceed  177  feet.  On  account 
of  the  enormous  traffic  between  England  and  the  Continent  a  tunnel  under 
the  strait  has  been  proposed.  The  Skager-Rak  and  Kattegat  form  a  con- 
tinuous waterway  into  the  Baltic,  which  is  blocked  by  a  group  of  islands. 
Between  the  mainland  and  these  lie  the  Sound,  the  Great  Belt,  and  the  Little 
Belt,  the  first  of  which  is  the  most  frequented  passage.  The  Strait  of  Gib- 
raltar is  the  passage  into  the  Mediterranean.  The  Strait  of  Messina,  be- 
tween Italy  and  Sicily,  connects  the  Tyrrhenian  Sea  and  Ionian  Sea.  The 
Strait  of  Otranto  joins  the  Ionian  with  the  Adriatic.  The  Strait  of  Bonifacio 
lies  between  Sardinia  and  Corsica.  The  Dardanelles  unites  the  ^Egean  and 
the  Sea  of  Marmora.  The  Bosphorus  leads  from  the  Sea  of  Marmora  into 
the  Black  Sea. 

Islands. — The  chief  islands  in  the  Arctic  Ocean  are  Jan  Mayen,  Vay- 
gach,  and  the  archipelago  of  Nova  Zembla.  In  the  Atlantic  are  the  Lofoten 
Islands  off  the  coast  of  Norway;  Iceland  and  the  Faroe  Islands;  the  British 
Isles,  including  the  Channel  Islands,  off  the  north  coast  of  France;  and  the 
Azores,  900  miles  west  of  Portugal.  In  or  at  the  entrance  of  the  Baltic  are 
the  Danish  Archipelago   (Zealand,   Fiinen,  etc.);  Rugen  and   Bornholra; 


Oland  and  Gothland;  Dago  and  Osel;  Aland  Islands.  In  the  Mediterranean 
are  the  Balearic  Islands  (the  largest  of  which  is  Majorca);  Corsica,  and 
Sardinia  (with  Elba) ;  Sicily  and  Malta;  the  Ionian  Islands,  west  of  Greece;  the 
Cyclades,  and  Sporades  in  the  JEgean  (with  Negropont,  the  largest  island  in 
that  sea);  Crete  and  Cyprus.  r.Cyprus  is  generally  regarded  as  an  Asiatic  isl- 
and.   The  largest  island  in  the  Mediterranean  is  Sicily;  the  next  Sardinia! 

Mountains. — The  mountain  ranges  of  Europe  lie  chiefly  in  the  south 
and  in  the  northwest.  The  principal  ranges  are:  the  Sierra  Nevada  in  Spain 
(highest  peak,  Mulhacen,  11,421  ft.);  the  Pyrenees  between  France  and 
Spain  (highest  point.  Pic  de  Nethou,  11,165  ft)>  the  Jlps,  the  highest 
mountains  in  the  interior  of  Europe  (highest  peak,  Mont  Blanc,  15,781  ft.); 
the  Apennines  in  Italy  (highest  peak,  Monte  Corno,  9,585  ft.);  the  Car- 
pathian! in  Austria-Hungary,  inclosing  the  Great  Plain  of  Hungary  (highest 
peak,  Ferencz  Jozsef,  8,737  ft);  the  Balkans  extending  from  Serbia  to  the 
Black  Sea  (mean  height  of  the  highest  range,  6,500  ft.) ;  the  Caucasus  between 
the  Black  Sea  and  the  Caspian  (highest  peak  and  loftiest  mountain  in 
Europe,  Mount  Elbruz,  about  18,526  ft.);  the  Ural  Mountains,  formerly 
called  by  the  Russians  "The  Girdle  of  the  Globe,"  on  the  east  of  Russia  in 
Europe  (highest  peak,  Toll-Poss-Is  5,540  ft.);  and  the  Scandinavian  Moun- 
tains, the  southern  portion  of  which  is  the  higher  (highest  peak,  Galdho- 
piggen,  the  loftiest  summit  in  Norway,  8,400  ft.). 

Volcanoes. — The  volcanoes  of  Europe  are,  with  the  exception  of  Mount 
Hekla,  limited  to  the  islands  and  peninsulas  of  the  Mediterranean.  The 
principal  active  volcanoes  are:  Mount  Hekla  in  Iceland  (5,110  ft.);  Etna, 
the  highest  mountain  in  Sicily  (10,867  ft.);  Vesuvius,  a  flattened  conical 
mountain  on  the  Bay  of  Naples  (4,267  ft.);  and  Stromboli,  one  of  the  Lipari 
Islands  in  the  Mediterranean. 

Plateaus. — Unlike  Asia,  Europe  has  no  very  high  or  extensive  table- 
lands. It,  however,  possesses  four  well-marked  plateaus  in  its  western  half: 
the  Spanish  Plateau;  the  Swiss  and  the  Bavarian  Plateau;  the  Plateau  of 
Transylvania;  and  the  Balkan  Plateau. 

Plains. — The  Great  Plain  of  Europe  extends  from  the  Pyrenees  to  the 
Urals,  and  embraces  about  two-thirds  of  the  surface  of  the  continent.  It 
is  sometimes  called  Low  Europe.  There  are  also  plains  in  High  Europe, 
namely,  the  plains  of:  Hungary,  between  the  Carpathians  and  the  Alps; 
Wallachia  and  Bulgaria,  called  also  the  "  Plain  of  the  Lower  Danube"; 
Lombardy,  in  the  valley  of  the  Po,  between  the  Alps  and  the  Apennines; 
Bohemia,  west  of  the  Carpathians  and  drained  by  the  Elbe;  and  Andalusia, 
forming  the  lower  part  of  the  valley  of  the  Guadalquivir;  Languedoc,  in  the 
south  of  France,  between  the  Alps  and  the  Cevennes,  and  the  Upper  Rhine, 
between  the  Black  Forest  and  the  Vosges. 

Watershed. — The  great  Watershed  of  Europe  runs  from  northeast 
to  southwest,  stretching  from  the  Urals  to  the  Pyrenees.  The  north- 
western slope  is  not  so  wide  as  the  southeastern;  hence  the  longest  rivers 
flow  into  the  southern  seas. 

Rivers. — The  rivers  of  Europe  are  equally  distributed,  and  most  of  them 
are  navigable,  with  good  harbours  at  or  near  their  mouths. 


CHIEF  RIVERS  DRAINING  NORTHWESTERN  SLOPE 


RIVER 

LENGTH 

(miles) 

SOURCE 

COURSE* 

MOUTH 

Guadalquivir  . 

374 

E.  Spain 

W.  &S. 

Atlantic 

Guadiana   .      .      . 

5<S 

E.  Spain 

w.  &s. 

Atlantic 

Tagus  .... 

S66 

£.  Spain 

w. 

Atlantic 

Douro  .... 

500 

N.  Spain 

W. 

Atlantic 

Garonne     . 

35S 

Pyrenees 

N.  W. 

Bay  of  Biscay 

Loire    .... 

543 

S.  E.  France 

N.  W.  U  W. 

Bay  of  Biscay 

Seine    .... 

480 

E.  France 

N.  W. 

English  Channel 

Meuse  .... 

575 

Vosges 

N.  &  W. 

North  Sea 

Rhine  .... 

810 

Mt.  St.  Gothard 

N. 

North  Sea 

Elbe      .... 

700 

Bohemia 

N.  W. 

North  Sea 

Oder     .... 

552 

Carpathians 

N.  W. 

Baltic 

Vistula. 

652 

Carpathians 
W.  Rus^ila 

N.  W.  Si  N. 

Baltic 

Niemen 

565 

W.  N.  &  W. 

Baltic 

Diina    .... 

630 

Valdai  Hills 

N.  W. 

Gulf  of  Riga 

Dwina  .... 

1,100 

N.  Russia 

N.  W. 

White  Sea 

Petchora    .      . 

980 

Ural  Mts. 

N.  W. 

Arctic  Ocean 

>W.  Z.  Ripley,  "The  Races  of  Europe"  (1900). 


•To  be  followed  on  the  map. 


GEOGRAPHICAL  MANUAL  AND  NEW  ATLAS 


245 


CHIEF  RIVERS  DRAINING  SOUTHEASTERN  SLOPE 


KIVBR 

LENGTH 

(miles) 

SOURCE 

COURSE 

MOUTH 

Ebro     .... 

470 

N.  E.  Spain 

S.  E. 

Mediterranean 

Rhone  .... 

504 

Mt.  St.  Gothard 

s. 

Gulf  of  the  Lion 

Po 

418 

Mt.  Viso  (Alps) 

E. 

Adriatic 

Danube      .      .      . 

J. 770 

Baden 

E. 

Black  Sea 

Dniester     . 

850 

Carpathians 

S.  E. 

Black  Sea 

Dnieper 

1.330 

Centra!  Russia 

S.E.,S.,&S.W. 

Black  Sea 

Don      .... 

1,150 

Central  Russia 

S. 

Sea  of  Azof 

Volga    .... 
Ural     .... 

2,300 

Valdai  Hills 

E.  &S. 

Caspian 

1,300 

Urals 

S.  W.  &  S. 

Caspian 

The  Danube.  The  Danube  and  the  Rhine  are  the  two  great  waterways  of  Europe.  The 
Danube  is  the  only  large  European  river  that  flows  due  east;  and  it  is  therefore  the  great 
highway  to  the  East  for  South  Gernnany,  Austria,  Hungary,  Serbia,  Roumania,  and  Bul- 
garia. The  Danube  drains  one-thirteenth  of  the  surface  of  Europe.  Its  course  is  divided 
into  Upper,  Middle,  and  Lower.  The  current  of  the  Upper  Danube  is  rapid,  descending 
through  a  mountainous  country  as  far  as  Vienna.  The  Middle  Danube  flows  from  Vienna 
through  the  Plain  of  Hungary  to  the  Austrian  boundary.  There  it  passes  through  a  ravine 
60  miles  in  length,  between  the  Carpathian  and  Balkan  Mountains.  The  end  of  this  ravine 
is  a  narrow  gorge  called  the  Iron  Gate.  The  Lower  Danube^  after  flowing  through  a  flat  coun- 
try, discharges  itself  into  tbe  Black  Sea  by  three  principal  mouths.  The  Danube  is  very 
broad  in  some  places,  and  studded  with  islands.  Steam  vessels  ply  between  the  chief  towns 
on  its  banks,  though  navigation  is  in  some  parts  diflScult.  The  chief  tributaries  are  the  Iser, 
Inn,  Theiss,  Drave,  Save,  Atuta,  Sereth,  and  Pruth. 

The  Rhine.  The  Rhine,  the  glory  of  the  Fatherland,  is  the  great  waterway  for  Western 
Europe.  Rising  in  two  streams — the  Vorder  Rhine  and  the  Hinter  Rhine — on  the  eastern  slopes 
of  Mount  St.  Gothard,  the  Rhine  flows  northward  into  Lake  Constance.  Thence  it  con- 
tinues its  course  over  a  rocky  bed  west  to  Basel,  forming  several  falls  and  rapids,  the  most 
noted  being  the  Falls  of  SchafFhausen.  Entering  Germany,  the  Rhine  flows  in  a  northerly 
direction  through  a  wide  valley,  between  the  Vosges  and  Black  F'orest  Mountains.  It  turns 
to  the  west  at  Mainz  and  then  proceeds  in  a  northwest  direction.  From  Bingen  to  Bonn  the 
scenery  is  wild  and  beautiful,  presenting  to  the  view  high  mountains,  steep  rocks,  dense 
forests,  vine-clad  slopes,  romantic  valleys,  flourishing  towns,  pretty  villages,  ancient  castles, 
old  ruins,  and  picturesque  islands.  Below  Bonn,  the  river  flows  through  a  flat  country  to 
the  North  Sea.  After  entering  Holland,  the  Rhine  divides  into  several  arms,  which  intermingle 
with  two  other  rivers,  the  Ijssel  and  the  Meuse.  With  these  streams  it  forms  a  vast  delta, 
which  contributes  much  to  the  wealth  of  Holland.  The  chief  tributaries  are  the  Aar,  Neckar, 
Main,  and  Moselle. 

With  the  Danube,  the  Rhine  at  one  time  formed  the  boundary  of  the  Holy  Roman  Em- 
pire. Before  1870,  part  of  its  left  bank  was  French  territory;  but  since  the  Franco-Prussian 
War  of  187D-71,  both  banks  from  the  Swiss  to  the  Dutch  frontiers,  have  been  in  the  possession 
of  the  German  Empire. 

Lakes. — Ladoga,  in  the  northwest  of  Russia,  is  the  largest  lake  in  Europe 
(area  about  7,000  square  miles);  the  other  chief  lakes  are  Onega,  northeast 
of  Lake  Ladoga;  Wenet,  Wetter,  and  Malar,  in  Sweden;  Constance,  Geneva, 
and  Lucerne  in  Switzerland;  and  Maggiore,  Como,  and  Garda,  in  the  north  of 
Italy.  The  Swiss  and  Italian  lakes  are  celebrated  for  the  beauty  of  their 
scenery. 

Minerals. — Europe  is  well  supplied  with  mineral  wealth,  more  expecially 
coal,  iron,  lead,  copper,  and  salt.  Great  Britain,  Germany,  and  Austria- 
Hungary  contain  the  largest  quantity  of  minerals.     Precious  metals  are  rare. 


MINERALS 


Coal 

Iron 

Lead 
Copper 

Salt 

Zinc 

Tin 

guicksilver 
old 
Silver 
Petroleum 


WHERE   FOUND 


Great  Britain,  Germany,  Austria-Hungary,  France,  Belgium,  Russia,  Italy, 
Holland,  Sweden,  Bulgaria,  Serbia,  Roumania,  Greece,  Portugal. 

Germany,  Great  Britain,  Spain,  Russia,  Sweden,  France,  Austria-Hungary, 
Italy,  Belgium,  Portugal, 

Germany,  Spain,  Great  Britain,  Italy,  France,  Austria-Hungary. 

Spain,  Germany,  Russia,  Portugal,  Italy,  Norway,  Austria-Hungary,  Great 
Britain,  France,  Sweden. 

Grpat  Britain,  Russia,  Germany,  France,  Austria-Hungary,  Italy,  Spain, 
Roumania,  Greece. 

Germany,  Italy,  Spain,  France,  Sweden,  Russia,  Great  Britain,  Austria- 
Hungary,  Greece,  Belgium. 

Great  Britain. 

Spain,  Austria-Hungary,  Germany. 

Russia,  Hungary. 

Germany,  Austria-Hungary. 

Russia,  Austria-Hungary,  Roumania,  Germany. 


Vegetable  Products. — The  chief  grain  crops  are  wheat,  barley,  rye, 
oats,  and,  in  southern  Europe,  maize  and  rice.  Russia  is  the  chief  wheat 
producing  country  of  Europe.  Rye,  which  can  be  grown  on  poorer  soils 
than  wheat,  is  produced  principally  in  Russia,  Germany,  and  Austria- 


Hungary..  It  is  mainly  used  in  making  a  "black"  bread,  which  is  largely 
eaten  in  central  and  eastern  Europe.  Barley  is  cultivated  to  the  greatest 
extent  in  the  wheat  areas.  It  is  now  chiefly  produced  to  obtain  the  malt 
for  brewing.  Oats  are  grown  in  Russia  and  Germany,  and  in  the  north 
and  west  of  the  British  Isles.  Maize  is  cultivated  in  Austria-Hungary, 
Roumania,  and  Italy.     Rice  is  grown  chiefly  on  the  Plain  of  Lombardy. 

Other  important  crops  are  the  sugar-beet,  extensively  cultivated  in  cen- 
tral Europe,  potatoes,  flax,  hemp,  and  hops.  Apples,  pears,  plums,  cher- 
ries, currants,  and  gooseberries  are  grown  in  the  middle  latitudes;  the  vine 
and  oHve  in  the  south;  and  oranges,  lemons,  figs,  almonds,  and  mulberries 
along  the  shores  of  the  Mediterranean.     See  Economic  Map  of  Europe,  p.  27. 

Animals. — Wild  animals:  The  boar  and  the  brown  bear  are  found  in  the 
German  forests,  in  the  Alps,  and  the  Pyrenees.  Wolves  are  numerous  in 
Russia.  The  chamois  and  the  ibex  (now  rare)  are  found  on  the  higher  parts 
of  the  Alps  and  Carpathians.  The  beaver  is  found  in  Russia,  Sweden, 
Poland,  Finland,  and  Lapland,  but  it  is  dying  out. 

Domestic  animals:  The  horse,  ass,  dog,  ox,  sheep,  goat,  pig,  and  in  Lap- 
land the  reindeer. 

Birds:  In  the  north,  numbers  of  wild  geese,  swans,  eider  ducks,  etc., 
frequent  the  shores;  while  in  the  west  and  south  are  found  the  stork,  crane, 
and  flamingo.  Birds  of  prey  are  numerous,  and  include  the  eagle  and  vul- 
ture (in  the  Alps  and  Pyrenees),  falcon,  hawk,  and  owl. 

Reptiles:  Less  numerous  than  in  any  other  continent,  and  few  are  venom- 
ous. 

Fishes:  Plentiful  in  all  the  seas  and  rivers  of  Europe.  The  tunny  and 
sardine  are  found  in  the  Mediterranean,  and  are  the  most  important  food 
fishes  of  southern  Europe.  In  the  seas  of  northern  Europe  are  the  cod, 
mackerel,  herring,  pilchard,  lobster,  crab,  and  many  others.  Salmon,  trout, 
etc.,  are  abundant  in  the  large  rivers.  The  sturgeon  is  plentiful  in  the  Cas- 
pian Sea'  and  the  Volga,  and  a  large  trade  is  done  chiefly  in  the  preserved 
roe,  called  caviare,  and  in  isinglass. 

Insects:  Not  so  troublesome  as  in  some  parts  of  the  globe.  The  silkworm 
and  honey  bee  are  the  two  most  useful. 

COUNTRIES  OF  EUROPE 


COUNTRY 

POPULATION* 

(sq.  miles) 

Total 

45,500,000 

Persq,  mile 

United  Kingdom    . 

121.090 

374 

London 

Kingdom 

Norway 

124,675 

2.391,000 

»9 

Christianta 

Kingdom 

Sweden  .... 

172,920 

5,521,000 

32 

Stockholm 

Kingdom 

Denmark 

15.S86 

2,775,000 

180 

Copenhagen 

Kingdom 

Netherlands 

12,741 

5,858,000 

407 

Amsterdam 

Kingdom 

Belgium 

11,373 

7,423,000 

658 

Brussels 

Kingdom 

France    .... 

207,129 

39,601,000 

J93 

Paris 

Republic 

Germany 

208,825 

64,925,000 

3" 

Berlin 

Empire 

Russia  (in  Europe) 

2,123,009 

141,359,000 

67 

Pctrograd 

Republic 

Austria-Hungary    . 

261,027 

51,390,000 

196 

Vienna 

Empire 

Switzerland 

15,955 

3,765,000 

236 

Bern 

Republic 

Italy       .... 

1 10,688 

34,671,000 

31S 

Rome 

Kingdom 

Spam      .... 

195,056 

19,950,000 

103 

Madrid 

Kingdom 

Portugal 

35,500 

5,960,000 

155 

Lisbon 

Republic 

Montenegro 

5.475 

435.000 

80 

Cetinje 

Kingdom 

Serbia     .... 

33.708 

4,623,000 

141 

Belgrade 

Kingdom 

Bulgaria 

42,000 

4,467,000 

107 

Sofia 

Kingdom 

Roumania    . 

53.937 

7,601,000 

142 

Bukharest 

Kingdom 

Greece    .... 

44.780 

4.256,000 

95 

Athens 

Kingdom 

lurkey  (in  Europe) 

7,000 

1 ,600,000 

230 

Constantinople 

Empire 

In  addition  to  the  above  countries,  there  are  also  the  folloving  small  states: 
Luxemburg,  a  Grand  Duchy  in  Central  Europe  (area  999  square  miles, 
population  298,000),  Liechtenstein,  a  principality  on  the  Upper  Rhine 
([area  65  square  miles,  population  9,854);  Andorra,  a  miniature  Republic 
in  the  Pyrenees  (area  17c  square  miles,  population  5,231);  San  Marino, 
another  miniature  Republic,  on  the  Adriatic  (area  24  square  miles,  popula- 
tion 12,000)  Monaco,  a  principality  on  the  Mediterranean  between  France 
and  Italy,  in  which  is  Monte  Carlo  with  its  famous  casino.  Monaco  is 
about  3  miles  long  and  ij  miles  broad,  with  23,000  inhabitants  and  a  yearly 
average  of  1,500,000  visitors.  The  whole  available  ground  is  built  over,  so 
that  there  is  no  cultivation. 


UNITED  KINGDOM 
(See  Map,  p.  33) 


Britain  is  "Home"  to  many  millions  of  people  scattered 
over  the  face  of  the  globe.  Her  sons  have  carved  out  new 
homes  for  themselves  in  distant  lands;  but  the  ties  of  blood 
still  bind,  and  when  the  existence  of  the  homeland  is  threat- 
ened by  the  foes  of  democracy,  the  sons  of  Britain  rush 
unbidden  from  the  ends  of  the  world  to  fight  for  the  struggling 
Motherland. 

This  little  island  has  a  record  more  wonderful  than  that  of 
Rome.  Its  history,  its  literature,  its  laws,  and  its  traditions 
are  the  common  heritage  of  the  English-speaking  race.  It 
is  the  land  which  gave  birth  to  the  founders  of  the  Ameri- 
can commonwealth,  and  from  which  almost  all  of  our  great 
men  have  derived  their  descent.  The  severing  of  political 
ties  when  a  German   king  of  England  tried  to  stamp  his 


autocratic  rule  on  a  free-spirited  citizenry  did  not  sever  the 
surer  ties  of  kinship  and  common  inheritance  between  the 
two  peoples.  The  peace  of  more  than  a  century  has  been 
solemnized  on  the  battlefields  of  Europe,  where  Briton  and 
American  fought  as  brothers  in  arms. 

In  commerce  Great  Britain  is  our  best  customer,  and  her 
vast  dependencies  are  open  to  American  enterprise  without 
any  hindrance  whatsoever.  Next  to  the  United  States, 
the  United  Kingdom  is  in  every  sense  of  first  importance  to 
Americans,  and  demands  relatively  more  space  than  can  be 
given  to  other  European  countries. 

The  English. — The  traveller  in  the  United  Kingdom  will 
find  that  the  picture  drawn  by  the  kindly  American  Ralph 

iSee  Population  Map  of  Europe^  p.  28. 


246 


GEOGRAPHICAL  MANUAL  AND  NEW  ATLAS 


Waldo  Emerson  in  his  "English  Traits"  is  as  fundamentally 
true  to-day  as  it  was  in  1847. 

The  nation  sits  in  the  immense  city  they  have  builded, 
a  London  extended  into  every  man's  mind,  though  we  live 
in  Van  Dieman's  Land  or  Capetown.  Faithful  performance 
of  what  is  undertaken  to.  be  performed,  they  honour  in 
themselves,  and  exact  in  others,  as  certificate  of  equality  with 
themselves.  The  modern  world  is  theirs.  They  have  made 
and  make  it  day  by  day.  The  commercial  relations  of  the 
world  are  so  intimately  drawn  to  London,  that  every  dollar 
on  earth  contributes  to  the  strength  of  the  English  Govern- 
ment. And  if  all  the  wealth  in  the  planet  should  perish 
by  war  or  deluge,  they  know  themselves  competent  to  re- 
place it. 

They  have  approved  their  Saxon  blood,  by  their  sea-going 
qualities;  their  descent  from  Odin's  smiths,  by  their  heredi- 
tary skill  in  working  in  iron;  their  British  birth,  by  husbandry 
and  immense  wheat  harvests;  and  justified  their  occupancy 
of  the  centre  of  habitable  land,  by  their  supreme  ability  and 
cosmopolitan  spirit.  They  have  tilled,  builded,  forged, 
spun,  and  woven.  They  have  made  the  island  a  thorough- 
fare; and  London  a  shop,  a  law-court,  a  record  office,  and 
scientific  bureau,  inviting  to  strangers;  a  sanctuary  to 
refugees  of  every  political  and  religious  opinion;  and  such  a 
city  that  almost  every  active  man,  in  any  nation,  finds  him- 
self, at  one  time  or  other,  forced  to  visit  it. 

In  every  path  of  practical  activity,  they  have  gone  even 
with  the  best.  There  is  no  secret  of  war,  in  which  they  have 
not  shown  mastery.  The  steam-chamber  of  Watt,  the  loco- 
motive of  Stephenson,  the  cotton-mule  of  Roberts,  perform 
the  labour  of  the  world.  There  is  no  department  of  litera- 
ture, of  science,  or  of  useful  art,  in  which  they  have  not 
produced  a  first-rate  book.  It  is  England,  whose  opinion 
is  waited  for  on  the  merit  of  a  new  invention,  an  improved 
science.  And  in  the  complications  of  the  trade  and  politics 
of  their  vast  empire,  they  have  been  equal  to  every  exigency, 
with  counsel  and  with  conduct.  Is  it  their  luck,  or  is  it  in 
the  chambers  of  their  brain — it  is  their  commercial  advan- 
tage, that  whatever  light  appears  in  better  method  or  happy 
invention,  breaks  out  in  their  race.  They  are  a  family  to 
which  a  destiny  attaches,  and  the  Banshee  has  sworn  that  a 
male  heir  shall  never  be  wanting.  They  have  a  wealth  of 
men  to  fill  important  posts,  and  the  vigilance  of  party  crit- 
icism insures  the  selection  of  a  competent  person. 

Their  Energy. — "A  proof  of  the  energy  of  the  British 
people,  is  the  highly  artificial  construction  of  the  whole 
fabric.  The  climate  and  geography  I  said  were  factitious, 
as  if  the  hands  of  man  had  arranged  the  conditions.  The 
same  character  pervades  the  whole  kingdom. 

Bacon  said,  "Rome  was  a  state  not  subject  to  paradoxes"; 
but  England  subsists  by  antagonisms  and  contradictions. 
The  foundations  of  its  greatness  are  the  rolling  waves;  and, 
from  first  to  last,  it  is  a  museum  of  anomalies.  This  foggy 
and  rainy  country  furnishes  the  world  with  astronomical 
observations.  Its  short  rivers  do  not  afford  water-power, 
but  the  land  shakes  under  the  thunder  of  the  mills.  There  is 
no  gold  mine  of  any  importance,  but  there  is  more  gold  in 
England  than  in  all  other  countries.  It  is  too  far  north  for 
the  culture  of  the  vine,  but  the  wines  of  all  countries  are  in 
its  docks.  The  French  Comte  de  Lauraguais  said,  "no  fruit 
ripens  in  England  but  a  baked  apple";  but  oranges  and  pine- 
apples are  as  cheap  in  London  as  in  the  Mediterranean. 
The  Mark-Lane  Express,  or  the  Custom  House  Returns 
bear  out  to  the  letter  the  vaunt  of  Pope, 

"  Let  India  boast  her  palms,  nor  envy  we 
The  weeping  amber,  nor  the  spicy  tree. 
While,  by  our  oaks,  those  precious  loads  are  borne. 
And  realms  commanded  which  those  trees  adorn." 

Their  Domesticity. — "Domesticity  is  the  taproot  which 
enables  the  nation  to  branch  wide  and  high.  The  motive 
and  end  of  their  trade  and  empire  is  to  guard  the  indepen- 


dence and  privacy  of  their  homes.  Nothing  so  much  marks 
their  manners  as  the  concentration  of  their  household  ties. 
This  domesticity  is  carried  into  court  and  camp.  Welling- 
ton governed  India  and  Spain  and  his  own  troops,  and  fought 
battles  like  a  good  family-man,  paid  his  debts,  and,  though 
general  of  an  army  in  Spain,  could  not  stir  abroad  for  fear  of 
public  creditors. 

They  keep  their  old  customs,  costumes,  and  pomps, 
their  wig  and  mace,  sceptre  and  crown.  The  middle  ages 
still  lurk  in  the  streets  of  London.  ...  A  hereditary 
tenure  is  natural  to  them.  Offices,  farms,  trades,  and  tradi- 
tions descend  so.  Their  leases  run  for  a  hundred  and  a 
thousand  years.  Terms  of  service  and  partnership  are  life- 
long, or  are  inherited.  "  Holdship  has  been  with  me,"  said 
Lord  Eldon,  "eight-and-twenty  years,  knows  all  my  busi- 
ness and  books."  Antiquity  of  usage  is  sanction  enough. 
Wordsworth  says  of  the  small  freeholders  of  Westmorland, 
"Many  of  these  humble  sons  of  the  hills  had  a  conscious- 
ness that  the  land  which  they  tilled  had  for  more  than  five 
hundred  years  been  possessed  by  men  of  the  same  name  and 
blood."  The  ship-carpenter  in  the  public  yards,  my  lord's 
gardener  and  porter,  have  been  there  for  more  than  a  hun- 
dred years,  grandfather,  father,  and  son. 

Dislike  of  Change. — "The  English  power  resides  also  in 
their  dislike  of  change.  They  have  difficulty  in  bringing 
their  reason  to  act,  and  on  all  occasions  use  their  memory 
first.  As  soon  as  they  have  rid  themselves  of  some  grievance, 
and  settled  the  better  practice,  they  make  haste  to  fix  it  as 
a  finality,  and  never  wish  to  hear  of  alteration  more.  .  . 

The  cockneys  stifle  the  curiosity  of  the  foreigner  on  the 
reason  of  any  practice,  with  "  Lord,  sir,  it  was  always  so." 
They  hate  innovation.  Bacon  told  them.  Time  was  the  right 
reformer;  Chatham,  that  "confidence  was  a  plant  of  slow 
growth  ";  Canning,  to  "advance  with  the  times";  and  Welling- 
ton, that  "habit  was  ten  times  nature."  All  their  statesmen 
learn  the  irresistibility  of  the  tide  of  custom,  and  have  in- 
vented many  fine  phrases  to  cover  this  slowness  of  percep- 
tion, and  prehensility  of  tail._    i  ' 

A  seashell  should  be  tne  crest  of  England,  not  only  because 
it  represents  a  power  built  on  the  waves,  but  also  the  hard 
finish  of  the  men.  The  Englishman  is  finished  like  a  cowry 
or  a  murex.  After  the  spire  and  the  spines  are  formed,  or, 
with  the  formation,  a  juice  exudes,  and  a  hard  enamel 
varnishes  every  part.  The  keeping  of  the  proprieties  is  as 
indispensable  as  clean  linen.  No  merit  quite  countervails 
the  want  of  this,  whilst  this  sometimes  stands  in  lieu  of  all. 
"'Tis  in  bad  taste,"  is  the  most  formidable  word  an  English- 
man can  pronounce. 

Stability. — "The  stability  of  England  is  the  security  of 
the  modern  world.  .  .  .  The  English  stand  for  liberty. 
The  conservative,  money-loving,  lord-loving  English  are 
yet  liberty-loving;  and  so  freedom  is  safe:  for  they  have 
more  personal  force  than  any  other  people.  The  nation 
always  resists  the  immoral  action  of  their  government." 

Many-headed  and  Many-nationed. — "What  we  must 
say  about  a  nation  is  a  superficial  dealing  with  symptoms. 
We  cannot  go  deep  enough  into  the  biography  of  the  spirit 
who  never  throws  himself  entire  into  one  hero,  but  delegates 
his  energy  in  parts  or  spasms  to  vicious  and  defective  in- 
dividuals. But  the  wealth  of  the  source  is  seen  in  the  pleni- 
tude of  English  nature. 

What  variety  of  power  and  talent;  what  facility  and 
plenteousness  of  knighthood,  lordship,  ladyship,  royalty, 
loyalty;  what  a  proud  chivalry  is  indicated  in  "Collin's 
Peerage,"  through  eight  hundred  years!  What  dignity 
resting  on  what   reality   and   stoutness!     What  courage  in 


GEOGRAPHICAL  MANUAL  AND  NEW  ATLAS 


247 


war,  what  sinew  in  labour,  what  cunning  workmen,  what 
inventors  and  engineers,  what  seamen  and  pilots,  what 
clerks  and  scholars!  No  one  man  and  no  few  men  can  rep- 
resent them.  It  is  a  people  of  myriad  personalities.  Their 
many-headedness  is  owing  to  the  advantageous  position  of 
the  middle  class,  who  are  always  the  source  of  letters  and 
science.  Hence  the  vast  plenty  of  their  aesthetic  produc- 
tion. As  they  are  many-headed,  so  they  are  many-nationed: 
their  colonization  annexes  archipelagoes  and  continents, 
and  their  speech  seems  destined  to  be  the  universal  language 
of  men.  I  have  noted  the  reserve  of  power  in  the  English 
temperament.  In  the  island,  they  never  let  out  all  the  length 
of  all  the  reins,  there  is  no  Berserkir  rage,  no  abandonment 
or  ecstasy  of  will  or  intellect,  like  that  of  the  Arabs  in  the 
time  of  Mahomet,  or  like  that  which  intoxicated  France  in 
1789.  But  who  would  see  the  uncoiling  of  that  tremendous 
spring,  the  explosion  of  their  well-husbanded  forces,  must 
follow  the  swarms  which  pouring  now  for  two  hundred  years 
from  the  British  islands,  have  sailed,  and  rode,  and  traded, 
and  planted  through  all  climates,  mainly  following  the 
belt  of  empire,  the  temperate  zones,  carrying  the  Saxon 
seed,  with  its  instinct  for  liberty  and  law,  for  arts  and  for 
thought — acquiring  under  some  skies  a  more  electric  energy 
than  the  native  air  allows — to  the  conquest  of  the  globe. 
Their  colonial  policy,  obeying  the  necessities  of  a  vast  em- 
pire, has  become  liberal.  Canada  and  Australia  have  been 
contented  with  substantial  independence.  They  are  ex- 
piating the  wrongs  of  India,  by  benefits;  first,  in  works  for 
the  irrigation  of  the  peninsula,  and  roads  and  telegraphs; 
and  secondly,  in"  the  instruction  of  the  people,  to  qualify 
them  for  self-government  when  the  British  power  shall  be 
finally  called  home. 

Pacific  Type  of  Civilization.— The  British  constitution 
has  been  the  model  for  most  countries  that  have  adopted  a 
constitutional  and  democratic  form  of  government;  and 
being  democratic  and  desiring  peace  to  pursue  its  industrial 
life.  Great  Britain  stands  for  a  pacific  as  opposed  to  a  mili- 
tary type  of  civilization.  Her  regular  army  had  always 
been  small  in  proportion  to  her  population,  so  small  indeed 
that  at  the  beginning  of  the  Great  War  the  German  Em- 
peror referred  to  it  as  a  "contemptible  little  army."  And 
yet  that  same  "contemptible"  army  stemmed  the  onrush 
of  the  Teuton  hordes  at  Ypres,  and  when  its  numbers  grew 
more  equal  no  German  army  could  stand  before  it.    »•«'*«' 

Although  Great  Britain  recognizes  that  universal  service 
may  be  necessary  in  some  countries,  and  at  times  even  in 
every  country,  she  has  preferred,  as  Viscount  Bryce  graphi 
cally  puts  it,  "to  leave  her  people  free  to  follow  their  civil 
pursuits,  and  had  raised  her  army  by  voluntary  enlistment. 
Military  and  naval  officers  have  never,  as  in  Germany,  formed 
a  class  by  themselves,  have  never  been  a  political  power,  or 
exercised  political  influence.  The  Cabinet  Ministers  placed 
in  charge  of  these  two  services  have  always  been  civilian 
statesmen — not  Generals  or  Admirals — until  the  outbreak  of 
the  present  war,  when,  for  the  first  time,  under  the  stress  of  a 
new  emergency,  a  professional  soldier  of  long  experience^ 
was  placed  at  the  head  of  the  War  Department.  England 
has  repeatedly  sought  at  European  Conferences  to  bring 
about  a  reduction  of  war  armaments,  as  well  as  to  secure 
improved  rules  mitigating  the  usages  of  war;  but  has  found 
her  eff^orts  baffled  by  the  opposition  of  Germany.  In  none 
of  the  larger  countries,  except  perhaps  in  the  United  States 
are  the  people  so  generally  and  sincerely  attached  to  peace. 

It  may  be  asked  why,  if  this  is  so,  does  England  maintain 
so  large  a  navy.  The  question  deserves  an  answer.  Her 
navy  is  maintained  for  three  reasons.  The  first  is,  that  as 
her  army  has  been  very  small  she  is  obliged  to  protect  her- 
self by  a  strong  home  fleet  from  any  risk  of  invasion.  She 
has  never  forgotten  the  lesson  of  the  Napoleonic  wars,  when 
It  was  the  navy  that  saved  her  from  the  fate  which  befell 
so  many  European  countries  at  Napoleon's  hands.     Were 

^Viscount  Kitchener  of  Khartum, 


she  not  to  keep  up  this  first  line  of  defence  at  sea,  a  huge 
army  and  a  huge  military  expenditure  in  time  of  peace  would 
be  inevitable.  The  second  reason  is  that  as  England  does 
not  produce  nearly  enough  food  to  support  her  population, 
she  must  draw  supplies  from  other  countries,  and  would  be 
in  danger  of  starvation  if  in  war  time  she  lost  the  command 
of  the  sea.  It  is,  therefore,  vital  to  her  existence  that  she 
should  be  able  to  secure  the  unimpeded  import  of  articles 
of  food.  And  the  third  reason  is  that  England  is  responsible 
for  the  defence  of  the  coasts  and  the  commerce  of  her  colonies 
and  other  foreign  possessions,  such  as  India.  These  do  not 
maintain  a  naval  force  sufficient  for  their  defence,  and  the 
mother  country  is  therefore  compelled  to  have  a  fleet  suf- 
ficient to  guarantee  their  safety  and  protect  their  shipping. 
No  other  great  State  has  such  far-reaching  liabilities,  and, 
therefore,  no  other  needs  a  navy  so  large  as  Britain  must 
maintain.  In  this  policy  there  is  no  warlike  or  aggressive 
spirit,  no  menace  to  other  countries.  It  is  a  measure  purely 
of  defence,  costly  and  burdensome,  but  borne  because  her 
own  safety  and  that  of  her  colonies  absolutely  require  it. 
Neither  has  Britain  used  her  naval  strength  to  inflict  harm 
on  any  other  countries.  In  time  of  peace  she  has  not  tried 
to  use  it  to  injure  the  commerce  of  her  chief  industrial  com- 
petitors. It  did  nothing  to  retard  the  rapid  growth  of  the 
mercantile  marines  of  Germany  and  Norway,  both  of  which 
have  been  immensely  developed  in  recent  years.  The  free- 
dom of  the  seas  has,  in  time  of  peace,  never  been  infringed 
by  her. 

Free  Trade. — So  far  from  using  her  sea-power  to  the 
prejudice  of  other  countries  in  peace  time,  and  trying  by  its 
aid  to  promote  her  own  commercial  interests,  Britain  is  the 
only  great  country  which  has  opened  her  doors  freely  to  the, 
commerce  of  every  other  country.     y/^-J^^*^^*"^^  '7 " 

Sixty  years  ago  she  adopted,  and  has  ever  since  consis- 
tently practised,  the  policy  of  free  trade.  She  imposes 
upon  imports  no  duties  intended  to  protect  her  own  agri- 
culture or  her  own  manufactures.  She  gives  no  advantages 
to  her  own  shipping  in  her  own  ports,  she  pays  no  bounties 
to  her  own  shipping,  she  allows  even  coasting  trade  between 
her  own  ports  to  be  open  on  equal  terms  to  the  ships  of  all 
nations.  A  Dutch  or  Swedish  or  Norwegian  vessel  may 
trade  from  Newcastle  to  London  as  freely  as  a  British  vessel. 
And  this  free  trade  policy  has  been  carried  out  consistently 
in  all  the  British  colonial  possessions.  Neither  in  India, 
nor  in  those  British  colonies  whose  tariff's  are  controlled  by 
the  mother  country,  are  duties  imposed  upon  foreign  im- 
ports, except  for  the  purpose  of  raising  revenue.  Such 
self-governing  dominions  as  Canada  and  Australia  have  con- 
trol of  their  own  tariffs  and  impose  what  duties  they  please — 
even  against  the  mother  country;  but  that  is  a  part  of  the 
self-government  which  these  dominions  have  long  enjoyed.^ 

English  Cottage  Gardens. — England  is  one  great  gar- 
den. "We  often  hear  this  phrase,"  says  Dr.  W.  Miller,  "but 
the  glory  of  its  meaning  does  not  burst  upon  an  American 
until  he  has  set  foot  upon  English  soil.  It  means  that  every 
home  has  its  garden;  that  every  foot  of  ground  not  occupied 
by  buildings,  is  likely  to  be  cultivated  to  the  utmost;  and 
that  one  cannot  drive  or  ride  or  walk  anywhere  without 
seeing  beautiful  gardens." 

People  who  have  travelled  more  than  I,  say  that  English 
cottages  and  their  gardens  are  the  most  beautiful  in  the  world. 
I  saw  thousands  of  them  and  they  were  endlessly  delight- 
ful. ..  . 

The  American  is  used  to  seeing  ugliness  everywhere — 
wooden  buildings,  no  national  style  of  architecture,  bill- 
boards, big  advertisements,  and  houses  without  gardens. 
When  he  goes  to  England  he  sees  beauty  everywhere — 
houses  built  of  brick  and  stone,  a  national  style. of  architec- 


iRt,  Hon,  Viscount  Bryce,  in  "The  War  of  Democracy"  (1917). 


248 


GEOGRAPHICAL  MANUAL  AND  NEW  ATLAS 


ture,  no  billboards,  shop  signs  relatively  small  and  modest, 
and  every  foot  of  ground  cultivated  to  the  utmost.  These 
general  conditions  are  enough  to  put  the  American  in  an 
enthusiastic  mood,  and  enthusiasm  rises  to  ecstasy  vs^hen  he 
finds  that  even  the  labouring  people  live  amid  beautiful  sur- 
roundings. Every  cottage  is  built  of  permanent  materials 
and  every  cottage  is  surrounded  by  fruits,  flowers,  or  other 
forms  of  living  beauty.  It  all  seems  too  good  to  be  true, 
because  American  labourers  generally  live  in  big  tenements 
or  else  in  monotonous  rows  of  wooden  cottages,  which  are 
temporary  and  subject  to  disastrous  fires,  while  the  yards 
are  usually  bare  and  shabby  or  foul  with  weeds  and  rubbish. 
Therefore,  I  say  the  infinite  number  and  variety  of  English 
cottage  gardens  is  enough  to  explain  five  tenths  of  the 
American  tourist's  enthusiasm. 

The  second  great  reason  why  we  cannot  copy  English 
cottage  gardens  is  that  about  four  tenths  of  their  charm  is 
due  to  the  cottages  themselves  and  these  do  not  fit  our  pres- 
ent mode  of  life  at  all.  .  .  .  Old  cottages  in  England 
are  always  either  beautiful  or  picturesque,  but  on  the  prac- 
tical side  they  are  invariably  deficient. 

For  instance,  thatched  roofs  are  dreams  of  beauty,  and 
once  upon  a  time  they  were  economical  in  England;  but  in 
America  they  cost  too  much,  and  even  in  England  it  is 
against  the  law  in  some  districts  to  thatch  new  cottages. 
Small  window  panes  are  poetic,  but  hard  to  clean.  Ram- 
bling structures  may  be  lovable,  but  they  multiply  steps  and 
waste  a  woman's  strength.  Crooked  stairs  may  be  romantic, 
but  they  are  dangerous.     High  roofs  mean  a  waste  of  room. 

The  English  cottage  which  nestles  so  sweetly  among  the 
ever-blooming  roses  was  developed  before  people  knew  any- 
thing about  germs  and  before  the  importance  of  ventilation 
and  sunlight  was  understood.    .  .  . 

To  make  exact  copies  of  English  cottages  is  foolish,  and 
we  shall  never  have  charming  cottage  gardens  in  Amer- 
ica until  we  have  charming  cottages  in  an  American 
style 

It  is  my  conviction  that  nine  tenths  of  the  charm  of  Eng- 
lish cottage  gardens  is  due  to  the  environment;  only  one 
tenth  seems  to  me  intrinsic.  The  gardens  themselves  owe 
their  beauty  to  two  elements — the  materials,  or  plants,  and 
the  national  style  of  gardening.^ 

Horse-racing. — In  a  land  where  the  breeding  of  horses  is 
carried  to  such  a  high  pitch  of  perfection,  racing  is  regarded 
as  a  practical  necessity,  and  is  the  only  way  of  ascertaining 
how  animals  may  be  most  judiciously  employed  for  breeding 
purposes.  Horse-racing,  "the  national  sport,"  has  greatly 
increased  in  popularity  in  the  British  Isles.  Of  the  five 
"classic"  races  run  each  season  of  three-year  olds,  the  chief 
one  is  the  Derby  which  is  held  at  Epsom  during  the  week 
which  includes  May  31st.    - 

The  Derby. — An  excellent  picture  of  the  Derby  is  pre- 
sented by  Richard  Harding  Davis  in  "Our  English  Cousins." 

In  a  country  given  to  spectacuiar  exhibitions — Wimbie- 
dons,  jubilee  processions,  boat-races,  naval  reviews — the 
Derby  strikes  one  as  quite  the  most  remarkable  thing  of  this 
sort  that  the  English  do,  and  they  do  them  all  particularly 
well.  In  no  other  country,  I  believe,  do  sixty  thousand 
people  travel  sixteen  miles  to  camp  out  around  a  race-track, 
and  then  break  up  camp  and  march  back  again  the  same 
night. 

As  a  matter  of  fact,  they  do  not  all  march  back  the  same 
night.  The  gypsies  and  the  fakirs,  and  hundreds  of  others 
around  the  training-stables  (for  the  racing  at  Epsom  Downs 
lasts  a  week),  remain  overnight,  and  this  encampment,  with 
the  fires  burning  in  the  open  air  and  the  lights  showing  from 
under  the  canvas,  makes  as  weird  and  wonderful  a  scene  as 
that  of  the  Derby  day  itself.  But  in  the  morning  this  sleep- 
ing bivouac  rouses  itself,  and  the  tents  go  up  as  easily  as 
umbrellas,  and  an  army  of  people  crowd  the  track  and  the 
grounds  as  thickly  as  the  City  Hall  Square  is  crowded  on 
the  night  of  a  Presidential  election.     The  coaches  face  the 

'Wilhelm  Miller.  "What  England  Can  Tpach  Us  About  Gardening"  (1913). 


grandstand  from  the  opposite  side  of  the  track.  They  are 
packed  as  closely  together  as  the  omnibuses  in  front  of  the 
Bank  of  England,  so  that  one  could  walk  for  half  a  mile 
from  one  to  the  other  of  them  without  once  touching  the 
ground.  The  first  which  come  of  these  take  the  best  places, 
and  the  last  are  crowded  in  on  them  by  the  servants  and  the 
unemployed,  who  take  out  the  leaders  and  shove  with  the 
wheelers  until  they  have  locked  wheels  with  two  other 
coaches,  and  have  apparently  entangled  themselves  forever. 
These  coaches  form  a  barrier  three  rows  deep  along  the 
course,  and  the  dresses  of  the  women  on  top  of  them,  and 
the  luncheons,  before  their  pyramids  are  demolished,  make 
the  place  look  like  a  succession  of  picnics  in  mid-air. 

Back  of  these,  down  the  valley  between  the  curves  of  the 
horseshoe,  are  tents  and  the  rings  where  wooden  horses 
circle  and  prance,  and  railroad  cars  which  mock  the  laws  of 
gravity,  dashing  up  and  down  wooden  hills,  and  where  there 
are  shooting-galleries  and  boxing-booths  and  swings,  and 
rows  after  rows  of  gypsy  wagons  (little  green  and  red  houses 
on  wheels,  with  a  pair  of  steps  at  the  back  like  a  bathing- 
machine),  and  solid  phalanxes  of  shouting  book-makers. 
These  last  stand  in  couples,  dressed  ridiculously  alike,  as  a 
guarantee  that  they  do  not  intend  to  lose  themselves  in  the 
crowd,  and  with  banners  behind  them  to  tell  who  they  may 
be,  from  whence  they  come,  and  what  a  very  old  and  trust- 
worthy firm  theirs  is.  .  .  . 

You  see  so  much  to  entertain  you  on  the  grounds  that 
you  forget  about  the  races,  although  the  sight  from  the  coach 
is  in  its  broader  view,  quite  as  amusing  and  impressive  as  the 
one  you  obtain  by  pushing  through  the  crowd.  Instead  of 
moving  about  to  see  other  people  the  other  people  come  to 
call  on  you,  chiefly  musicians  of  several  nationalities  who 
sing  sentimental  songs  sentimentally  to  the  young  women 
on  the  next  drag,  who  try  to  pretend  they  do  not  know  that 
they  are  being  made  to  look  ridiculous;  and  little  yellow- 
haired  girls  on  stilts,  who  seat  themselves  on  the  box,  and 
draw  their  stilts  up  out  of  the  way  and  sing:  "I'm  er  blushin' 
bud  of  innercence,  papa  says  I'm  a  great  expense,"  and  troops 
of  burntcork  comedians  who  pretend  they  know  the  people 
on  the  coaches,  and  who  flatter  the  weak  in  spirit  by  crying: 
"Ahh!  glad  to  see  your  lordship  'ere  to-doiy.  I  'ain't  forgot 
the  'arf-crown  your  lordship  give  me  when  your  lordship 
won  that  pot  of  money  of  King  Remus,  Kemton  Park  Waiy. 
Your  lordship  alius  wos  a  good  one  at  pickin'  a  winner. 
Now,  wot  can  we  sing  at  yer  lordship's  command  ter-day?" 
At  which  his  lordship,  being  a  real-estate  agent  from  Chicago, 
is  extremely  pleased,  and  commands  his  favourite  melody. 

There  are  a  great  many  Americans  at  the  Derby.  It  is 
something  of  which  they  have  all  heard  and  in  consequence 
want  to  see. 

The  races  at  the  Derby  are  very  beautiful  examples  of 
how  grand  a  spectacle  a  horse-race  can  be.  .  .  .  What 
first  puzzles  one  at  the  Derby  is  where  the  horses  are  going 
to  find  room  to  run,  for  the  track  is  blocked  with  the  mob, 
which  stands  doubtfully  fingering  the  sixpences  in  its  pockets, 
and  listening  to  the  young  men  who  are  selling  tips  on  the 
race  to  follow,  and  beseeching  the  crowd  about  them  to 
remember  what  they  foretold  at  the  Manchester  races  a 
year  ago.  .  .  . 

Mixed  with  these  young  men  are  evangelists  with  an 
organ  on  wheels,  to  the  accompaniment  of  which  they  sing 
hymns.  They  are  not  the  Salvationists,  though  one  sees 
the  red  jerseys  of  these  also,  but  soberly  clothed,  earnest- 
looking  men,  perfectly  impassive  to  the  incongruity  of  their 
surroundings,  and  fervent  in  their  hope  of  accomplishing 
some  good.  They  have  as  large  a  circle  about  them  as  has 
the  tipster,  and  they  are  too  familiar  a  sight  wherever 
many  people  are  gathered  together  in  England  to  be  either 
scoffed  at  or  encouraged.  But  when  the  bell  rings,  all  of 
these^tipster,  evangelist,  and  coloured  comedian — fly  be- 
fore the  important  business  of  the  moment,  and  there  is  a 
rush  to  the  rails,  which  men  clutch  desperately  like  wrecked 
mariners  on  a  mast-head,  and  a  sudden  overflow  among  the 
carriages  as  the  mounted  police  ride  slowly  along  the  length 
of  the  track,  leaving  a  clear,  broad,  green  road  behind  them. 

And  then  the  horses  canter  up  the  course,  and  come  back 
again  with  a  rush  of  colours  and  straining  necks  amid  what 
is  almost,  for  so  large  a  multitude,  complete  silence.     Eng- 


GEOGRAPHICAL  MANUAL  AND  NEW  ATLAS 


249 


lishmen  do  not  make  themselves  heard  as  does  a  racing 
crowd  in  America.  The  most  interesting  effect  in  the  race 
to  one  who  is  looking  up  the  track,  and  who  is  not  interested 
in  the  finish,  is  what  seems  to  be  a  second  race,  as  the  crowd 
breaks  in  after  the  last  of  the  horses  and  sweeps  down  the 
track,  making  it  appear  shortened  behind  as  the  horses 
move  forward. 

Yorkshire. — ^The  largest  county  in  England,  the  shire 
which  according  to  the  native  boast  "contains  more  acres 
than  there  are  letters  in  the  Bible,"  has  ever  held  an  im- 
portant place  in  the  history  of  the  country.  Its  agriculture 
can  be  traced  back  to  the  neolithic  age.  In  the  breeding  of 
sheep,  cattle,  and  horses,  Yorkshire  has  long  been  famous. 
Its  horses  especially,  from  the  fleetest  race-horse  to  the 
mighty  shire  horse,  are  the  Yorkshireman's  pride. 

The  foundation  stone  of  the  great  modern  fabric  of  in- 
dustry, enterprise,  and  wealth  which  has  been  reared  in 
Yorkshire  was  undoubtedly  the  application  of  steam  power 
to  the  manufactures  of  the  county.  Some  idea  of  the  re- 
markable development  of  the  great  Yorkshire  towns  during 
the  nineteenth  century  may  be  gained  from  statistics.  The 
population  of  Leeds  in  1801  was  53,612;  in  1901,  428,968. 
In  the  same  period  Sheffield  increased  from  45,755  to  380,793, 
Hull  from  about  30,000  to  240,259.  Between  183 1  and  1901 
the  population  of  Bradford  increased  from  43,527  to  279,767. 
But  most  marvellous  of  all  is  Middlesbrough,  a  town  whose 
entire  population  was  housed  under  one  roof  in  1820  and 
now  includes  60  miles  of  streets  and  has  a  population  of 
104,767. 

Perhaps  the  most  characteristic  of  the  Yorkshire  indus- 
tries is  that  which  gives  employment  to  the  great  bulk  of  the 
crowded  populations  of  the  West  Riding,  and  may  be  classed 
under  one  comprehensive  term — the  making  of  clothes. 
All  the  great  towns  of  the  West  Riding  are  engaged  in  the 
spinning  and  manufacturing  of  silk,  linen,  cotton,  and  wool. 
Woollen  goods  and  worsted  goods  are  the  chief  objects  of 
manufacture,  and  have  their  own  particular  homes  and 
centres.  When  a  Yorkshireman  speaks  of  'Leeds  goods' 
he  means  all  kinds  of  goods  of  the  woollen  industry;  when  he 
speaks  of  "Bradford,"  he  means  worsted  goods.  All  the 
other  towns  and  districts  have  some  specialty — the  towns  of 
the  Spen  Valley,  Batley,  Dewsbury,  Cleckheaton,  and  their 
smaller  neighbours  produce  clothing  from  reworked  material, 
and  place  it  on  the  market  under  the  names  of  Shoddy  and 
Mungo;  Wakefield  turns  out  yarns  and  medium  woollens 
and  worsteds;  Huddersfield  worsteds  and  woollens  of  super- 
fine quality;  Halifax  produces  worsted  yarns,  a  variety  ol 
ornamental  fabrics,  and  has  also  a  great  trade  in  carpets. 
Some  of  the  manufactories — 'mills'  as  they  are  called  in 
the  textile-producing  districts — are  of  vast  size.  .  .  . 
In  the  twilight  of  autumn  and  winter  or  in  the  early  winter 
mornings  their  lights  are  seen  across  the  hills  for  mile  upon 
mile,  producing  an  effect  which — save  in  Lancashire — can- 
not be  seen  elsewhere  in  England.^ 

A  Leeds  Mill. — -The  mills  of  Leeds  are  its  crowning 
modern  interest.  A  visit  to  one  of  the  largest  flax  mills  is 
thus  described: 

It  is  in  the  part  of  Leeds  called  Holbeck,  and  is  a  massive 
building  in  the  Egyptian  style,  covering  an  area  of  two  acres. 
The  work  is  carried  on  in  one  huge  room,  which  a  partition 
divides  into  two,  and  when  our  guide  took  us  in  the  effect 
was  electrifying.  Each  frame  and  each  worker  standing 
before  it  seemed  a  part  of  one  immense  machine  which  would 
go  on  in  the  same  perfect  precision  and  cleanliness  forever — 
the  workers  silent  as  the  grave — while  the  resistless  chorus 
of  whirrs  seemed  to  fill  every  chink  in  the  vast  place.     This 

»J.  S  Fletcher,  "A  Book  About  Yorkshire"  (1908). 


vast  chamber  contains  no  less  than  sixty-six  skylights  for 
the  admission  of  air  and  light.  A  series  of  arches  rests  on 
cast-iron  pillars,  and  the  air  and  light  thus  obtained  obviate 
all  the  stuffiness  of  atmosphere  one-  associates  with  the  idea 
of  a  mill;  the  women  look  healthy  and  happy,  never  leaving 
off  work,  but  seeming  to  follow  it  with  interest  as  well  as 
industry.  Our  guide  explained  to  us  in  a  very  lucid  way  the 
process  through  which  the  flax  passes  from  its  pristine  state 
to  the  finest  sewing  thread,  and  he  illustrated  his  explana- 
tion by  taking  us  from  ffame  to  frame  and  showing  us  how 
the  flax — guided  by  the  women's  skilful  fingers,  and  moved 
by  the  resistless  force  of  the  huge  steam  engine  which,  like 
some  Hydra,  seems  omnipresent  in  the  vast  chamber — not 
only  gradually  becomes  soft  and  fine  like  flour  passing 
through  different  mills,  but — as  it  also  passes  through  chemi- 
cal preparations,  it  goes  through  many  grades  of  colour  and 
is  finally  bleached  to  snowy  whiteness. 

In  another  huge  room  we  found  the  weavers  creating  out 
of  the  prepared  fl^ax  coarse  towelling,  blinds  of  varied  stripes 
and  patterns,  every  imaginable  sort  of  linen  fabric  from  coarse 
to  the  finest.  It  was  very  interesting  to  watch  the  manu- 
facture of  the  striped  goods,  to  see  the  regular  dexterity 
needed  in  placing  the  required  portions,  and  in  all  cases  the 
flight  of  the  little  shuttle  from  side  to  side  bearing  the  weft 
across  and  between  the  strands  of  warp.  So  interesting  was 
it  that,  spite  of  the  deafening  noise  which  seemed  to  set  all 
one's  nerves  loose  at  once,  we  were  unwilling  to  leave  off 
looking.' 

The  Collier. — Though  so  small  a  country,  Great  Brit- 
ain is  the  greatest  coal-producing  country  in  the  world. 
Its  "black  diamonds"  are  the  mainstay  of  its  commerce 
and  of  its  naval  supremacy. 

While  enumerating  the  coal  riches  of  England,  the  poor 
collier  himself,  driving  his  dismal  work  down  under  the  ruins 
of  a  former  world,  exposed  to  perpetual  peril  from  mephitic 
vapours  and  crumbling  walls,  dangling  upon  a  slender  rope,  or 
crawling  up  shafts  like  interminable  chimneys,  upon  ladders 
that  will  rot,  should  not  be  forgotten.  There  is  stout  man- 
hood under  his  dirt-crusted  brutality.  He  says  he  ''wins" 
the  coal.  He  does  indeed  win  it.  He  never  descends  into 
the  coal-pit  but  with  the  chances  immensely  augmented 
that  he  will  never  see  another  sun.  It  is  computed  that 
fifteen  hundred  lives  are  annually  lost  in  England  by  acci- 
dents in  coal  mines.  The  most  dreadful  of  these  enemies  is 
the  ''fire-damp,"  whose  chief  ingredient  is  carburetted  hy- 
drogen, which,  with  a  certain  mixture  of  common  air,  be- 
comes explosive.  In  mines  where  the  ventilation  is  im- 
perfect, a  single  act  of  carelessness  will  fill  miles  upon  miles 
of  subterranean  chambers  with  a  streaming  blaze  of  fire, 
sometimes  rising  to  the  surface  and  bursting  out  of  the  shafts 
with  the  roar  and  violence  of  a  volcano.  And  the  poor 
miners,  it  is  said,  will  carry  their  pipes,  though  forbidden, 
into  the  long  and  distant  reaches  of  the  mine — ^whence  this 
continual  danger.  When  we  sit  down  before  a  genial  winter 
fire,  let  us  think  of  those  bold  hearts  who  have  'won'  the 
coal  for  us.^ 

Flint  Mining  Extraordinary. — ^That  the  methods  of 
prehistoric  days  still  survive  in  certain  callings  may  be 
realized  by  visiting  one  of  the  curious  flint  mines  on  the 
borders  of  Suffolk.  The  neolithic  miner  used  a  red-deer's 
antler  for  a  pick.  His  lamp  was  a  cup  of  chalk.  His  ladder 
was  probably  a  series  of  rough  steps  cut  in  the  sides  of  the 
pit. 

A  family  of  the  name  of  Dyer  carry  on  to-day  exactly 
the  same  old  method  of  mining.  Their  pits  are  of  squarer 
shape  than  the  neolithic  ones,  but  otherwise  similar.  Their 
one-pronged  pick  retains  the  shape  of  the  deer's  antler. 
Their  light  is  a  candle  stuck  in  a  cup  of  chalk.  And  the 
ladder  is  just  a  series  of  ledges  or,  as  they  call  them,  "toes" 


iThoraas  and  Katherine  Macquoid,  "About  Yorkshire"  (1883}. 
"James  M.  Hoppin,  "Old  England"  C1890). 


250 


GEOGRAPHICAL  MANUAL  AND  NEW  ATLAS 


in  the  wall,  five  feet  apart  and  connected  by  footholes. 
The  miner  simply  jerks  his  load,  several  hundredweight  of 
flints,  from  ledge  to  ledge  by  the  aid  of  his  head,  which  he 
protects  with  something  that  neolithic  man  was  probably 
without,  namely,  an  old  bowler  hat.  He  even  talks  a 
language  of  his  own.  "  Bubber-hutching  on  the  sosh"  is  the 
term  for  sinking  a  pit  on  the  slant,  and,  for  all  we  can  tell, 
may  have  a  very  ancient  pedigree.  And  what  becomes  of 
the  miner's  output?  It  is  sold  by  the  'jag'— a  jag  being  a 
pile  just  so  high  that  when  you  stand  on  any  side  you  can 
see  the  bottom  flint  on  the  other — to  the  knappers  of  Bran- 
don. Any  one  of  these  will,  while  you  wait,  break  up  a 
lump  with  a  short  round  hammer  into  manageable  pieces. 
Then,  placing  a  "quarter"  with  his  left  hand  on  the  leather 
pad  that  covers  his  knee,  he  will,  with  an  oblong  hammer, 
strike  off  flake  after  flake,  perhaps  1,500  in  a  morning;  and 
finally  will  work  these  up  into  sharp-edged  squares  to  serve 
as  gun-flints  for  the  trade  with  native  Africa.  Alas!  the 
palmy  days  of  knapping  gun-flints  for  the  British  Army  will 
never  return  to  Brandon.  Still,  there  must  have  been  trade 
depression  in  those  parts  at  any  time  from  the  bronze  age 
up  to  the  times  of  Brown  Bess;  for  the  strike-a-lights,  still 
to  be  got  at  a  penny  each,  can  have  barely  kept  the  wolf 
from  the  door. 

Thus  there  are  things  in  old  England  that  are  older  even 
than  some  of  our  friends  wot.  In  that  one  county  of  Suffolk, 
for  instance,  the  good  flint — so  rich  in  colour  as  it  is,  and 
so  responsive  to  the  hammer,  at  any  rate,  if  you  get  down 
to  the  lower  layers  or  "sases,"  for  instance,  the  floorstone,  or 
the  black  smooth  stone  that  is  generally  below  water-level 
— has  served  the  needs  of  all  the  palaeolithic  periods,  and  of 
the  neolithic  age  as  well,  and  likewise  of  the  modern  Eng- 
lishmen who  fought  with  flintlocks  at  Waterloo,  or  still  more 
recently  took  out  tinder-boxes  with  them  to  the  war  in  South 
Africa.  And  what  does  this  stand  for  in  terms  of  the 
antiquity  of  man?  Thousands  of  years?  We  do  not 
know  exactly;  but  say  rather  hundreds  of  thousands  of 
years.' 

London. — London  is  the  wealthiest  and,  until  it  was  re- 
cently outstripped  by  New  York,  the  most  populous  city 
in  the  world.  It  stands  in  four  counties — Middlesex,  Sur- 
rey, Kent,  and  Essex.  It  is  a  province  of  houses,  a  forest  of 
human  beings.  It  is  a  cluster  of  manufacturing  towns,  a 
great  agricultural  market,  the  central  city  of  commerce  for 
the  entire  globe,  the  financial  capital  of  the  commercial 
world,  the  legal  capital  of  England,  and  a  great  pleasure 
city  besides.  The  saying  was  once  common  that  "all  roads 
lead  to  Rome."  To-day  all  the  waterways  of  the  world  lead 
to  London. 

The  metropolis  is  an  "ocean  of  bricks  and  mortar."  Its 
houses,  if  placed  end  to  end,  would  stretch  across  Europe  and 
Asia.  One  of  the  ugliest  cities  in  the  world,  it  is  at  the  same 
time  one  of  the  most  beautiful.  The  squalor  of  its  slums  is 
indescribable;  its  river  and  park  scenes  are  among  the  finest 
in  Europe.  London  contains  more  Scotchmen  than  Edin- 
burgh, and  more  Irishmen  than  Dublin. 

The  importance  of  London  is  not  a  local  importance,  like 
the  importance  of  Manchester  and  Liverpool  or  Leeds  and 
Hull.  London  became  the  capital  of  England,  because, 
among  the  great  cities  of  England,  it  was  at  once  the  great- 
est and,  in  a  certain  sense,  the  most  central;  perhaps  we 
may  add  that  London  earned  its  place  by  gallant  resistance 
to  the  Scandinavian  invader.  But  the  modern  importance 
of  London  is  wholly  that  of  a  capital,  not  that  of  a  local  city. 
The  importance  of  Liverpool  and  Manchester  is  the  impor- 
tance of  Liverpool  and  Manchester  in  themselves;  the  im- 
portance of  London  is  not  the  importance  of  London  in 
Itself;  it  is  the  importance  of  the  place  which  is  the  seat  of 
the  common  government  of  the  whole  land,  the  centre  and 
meeting-place  of  people  from  every  part  of  the  whole  land. 


In  that  vast  range  of  buildings  which  is  popularly  called 
"  London"  and  vulgarly  called  the  "  metropolis,"  there  is, 
unless  haply  within  that  ancient  and  illustrious  city  round 
which  that  range  of  buildings  has  grown,  no  real  local  love 
for  the  place  itself.  People  who  cannot  live  save  in  London, 
who  despise  everything  out  of  London,  who  unconsciously 
fancy  that  London  is  the  whole  world,  have  not  the  same  local 
patriotism  for  London  which  a  man  of  one  of  our  great  towns 
has  for  his  own  town.  It  is  not  London  as  London,  it  is  the 
capital  of  England  and  of  the  British  dominions,  which  your 
man  who  cannot  live  out  of  London  really  cherishes.* 

London  Railway  Stations. — The  railways  of  Britain 
all  converge  on  London,  and  there  is  no  place  too  remote  to 
be,  more  or  less,  in  direct  communication  with  the  capital. 
No  less  than  eleven  great  railway  systems  have  their  ter- 
mini in  London,  with  magnificent  stations  and  enormous 
freight  yards. 

In  all  there  are  251  railway-stations  and  twenty-two 
railway  companies  which  serve  London,  and  yet  it  is  curious 
to  note  that  not  one  station  is  called  London.  Of  the  vast 
traffic  carried  on  by  these  lines,  and  of  the  perfect  network 
of  lines  which  they  have  made,  it  is  almost  needless  to  speak, 
for  they  are  known  to  every  Londoner.  The  special  features 
of  the  London  railway  system  are  the  luxurious  travelling 
to  the  north  or  to  Paris  and  abroad;  the  daily  runs  to  Brighton 
and  other  seaside  resorts,  where  London  merchants  have 
their  homes.  .  .  .  The  various  excursions  to  the  sea 
and  other  country  places;  the  consignments  of  food,  from 
the  daily  early  morning  milk  in  millions  of  gallons  to  the 
occasional  tons  of  water- cress,  at  Waterloo  Station,  up  from 
Hampshire,  and  live  turtles  for  aldermanic  banquets;  the 
constant  daily  influx  of  business  men  and  women  in  the 
morning,  and  their  return  in  the  evening — all  the  curiosities 
of  travelling,  in  fact,  make  the  London  railway-stations 
marvellous  indications  of  London  life.* 

Edinburgh. — Edinburgh,  the  capital  of  Scotland,  is  one 
of  the  most  beautiful  cities  in  the  world.  It  is  picturesquely 
situated  on  three  eminences  which  run  in  a  direction  from 
east  to  west,  and  is  surrounded  by  lofty  hills  except  on  the 
north  side  where  the  ground  slopes  gently  toward  the  Firth 
of  Forth. 

Meditative  people  will  find  a  charm  in  a  certam  conso- 
nancy  between  the  aspect  of  the  city  and  its  old  and  stirring 
history.  Few  places,  if  any,  offer  a  more  barbaric  display 
of  contrasts  to  the  eye.  In  the  very  midst  stands  one  of  the 
most  satisfactory  crags  in  nature- — a  Bass  Rock  upon  dry 
land,  rooted  in  a  garden,  shaken  by  passing  trains,  carrying  a 
crown  of  battlements  and  turrets,  and  describing  its  warlike 
shadow  over  the  liveliest  and  brightest  thoroughfare  of  the 
new  town.  From  their  smoky  beehives,  ten  stories  high, 
the  unwashed  look  down  upon  the  open  squares  and  gardens 
of  the  wealthy;  and  gay  people  sunning  themselves  along 
Princes  Street,  with  its  mile  of  commercial  palaces  all  be- 
flagged  upon  some  great  occasion,  see,  across  a  gardened 
valley  set  with  statues,  the  washings  of  the  old  town  flutter 
in  the  breeze  at  its  high  windows.  And  then,  upon  all  sides, 
what  a  clashing  of  architecture!  In  this  one  valley,  where 
the  life  of  the  town  goes  most  busily  forward,  there  may  be 
seen,  shown  one  above  and  behind  another  by  the  accidents 
of  the  ground,  buildings  in  almost  every  style  upon  the  globe. 
Egyptian  and  Greek  temples,  Venetian  palaces  and  Gothic 
spires,  are  huddled  one  over  another  in  a  most  admired 
disorder;  while,  above  all,  the  brute  mass  of  the  Castle  and 
the  summit  of  Arthur's  Seat  look  down  upon  these  imitations 
with  a  becoming  dignity,  as  the  works  of  Nature  may  look 
down  upon  the  monuments  of  Art.' 


»R.  R.  Marctt,     Anthropology"  tl9H). 


lEdward  A.  Freeman,  "English  Towns  and  Districts"  (1883). 

'G.  Laurence  Gomme,  "London  in  the  Reign  of  Victoria"  {1898). 

'Robert  Louis  Stevenson,  "An  Inland  Voyage  Travel  with  a  Donkey"  (1897 


GEOGRAPHICAL  MANUAL  AND  NEW  ATLAS 


251 


Glasgow  and  the  Clyde. — "Glasgow  made  the  Clyde 
and  the  Clyde  made  Glasgow."  The  epigram,  though  not 
wholly  true,  will  serve  to  indicate  the  transformation  that 
has  taken  place.  A  century  and  a  half  ago  Glasgow  seemed 
as  liable  to  become  a  seaport  as  Stirling  or  Dumfries.  Ves- 
sels could  not  approach  within  fourteen  miles,  and  dis- 
charged their  cargoes  into  flat-bottomed  boats  which  took 
them  to  Glasgow.  To-day  the  Clyde  is  a  deep  canalized 
river,  bearing  from  the  building  yards  in  the  upper  reaches 
the  world's  greatest  liners  and  battleships. 

Glasgow  is  the  maker  of  ships,  and  her  sons  are  proud  of 
their  seemly  product.  The  Clyde  builder  may  pride  him- 
self, too,  on  his  achievement.  Following  no  man,  he  hewed 
out  a  path  for  himself;  borrowed  no  capital,  but  at  his  own 
door  dug  coal  and  iron  and  wrought  up  these  into  that  mod- 
ern wonder,  the  steamship.  .  .  .  Now  and  then,  it  is 
true,  he  had  the  wit  to  use  the  ideas  of  other  men,  to  weld 
their  inventions  to  his  own  purposes  and  to  profit  by  their 
errors.  But  take  him  for  all  in  all,  he  is  the  figure  which 
dominates  modern  shipbuilding,  the  inspirer  and  pioneer  to 
whom  all  other  builders  must  bow,  and  without  whom  the 
glorious  company  of  ships  had  shrunken  to  a  half.  The 
teachers  of  youth  are  very  right;  of  more  moment  to  Glas- 
gow than  her  other  industries,  her  college,  her  cathedral,  is 
the  building  of  her  ships.  ... 

It  is  the  distinction  of  the  Clyde  shipyards  that  they  can 
build  any  kind  of  vessel  from  a  trawler  to  a  battleship.  The 
builders  have  the  skill  and  experience,  and  the  yards  have 
the  appliances  which  are  required  for  any  type  of  war  ves- 
sel, trading  vessel,  or  pleasure  craft.  Elsewhere  you  may 
find — but  not  often^that  in  a  given  year  more  ships  of  a 
certain  class  were  built  than  on  the  Clyde.  Belfast  and 
Stettin,  for  instance,  are  at  the  moment  undoubtedly  ahead 
of  the  Clyde  in  building  great  passenger  steamers;  but  it  is 
only  here  that  you  see  every  kind  and  manner  of  ship  on  the 
stocks.^ 

"It  is  doubtful,"  says  John  Burroughs,  "if  such  a  scene 
can  be  witnessed  anywhere  else  in  the  world — an  enormous 
collection  of  machinery,  commerce,  and  building,  in  the 
midst  of  the  quiet  and  simple  life  of  inland  farm  lands. 
You  could  leap  from  the  deck  of  a  half-finished  ocean  steamer 
into  a  field  of  waving  wheat  or  broad  beans. 

"These  vast  shipyards  are  set  down  here  upon  the  banks 
of  the  Clyde  so  as  to  interfere  as  little  as  possible  with 
the  scene.  One  would  say  the  vessels  had  come  up  out 
of  the  water  like  seals  to  sun  themselves  here  on  the  grassy 
bank. 

"Of  the  factories  and  foundries  that  put  the  iron  in  shape, 
you  get  no  hint;  here  the  ships  rise  as  if  they  sprouted  from 
the  soil,  without  waste  or  litter,  but  with  an  unceasing  din. 
They  stand  as  thickly  as  a  row  of  cattle,  almost  touching 
each  other,  and  in  all  stages  of  progress.  Now  and  then  a 
stall  will  be  vacant,  the  ship  having  just  been  launched; 
others  will  stand  with  flags  flying  and  timbers  greased  or 
soaped,  ready  to  take  to  the  water  at  the  word.  Two  such, 
both  large  ocean  steamers,  waited  for  us  to  pass. 

"We  looked  back,  saw  the  last  block  or  wedge  knocked 
away  from  one  of  them,  and  the  monster  ship  sauntered 
down  to  the  water,  and  glided  into  the  current  in  the  most 
gentle  matter-of-fact  sort  of  way.  I  wondered  at  her  slow 
pace  and  the  grace  with  which  she  took  to  the  water.  The 
vessels  are  launched  up  and  down  the  stream,  owing  to  the 
narrowness  of  the  channel.  But  to  see  such  a  brood  of  ships, 
the  largest  in  the  world,  hatched  upon  the  banks  of  such 
a  quiet  little  river,  amid  such  peaceful  country  scenes,  is  a 
new  experience.  This,  then,  is  Britain;  a  little  island,  with 
little  lakes,  little  rivers,  quiet  fields,  but  mighty  interests 
and  power  that  reach  round  the  world. "^ 

Highland  Dress. — The  highland  costume,  in  which  every 
Highlander  loves  to  disport  himself,  is  modern  in  many  of 
its  features,  and  especially  so  in  the  great  variety  of  tartans 

*James  Hamilton  Muir,  "Glasgow  in  1901"  (1901). 
'John  Burroughs,  "Fresh  Fields"  (1881), 


or  checks  that  have  been  invented,  and  of  which  each  clan 
now  appears  to  claim  one. 

There  was  a  time  when  Stewart  or  Murray  looked  on  the 
plaid  as  badge  of  a  savage  foeman;  there  would  be  a  time 
when  the  imported  Highlanders  grew  as  proud  of  kilt  and 
bagpipes  as  if  these  had  come  down  to  them  straight  from 
Adam.  All  over  the  world  have  gone  those  badges  of  a 
race  that  gave  them  to  its  conquerors  in  exchange  for  its 
proudest  blood.  The  cult  of  the  tartan,  revived  in  our  own 
age  by  romantic  literature  and  royal  patronage,  is  an  old 
story.  One  of  the  early  emigrants  to  the  Southern  States  of 
America  is  said  to  have  rigged  out  all  his  negroes  in  kilts  and 
such-like,  teaching  them  also  to  speak  Gaelic  and  to  pipe  and 
reel  among  cotton  fields  and  cane  swamps.  But  when  one 
of  those  blackamoor  retainers,  liveried  in  a  kilt,  was  sent  to 
meet  a  practically-minded  countryman  landing  from  Scot- 
land, the  eflFect  of  so  transmogrified  a  figure  proved  appalling. 
"Hae  ye  been  long  oot.?"  stammered  the  newcomer,  and  took 
his  passage  back  by  the  next  ship. 

Away  from  Scotland,  all  true  Scots  carry  over  the  world 
an  outfit  of  which  the  colours,  the  trimmings,  and  the  gew- 
gaws come  from  the  Highlands,  while  the  hard-wearing  quali- 
ties of  the  stuff  are  rather  of  Lowland  manufacture.' 

It  has  appeared  to  some  surprising  that  the  Highlanders 
should  be  able,  from  the  scanty  materials  which  their  country 
afforded,  to  produce  such  brilliancy  of  colouring.  In  those 
days,  good  housewives  distinguished  themselves  not  only 
by  the  superior  quality  of  cloth  they  produced— for  all  was 
home-made — but  also  by  the  brightness  and  variety  of  their 
colours.  From  the  descendants  of  one  thus  distinguished 
I  had  the  whole  secret;  and  a  simple  one  it  was,  both  as  to 
the  process  and  material  of  dyeing. 

Black  was  produced  from  aurn;  green  and  yellow  from 
heather,  the  green  being  first  dyed  blue  with  indigo.  From 
"white  crottle,"  a  species  of  lichen,  a  beautiful  crimson  was 
produced.  The  "crottle"  or  lichen  producing  this  colour  had 
to  be  kept  in  soak  for  at  least  a  twelve-month  before  use.  A 
more  common  red  was  produced  from  madder;  brown  from 
"rough  crottle,"  another  species  of  lichen:  the  fixing  matter 
for  all  these  colours  being  of  the  most  primitive  nature.^ 

A  Whiff  of  Ireland. — "The  first  whiff  we  got  of  nature 
on  the  east  side  of  the  Atlantic,"  writes  John  Burroughs, 
"was  the  peaty  breath  of  the  peasant  chimneys  of  Ireland 
while  we  were  yet  many  miles  at  sea.  What  a  homelike 
fireside  smell  it  was;  it  seemed  to  remind  me  of  a  home  long 
forgotten.  This  odour  of  the  Old  World,  wafted  to  us  on 
our  approach  from  the  New,  savours  of  the  soil.  I  know 
no  other  fuel  that  yields  so  agreeable  a  perfume."' 

An  Irish  Bog. — "We  all  know  what  a  bog  is — when  we 
get  into  one;  but  if  asked  to  define  it,  we  should  perhaps  differ. 
The  tour  st  would  describe  it  as  a  great  eyesore;  the  sports- 
man, as  a  capital  place  for  wild  fowl;  the  peasant,  as  a  useful 
place  for  supplying  fuel;  the  engineer,  as  a  thing  which  must 
be  got  round,  or  over,  or  rid  of,  if  possible. 

None  of  these  answers  would  give  much  idea  of  the  real 
nature  of  a  bog.  In  England  bogs  are  few  and  far  between; 
but  nobody  who  has  travelled  in  Ireland  can  forget  the 
desolate  flats  and  surfaces  that  extend  for  so  many  miles 
inland — a  perfect  sea  of  black  peat,  without  a  single  shrub  or 
mound  or  any  token  of  life,  save  here  and  there  a  cabin, 
almost  more  dull  and  sad  than  the  bog  itself.    .    .    . 

Bog  consists  chiefly  of  a  kind  of  moss  known  as  sphag- 
num, together  with  many  sorts  of  grass,  fern,  and  heath, 
which,  under  pressure,  becomes  peat.  It  is  easy  to  see  how 
the  growth  of  a  flat  bog  has  arisen.  A  pool  is  formed,  more 
or  less  stagnant,  round  the  borders  of  which  grow  water 
plants,  in  course  of  time  filling  up  the  surface,  and  then  the 
deeper  parts,  by  the  mud  around  their  roots.     This  mud  is 

lA.  R.  Hope  Moncrieff,  "The  Heart  of  Scotland"  (1909). 
'Elizabeth  Taylor,  "The  Braemar  Highland8"(l896). 
•John  Burroughs,  "Fresh  Fields"  (1881). 


252 


GEOGRAPHICAL  MANUAL  AND  NEW  ATLAS 


just  the  place  for  sphagnum,  which  flourishes,  pushing  out 
new  plants  while  the  lower  stages  become  rotten.  Sometimes 
the  pulpy  mass  fills  to  overflowing,  as  in  King's  County  in 
1821,  when  a  bog  burst  its  bounds  and  flowed  down  into  a 
valley  for  a  mile  and  a  half,  covering  150  acres  with  a  layer 
of  bog  from  six  to  ten  feet  in  thickness. 

Bogs  are  not  all  alike.  Bog  country  may  be  divided  into 
red,  brown,  black,  and  mountain  bog.  In  Ireland  there  are 
about  a  million  and  a  half  of  acres  of  red  and  black  bog,  and  a 
million  and  a  quarter  of  mountain  bog.  The  red  and  brown 
are  of  least  value  for  fuel;  they  are  very  wet,  and  contain  a 
small  amount  of  woody  matter.  Mountain  bog,  instead  of 
sphagnum,  contains  gray  moss,  which  is  supplied  with  mois- 
ture by  the  damp  air  and  clouds  of  the  mountains.     .     .     . 

When  the  peat  is  cut  the  whole  population  goes  off  to  the 
bog  .  .  .  the  men  cut  the  peat  with  long  spades,  the 
women  stack  it  in  heaps  to  dry.  The  heat-giving  power  of 
turf  is  about  half  that  of  coal."- 

Ireland  Fifty  Years  Ago. — Glancing  at  the  condition  of 
Ireland  fifty  years  ago,  an  Irish  writer^  says: 

At  that  time  almost  the  whole  agricultural  population 
were  in  the  position  of  tenants-at-will,  with  no  security  either 
against  increased  rents  or  arbitrary  eviction.  The  housing 
of  the  rural  population,  and  especially  of  the  agricultural 
labourers,  was  wretched  in  the  extreme.  Local  taxation 
and  administration  were  wholly  in  the  hands  of  Grand  Ju- 
ries, bodies  appointed  by  the  Crown  from  among  the  country 
gentlemen  in  each  district.  Irish  Roman  Catholics  were 
without  any  system  of  University  education  comparable  to 
that  which  Protestants  had  enjoyed  for  three  hundred  years 
in  the  University  of  Dublin.  A  Church  which,  whatever  its 
historic  claims  may  have  been,  numbered  only  about  12 
per  cent  of  the  population  was  established  by  law  and  sup- 
ported by  tithes  levied  on  the  whole  country.  Technical 
education  was  inaccessible  to  the  great  bulk  of  the  nation; 
and  in  no  department  of  public  education,  of  any  grade  or 
by  whomsoever  administered,  was  any  attention  paid  to 
Irish  history,  the  Irish  language,  Irish  literature,  or  any  sub- 
ject which  might  lead  young  Irishmen  to  better  knowledge 
and  understanding  of  the  special  problems  of  their  country 
and  its  special  claims  to  the  love  and  respect  of  its  children. 

That  was  the  Ireland  of  fifty  years  ago.  It  is  an  Ireland 
which  at  the  present  day  lives  only  on  the  lips  of  anti-British 
orators  and  journalists.  It  is  an  Ireland  as  dead  as  the 
France  of  Louis  XIV.  Of  the  abuses  and  disabilities  just 
recounted  not  one  survives  to-day. 

Land  Reform. — Ireland,  owing  to  the  wars  and  confisca- 
tions of  the  seventeenth  century,  had  come  to  have  a  land- 
owning aristocracy  mainly  of  English  descent  with  a  Celtic 
peasantry  holding  their  farms  as  yearly  tenants.  The  object 
of  British  land-legislation  has  been  to  expropriate  the  landlords 
so  far  as  their  tenanted  land  is  concerned,  and  to  establish 
the  Irish  peasant  as  absolute  owner  of  the  land  he  tills. 

The  Irish  tenant  is  now  subject  only  to  rents  fixed  by 
law;  he  can  at  any  time  sell  the  interest  in  his  farm,  which 
he  has,  therefore,  a  direct  interest  in  improving;  he  is  also 
assisted  by  a  great  scheme  of  land-purchase  to  become 
owner  of  his  land  on  paying  the  price  by  terminable  instal- 
ments, which  are  usually  some  20  per  cent,  less  than  the 
amount  he  formerly  paid  as  rent.  Under  this  scheme  about 
two-thirds  of  the  Irish  tenantry  have  already  become  own- 
ers of  their  farms,  while  the  remainder  enjoy  a  tenure  which 
is  almost  as  easy  and  secure  as  ownership  itself.  It  is  not 
surprising  then,  that  a  German  economist  who  has  made  a 
special  study  of  this  subject  should  declare  that  ''the  Irish 
tenants  have  had  conditions  assured  to  them  more  favour- 
able than  any  other  tenantry  in  the  world  enjoy"  adding 
the  dry  comment  that  in  Ireland  the  "magic  of  property" 
appears  to  consist  in  the  fact  that  it  is  cheaper  to  acquire 


it  than  not.*  That  magic  has  been  worked  for  Ireland  by 
the  British  Legislature  and  by  British  credit.  ,  .  .  The 
State  is  now  pledged  to  about  £130,000,000  for  the  further- 
ance of  this  scheme,  the  instalments  and  sinking  fund  to 
the  amount  of  about  £5,000,000  a  year  being  paid  with  ex- 
emplary regularity  by  the  farmers  who  have  taken  advantage 
of  it.2 

Aid  for  Western  Ireland. — In  the  more  backward  regions 
of  western  Ireland  it  has  been  felt  that  the  above  measures 
are  not  enough,  and  a  special  agency  known  as  the  Congested 
Districts  Board  has  been  constituted  with  wide  powers  to 
help  the  Western  farmer,  and  not  only  the  farmer,  but  the 
fisherman,  the  weaver,  or  any  one  pursuing  a  productive 
occupation  there,  to  make  the  most  of  his  resources  and  to 
develop  his  industry  in  the  best  possible  way.  A  system  of 
light  railways  which  now  covers  these  remote  districts  has 
given  valuable  facilities  for  the  marketing  of  fish  and  every 
kind  of  produce.  The  various  Boards  and  other  executive 
agencies  consist  almost  entirely  of  Irishmen. 

Irish  Agricultural  Labourer. — There  is  a  vast  differ- 
ence between  the  present  lot  of  the  Irish  agricultural  labourer 
and  his  condition  in  1883,  when  reform  in  this  department 
was  first  taken  in  hand.  Cottages  can  now  be  provided 
by  the  Rural  District  Councils  and  let  at  nominal  rents. 
Nearly  £9,000,000  sterling  have  been  voted  for  this  purpose 
at  low  interest.     A  recent  observer  writes: 

The  Irish  agricultural  labourer  can  now  obtain  a  cottage 
with  three  rooms,  a  piggery,  and  garden  allotment  of  an 
acre  or  half  an  acre,  and  for  this  he  is  charged  a  rent  of  one  to 
two  shillings  a  week.  .  .  .  These  cottages  by  the  wayside 
give  a  hopeful  aspect  to  the  country  .  .  .  flowers  are 
before  the  doors  of  the  new  cottages  and  creepers  upon  the 
walls.  The  labourer  can  keep  pigs,  poultry,  and  a  goat,  and 
grow  his  potatoes  and  vegetables  in  his  garden  allotment.^ 

Present  Condition  of  Ireland. — ^The  internal  condition 
of  Ireland  already  shows  a  marked  response  to  the  altered 
state  of  things.  It  is  visible,  as  many  American  travellers 
have  noticed,  in  the  face  of  the  country,  and  is  proved  by 
official  records. 

Emigration  has  declined  to  its  lowest  point;  education 
has  spread  amongst  the  people.  Irish  emigrants,  when 
they  do  leave  their  own  shores,  take  higher  positions 
than  ever  before.  A  population  of  some  4,000,000  largely 
composed  of  small  farmers,  has  lent  £47,000,000  sterling 
to  the  Government;  and,  what  is  still  more  significant, 
the  deposits  in  Post  Office  Savings  Banks  have  risen  from 
£6,000,000  in  1896  to  over  £13,000,000  the  year  before  the 
war.  .  .  . 

Irish  agriculture,  partly  owing  to  climatic  conditions, 
and  partly  to  the  fact  that  Ireland  has  a  monopoly  of  the 
export  of  live  cattle  to  England,  had  developed  hitherto 
rather  in  the  direction  of  cattle-raising  than  of  tillage;  and 
cattle  have  increased  since  1851  from  3,000,000  to  over 
5,000,000  head,  and  sheep  from  2,000,000  to  ^,600,000. 
Poultry  have  nearly  quadrupled  in  the  same  penod.  The 
gross  railway  receipts — another  significant  symptom — were 
£2,750,000  in  1886.  In  1915  they  had  risen  to  £4,831,000. 
The  cooperative  agricultural  associations,  in  which  Ire- 
land has  shown  the  way  to  the  English-speaking  world,  now 
number  about  1,000,  and  do  a  trade  of  well  over  £5,000,000 
a  year.  The  thousands  of  labourers'  cottages  which  have 
sprung  up,  each  with  its  plot  of  land,  have  been  to  the  Irish 
labourers  what  the  Land  Acts  have  been  to  the  farmer — 
they  have  completely  transformed  his  economic  status  in 
the  coilntry.^ 


IG.  p.  Bcvan. 

'T.  W.  Rolkston,  "Ireland  and  Poland — A  CompariKn"  (1917). 


'Prof.  M.  Bonn,  of  Municli  University.     "Modern  Ireland  and  Her  Agrariaa  Problem,** 

translated  from  Die  iriscke  Agrarjrage. 

3T.  W.  RoUeston,  "Ireland  and  Poland — A  Comparison"  (1917). 

'Padraic  Colum,  "My  Irish  Year"  (1909). 

*T.  W.  Rolleston,  "Ireland  and  Poland — A  Comparison  (1917). 


GEOGRAPHICAL  MANUAL  AND  NEW  ATLAS 


«53 


SYNOPSIS  OF  THE  UNITED  KINGDOM 

(Sec  Map,  p.  33) 


The  United  Kingdom  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland  consists  of  the 
kingdom  of  England,  the  principality  of  Wales,  the  kingdom  of  Scotland,  and 
the  kingdom  of  Ireland. 

The  crowns  of  England  and  Scotland  were  united  in  1603;  the  parliaments 
in  1707.  The  parliaments  of  Ireland  and  Great  Britain  were  united  January 
1,  1 801,  when  the  Legislative  Union  went  into  effect. 

The  island  of  Great  Britain  consists  of  England,  Wales,  and  Scotland;  it  is 
600  miles  long  and  has  an  area  of  nearly  90,000  square  miles.  Great  Britain 
is  the  largest  island  in  Europe. 

Ireland  has  an  area  of  32,360  square  miles,  and  is  about  one-third  the  size 
of  Great  Britain.     The  two  islands  are  separated  by  the  Irish  Sea. 

Besides  the  two  largest  islands,  the  British  Isles  consist  of  about  500 
small  islands.  The  British  Isles  are  really  outstanding  parts  of  a  submarine 
plateau,  which  is  a  continuation  of  the  European  continent.  At  some  remote 
time,  the  British  Isles  formed  part  of  the  Continent.  The  North  Sea  on  the 
east  of  Great  Britain  is  so  shallow  that  if  St.  Paul's  Cathedral,  which  Is  370 
feet  high,  was  set  down  in  the  middle  of  it,  nearly  half  of  the  edifice  would 
stand  clear  out  of  the  water. 

Boundaries. — ^The  United  Kingdom  is  bounded  on  the  east  by  the  North 
Sea;  on  the  southeast  by  the  Strait  of  Dover  (21  miles  wide),  separating 
England  from  France;  on  the  south  by  the  English  Channel;  and  on  the 
southwest,  west,  and  north  by  the  Atlantic. 

Ireland  is  separated  from  Great  Britain  by  St.  George's  Channel,  the 
Irish  Sea,  and  the  North  Channel  (13  miles  wide). 

Coast  Line. — The  coast,  especially  on  the  west,  is  much  indented.  The 
coast  line  of  Scotland  is  so  irregular  that  its  length  is  about  2,500  miles,  or 
500  miles  more  than  that  of  England,  though  the  country  itself  is  so  much 
smaller.  Ireland  is  more  regular  in  form  than  Scotland,  and  its  coast  line 
is  about  the  same  as  that  of  England.  The  British  Isles  contain  many  good 
harbours. 

Mountains. — ^The  mountains  of  Great  Britain  lie  mostly  in  the  west  and 
north.  In  England  the  Pennine  Range  runs  from  the  centre  almost  to  the 
Cheviots  in  the  north,  the  latter  forming  a  natural  boundary  between  England 
and  Scotland.  West  of  the  Pennines  is  a  circular  range  of  hills  in  Cumber- 
land with  the  highest  point  in  England,  Scajell  (3,210  feet). 

Wales  is  principally  highlands,  the  Cambrian  Mountains  running  from  the 
southwest  to  northeast,  their  highest  points  being  Snowdon  (3,570  feet), 
and  Plynlymmon  (2,469  feet);  in  South  Wales  are  the  Black  Mountains 
{Brecknock  Beacon,  2,910  feet). 

Scotland  contains  two  groups  of  highlands  in  the  north  and  centre,  the 
Northern  Highlands  and  the  Grampians.  The  latter  provide  in  Ben  Nevis 
(4,406  feet)  and  Ben  Muich  Dhui  (4,296  feet)  the  highest  points  in  Scotland 
and  the  United  Kingdom.  Between  the  Grampians  and  the  Cheviots  are 
the  lowlands  of  Scotland,  in  which  its  capital  (Edinburgh)  and  largest  city 
(Glasgow)  are  situated. 

Ireland  contains  many  isolated  hills  around  its  coasts,  with  a  great  plain 
in  the  centre  from  50  to  350  feet  above  sea-level.  The  highest  points  in 
Ireland  are  Carrantuohill  (3,414  feet)  and  Beenkeragh  (3,314  feet),  in  the 
Macgillicuddy  Reeks  of  Kerry;  Galtymore  (3,015  feet);  and  Muilrea  (2,688 
feet),  in  Mayo. 

Rivers. — ^The  rivers  of  England  and  Scotland,  owing  to  the  general  eleva- 
tion of  the  west  and  the  low-lying  plains  of  the  east,  flow  mainly  into  the 
North  Sea.  The  principal  rivers  of  England  are  the  Thames  (210  miles), 
which  flows  through  Oxford,  Windsor,  and  London;  the  Great  Ouse  (160 
miles);  the  Trent  (170 miles),  which  flows  through  Burton  and  Nottingham  to 
form  the  Humber  upon  which  is  situated  Hull;  the  Tyne  on  which  stands 
Newcastle;  and  in  the  west  of  England  the  Severn  (180  miles)  and  the  Mersey 
(70  miles).  The  Mersey  is  important  as  the  waterway  of  Liverpool,  and  is 
connected  with  Manchester  by  a  ship  canal. 

The  principal  rivers  of  Scotland  are  the  Clyde Xgo  miles),  flowing  west  by 
Glasgow  to  the  Firth  of  Clyde;  the  Forth  (60  miles);  the  Tweed  (96  miles), 
which  forms  a  boundary  of  England  and  Scotland  at  Berwick;  the  Tay  (120 
miles);  and  the  Dee  (70  miles),  on  which  is  situated  Aberdeen. 

In  Ireland  are  the  Shannon  (225  miles)  the  largest  river  in  the  British 
Isles;  the  Erne,  Foyle,  Bann,  Liffey,  on  which  stands  Dublin,  the  Boyne, 
near  which  the  Battle  of  the  Boyne  was  fought  in  1690,  the  Slaney,  Barrow, 
Blackwater,  and  the  Lee. 

.  Lakes. — ^The  lake  district  of  England,  mainly  in  Cumberland  but  partly 
in  Westmorland  and  Lancashire,  contains  a  circle  of  picturesque  lakes,  o[ 
which  Windermere  (10  miles  long),  Ullswater,  and  Derwentwater  are  the  larg- 
est. Wales  has  but  one  large  lake  in  Bala  Water  (4  miles  long).  Scotland, 
particularly  in  the  Highlands,  abounds  in  lakes,  of  which  the  largest  is  Ixich 
Lomond  (24  miles),  the  largest  in  Britain.  Ireland  contains  the  largest  lake 
in  the  United  Kingdom  in  Lough  Neagh  (area  183  square  miles),  and  is  inter- 
spersed  with  lakes  in  the  north  and  west.  In  the  highlands  of  Kerry  are 
the  famous  lakes  of  Killarney. 

Climate. — The  climate  of  the  British  Isles  is  influenced  by  the  prevaiUng 
southwest  wmds  and  by  the  existence  of  the  Gulf  Stream.  The  prevailing 
wmds  cause  a  plentiful  rainfall  in  the  western  region,  the  average  fall  being 
highest  m  Ireland.  The  Gulf  Stream  from  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  divides  at 
the  southwest  extremity  of  Ireland  and  at  Land's  End  (Cornwall),  the  former 
current  skirting  the  north  of  Scotland,  and  reuniting  with  the  southern  arm 
in  the  North  Sea.  The  climate  of  the  British  Isles  is  thus  warm  and  more 
equable  than  that  of  other  lands  between  the  same  parallels,  and  its  harbours 
are  free  from  ice  all  the  year  round. 

London  has  a  mean  temperature  in  January  of  39.3°  F.,  and  in  July  62.7°  F. 
Dublin  has  41.2°  and  57.2°  F.,  Edinburgh  37.7°  and  57.2°  F.  Falmouth,  on 
the  south  coast,  has  a  mean  temperature  of  44.6°  F.  in  January,  and  59.4°  F. 
in  July.     See  Climate  Map  of  Europe,  pp.  24,  25. 


ENGLAND  AND  WALES 

(See  Map,  p.  34) 

Natural  Productions. — (i)  Agriculture.  "In  no  other  country 
in  the  world,"  says  Dr.  Carl  Zehden,  "  is  the  soil  so  thoroughly  and  so  gen- 
erally utilized;  the  whole  land  looks  like  a  well-cultivated  garden.  And  in 
no  other  country  is  the  productiveness  of  the  land  so  stimulated  by  scientific 
means,  such  as  drainage,  irrigation,  the  use  of  artificial  fertilizers  and  agri- 
cultural machinery.  The  chief  reasons  for  this  advanced  state  of  agriculture 
are  to  be  looked  for  in  the  smallness  of  the  farms  and  the  high  prices  com- 
manded by  farm  produce."  In  England  the  area  under  cultivation  is  esti- 
mated at  three-quarters  of  the  whole;  in  Wales  at  more  than  one-half.  The 
grain  crops  are  grown  chiefly  in  the  eastern  and  southeastern  parts  of  England. 
The  chief  crops  are  wheat,  oats,  barley,  beans,  peas,  potatoes,  turnips,  hops 
(in  Kent,  Surrey,  Worcester,  and  Hereford),  apples  and  pears  (chiefly  in 
Hereford,  Worcester,  and  Devon),  and  garden  produce  (near  London  and  the 
large  towns). 

(2)  Cattle  and  Sheep  Farming. — Of  recent  years  more  attention  has 
been  given  to  pasture  than  to  arable  cultivation.  Dairy  farming  is  carried 
on  in  Cheshire  and  Staffordshire,  and  in  Buckingham  and  other  south  central 
counties.  Sheep  farming  is  carried  on  in  Lincolnshire,  Nottingham,  Leices- 
ter, Northampton,  Rutland,  Yorkshire,  and  in  the  south  of  England. 

(3)  Fisheries. — ^The  fisheries  are  very  important.  Fleets  of  fishing 
vessels  trawl  all  the  year  round  on  the  Dogger  Bank  and  over  the  North  Sea, 
sending  in  the  catch  daily  by  special  fast  steamers  to  various  ports  especially 
London,  where  Billingsgate  is  the  largest  fish-market  in  the  world.  Soles, 
plaice,  and  other  flat  fish,  and  herrings,  are  caught  on  the  Dogger  Bank. 
Pilchards  and  mackerel  are  taken  off  the  coast  of  Cornwall,  and  oysters  are 
cultivated  in  the  Wash,  Thames,  and  other  shallow  estuaries. 

(4)  Minerals. — England  and  Wales  are  rich  in  minerals.  The  chief 
minerals  are  coal  and  iron — the  main  sources  of  the  wealth  of  the  country — 
lead,  copper,  zinc,  tin,  salt,  marble,  slate,  and  building-stone. 

The  principal  coal  fields  are:  (i)  the  Northumberland  and  Durham  coal 
field  (chief  centre,  Newcastle-upon-Tyne);  (2)  the  Yorkshire  and  Derbyshire 
coal  field,  between  Leeds  and  Derby;  (3)  the  Lancashire  coal  field,  between 
the  Ribble  and  the  Mersey;  (4)  the  North  Staffordshire  coal  field,  in  "The 
Potteries"  district;  (5)  the  South  Staffordshire  coal  field,  in  the  Wolver>- 
hampton  iron  district;  (6)  the  Bristol  coal  field;  and  (7)  the  South  Wales  coal 
field.  The  coal  fields  have  an  area  of  more  than  12,000  square  miles — twice 
the  size  of  Yorkshire. 

Manufactures. — The  principal  manufactures,  with  their  chief  centres, 
are:  Carpets  (Axminster,  Halifax,  and  Kidderminster);  chemicals  (Cheshire, 
Lancashire,  and  Tyneside);  cottons  (South  Lancashire  in  Manchester,  Black- 
burn, Preston,  Oldham,  Bolton,  etc.);  cutlery,  tools,  etc.  (Shefiield  and  the 
Birmingham  districts);  cycles  and  motor  cars  (Coventry,  Birmingham,  Wol- 
verhampton) ;^ar(/ifrafar^  ("The  Potteries":  Burslem,  Stoke-on-Trent,  etc., 
Worcester,  Derby,  and  London);  glass  (St.  Helens,  Warrington,  etc.); 
hardware,  machinery,  etc.  (Birmingham,  Dudley,  Wolverhampton,  Newcastle, 
Leeds,  and  Lincoln);  lace  and  hosiery  (Nottingham,  Derby,  Leicester,  and 
Worcester,  and  to  some  extent  the  southwest  counties);  leather  and  hoots 
(Northampton,  Stafford,  Kettering,  Norwich,  and  Leicester);  silk  (Man- 
chester, Macclesfield,  Derby,  and  Spitalfields  in  London);  straw  plaiting 
(Bedford,  Hertford,  and  Buckingham);  watches  and  jewellery  (Birmingham, 
London,  Coventry,  and  Manchester);  and  woollens  (West  Riding  of  York- 
shire, West  of  England,  Wales,  etc.). 

Shipbuilding. — The  chief  shipbuilding  centres  are:  the  Tyneside,  Durham 
ports,  Barrow-in-Furness,  Birkenhead,  Middlesborough,  and  London. 


COUNTIES,  TOWNS,  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  ENGLAND  AND  WALES 
(See  Map,  p.  34.) 


COUNTIES     AND     INDUSTRIES 


Sis:  Northern  Counties 

Northumberland.    Mining  and 
metal  working. 


Cumberland.  Agriculture; 

coal,  iron,  and  lead  mining. 

Westmorland.      Agriculture. 
Durham.     Coal    and    iron    min- 
ing, ironworks,  cattle  breeding. 


Yorkshire.  Agriculture,  wool, 
linen,  cutlery,  coal  and  iron 
mining,  ironworks. 


Lancashire.     Cotton,  coal  min- 
ing, ironworks. 


chief  towns  and  their  industries 


Newcastle-upon-Tyne*  (coal,  iron,  shipbuilding,  chemi- 
cals, glass),  Berwick-upon-Tweed  (salmon  fishing), 
Hexham  (hats,  gloves).  North  Shields  (coal,  ship- 
ping). 

Carlisle^  (railway  centre),  Whitehaven  and  Maryport 
(coal),  Workington  (coal,  steel  works),  Penrith 
(agriculture),  Keswick. 

AppUby,  Kendal  (woollen). 

Durham\,  Sunderland  (shipbuilding,  coal),  Gateshead 
(iron,  chemicals),  Jarrow  (chemicals,  shipbuilding). 
South  Shields  (shipping,  coal),  Darlington  and  Stock- 
ton (iron),  Hartlepool  (exports  coal). 

York],  Doncaster,  Knaresborough  and  Northallertoa 
(farming  centres),  Middlesborough  (steel,  iron,  salt), 
Scarborough  and  Whitby  (watering-places),  Hull 
(chief  port  of  the  county);  Leeds,  Bradford,  Halifax, 
Huddersfield,  Dewsbury,  and  Keighley  (woollen); 
Wakefieldf  (corn,  cattle),  Shefheldt  (cutlery,  steel), 
Rotherham  (steel,  iron,  coal),  Barnsley  (linen,  steel, 
iron,  coal),  Riponf,  Richmond. 

Lancaiter  (cotton),  Liverpoolt  (shipping,  chief  port 
for  American  trade;  sugar  refining,  cotton,  engine  and 
machine  works),  Manchestert  (cotton,  engine  and 
machine  works),  Salford,  Bolton,  Blackburn,  Pres- 
ton, Bury,  Wigan,  Oldham  (cotton);  Rochdale 
(cotton,  flannel),  St.  Helen's  (glass,  chemicals) 
Widnes  (soap,  soda,  chemicals),  Barrow-in-Fumesa 
(steel,  jute,  shipping),  Warrington  (wire,  iron,  soap), 
Southport,  Blackpool. 


254 


GEOGRAPHICAL  MANUAL  AND  NEW  ATLAS 


COUNTIES,  TOWNS,  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  ENGLAND  AND  WALES— Connnwi 


COUNTIES   AND   INDUSTRIES 


Six  WesUm  Counties 

Cheshire.  Cheese-ma  Icing,  salt 
mining  and  refining. 

Shropshire.  Agriculture,  coal 
mining,  ironworks,  pottery. 

Herefordshire.  ,  Hops,  apples; 
cattle  breeding. 

Monmouthshire.  Agriculture, 
coal  and  iron  mining. 

Gloucestershire.  Agricul- 

ture, coal  mining,  stone  quar- 
ries. 

Somerset.  Dairy  farms,  coal 
mining. 

Fioe  Easum  Counties 

Lincolnshire.  Agriculture, 

iron  mining. 

Norfolk.    Agricultufe,  fisheries. 

Suffolk.    Agriculture. 

Essex.     Agriculture. 

Cambridgeshire.      Agriculture. 

Nine  Souikem  Counties 

Kent.  Agriculture,  hops,  fruit, 
lime,  and  bricks. 


Sussex.     Agriculture, 
sheep  farming. 


hops, 


Surrey.  Agriculture,  manufac- 
tures. 

Berkshire  or  Berks.  Agricul- 
ture, nurseries. 

Hampshire  or  Hants.  Agricul 
ture,  hops. 

Wiltshire  or  Wilts.  Sheep- 
farming,  cloth. 

Dorset.  Dairy  farms,  china- 
clay,  building  stone. 

Devonshire.  Agriculture,  cop- 
per, tin,  china-clay,  granite. 


Cornwall.        Copper,  tin,   and 

lead  mining,  china-clay,  granite 

Fourteen  Midland  Counties 

Nottinghamshire     or     Notts 

Agriculture,  tace,  hosiery,  silk, 

coal  and  iron  mines. 
Derbyshire.     Agriculture;  coal. 

iron,  and  lead  mining. 
Staffordshire.     Coal  and  iron 

mining,  pottery,  brewing. 


Worcestershire.  Agriculture; 
coal,  iron,  and  salt  mining;  pot- 
tery. 

Warwickshire.  Agriculture, 
metal  trades,  coal  mining. 

Leicestershire.  Agriculture, 
hosiery,  boots  and  shoes,  coal 
mining. 

Rutland.     Agriculture. 

Northamptonshire.  Agricul- 
ture, iron  mining,  boots  and 
shoes. 

Huntingdonshire.  Agricul- 
ture. 

Bedfordshire.  Agriculture, 

straw  plaiting. 

Hertfordshire  or  Herts.  Ag- 
riculture, malting. 

Middlesex.  Market-gardens, 
brick-making,  manufactures, 
trade  and  commerce  of  London. 

Buckinghamshire   or    Bucks. 
Oxfordshire.     Agriculture. 

Twelve  Welsh  Counties 

Flintshire.  Lead,  iron,  and 
coal  mining. 

Denbighshire.     Sheep-farming. 

Carnarvonshire.  Sheep-farm- 
ing, slate  quarrying. 

Anglesea.  Copper  mining,  ag- 
riculture. 

Montgomeryshire,  Agricul- 
ture; lead  mining,  Bannel. 

Merionethshire.  Slate  and 
lead  working;  sheep  farming. 

Cardiganshire.  Agriculture 
lead  mining. 

Radnorshire.     Agriculture. 

Brecknockshire.     Agriculture. 

Glamorganshire.  Coal  min- 
ing, iron  and  smelting  works. 

Carmarthenshire.      Coal  min- 
ing, iron  and  smelting  works. 
Pembrokeshire.     Agriculture. 


CHIEF   towns    and  THEIR   INDUSTRIES 


Chester^,  Birkenhead  (shipbuilding),  Stockport  (cot- 
ton), Northwich  (salt),  Macclesfield  (silk),  Crewe 
(engines,  railway  centre),  Stalybridge  (cotton), 
Runcorn  (iron,  chemicals). 

Shrewsbury  (flannel),  Wellington  (coal),  Bridgcnorth 
(carpets),  Oswestry  (woollen). 

Hereford^,  Leominster. 

Monmouth,  Newport  (port  for  minerals),  Tredegar  and 

Pontypool  (iron,  coal). 
Gloucester^    (timber),     Bristolf    (glass,    sugar,    tobacco, 

coal),  Cheltenham  (mineral  springs),  Stroud  (woollen). 

Taunton,  Bath  (mineral  springs\  Bridgewater  (pottery), 
Frome  (cloth,  ale),  Yeovil  gloves),  Wellsf. 


Lincoln]  (agricultural  machinery),  Grimsby  and  Bos- 
ton (fishing,  timber),  Grantham  (corn),  Gainsborough 
(machinery). 

Norwich]  (boots  and  shoes,  crape,  shawls),  Yarmouth 
(fish  curing). 

Ipswich]  (agricultural  implements),  Lowettoft  (her- 
ring fishery).  Bury  St.  Edmunds. 

Chelmsford]  (agricultural  machinery),  Harwich  (port 
for  Holland  and  Belgium),  Shoeburyness  (artillery 
station).  West  Ham  (chemicals,  soap),  Colchester. 

Cambridge,  Elyt,  Wisbeach  (corn). 


Maidstone  (hop  trade),  Chatham  (naval  arsenal), 
Sheerness  (naval  arsenal),  Woolwich  (military  ar- 
senal), Greenwich  (famous  observatory),  Dover  and 
Folkestone  (ports  for  traffic  with  France),  Tun- 
bridge  Wells,  Ramsgate,  Margate  (watering-places); 
Rochesterf,  Canterbury. f 

Lewes  (corn),  Brighton,  Hastings,  and  Eastbourne 
(watering-places),  Chichester.f 

Guildford,  Croydon  (corn),  Epsom. 

Reading  (nursery  gtrdens),  Windsor,  Wantage. 

Winchester]  Portsmouth  (naval  arsenal),  Southampton 
(mail  steamship  station),  Newport,  Ryde,  Ventnor, 
Cowes  (watering-places  in  Isle  of  Wight). 

Salisbury]  (corn),  Swindon  (railway  works),  Trow- 
bridge (cloth),  Devizes  (corn),  Marlborough. 

Dorchester  (cloth),  Poole  (china-clay),  Weymouth 
(watering-place),  Bridport  (flax  spinning). 

Exeter],  Plymouth  (seaport),  Devonport  (shipbuilding), 
Honiton  and  Tiverton  (lace),  Tavistock  (copper 
mining),  Torquay  (watering-place),  Axminster  (car- 
pets), Brixham  (fishing),  Tcignmouth,  Dawlish,  Ex- 
mouth,  Sidmouth,  Dartmouth,  Ilfracombe. 

Bodmin  (worsted),  Trurot  (copper  mining),  Penzance, 
Falmouth,  St.  Ives  and  Padstow  (fisheries);  Laun- 
ceston  (mining). 

Nottingham  (lace,  hosiery),  Newark  Oinen,  malt,  corn), 
Worksop  (malt,  timber),  Southwell. f 

Derby  (silk),  Glossop  (cotton),  Chesterfield  (lace,  cot- 
ton, silk),  Matlock  and    Buxton  (mineral  springs). 

Stafford  (boots),  Burton-upon-Trent  (brewing);  Wolver- 
hampton, West  Bromwich,  Walsall,  Wednesbury, 
Bilston: — called  the  "Black  Country'  (iron);  Han- 
ley^  Stoke,  Burslem,  Tunstall: — called  the  "  Pot- 
teries" (pottery);  Lichfield. t 

Worcester]  (porcelain),  Malvern  (watering-place), 
Dudley  (coal,  iron,  hardware),  Kidderminster  (car- 
pets), Stourbridge  (glass,  pottery),  Droitwich  (salt). 

War:vick,  Birmingham!  (hardware,  jewellery,  pins, 
screws,  machines,  guns,  cutlery,  pens,  etc.),  Coventry 
(bicycles,  watches,  clocks,  ribbons),  Leamington 
(watering-place),  Rugby,  Stratford-on-Avon. 

Leicester  (hosiery,  boots  and  shoes),  Loughborough 
(hosiery),  Ashby  de  la  Zouche  (coal). 

Oakham. 

Northampton  (boots  and  shoes,  iron),  Kettering  and 
Wellingborough  (shoes,  iron),  Peterborough!  (rail- 
way centre). 

Huntingdon. 

Bedford  (agricultural  machinery),  Luton  and  Dunstable 
(straw  plaiting). 

Hertford  (malting  and  seed  mills,  lace,  straw  plaiting), 
St.  Albans. t 

London]  (leather,  watches,  silk,  clothing,  boots  and 
shoes,  pottery,  candles,  soap,  chemicals,  etc.),  Brent- 
ford (distilling,  brewing,  chemicals),  Harrow,  Staines, 
Uxbridge. 

Buckingham  (lace),  Aylesbury  (condensed  milk),  Eton. 

Oxford],  Banbury  (cakes),  Witney  (blankets). 


Mold  (coal  and  lead  mining),  Holywell,  St.  Asaph, f 
Rhyl. 

Denbigh  (tanning  and  shoemaking),  Wrexham. 

Carnanon,  Pcnrhyn  and  Bangor f  (slate  quarrying), 
Conway, 

Beaumaris  (watering-place),  Holyhead  (packet  sta- 
tion for  Dublin. 

Montgomery:  Welshpool  and  Newton  (flannel  weaving). 

Doleelly    (flannels    and    tweeds),    Barmouth    (watering- 
place). 
Cardigan  Aberystwyth  (watering-place).  ♦ 

Neto  Radnor 

Brecon. 

Cardiff  (shipping  port  for  coal),  Swansea  (iron  works, 

copper     smelting)       Merthyr     Tydvil     (coal,     steel), 

Llandaff.t 
Carmarthen     ''metal    works)     Llanelly    (shipping    port 

for  coal,  iron,  copper). 
Pembroke   St.  David's. t 


SCOTLAND 

(See  Map,  p.  25) 

Natural  Productions. — Agriculture  is  one  of  the  chief  industries  of 
Scotland.  The  crops  are  raised  mainly  in  the  plains  and  valleys  of  the  east 
and  south.  The  chief  crops  are  oats,  (the  principal  cereal  on  the  oceanic 
border),  wheat  (in  the  Lothians,  Fife,  and  the  Merse  of  Berwick)  barley, 
■potatoes,  and  turnips.  Potatoes  and  turnips  are  called  "green  crops."  The 
average  crop  of  roots  in  Scotland  amounts  to  half  that  of  England.  Cattle 
are  reared  chiefly  in  Aberdeen,  Ayr,  and  Wigtown;  sheep  in  the  Highlands 
and  southern  uplands.  Butter  and  cheese  are  produced  mainly  in  the 
southwest.     Clydesdale  and  Shetland  are  noted  for  their  horses. 

Minerals. — The  most  important  minerals  found  in  Scotland  are:  coal 
and  iron  (in  the  basins  of  the  Forth  and  Clyde);  lead  (in  the  Lowther  Hills 
and  in  Argyll);  granite  (chiefly  in  Aberdeenshire  and  Kirkcudbrightshire); 
slate,  for  roofing  (in  Argyllshire  and  Perthshire) ;  marble  (in  Sutherland,  Perth, 
and  Lewis). 

Manufactures. — ^The  principal  manufactures  of  Scotland,  with  their 
chief  centres,  are:  Cotton  goods  (Glasgow  and  Paisley);  linens  (Dundee, 
Montrose,  Arbroath,  and  Forfar);  fine  linens  (Dunfermline  and  Paisley); 
woollens  (Hawick,  Galashiels,  Aberdeen,  Kilmarnock,  and  Bannockburn); 
thread  (Paisley);  carpets  (Kilmarnock  and  Dundee);  viachinery  (Glasgow, 
Dundee,  and  Falkirk);  iron  and  steel  (Glasgow,  Airdrie,  Coatbridge,  and 
Dundee);  shipbuilding  (Glasgow  and  other  towns  on  the  Clyde,  Aberdeen, 
Dundee,  and  Leith). 


CHIEF  TOWNS  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  SCOTLAND 
(See  Map  p.  35) 


TOWN 

county 

PRINCIPAL    INDUSTRIES 

Highlands 
Aberdeen 

Aberdeen 

Granite    works,    shipbuilding;    cotton,    wool, 
and  paper  manufactures. 

Inverness 

Inverness 

Shipping. 

Kirkwall 

Orkney  and  Shetland 

(Seaport.) 

Lerwick 

Orkney  and  Shetland 

Whale  and  sea  fishing. 

Peterhead 

Aberdeen 

Herring  fishery,  granite. 

Stornoway 

Ross 

Fishing. 

Strom  N  ess 

Orkney  and  Shetland 

Shipbuilding. 

Thurso 

Caithness 

Exports    paving-stones;     packet     station     for 
Stromness  and  Kirkwall  in  the  Orkneys. 

Wick 

Caithness 

Chief  seat  of  herring  fishery. 

Midlands 
Arbroath 

Forfar 

Canvas,     yarn,    and    sailcloth    manufactures; 

shipping. 

Campbeltown 

Argyll 

Distillenes. 

Carron 

Stirling 

Ironworks. 

Crieff 

Perth 

Jam,  linen  and  woollen  manufactures. 

Cupar 

Fife 

Linen  manufactures. 

Dumbarton 

Dumbarton 

Shipbuilding,  iron  foundries. 

Dundee 

Forfar 

Shipbuilding,  iron  foundries;  chief  seat  of  linen 
and  Jute  manufactures. 

Dunfermline 

Fife 

Linen  manufactures. 

Falkirk 

Stirling 

Centre  of  iron  and  coal  districts;  noted  cattle 
markets,  called  "trysts." 

Inverary 

Argyll 

Fishing. 

Montrose 

torfar 

Linen  manufactures. 

Oban 

Argyll 

(Seaport.) 

Perth 

Perth 

(Ancient  capital  of  Scotland).     Textiles. 

Rothesay 

Bute 

(Watering-place.) 

Stirling 

Stirling 

(Famous  castle.      Bannockburn  is  near). 

STONEHAVfiN 

Kincardine 

Herring  fishery. 

Lowlands 

Airdrie 

Lanark 

Coal  and  iron. 

Ayr 

Ayr 

Exports  coal  and  iron. 

Dumfries 

Dumfries 

Noted  cattle  market. 

Dunbar 

Haddington 

Herring  fishery. 

Edinburgh 

Edinburgh 

(Capital  of  Scotland).     Brewing;  large   book 
trade. 

Galashiels 

Selkirk 

Woollen  manufactures. 

Glasgow 

Lanark 

Shipbuilding,    ironworks;    textile,    machinery, 
chemical,  pottery,  and  glass  manufactures. 

Greenock 

Renfrew 

Shipbuilding,  sugar  refining. 

Hamilton 

Lanark 

Lace  and  muslin  manufactures. 

Hawick 

Roxburgh 

Woollen  manufactures. 

Jedburgh 
Kilmarnock 

Roxburgh 

Woollen  manufactures. 

Ayr 

Ironworks,    engineering;    carpet    and    woollen 

manufactures. 

Leith 

Edinburgh 

Large  shipping  trade  with    Baltic   and   North 

Sea  ports;  shipbuilding. 
Threaa,  shawl,  muslin,  anc  linen  manufactures. 

Paisley 

Renfrew 

Peebles 

Peebles 

Woollen  manufactures. 

Preston PANS 

Haddington 

Brewing. 

Renfrew 

Renfrew 

Muslin  and  silk  manufactures. 

Selkirk 

Selkirk 

Woollen  manufactures. 

IRELAND 

(See  Map,  p.  36) 

Natural  Productions. — One  half  of  Ireland  is  given  up  to  pasture 
for  the  country  is  better  adapted  for  grazing  and  dairy-farming  than  for 
tillage.  Potatoes  are  widely  cultivated,  and  form  the  most  valuable  crop. 
Oats  are  grown  in  the  east,  north,  and  south.  Flax  and  hemp  are  largely 
grown  in  Ulster  for  the  linen  manufacture.  Horses,  cattle,  sheep,  and  pigs 
are  reared  for  exportation.  Great  quantities  of  butter  are  shipped  to  England 
and  Scotland. 

There  are  few  minerals.  Some  inferior  coal  and  a  little  iron  are  found; 
copper  and  lead  are  found  in  small  quantities  in  the  south  and  southwest. 
Peat  is  the  chief  fuel. 

Manufactures. — The  chief  manufacture  is  lineyi,  which  is  mostly  con- 
fined to  Ulster.     Shipbuilding  is  carried  on  at   Belfast  and  Cork. 


*The  county  town  if  givcB  6r8t. 
fCathedral  city. 


GEOGRAPHICAL  MANUAL  AND  NEW  ATLAS 


255 


CHIEF  TOWNS  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  IRELAND 
(See  Map,  p.  36) 


TOWN 

county 

principal  industries 

Armagh 

Armagh.  U.» 

(Ecclesiastical  metropolis  of  Ireland.) 

Belfast 

Antrim,  U. 

Linen  manufactures,  iron  foundries,  engineer- 
ing, shipbuilding,  large  export  trade. 

Cork 

Cork,  M. 

Shipbuilding,  distilleries;  large  export  trade 
in  cattle  and  butter. 

D ROCHE DA 

Louth,  L. 

Linen  and  cotton  manufactures;  exports 
provisions. 

Dublin 

Dublin,    L. 

(Capital  of  Ireland.) 

Whisky  distilling,  porter  brewing,  manu- 
facture of  poplins;  larpe  export  trade. 

DUNDALC 

Louth,  L. 

Fisheries;  grain  and  cattle  exports. 

Galway 

Galway,  C. 

Fisheries;  exports  black  marble,  and  agri- 
cultural produce. 

Kilkenny 

Kilkenny,  L. 

Marble  works. 

KiLLARNEY 

Kerry,  M. 

(Noted  for  its  beautiful  scenery.) 

Kingstown 

Dublin,  L. 

(Packet  station  for  Holyhead.) 

Limerick 

Limerick,  M. 

Flour-mills,  lace,  gloves;  coasting  and  foreign 
trade. 

Londonderry, 

Londonderry,  L. 

Linen  manufactures,  coasting  and  general 
trade. 

Newry 

Down,  U. 

Linen  and  cotton  manufactures. 

Queenstown 
Tipperary 

Cork,  M. 

(Port  of  call  for  American  vessels.) 

Tipperary,  M. 

Corn  and  dairy  produce. 

Waterford 

Waterford,  M. 
Wexford,  L. 

Exports,  agricultural  produce. 

Wexford 

Exports,  provisions,  cattle,  and  dairy  produce. 

*U.  =  Ulster.      L.  =  Leinster,      M.  =  Munster,      C.  =  Connaught. 

Chief  Ports  in  the  United  Kingdom. — (i)  England  and  Wales. — 
London,  Liverpool,  Cardiff,  Newcastle  and  Shields,  Southampton,  Hull, 
Plymouth,  Newport,  Grimsby,  Dover,  Manchester,  Middlesbrough,  Swan- 
sea, Sunderland,  Folkestone,  Bristol,  and  Blyth. 

(2)  Scotland. — Glasgow,  Leith,  Methil,  Grangemouth,  Dundee,  Aber- 
deen, and  Greenock. 

(3)  Ireland. — Cork,  Belfast,  and  Dublin. 

Chief  Commercial  Towns. — London,  Liverpool,  Manchester,  Glasgow, 
Belfast,  and  Birmingham,  are  the  leading  commercial  towns  in  the  United 
Kingdom.  London  is  the  great  commercial  capital,  not  of  Great  Britain 
alone,  but  of  the  world.  London  does  the  chief  trade  with  the  Orient. 
Liverpool  does  the  main  American  trade,  and  exports  more  British  produce 
and  manufactures  than  any  other  port. 

Commerce. — One  fifth  of  the  entire  trade  of  the  world,  and  one  third  of 
the  entire  trade  of  Europe  pass  through  English  hands.  The  raw  materials 
and  produce  of  the  world  are  imported  into  Great  Britain,  which  pays  for 
them  with  its  manufactures. 

*'It  is  here  that  the  great  value  and  advantage  of  the  EngHsh  trade  lies,  as  compared, 
for  example,  with  the  trade  of  the  Dutch.  The  latter  must  procure  foreign  manufactures  to 
pay  for  their  imports,  while  the  British  themselves  manufacture  the  raw  material,  and  dis- 
pose of  the  manufactured  article  at  a  high  price  in  the  very  spot  whence  they  obtained  the 
raw  material  at  the  lowest  cost.  In  this  way  the  great  trading  firms  and  the  great  manu- 
facturing firms  work  into  each  other's  hands,  a  fact  which  goes  far  to  explain  how  English- 
made  goods  are  cheap  as  well  as  solid. "^ 

The  principal  countries  with  which  Great  Britain  is  engaged  in  trade  are 
the  United  States,  France,  and  Germany,  besides  an  extensive  trade  with  the 
British  colonies  and  other  foreign  countries. 

(i)  With  the  United  States. — British  trade  with  the  United  States  is 
about  twice  as  large  as  that  with  any  other  country.  The  imports  from 
America  are  much  greater  than  the  exports  to  it.  From  America  is  obtained 
large  quantities  of  foodstuffs  and  raw  materials,  especially  cotton,  copper, 
iron,  and  steel;  also  animal  and  mineral  oils,  tobacco,  and  wood;  while  to  it 
Great  Britain  sends  metal  goods,  textiles,  India  rubber,  chemicals,  drugs, 
dyes,  wines,  spirits,  and  a  great  variety  of  commodities. 

(2)  With  France. — Wines  and  brandy,  silken  and  woollen  goods,  and 
many  minor  foodstuffs  are  supplied  to  England;  while  in  return  France  re- 
ceives coal,  textiles,  colonial  wool,  and  various  manufactures. 

(3)  With  Germany. — Foodstuffs,  including  a  large  quantity  of  beet  sugar, 
are  imported  from  Germany;  while  to  it  England  sends  wool  and  woollens, 
cotton  and  cotton  goods,  metals  and  machinery. 

Chief  Imports. — (i)  Food,  Drink,  and  Tobacco:  Wheat,  barley, 
oats,  maize,  rice,  wheatmeal  and  flour,  live  animals,  meat  and  bacon,  butter, 
cheese,  eggs,  fish,  fruit,  lard,  margarine,  vegetables,  wine,  sugar,  tobacco, 
coffee,  tea,  and  other  colonial  produce. 

(2)  Raw  Materials:  Cotton,  wool,  jute,  skins  and  furs,  hides,  leather, 
metallic  ores,  oils,  timber,  paper-making  materials. 

(3)  Manufactured  Goods:  Cottons,  woollens,  silks,  machinery,  auto- 
mobiles, earthenware,  glass,  apparel,  chemicals,  dyes,  etc. 

Chief  Exports. — (i)  Food,  Drink,  and  Tobacco:  Grain  and  flour, 
meat,  beer  and  ale,  biscuits  and  cakes,  herrings,  spirits,  tobacco. 

(2)  Raw  Materials:  Coal,  iron,  tin,  salt,  copper,  lead,  wool,  oilseeds, 
hides. 

(3)  Manufactured  Goods:  Cottons  and  yarn,  haberdashery;  woollen, 
linen,  jute,  leather,  India  rubber,  and  silk  goods;  apparel,  machinery,  hard- 
ware, cutlery,  arms  and  ammunition,  electrical  goods,  jewellery,  railway 
plant;  earthenware,  glass,  chemicals,  drugs,  carriages  and  carts,  ships,  paper 
and  books. 

Communications. — The  United  Kingdom  is  traversed  by  about  1,800 
miles  of  navigable  rivers,  4,670  miles  of  canals,  and  24,000  miles  of  railway. 
The  Manchester  Ship  Canal,  opened  in  1894,  has  a  total  length  of  36 
miles,  and  connects  Manchester  with  the  Mersey  port  of  Liverpool.  Most 
of  the  great  English  railways  radiate  from  London;  and  there  is  a  close 
network  all  over  the  country.  Of  the  lines  which  go  north,  the  principal 
are  the  London  and  Northwestern  (Euston  Station  to  Carlisle,  via  Rugby, 
Stafford,  Crewe,  Wigan,  Preston,  and  Lancaster;  by  the  Caledonian  it  goes  on 
to  Glasgow  and  Edinburgh);  the  Midland  (St.  Pancras  Station  to  Derby  and 


'C.  Zehden,  "Commercul  Geography  of  the  World"  (1893). 


Carlisle;  by  the  Scottish  Southwestern  it  goes  to  Glasgow);  and  the  Great 
Northern  (King's  Cross  to  York,  via  Peterborough,  Grantham,  and  Doncas- 
ter;  then  on  to  Newcastle  and  Berwick  by  the  Northeastern,  and  to  Edinburgh 
and  Glasgow  by  the  North  British). 

Of  the  lines  which  go  west,  the  most  important  are  the  Great 
Western  (Paddington  Station  to  Bristol,  Exeter,  Plymouth,  Penzance, 
and  to  Cardiff  and  Milford)  and  the  Southwestern  (Waterloo  Station  to 
Salisbury  and  Exeter,  and  to  coast  towns  of  Portsmouth,  Southampton,  and 
Weymouth). 

The  most  important  line  to  the  south  is  the  London,  Brighton,  and  South 
Coast  (London  Bridge  and  Victoria  Stations). 

The  principal  lines  to  the  east  are  the  Great  Eastern  (Liverpool  Street 
Station  to  Cambridge  and  towns  in  the  eastern  counties);  the  Southeastern 
(Charing  Cross  to  Dover  and  Folkestone);  and  the  London,  Chatham,  and 
Dover,  the  chief  line  to  the  Continent  (Holborn  and  Victoria  Stations  to 
Dover.) 

Other  important  lines  are  the  Lancashire  and  Yorkshire;  the  Manchester 
and  Liverpool;  and  the  Northeastern.  In  Scotland  there  are  the  North  British 
(Glasgow  to  Edinburgh  and  Berwick);  the  Caledonian  (Edinburgh  and  Glas- 
gow to  Carlisle) ;  the  Glasgow  and  Southwestern  (Glasgow  and  Kilmarnock  to 
Carlisle) ;  and  the  Highland  (Perth  to  Inverness  and  W  ick,  and  Dingwall  to 
Strome). 

The  Irish  Railway  System  radiates  in  all  directions  from  Dublin;  but  as 
the  population  is  not  dense,  and  there  are  few  targe  towns,  the  network  is 
less  close  than  in  England.  From  Dublin  run  the  Dublin,  Wicklow,  and 
ff^exford,  the  Great  Southern  and  Western  (to  Cork,  Limerick,  Killarney.and 
Tralee);  Midland  and  Great  Western  (to  Galway,  with  branches  to  the  north 
and  northwest);  and  the  Dublin  and  Belfast.  From  Dundalk  runs  the  Irish 
Northwestern  to  Londonderry;  and  from  Belfast  runs  the  Belfast  and  Northern 
Counties,  through  Antrim  to  Londonderry. 

The  Telegraph  and  the  Telephone  are  government  monopolies.  There 
are  265,000  miles  of  telegraph  wires  and  about  2,900,000  miles  of  telephone 
wires  in  the  United  Kingdom. 

Government. — The  British  constitution  is  mainly  unwritten  and  cus- 
tomary, but  its  development  is  marked  by  certain  fundamental  laws,  of 
which  the  principal  are  Magna  Carta  (12  ij),  which  secured  annual  parlia- 
ments and  the  equal  administration  of  justice;  the  Habeas  Corpus  Act  (1679), 
which  established  the  liberty  of  the  person;  the  Jet  of  Settlement  (1701), 
which  provided  for  the  Protestant  succession  to  the  throne;  the  Act  of 
Union  with  Scotland  (1707)  and  the  Act  of  Union  with  Ireland  (1800),  which 
created  the  United  Kingdom;  and  the  Parliament  Act  (191 1),  which  enabled 
the  Commons  to  pass  certain  acts  without  the  adherence  of  the  House  of 
Lords. 

(1)  The  Sovereign.— The  throne  is  hereditary  in  the  House  of  Windsor 
(formerly  Saxe-Coburg-Gotha).  1  he  monarchy  is  constitutional  and 
limited.  The  King  has  a  right  to  veto  bills  passed  by  Parliament,  but  in 
practice  his  veto  is  almost  obsolete. 

(2)  The  Legislature. — Parliament  is  composed  of  the  Sovereign  and  the 
Three  Estates  of  the  Realm,  which  are  the  Lords  Spiritual,  the  Lords  Tem- 
poral, and  the  Commons.  The  Lords  Spiritual  and  Temporal  form  the 
House  of  Lords,  consisting  of  632  members.  A  peer  may  hold  his  seat  by 
(i)  hereditary  right;  (2)  creation  by  the  King;  (3)  ofiicial  position  or  election. 
Irish  peers  are  elected  for  life,  and  Scottish  peers  for  the  duration  of  Parlia- 
ment.    Members  of  the  Upper  House  receive  no  remuneration. 

The  House  of  Commons,  the  Lower  House,  consists  of  670  members, 
(465  for  England,  30  for  Wales,  72  for  Scotland,  and  103  for  Ireland),  elected 
by  the  registered  male  electors  in  county,  borough,  and  university  constit- 
uencies. Roughly  speaking,  about  one  sixth  of  the  population  are  electors. 
The  maximum  duration  of  Parliament  is  five  years.  Members  of  the  House 
of  Commons  receive  $2,000  per  annum. 

(3)  Imperial  Dominions. — British  dominions  beyond  the  seas  consist  of 
colonies,  dependencies,  and  protectorates.  These  may  be  divided  into  three 
classes,  according  to  the  way  in  which  they  are  governed: — 

(i)  Responsible  governments,  possessing  a  separate  constitution;  e.  g., 
Canada,  Newfoundland,  Australia,  New  Zealand,  and  the  Union  of  South 
Africa. 

(2)  Representative  governments,  in  which  the  legislature  is  partly  elected 
and  partly  controlled  by  the  Governor  representing  the  crown;  e.  g.. 
The  Bahamas,  Barbados,  Bermuda,  British  Guiana,  Jamaica,  Leeward 
Islands,  Mauritius,  and  Malta. 

(3)  Crown  colonies:  (a)  Where  there  is  government  by  a  Governor 
acting  with  an  executive  and  a  legislative  council,  the  councils  being  nom- 
inated by  the  Crown  or  a  Governor  representing  the  Crown:  ;•.  g.,  Ceylon, 
Falkland  Islands,  Fiji,  Gambia,  Hongkong,  St.  Vincent,  Sierra  Leone, 
Straits  Settlements,  Trinidad. 

{b)  Wherein  both  legislative  and  executive  power  are  vested  in  the 

Governor  alone;  e.  g.,  Gibraltar,  Labuan,  and  St.  Helena. 

The  Indian  Empire  is  administered  by  a  Governor-General  or  \'iceroy 
and  a  council  appointed  by  the  Crown.  For  legislative  purpos^,  a  partly 
elected  and  partly  nominated  Imperial  Council  exists. 

Protectorates  are  countries  which,  as  regards  their  foreign  relations,  are 
under  the  exclusive  control  of  the  crown;  e.  g.,  British  East  Africa,  Somali- 
land,  Nyasaland,  Uganda,  Swaziland,  and  Nigeria. 

Spheres  of  influence  are  areas  wherein  other  Powers  undertake  not  to  at- 
tempt to  acquire  influence  or  territory  by  treaty  or  annexation. 

(4)  Local  Government. — Local  government  is  carried  out  under  the 
central  control  of  Local  Government  Boards.  The  subjects  which  local 
bodies  administer  are,  inter  alia,  the  Poor  Law;  the  laws  relating  to  public 
health;  the  maintenance  of  the  police;  the  control  of  the  sale  of  intoxicating 
liquors;  the  provision  of  lunatic  asylums.  Local  authorities  have  to  ad- 
minister and  carry  into  effect  the  laws  as  to  elementan.'  and  other  schools. 
Scotland  and  Ireland  each  have  an  elaborate  system  of  local  government. 
The  ruling  principle  has  been  to  entrust  such  interests  to  those  specially 
interested.  In  England  and  Wales  there  are  elective  Councils  for  each 
county  (under  Chairmen),  for  each  city  and  county  borough  (under  Lord 
Mayors  or  Mayors),  and  for  urban  :and  rural  districts  (under  Chairmen), 
every  parish  being  thus  included. 


as6 


GEOGRAPHICAL  MANUAL  AND  NEW  ATLAS 


BRITISH  DOMINIONS 


DOMINIONS 

1 

HOW    ACQUIRED 

DATE 

AREA 

Isq.  miles) 

POPULATION 

Europe 

United  Kingdom 

121,090 

45,500,000 

Isle  of  Man 

230 

50,000 

Channel  Islands 

70 

97,000 

Malta  and  Gozo 

Treaty  Cession 

1814' 

•        '^o 

211,000 

Gibraltar 

Treaty  Cession 

17>3 

2 

20,000 

JsU 

Indian  Empire 

Con.  &  Treaty 

■757-1897 

1,900,000 

315,000,000 

Ceylon 

Treaty  Cession 

1 801 

25,500 

4,100,000 

Straits  Settlements 

Treaty  Cession 

1785-1909 

1,770 

700,000 

Federated  Malay  States 

Treaty  Cession 

1874-1888 

27,700 

1,000,000 

Other  Malay  States 

Treaty  Cession 

1909 

14,200 

800,000 

Hongkong 

Treaty  Cession 

1842-1906 

390 

440,000 

Weihaiwei 

Treaty  Cession 

1898 

300 

160,000 

North  Borneo 

Cession 

1877 

31,100 

204,000 

Brunei 

Treaty  Cession 

1888 

4,000 

30,000 

Sarawak 

Protectorate 

1888 

50,000 

650,000 

Cyprus 

Treaty  Cession* 

1878 

3,600 

275,000 

Africa 

Union  of  South  Africa: 

1 

Cape  Province 

Treaty  Cession 

1814 

277,000") 

Natal 

Annexation 

1843 

35,400  ( 

5, 100,000 

Transvaal 

Annexation 

1900 

110,400  ( 

Orange  Free  State 

Annexation 

1900 

50,40oJ 

Basutoland 

Annexation 

1868 

10,300 

350,000 

Bechuanaland 

Annexation 

1895 

275,000 

126,000 

Swaziland 

Annexation 

1903 

6,678 

100,000 

Rhodesia 

Annexation 

1889 

450,000 

1,750,000 

British  West  Africa: 

Gambia 

Treaty  Cession 

1807 

4,000 

146,000 

Gold  Coast  Colony 

Treaty  Cession 

1672 

80,000 

1,400,000 

Sierra  Leone 

Treaty  Cession 

1787 

34,000 

1,100,000 

Nigeria 

Treaty  Cession 

1891 

333,700 

17,000,000 

Somaliland 

Treaty  Cession 

1884 

68,000 

300,000 

East  Africa  Protectorate 

Treaty  Cession 

1888 

182,000 

4,000,000 

Uganda 

Treaty  Cession 

1894 

223,500 

2,500,000 

Zanzibar 

Treaty  Cession 

1890 

1,020 

200,000 

Nyasaland 

Treaty  Cession 

1891 

300,000 

1,000,000 

Anglo-Egyptian  Sudan 

Occupation! 

1882 

400,000 

1 2,000,000 

Conquest 

1898 

1,000,000 

2,000,000 

Mauritius 

Conq.  &  Cession 

1810-1814 

720 

370,000 

Seychelles 

Treaty  Cession 

1S14 

150 

23,000 

Ascension 

Occupation 

181S 

40 

150 

St.  Helena 

Conquest 

1673 

47 

3.500 

America 

Dominion  of  Canada: 

Ontario 

Conq.  &  Cession 

1759-1763 

407,262 

Quebec 

Conq.  &  Cession 

1759-1763 

706,834 

Nova  Scotia 

Conq.  &  Cession 

1627-1713 

21,428 

New  Brunswick 

Treaty  Cession 

1763 

27,985 

Prince  Edward  Island 

Conquest 

1745-1763 

2,184 

British  Columbia 

Settlement 

1670 

355,85s 

7,200,000 

Manjajb^ 

Settlep^ent  ' 
Settlement 

I8tl 
1 570 

211,832 
255,285 

Alberta 

Saskatchewan 

Settlement 

1670 

251,700 

Yukon 

Settlement 

I8r)8t 

207,076 

Northwest  Territories 

Settlement 

1670 

1,242,224  , 

Newfoundland 

Treaty  Cession 

1583 

40,000 

240,000 

Labrador 

Treaty  Cession 

1763 

120,000 

4,000 

British  West  Indies: 

Jamaica 

Conquest 

l6s5 

4,200 

855,000 

Bahamas 

Settlement 

1629 

4,400 

56,000 

Leeward  Islands 

Settlement 

1623-1659 

750 

140,000 

Windward  Islands 

Cession 

1763-1783 

510 

200,000 

Barbados 

Settlement 

1 60s 

170 

196,000 

Trinidad  and  Tobago 

Conquest 

1797 

1,860 

330,000 

British  Guiana 

Conq.  &  Cession 

1803-1814 

90,300 

310,000 

British  Honduras 

Settlement 

1798 

8,600 

40,500 

Bermuda 

Settlement 

l6l2 

20 

19,000 

Falkland  Islands 

Treaty  Cession 

1771 

6,500 

3,240 

South  Georgia 

Treaty  Cession 

1771 

1,000 

Australasia 

Commonwealth  of  Australia: 

New  South  Wales 

Settlement 

1788 

309,460 

1 ,650,000 

Victoria 

Settlement 

1832 

87,884 

1,320,000 

South  Australia 

Settlement 

1836 

380,070 

409,000 

Queensland 
Tasmania 

Settlement 

1824 

670,500 

606,000 

Settlement 

1803 

26,215 

191,000 

Western  Australia 

Settlement 

1828 

975,920 

282,000 

Northern  Territory§ 

Settlement 

1836 

523,620 

4,800 

Papua 

Annexation 

1884 

90,540 

360,000 

Federal  District 

191 1 

912 

2,000 

Dominion  of  New  Zealand 

Settlement  &  Conq. 

184s 

105,000 

1,050,000 

Fiji 

Cession  from  natives 

1874 

7,500 

130,000 

Pacific  Islands 

Treaty  Cession 

1893-1906 

J  2,500 
13,220,523 

200,000 

Total    .... 

434,504,190 

•Formally  annexed.  1914- 

tProte 

torate  proclaimed,  1914. 

{Date  of  Constitution. 

NORWA 

§Part  0 

Y 

f  South  Australia,  till  1910. 

(See  Map,  p 

37) 

In  the  earliest  times  Norway,  like  the  sister  Scandinavian 
countries  of  Sweden  and  Denmark,  was  divided  among  petty 
kings  or  chiefs,  and  its  people  were  notorious  for  their  pirat- 
ical habits.  According  to  the  Saga  narratives  the  North- 
men, or  Vikings  as  they  were  often  called,  were  the  first  dis- 
coverers of  America.  From  the  Middle  Ages  down  to  the 
time  of  Napoleon,  Norway  was  merely  a  part  of  the  King- 
dom of  Denmark.  After  the  defeat  of  Napoleon  in  1813, 
it  was  arranged  by  the  treaty  of  Vienna  in  1814  that  Den- 
mark, which  had  sided  with  Napoleon,  must  cede  Norway 
to  Sweden,  and  the  result  was  the  union  of  the  two  countries 
under  the  Swedish  crown.     The  union  was  not  unaccom- 


panied by  a  certain  amount  of  friction,  partly  owing  to  the 
democratic  character  of  the  constitution  of  Norway,  in 
which  country  titles  of  nobility  wfere  abolished  early  in  the 
nineteenth  century.  Norway  declared  this  union  dissolved 
on  June  7,  1905,  and  a  mutual  agreement  for  its  repeal  was 
signed  on  October  26,  1905. 

Grandeur  of  the  Fiords. — Nowhere  else  in  Europe  is 
there  such  a  combination  of  mountain  and  ocean  scenery  as 
in  Norway;  nowhere  else  does  the  snow-clad  peak  rise  di- 
rectly out  of  the  sea;  while  countless  torrents,  fed  from  the 
ice-fields  overhead,  plunge  at  one  leap  into  the  gorges  below. 
Nowhere  are  there  such  sunsets  as  in  the  Land  of  the  Mid- 
night Sun.  Language  cannot  paint  that  wonderful  mystic 
light  which  travels  around  the  northern  horizon  from  west 
to  east,  so  that  one  cannot  tell  when  a  night  ends  or  a  day 
begins. 

The  charm  and  grandeur  of  the  famous  Geiranger  fiord 
are  thus  pictured  by  an  enthusiastic  writer: 

And  what  a  scene  it  was!  Others  that  I  had  beheld  in 
Norway  were  fine,  grand,  even  sublime,  but  no  adjective 
has  yet  been  coined  that  could  adequately  convey  an  idea 
of  the  stupendous  magnificence  of  the  Geiranger  fiord.  Per- 
haps, after  all,  simple  facts  will  most  clearly  explain  the 
character  of  this  marvellous  scene.  Imagine  then  a  dark 
waterway  absolutely  placid,  and  in  no  place  more  than  a 
few  hundred  yards  wide,  bordered  on  either  side  by  gigantic 
walls  of  gray  and  black  granite  from  four  to  five  thousand 
feet  high.  They  shoot  up  in  a  line  so  straight  that  a  stone 
dropped  from  the  summit  must  fall  direct  into  the  water. 
And  these  mighty  precipices  extend  all  along  the  course  of 
the  fiord  for  many  miles,  until  at  last  both  shores  circle 
round  and  join  in  a  vast  amphitheatre.  Under  their  deep 
shadows  the  vessel  creeps  silently  on,  while  the  voices  of  the 
passengers  are  hushed  by  the  solemnity  of  the  spectacle. 
It  must,  indeed,  surely  be  impossible  to  pass  through  this 
dark  and  awful  avenue  without  being  profoundly  impressed 
by  its  weird  and  grandiose  aspect.  It  is  one  of  those  rare 
scenes  of  Nature  which  overwhelm  the  mind  that  contem- 
plates them.     .     .     . 

One  trifling  circumstance  enabled  me  to  realize  the  im- 
mense height  of  these  gigantic  cliffs.  The  steamers  are 
always  followed  by  a  flock  of  gulls,  on  the  look-out  for  food, 
and  one  of  these  birds,  either  satisfied  or  disappointed  by 
its  quest,  left  us  to  seek  its  nest  high  up  among  the  rocks 
above.  I  watched  the  bird  as  it  flew  up  the  side  of  the 
mountain,  its  white  form  and  flapping  wings  standing  out 
clearly  against  the  dark  gray  rock.  Little  by  little  it  di- 
minished in  size,  until,  when  only  half-way  up  the  height,  it 
appeared  no  bigger  than  a  butterfly,  then  a  mere  white 
speck,  and  ere  it  had  reached  its  home  it  had  wholly  vanished 
from  sight.' 

SYNOPSIS  OF  NORWAY 

(See  Map,  p.  37) 

Norway  became  a  separate  kingdom,  independent  of  Sweden,  in  IQOSj 
under  Prince  Charles  of  Denmark,  who  assumed  the  name  of  Haakon  VII. 
It  occupies  the  western  portion  of  the  peninsula  of  Scandinavia  in  the  north- 
west of  Europe. 

Climate. — The  climate  on  the  west  coast  is  comparatively  mild.  Part 
of  the  country  lies  within  the  Arctic  Circle,  in  the  region  of  the  polar  night 
and  of  the  midnight  sun.  The  annual  mean  temperature  of  Bergen  is 
44.6"  F.;  Trondhjem  42.8°  F.;  and  at  the  North  Cape  35.6°  F.  'bee  Climate 
Map  of  Europe,  pp.  24,  25.  _ 

Natural  Productions. — Agriculture  is  unable  to  supply  sufficient  pro- 
duce for  home  consumption  hence  it  is  necessary  for  Norway  to  import 
considerable  quantities  of  provisions.  The  fisheries  give  employment  to  a 
large  part  of  the  population  throughout  the  year.  The  most  important  are 
cod  and  herring.  The  minerals  are  few;  a  little  silver  and  copper  are  mined. 
Iron  mining  has  been  developed  chiefly  in  the  present  century. 

Manufactures. — ^The  chief  manufacturing  industries  are  timber- 
dressing,  mechanical  engineering,  textile  manufactures,  shipbuilding,  pulp 
making,  and  preserved  food  (especially  fish). 

Towns. — Christiania  (pop.  243,801)  is  the  capital,  principal  harbour,  and 
the  one  industrial  town.  Bergen  is  the  headquarters  of  the  fisheries.  Stavan- 
ger  and  Trondhjem  are  other  important  harbours,  Hammerjest,  the  most 
northerly  town  in  Europe,  is  a  centre  for  whale  fishing. 


lE.  J.  Goodman,  "The  Best  Tour  in  Norway"  (1892). 


GEOGRAPHICAL  MANUAL  AND  NEW  ATLAS 


257 


Chief  Imports. — These  consist  chiefly  of  the  necessary  articles  of  con- 
sumption, and  are  sent  mainly  by  Great  Britain,  Germany,  Sweden,  and  the 
United  States. 

Chief  E.xports. — Timber,  matches,  fish,  oil,  and  other  products  of  the 
fisheries,  pulp,  paper,  skins  and  furs,  metals,  stone,  ice,  calcium  carbide, 
condensed  milk,  butter,  margarine,  canned  goods,  etc.  These  go  mainly  to 
Great  Britain,  and  the  United  States. 

Communications. — The  total  length  of  railways  is  about  2,000  miles, 
including  about  300  miles  of  private  lines.  The  length  of  telegraphs  and 
telephones  belonging  to  the  state  is  about  14,000  miles. 


Government. — The  government  is  a  limited  monarchy.  The  Storthing 
or  legislature  consists  of  two  chambers,  the  Lagthing  or  Upper  House- 
and  the  Odelsthing  or  Lower  House.  The  Odelsthing  is  composed  of  three 
fourths  of  the  members  of  the  Storthing,  and  the  Lagthing  of  the  remainder. 
All  new  bills  originate  in  the  Odelsthing.  All  other  matters  (except  the  in- 
spection of  public  accounts,  revision  of  the  government,  and  impeachment, 
that  belong  to  the  Odelsthing)  are  settled  in  common  sitting.  Members 
are  paid  $3.20  a  day  during  the  session. 

On  November  2,  1907,  the  independence  and  territorial  integrity  of  Nor- 
way was  guaranteed  by  Great  Britain,  France,  Germany,  and  Russia. 


SWEDEN 

(See  Map,  p.  37)- 


In  the  Middle  Ages,  especially  under  its  celebrated  kings 
Gustavus  Adolphus  and  Charles  XII.,  Sweden  played  an 
important  role  in  European  affairs,  and  for  a  time  held  con- 
siderable provinces  on  the  south  of  the  Baltic.  After  the 
Napoleonic  wars,  when  so  much  of  Europe  was  cast  into 
the  melting-pot,  Sweden  was  given  possession  of  Norway, 
but  was  separated  from  it  again  in  1905.  Society  in  Sweden 
has  retained  an  aristocratic  mould,  and  has  been  more  in- 
fluenced by  European  culture  than  has  society  in  Norway. 

Stockholm. — Stockholm,  the  capital,  stands  at  the  east- 
ern outlet  of  Lake  Malar,  partly  on  the  mainland  and 
partly  on  nine  holms  {holmar)  or  islands.  Its  natural  beauty 
and  its  waterways  have  earned  for  it  the  name  of  the  "Venice 
of  the  North,"  a  description  which  it  shares  with  Amster- 
dam. 

Life  in  Sweden. — In  the  long  northern  winter,  the  people 
delight  in  sleighing,  skating,  skiing,  and  tobogganing. 

In  the  winter,  too,  comes  the  great  season  of  Yule,  or 
Christmas.  People  begin  to  prepare  early  for  this  joyous 
festival.  Everybody  has  Christmas  secrets,  for  gifts  are 
universal.  A  few  days  before  Christmas,  the  boats  come 
into  Stockholm  laden  with  trees;  and  in  a  short  while  the 
streets  are  filled  with  the  spicy  fragrance  of  the  forest.  Every 
house  in  Sweden,  from  the  King's  Palace  to  the  poorest 
hovel,  has  its  Christmas  tree;  consequently  the  supply  in 
the  markets  and  shops  is  enormous,  and  on  Christmas 
Eve  every  other  person  that  you  see  is  carrying  home  a  tree. 
On  Sunday  before  Christmas  Day,  an  old  custom  permits 
the  shops  to  remain  open;  and  according  to  another  old 
custom  there  is  a  special  Christmas  market  in  the  Stor  Torg, 
where  little  booths  are  erected  for  the  occasion,  and  where, 
in  addition  to  all  the  fancy  articles,  foods  and  Christmas- 
tree  decorations,  the  gingerbread  Yule  pig  {Yulgrisen)  and 
Yule  goat  {Yulbocken)  are  conspicuous. 

In  every  house,  from  that  of  the  wealthy  nobleman  to 
that  of  the  peasant,  the  same  Christmas  supper  is  served: 
a  specially  prepared  fish  for  the  first  course;  rice  with  cream 
and  powdered  cinnamon  for  the  second;  and  roast  goose 
for  the  third. 

The  Christmas  festivities  are  not  over  until  January 
13th,  which  is  called  "Twentieth  Day  Yule." 

A  greater  festival,  however,  is  Midsummer's  Day. 
Summer  in  Sweden  is  very  short.  Every  one,  rejoicing  in 
the  bright  sunshine,  tries  to  make  the  most  of  it  while  it 
lasts.  The  days  now  are  eighteen  hours  long  and  there  is 
really  no  darkness.  On  June  23rd  the  tqwn  is  deserted. 
Steamboats,  trams,  trains,  cabs,  and  carriages  convey 
thousands  into  the  country  and  parks  to  spend  the  day  on 
the  grass  and  under  the  trees.  Many  carry  their  lunch 
baskets  and  others  depend  on  the  restaurants,  but  all  are 
alike  in  one  matter — they  wear  flowers  or  a  bit  of  greenery. 
The  birch  bough  and  leaf  are  conspicuous  everywhere. 
Cabs,  carriages,  and  boats  are  masses  of  moving  boughs  and 
garlands.  Horses  and  cabmen  are  also  adorned,  and  every- 
where you  go,  you  see  the  Maypole,  sometimes  fifty  or  sixty 
feet  high,  gay  with  ribbons,  flowers,  garlands,  and  blue  and 
yellow  Swedish  flags.  The  people  dance  and  make  merry 
around  it,  just  as  they  used  to  do  in  England  and  in  this  coun- 
try on  the  first  of  May,  before  the  Puritans  forbade  it.  The 
festivities  are  kept  up  all  through  the  night,  which  is,  after 
all,  nothing  but  a  red  twilight;  and  the  Midsummer  bonfires 


answer  one  another  from  rock  to  rock  until  they  mingle  their 
lurid  gleams  with  the  glowing  banners  of  Odin's  Valkyrie 
daughters— the  Dawn  Maidens.' 

SYNOPSIS  OF  SWEDEN 
(See  Map,  p.  37) 

Sweden  occupies  the  south  and  east  parts  of  Scandinavia,  its  surface 
presenting  lowland,  rather  than  highland,  characteristics.  Its  more  elevated 
parts  are  those  on  the  borders  of  Norway.  The  east  coast,  on  the  Baltic 
Sea  and  the  Gulf  of  Bothnia  has  no  deep  openings.  The  rivers  and  lakes  are 
numerous.  The  largest  river  is  the  Tornea,  which  rises  among  the  Norwe- 
gian mountains  and  flows  into  the  Gulf  of  Bothnia.  The  gigantic  lakes  not 
only  add  to  the  beauty  of  the  scenery,  but  materially  assist  the  internal  com- 
munication, being  connected  by  lines  of  canals. 

Climate. — The  lofty  table-lands  between  Norway  and  Sweden  keep  back 
the  warm  moist  winds  from  the  Atlantic;  hence  Sweden  is  much  drier  and 
colder  and  has  a  somewhat  continental  climate.  At  Stockholm  the  mean 
temperature  in  January  is  24.8°  F.,  and  in  July  60.8°  F.  The  rainfall  varies 
from  14  to  20  inches.     See  Climate  Map  of  Europe,  pp.  24,  25. 

Natural  Productions. — About  one-half  of  Sweden  is  covered  with 
forest;  only  7  per  cent  of  the  land  is  tilled.  Grain  is  grown  mainly  on  the 
southern  plain.  The  chief  crop  is  oats;  rye  is  also  extensively  grown.  Cattle 
rearing  i«  carried  on  to  some  extent;  while  in  the  north  the  Laplanders  breed 
reindeer. 

Minerals. — Sweden  is  rich  in  iron  ore,  some  of  it  the  finest  in  the  world 
as  it  is  almost  entirely  free  of  phosphorous  (.05%  and  less).  Zinc,  copper, 
and  silver  are  also  mined.  The  supply  of  coal  is  scanty,  so  much  so  that 
charcoal  is  largely  used  for  smelting,  and  the  quality  of  the  iron  is  thereby 
improved. 

Manufactures. — The  manufactories  include  ironworks,  pulp  mills, 
niatch  factories,  wood-working  establishments  of  all  kinds,  breweries,  dis- 
tilleries, and  chemical  works. 

Electrical  energy  is  largely  used  for  industrial  purposes,  the  great  water- 
falls furnishing  an  endless  supply  of  power. 

CHIEF  TOWNS  AND  THEIR  INDUSTRIES 


POP.  IN 

TOWN 

THOUSANDS 

PROVINCE 

PRINCIPAL    INDUSTRIES 

Dannbmora 

2 

Upsala 

Iron  mines. 

ESKILSTUNA 

29 

Sodermanland 

Iron,  steel,  cutlery. 

Falun 

8 

Ge&'T^ 

Copper  mining. 

Gefle 

36 

(Port  for  timber,  iron,  and  copper.) 

GOTEBORG 

178 

Goteborg  &  Bohus 

Cottons,  woollens,  matches,  engineering. 

Helsingborg 

37 

Malmohus 

Copper,  rubber  works,  breweries. 

JONKOPING 

28 

Jonkoping 

Matches. 

Karlskrona 

24 

Biekinge 

Naval  equipments,  canvas,  leather,  brew- 
eries. 

Malmo 

96 

Malmohus 

(Chief  port  for  German  and  Danish 
trade.) 

^loRRKOPING 

46 

Ostergotland 

Textiles. 

Orebro 

33 

Orebro 

I: on  works 

Stockholm 

382 

Stockholm 

Cottons,  woollens. 

Upsala 

27 

UpsaU 

(University  town.) 

Capital. — Stockholm,  on  Lake  Malar.     Population  382,085. 

Commerce. — Goteborg  is  the  chief  port  of  Sweden.  It  is  closed  for  a  short 
period,  and  is  connected  to  the  Baltic  by  a  ship  canal.  Stockholm  has 
less  trade  because  it  is  closed  in  winter  and  looks  only  toward  Russia.  Ger- 
man trade  passes  chiefly  through  Malmo. 

Commercial  travellers  in  Sweden  are  compelled  to  take  out  a  license 
costing  100  crowns  ($26.80)  a  month. 

Chief  Imports. — Coal  is  the  principal,  while  iron  and  steel  goods,  grain, 
wool  and  woollen  goods,  rank  next  in  importance.  Other  imports  are 
cofl^ee,  wine,  tobacco,  and  other  colonial  produce,  cloth,  manure,  oils,  and 
fish. 

Chief  Exports. — Timber,  iron,  steel,  wood  pulp,  butter,  paper,  matches, 
stone,  iron  and  zinc  ores. 

Communications. — Sweden  has  8,594  miles  of  railroad,  of  which  2,746 
are  the  property  of  the  state.  There  are  more  than  20,000  miles  of  tele- 
graph wires  (exclusive  of  railroad  telegraph  wires)  and  246,000  miles  of 
telephone  wires. 

Government. — The  government  is  a  limited  monarchy,  hereditary  in 
the  male  line  of  the  House  of  Bernadotte.  The  excutive  power  is  entrusted 
to  a  Cabinet  or  Statsrad,  appointed  by  the  King.  The  Riksdag  or  legislature 
consists  of  two  Chambers,  the  First  of  150  members  elected  for  six  years,  the 
Second  of  230  members  elected  for  three  years.  Members  of  both  Chambers 
are  paid  $330  per  session. 


^Esther  Singleton,  "A  Guide  to  Great  Cities"  (1910). 


258 


GEOGRAPHICAL  MANUAL  AND  NEW  ATLAS 


DENMARK 

(See  Maps,  p.  37,  39) 


The  present  Kingdom  of  Denmark  is  but  a  shadow  of  its 
former  greatness.  In  the  eleventh  century  a  Danish  king 
(Canute)  ruled  over  England,  Denmark,  and  Norway;  and 
in  the  thirteenth  century  Waldemar  the  Victorious  extended 
his  sway  as  far  as  Esthonia,  now  a  province  of  Russia,  and 
made  the  Baltic  for  a  time  a  Danish  sea.  In  the  middle  of 
the  sixteenth  century  the  Danish  kingdom  extended  from 
the  North  Cape  to  the  River  Elbe,  and  included  not  only 
Norway  but  also  the  southern  provinces  of  Sweden.  Nor- 
way was  lost  to  Sweden  in  1814,  and  the  duchies  of  Schles- 
wig  and  Holstein  were  annexed  by  Prussia  and  Austria  in 
1864.  These  two  duchies  were  subsequently  annexed 
by  Prussia  as  an  outcome  of  the  war  with  Austria  in 
1 866. 

In  the  treaty  of  Prague  (1866)  there  was  a  provision  that 
"the  people  of  northern  Schleswig,  if  by  a  free  vote  they 
should  signify  their  desire  to  be  united  to  Denmark,  should 
be  ceded  to  Denmark."  The  "free  vote"  was  never  taken, 
and  in  1878  Austria  agreed  to  the  cancelling  of  the  clause; 
while  the  Prussian  Government  has  since  pursued  a  policy 
of  repression  and  Prussianization. 

Agricultural  Life. — The  reorganization  of  agricultural 
methods  has  largely  swept  away  the  picturesque  associations 
of  Danish  peasant  life. 

It  is  not  so  long  since  conditions  in  Denmark  were  just 
about  as  primitive  as  they  are  now  in  some  other  parts  of 
Europe.  Jacob  Riis,'  whom  I  learned,  while  I  was  in  Den- 
mark, is  just  as  widely  known  and  admired  in  Denmark 
as  he  is  in  the  United  States,  says  that  he  can  remember  when 
conditions  were  quite  different  among  the  homes  of  the 
people.  "For  example,"  he  said,  "I  recall  the  time  when  in 
every  peasant's  family  it  was  the  custom  for  all  to  sit  down 
and  eat  out  of  the  same  bowl  in  the  centre  of  the  table  and 
then,  after  the  meal  was  finished,  each  would  wipe  the 
spoon  with  which  he  had  dipped  into  the  common  bowl, 
and  without  any  further  ceremony  tuck  it  away  on  a  little 
shelf  over  his  head." 

"To-day,"  he  added,  "Danish  farmers  wash  their  pigs. 
The  udders  of  the  cows  are  washed  with  a  disinfecting  fluid 
before  milking.  When  a  man  goes  to  milk  he  puts  on  a  clean 
white  suit." 

Not  only  is  this  true,  but  the  Danish  farmer  grooms  his 
cows,  and  blankets  them  when  it  is  cold.  He  does  this  not 
only  because  it  is  good  for  the  cow,  but  because  it  makes  a 
saving  in  the  feed.  Although  Denmark  has  more  cattle  in 
proportion  to  the  number  of  inhabitants  than  any  other 
part  of  Europe,  I  noticed  very  few  pastures.  On  the  con- 
trary, as  I  passed  through  the  country  I  observed  long  rows 
of  tethered  cattle,  feeding  from  the  green  crops.  As  rapidly 
as  the  cows  have  consumed  all  the  green  fodder,  usually 
four  or  five  times  a  day,  a  man  comes  along  and  moves  the 
stakes  forward  so  that  the  cattle  advance  in  orderly  way, 
mowing  down  the  crops  in  sections.  Water  is  brought  to 
the  cows  in  a  cart  and  they  are  milked  three  times  a  day. 
All  of  this  required  a  large  increase  of  labour  as  well  as  con- 
stant study,  care,  and  attention.  In  other  words,  the  Dan- 
ish peasant  has  become  a  scientific  farmer. 

One  difference  between  the  farmer  in  Denmark  and  in 
other  countries  is  that,  whereas  the  ordinary  farmer  raises 
his  crops  and  ships  them  to  the  market  to  be  sold,  the  Dan- 
ish farmer  sells  nothing  but  the'  manufactured  product,  and 
as  far  as  possible  he  sells  it  direct  to  the  consumer.  For  ex- 
ample, until  about  1880  Denmark  was  still  a  grain  exporting 
country;  in  recent  years,  however,  it  has  become  a  grain 
importing  country.  Grain  and  fodder  of  various  kinds  to 
the  value  of  something  like  25,000,000  of  dollars  are  now 


annually  purchased  by  Danish  farmers  in  Russia  and  neigh- 
bouring countries.  The  agricultural  products  thus  im- 
ported are  fed  to  the  cattle,  swine,  and  chickens  and  thus 
converted  into  butter,  pork,  and  eggs.  The  butter  is  manu- 
factured in  a  cooperative  dairy;  the  pork  is  slaughtered  in  a 
cooperative  pork-packing  house;  the  eggs  are  collected  and- 
packed  by  a  cooperative  egg-collecting  association.  Then 
they  are  either  sold  direct,  or  are  turned  over  to  a  central 
cooperative  selling  association,  which  disposes  of  most  of 
them  in  England.     .     . 

As  a  gentleman  whom  I  met  in  Denmark  put  it:  "If 
Denmark,  like  ancient  Gaul,  were  divided  into  three  parts, 
one  of  these  would  be  butter,  another  pork,  and  the  third 
eggs."  It  is  from  these  things  that  the  country,  in  the  main, 
gets  its  living.' 

A  National  Art. — Copenhagen  is  noted  for  its  beautiful 
porcelain,  an  industry  which  dates  from  1760. 

It  is  a  notable  characteristic  of  the  Danish  people  to 
fearlessly  and  continually  allow  their  individuality  its  full- 
est scope.  With  this  object  in  view,  each  artist,  designer, 
painter,  or  sculptor  in  the  factory  is  permitted  a  free  hand 
to  work  out  his  own  ideas.  His  work-rooms  are  as  beautiful 
as  his  products.  He  is,  indeed,  a  free  and  unfettered  artist 
in  the  completest  sense.  Perhaps  that  is  the  reason  why  his 
productions,  which  may  now  be  found  in  every  museum  or 
collection  of  any  importance  in  the  world,  represent  the 
highest  type  of  modern  national  and  creative  art.^ 

A  Danish  Chicago. — ^The  little  town  of  Esbjerg  is  off 
the  beaten  track  of  the  Continental  tourist.  But  this  little 
"  Danish  Chicago"  is  the  port  from  which  large  shipments  of 
bacon,  butter,  and  eggs  are  sent  to  the  London  market. 

If  you  ask  how  the  Danish  farmers  manage  to  keep  pace 
with  our  increasing  appetite  for  Danish  eggs,  butter,  and 
bacon,  the  answer  is — they  cooperate.  The  butter  which  is 
exported  is  made  in  their  cooperative  dairies.  The  pigs  are 
slain  in  their  cooperative  slaughter-houses,  and  the  Danes 
are  not  a  little  proud  of  the  process — one  distinguished 
traveller  complains  that,  during  his  stay  in  Denmark,  he 
was  always  being  asked  to  come  and  see  a  pig  killed!  The 
eggs  are  exported  by  cooperative  export  societies.  If  a 
Dane  has  only  one  egg,  he  can  export  it — always  provided 
it  be  a  good  egg.  No  mistake  must  be  made  about  that: 
before  the  eggs  are  packed  for  export,  down  in  the  coopera- 
tive factory  on  the  shore,  they  are  held  over  a  basin,  filled 
with  electric  light,  when  all  defects  can  be  detected  with  the 
naked  eye.  It  is  no  use  for  an  old  egg  to  pose  as  a  young 
one  then.  Each  egg  is  marked  with  the  owner's  number  and 
the  number  of  his  district;  the  owners  of  bad  eggs  are  fined. 
No  less  than  18,000  Danes  belong  to  this  one  society.  Here, 
too,  butter  is  packed  for  the  English  market.' 

SYNOPSIS  OF  DENMARK 
(See  Maps,  pp.  37,  39) 

The  Kingdom  of  Denmark  consists  of  tiie  islands  of  Zealand,  Fiinen 
(or  Fyn),  Laaland,  and  Bornholm.  Iceland  and  the  Faroe  Islands  in  the 
Nortfi  Atlantic  are  part  of  the  kingdom.  Iceland  is  noteworthy  as  containing 
the  most  northern  group  of  volcanoes  in  existence,  of  which  Hekla  is  the 
best  known. 

Boundaries. — Denmark  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  the  Skager-Rak; 
on  the  east  by  the  Cattegat,  the  Sound,  and  the  Baltic;  on  the  south  by 
Prussia;  and  on  the  west  by  the  North  Sea. 

Climate. — The  climate  is  oceanic,  and  is  mild  for  its  latitude.  Copen- 
hagen has  a  mean  temperature  of  30.2°F.  in  Jan.,  and  6o.8°F.  in  July, 
with  a  rainfall  of  23.6  inches.  Terrible  storms  often  lash  the  coasts  of  Den- 
mark.    See  Climate  Map  of  Europe,  pp.  24,  25. 

N.\TURAL  Productions. — The  chief  products  are  grain  (oats,  barley, 
and  rye)  and  grass  on  which  a  large  number  of  cattle  and  horses  are  raised 


*Jacob  August  Riis,  Danish-American  journalist  and  philanthropist  (1849-IQI4). 


',  iBooker  T.  Washington,  "The  Man  Farthest  Down"  (1913). 
'W.  J.  Harvey  and  C.  Reppien,  "  Denmark  and  the  Danes"  (1915). 
'F.  M.  Butlin,  "Among  the  Danes"  (1909). 


GEOGRAPHICAL  MANUAL  AND  NEW  ATLAS 


259 


for  export.     The  production  of  dairy  produce  is  so  efficiently  organized  that 
it  has  become  the  principal  industry  of  Denmark. 

The  lack  of  minerals  explains  the  absence  of  any  but  small  manufactures. 

CHIEF  TOWNS  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  DENMARK 


TOWN 

pop.  in 
thousands 

Aalborg 
Aarhuus 
Copenhagen 
Elsinore 

it 

560 

14 

EaBJERG 

19 

HORSENS 

Odense 

43 

Randers 

23 

PRINCIPAL   INDUSTRIES 


Outport  for  grain,  dairy  producti,  f-sh. 

Outport  for  grain  and  dairy  products. 

China,  general  trade. 

Shipbuilding. 

Dairy  produce,  cattle  and  sneep,  agricultural  seeds. 

Tobacco  and  genera!  trade. 

Iron  founderics,  tanneries. 

Gloves,  distilleries,  railway  carriages. 


CK?rT\l..— Copenhagen,  on  the  Sound.     Population  560,000. 
Commerce. — t)enmark  commands  an  advantageous  position  on  the  sea 
route  between  the  Baltic  and  the  North  Sea.     Copenhagen  does  a  consider- 


able trade,  but  the  opening  of  the  Kiel  Canal  has  tended  to  lessen  the  im- 
portance of  the  Danish  capital.  The  chief  trade  is  done  with  the  United 
Kingdom,  Germany,  Sweden,  the  United  States,  and  Russia. 

Chief  Imports. — Cereals,  oil-cake,  _  coal,  ironware,  timber,  woollens, 
ships,  butter,  skins. 

Chief  FIxports. — Butter,  meat,  animals,  eggs,  skins,  fish. 

Communications. — There  are  2,200  miles  of  railway  of  which  more  than 
1,200  are  owned  by  the  state.  There  are  also  25,000  miles  of  telegraph 
wire. 

Government. — Denmark  is  a  limited  monarchy.  The  Riksdag  or  legis- 
lature is  composed  of  the  Landsthing,  or  Upper  House  of  sixty-six  mem- 
bers, and  the  Folkesthing,  or  Lower  House  of  114  members.  Members 
of  both  houses  are  paid  about  $2.70  a  day  while  the  Rigsdag  is  sitting. 

Iceland  has  a  legislature  of  its  own. 

Colonies. — ^The  outlying  possessions  of  Denmark  include,  besides  the 
Faroe  Islands  and  Iceland,  Greenland  (total  area  830,000  square  miles,  ice- 
free  portion  50,000  square  miles,  population  12,968),  the  trade  of  which  is  a 
government  monopoly.  The  three  islands  in  the  West  Indies — St.  Croix, 
St.  Thomas,  and  St.  John — were  sold  to  the  United  States  in  1917,  and  are 
now  known  as  the  American  Fir  gin  Islands.     See  Map,  p.  93. 


THE  NETHERLANDS 

(See  Map,  p.  38) 


The  Netherlands  or  Low  Countries  is  a  title  now  more 
appropriately  limited  to  Holland;  but  it  has  embraced  most 
of  the  two  countries  that  in  more  than  one  characteristic 
merge  into  one  another,  and  more  than  once  have  been  polit- 
ically united.  Well-known  is  the  story  of  that  gallant 
revolt  against  Philip  IL  of  Spain  by  that  band  of  "beggars" 
(Gueux) — as  they  styled  themselves  in  proud  humility — ^who 
for  a  generation  held  out  against  the  greatest  military  power 
of  Europe.  In  the  end  the  northern  provinces  secured  their 
independence  and  religious  freedom,  while  the  more  sub- 
missive south  remained  with  its  Catholic  masters. 

In  the  middle  of  the  seventeenth  century  the  United 
Netherlands  were  the  first  commercial  state  and  the  first 
maritime  power  in  the  world,  and  for  a  long  time  maintained 
the  mastery  of  the  sea. 

Both  Holland  and  Belgium  were  absorbed  in  Napoleon's 
empire,  and  on  his  fall  formed  into  a  single  kingdom,  an 
arrangement  which  only  lasted  until  1830,  when  the  south- 
ern provinces  broke  away  and  formed  the  Kingdom  of 
Belgium. 

Dutch  Life  on  the  Water. — The  boats,  with  the  mills 
and  the  women's  head-dress,  are  the  outstanding  features  of 
Dutch  life. 

There  is  in  Holland  a  life  unknown  elsewhere,  or  at  least 
but  badly  known;  it  is  the  life  on  the  water.  You  must  visit 
this  country  to  comprehend  the  touching  melancholy  of  the 
Spiritus  Dei  ferebaiur  super  aquas.  Still,  what  floats  on  the 
waters  is  probably  less  the  Spirit  of  God  than  of  man,  for 
in  the  Netherlands  you  are  incessantly  recalled  to  the  feeling 
of  reality.  At  all  spots  where  nature  had  forgotten  to  place 
rivers  or  streams,  Dutch  industry  has  made  canals.  These 
waterways  lead  not  merely  from  one  town  to  another,  but 
even  to  each  village,  we  might  almost  say  to  each  country 
house;  hence,  such  an  arterial  system  could  not  fail  to  be 
marvellously  favourable  to  the  circulation  of  produce.  An 
English  traveller  asked  himself,  two  centuries  back,  whether 
there  were  not  more  people  in  Holland  living  on  the  water 
than  on  the  land.  As  the  majority  of  these  canals  are  higher 
than  the  adjoining  fields,  and  as  they  are  concealed  by  dykes, 
at  a  certain  distance  off  you  can  see  neither  water  nor  boats, 
but  only  the  swelling  sails,  which  have  the  appearance  of 
making  an  excursion  about  the  country.  .  .  .  Else- 
where navigation  has  never  been  able  to  compete  with  the 
iron  ways,  but  in  the  Netherlands  the  greater  part  of  the 
carriage  still  continues  to  be  effected  by  water;  and  this 
economic  method  will  for  a  long  time  supply  most  wants. 
The  services  rendered  elsewhere  by  carts  are  here  performed 
by  boats;  the  gardener  himself  pulls  to  market  his  boat  laden 
with  vegetables,  fruits,  or  flowers,  just  as  in  the  south  of 
France  a  donkey  is  led  along.     ... 


The  boats  specially  employed  for  the  passenger  service 
are  called  trekschuyten.  They  are  a  species  of  gondola  or 
water  diligence.  Along  nearly  the  whole  length,  which  is 
about  30  feet,  runs  a  box  or  wooden  house,  frequently  painted 
green;  the  roof,  on  which  the  sailors  walk  to  perform  sundry 
operations,  being  covered  with  a  layer  of  pounded  cockle 
shells.  This  house  is  divided  into  two  compartments  or 
cabins;  the  larger  one,  situated  near  the  prow,  is  common  to 
passengers  and  luggage.  Here,  during  the  winter,  the  wor- 
thy people,  shut  up  as  in  a  box,  swim  along  in  a  cloak  of 
tobacco  smoke,  which  relieves  the  tedium  of  the  voyage. 
In  summer  the  wooden  shutters  are  removed,  and  the  hatch 
is  raised  from  the  orifice  by  which  the  travellers  descend. 
The  second  compartment  is  the  cabinet,  called  in  Dutch  the 
roef,  which  is  entered  through  folding-doors.  This  second 
cabin  is  small,  but  fitted  up  with  some  degree  of  taste. 
The  windows,  four  or  six  in  number,  are  glazed  and  have 
red  or  white  curtains,  according  to  the  season.  In  the  centre 
is  a  table  with  a  copper  vessel  containing  fire,  and  another 
smaller  one  to  receive  cigar  ash,  both  cleaned  and  polished 
in  a  manner  only  found  in  Holland.  Add  to  this,  to  com- 
plete the  furniture,  a  mat,  a  looking-glass,  and,  in  winter 
for  the  ladies,  a  foot-warmer,  called  the  stoof,  containing  a 
small  earthenware  vessel  with  two  or  three  lumps  of  lighted 
peat  in  it.  Along  two  sides  of  this  cabin  run  cushioned 
benches,  on  which  the  travellers  sit  down  opposite  to  each 
other.  Sometimes  there  are  on  a  shelf  a  few  volumes  be- 
longing to  the  boat  and  forming  a  floating  library  at  the 
service  of  the  studious  passengers.  The  whole  national 
character  is  revealed  in  this  simple  and  minute  attention  to 
comfort.  At  the  bows,  the  space  not  occupied  by  the  cabinet 
is  filled  with  merchandise,  bales,  and  barrels;  while  the  poop 
is  left  to  travellers  who  wish  to  take  the  fresh  air,  and  the 
helmsman,  who  steers  and  smokes  the  while  with  the  regu- 
larity of  a  steamer.^ 

Amsterdam. — The  first  view  of  Amsterdam  is  a  surprise 
to  one  unfamiliar  with  Holland.  The  combination  of  cu- 
rious buildings,  canals,  and  bridges,  streets,  and  boats  im- 
presses him  strangely,  and  the  word  quaint  constantly  rises 
to  his  lips  as  he  walks  about.  At  times  he  seems  to  be  trans- 
ported to  the  Middle  Ages,  and  is  annoyed  when  such 
anachronisms  as  tramcars,  telephones,  and  advertisements 
of  commercial  companies  that  unite  the  uttermost  parts  of 
the  earth,  impertinently  remind  him  of  the  achievements  of 
modern  science  and  that  he  is  living  in  the  Twentieth  Cen- 
tury. 

One  is  struck  by  the  absence  of  horses  and  vehicles 
drawn  by  horses.  Cabs  rattle  by  over  the  very  rough  cobble 
stones  that  pave  the  streets,  postal  wagons  thunder  along, 
and  conveyances  and  'buses  from  the  hotels  and  private 
equipages  are  occasionally  seen.'    The  bakers  and  butchers 


VA.  Esouiros,  "The  Dutch  at  Home"  (1863). 


26o 


GEOGRAPHICAL  MANUAL  AND  NEW  ATLAS 


ice-cream  and  sweet  cakes, 
booths  is  gaudily   painted, 
curious  figure  clad  in  black. 


and  candlestick-makers  and  all  other  purveyors  appear  to 
deliver  their  goods  by  means  of  a  box  mounted  on  a  bicycle 
worked  by  a  boy.  The  streets  are  full  of  little  carts  or 
booths  presided  over  by  a  gentleman  in  white,  who  sells 

Sometimes  the  canopy  of  these 
Occasionally  there   flits   by   a 

He  wears  low  shoes  and  knicker- 
bockers, a  long-tailed  coat,  and  a  shovel  hat!  It  is  a  Lu- 
theran preacher — and  notwithstanding  his  solemn  face,  you 
feel  that  his  right  place  is  on  the  boards  of  the  Opera  Co- 
mique.  Another  strange  figure  passes  by  you — an  old 
woman  who  wears  a  brass  helmet  upon  her  head!  This  is,  I 
fancy,  the  most  singular  of  all  singular  head-dresses.  It 
seems  to  be  in  three  pieces,  one  fitting  tightly  over  the  back 
of  the  head  down  to  the  neck,  the  two  others  above  the 
ears.  This  metal  plate  gives  one  the  unhappy  impression 
that  the  poor  thing's  head  or  neck  has  been  broken  and  that 
the  surgeon  has  done  the  best  he  can  for  her.  Underneath 
this  helmet  she  usually  has  a  frill  of  lace  or  muslin,  and 
above  it  she  not  unfrequently  wears  a  bonnet  which  is 
Holland's  interpretation  of  the  latest  Parisian  confection  of 
lace,  ribbon,  velvet,  feathers,  or  flowers.  If  the  lady  is  in 
mourning,  the  bonnet  is  of  crape! ' 

SYNOPSIS  OF  THE  NETHERLANDS 
(See  Map,  p.  38) 

Boundaries. — ^The  Netherlands  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  the  North 
Sea,  on  the  east  by  Germany,  on  the  south  by  Belgium,  and  on  the  west 
by  the  North  Sea. 

Climate. — The  climate  is  oceanic,  of  a  prevalently  moist  character. 
The  average  annual  temperature  is  50°?.  The  summers  are  not  very 
warm,  the  winters  seldom  very  cold.  In  Amsterdam  the  mean  temperature 
in  January  is  35.6°,  in  July  64.4°F.  Rain  falls  on  147  days  in  the  year;  the 
annual  rainfall  is  30  inches. 

The  days  are  generally  dull,  misty,  and  damp;  a  week  of  bright  weather 
is  a  rarity.  The  Netherlands  in  general  is  healthy;  but  Zealand  and  the 
other  western  districts,  in  which  clay  and  mossy  soil  prevail,  suffer  from 
marsh  fevers.     See  Climate  Map  of  Europe  pp.  24,  25. 

Natural  Productions. — About  one  fourth  of  Holland  is  below  sea- 
level,  the  sea  being  kept  out  by  dykes,  and  the  land,  parcelled  out  into  al- 
most water-tight  inclosures  called  polders,  is  kept  dry  by  constant  pumping 
of  windmills  or  steam  engines.  In  no  other  country  is  wind  so  much  utilized 
as  a  source  of  energy.  These  reclaimed  areas  form  valuable  pastures  for 
cattle;  hence  the  making  of  butter  and  cheese  is  one  of  the  leading  Dutch 
industries.  The  cultivation  of  bulbs,  especially  around  Haarlem,  is  a  char- 
acteristic industry.  The  higher  lands  are  on  the  whole  very  fertile  and  pro- 
duce various  grains.  Wheat,  however,  is  grown  to  a  less  extent  than  in 
Belgium. 

Manufactures. — ^There  are  practically  no  minerals  in  Holland,  and  this 


fact  has  caused  the  country  to  rank  much  lower  among  manufacturing 
nations  than  was  the  case  before  coal  and  iron  formed  the  chief  basis  of 
industry.  Textile  fabrics  are  manufactured;  while  Delft  has  long  been 
famous  for  its  fine  pottery. 

CHIEF  CITIES  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  THE  NETHERLANDS 


CITY 

POP.    IN 
THOUSANDS 

Amsterdam 
Arnhem 

567 
64 

Delft 
Dordrecht 

It 

Groningen* 

75 

Haarlem 
Hague,  The* 

69 

271 

Leeuwarden 
Leiden 

37 
58 

Maastricht* 

NlJMEGEN 

Rotterdam 

37 
55 

418 

Til  BURG 
Utrecht* 

50 
119 

North  Holland 
Gelderland 
South  Holland 
South  Holland 
Groningen 
North  Holland 
South  Holland 

Friesland 
South  Holland 
Limburg 
Gelderland 
South  Holland 
North  Brabant 
Utrecht 


PRINCIPAL    INDUSTRIES 


Dye  works,  tobacco,  sugar,  coffee. 
Woollens,  paper,  soap,  furniture. 
Pottery,  carpet  weaving. 
Timber. 

Flax  spinning,  rope  making,  dyeiag. 
Dyeing,  printing,  cottons. 
Iron     casting,     furniture,     liqueurs,     litho- 
graphing. 
Iron  foundries,  copper  works,  fumitare. 
Linens,  woollens. 
Quarries,  glassware. 
Beer,  leather,  tin,  pottery. 
Liqueurs,  sugar,  machine  works. 
Linens,  woollens. 
Worsted  and  velvet  carpets. 


"Capital  of  province. 

Capital. — The  Hague,  population  271,280.  Commercial  Capital, 
Amsterdam,  on  the  Y,  an  arm  of  the  Zuider  Zee.     Population  566,131. 

Chief  Ports. — Rotterdam,  Amsterdam,  and  Flushing  (Vlissingen). 

Commerce. — Holland  is  the  "colonial  grocer"  for  Europe,  and  is  one  of 
the  leading  commercial  nations  of  the  world.  Her  position  at  the  mouths 
of  the  Rhine  and  Maas  has  led  to  a  very  considerable  transit  trade,  as 
well  as  to  the  growth  of  trade  at  Rotterdam.  These  facilities  for  trade  led 
to  the  maritime  power  of  the  Netherlands,  which  was  very  extensive  in  the 
seventeenth  century,  as  well  as  to  their  colonial  acquisitions. 

Chief  Imports. — ^oal,  iron,  steel,  copper,  textiles,  cereals,  flour,  coffee, 
mineral  oil,  rice. 

Chief  Exports.  Colonial  produce,  butter,  cheese,  margarine,  iron,  steel, 
textiles,  drugs. 

Communications. — There  are  about  2,000  miles  of  railroads,  and  4,200 
miles  of  telegraphs.  The  North  Holland  Canal  and  the  North  Sea  Canal 
provide  additional  access  to  the  sea. 

Government. — Holland  is  a  limited  monarchy.  The  executive  is  vested 
in  the  sovereign,  and  the  legislative  authority  in  the  sovereign  and  the 
States-general,  the  latter  sitting  in  two  chambers;  the  First,  of  50  members, 
elected  for  nine  years;  the  Second,  of  100  members,  elected  for  four  years. 
Members  of  the  First  Chamber  are  paid  ^4.07  a  day  during  the  session,  and 
those  of  the  Second  Chamber  $830  per  annum  and  travelling  expenses. 

Colonies. — The  Dutch  colonies  are  sixty-four  times  as  large  as  Holland, 
and  consist  of  some  of  the  richest  regions  in  the  world.  The  Dutch  East 
Indies  extend  from  Sumatra  to  New  Guinea,  and  export  sugar,  coffee,  tea, 
spices,  tobacco,  petroleum,  etc.,  which  are  shipped  almost  exclusively  to 
Rotterdam  and  Amsterdam  in  the  first  place.  Batavia  in  Java  is  the 
most  important  seaport.  The  Dutch  West  Indies  include  Surinam 
or  Dutch  Guiana  in  South  America,  and  the  island  of  Curasao  with  its 
dependencies. 


BELGIUM 

(See  Map,  p.  38) 


Belgium  has  been  rightly  named  the  "cockpit  of  Europe," 
for  time  and  again  its  soil  has  been  drenched  with  blood  in 
wars  not  of  its  seeking. 

On  the  overthrow  of  Napoleon  the  Southern  Netherlands 
with  Luxemburg  were  united  to  the  kingdom  of  Holland,  as 
the  kingdom  of  the  United  Netherlands.  The  experiment  was 
a  failure.  The  Belgians  revolted  and  formed  themselves  into 
an  independent  and  sovereign  state  in  1830.  Before  Holland 
would  recognize  Belgium's  independence,  Belgium  had  to  give 
up  the  eastern  half  of  Luxemburg  (now  the  Grand  Duchy), 
and  the  portion  of  Limburg  that  lies  east  on  the  Meuse. 

The  international  status  of  Belgium  was  determined  by 
the  treaties  of  183 1  and  1839.  The  treaty  of  June  26,  183 1, 
provides  that  Belgium  shall  form  a  perpetually  neutral 
state,  and  that  the  powers  should  guarantee  that  perpetual 
neutrality.  A  further  treaty  of  November  15,  1831,  con- 
tains the  following  passage: 

Article  7.  Belgium,  within  the  limits  fixed  by  Articles  i,  2,  and  4  shall 
form  an  independent  and  perpetually  neutral  state.  She  shall  be  bound  to 
observe  the  same  neutrality  toward  all  other  states. 

Lastly  on  April  19,  1839,  a  final  treaty  concluded  between 
Belgium   and   Holland   reproduced  this   provision,   and   the 

»  Esther  Singleton,  "Holland"  (1906). 


great  powers,  Austria,  France,  Great  Britain,  Prussia,  and 
Russia,  acceding  to  the  treaty,  declared  that  all  its  articles 
"are  placed  under  their  guarantee." 

Belgium  therefore  is  a  neutral  state;  and  under  inter- 
national law  neutral  territory  is  inviolable.  Her  neutrality 
is  permanent,  determined  upon  and  decreed  by  Europe,  and 
accepted  by  Belgium. 

The  Franco-Prussian  War  (1870-71)  exposed  Belgium  to 
serious  perils.  England  simultaneously  approached  France 
and  the  North  German  Confederation,  and  required  them 
to  make  a  formal  declaration  that  Belgian  neutrality  would 
be  respected,  threatening,  if  that  neutrality  were  violated, 
to  intervene  in  the  war.  The  belligerent  states  thereupon 
bound  themselves  by  fresh  treaties  to  respect  Belgian  neu- 
trality. 

For  more  than  eighty  years  Belgium,  relying  on  these 
solemn  treaties,  followed  the  paths  of  peaceful  progress, 
and  made  herself  illustrious  in  the  arts,  in  commerce,  and  in 
industry.  But  on  August  3,  1914,  the  peace-loving  kingdom 
found  the  invading  hosts  of  Germany  at  her  gates,  demand- 
ing the  right  of  passage  to  attack  a  friendly  neighbour; 
for  Belgium  forms  the  easiest  route  for  an  army  between 
Germany  and  France.     Belgium,  conscious  of  her  right  and 


GEOGRAPHICAL  MANUAL  AND  NEW  ATLAS 


261 


obligations,  resisted  these  imperious  demands,  refusing  to 
look  upon  the  various  treaties  as  "scraps  of  paper"  (so  des- 
ignated by  the  German  Chancellor). 

For  thus  opposing  a  relentless  foe,  Belgium  once  more  be- 
came a  blood-drenched  "cockpit."  Her  fair  cities  and  villages 
were  ravaged  and  laid  desolate;  her  population  was  enslaved; 
and  for  more  than  three  years  all  that  remained  of  free  Bel- 
gium was  a  narrow  strip  on  the  western  seaboard,  resolutely 
held  by  the  fragment  of  her  army  supported  by  her  Allies. 

Burgher  Life  in  Brussels. — In  the  home  of  the  Brussels 
citizen  the  typical  life  of  the  Belgian  people  is  perhaps  best 
revealed.  Leaving  aside  the  very  small  stratum  of  what 
may  be  called  Society,  the  mode  of  life  among  the  great  body 
of  citizens  above  the  working  classes  is  very  much  the 
same,  in  spite  of  differences  of  income,  occupation,  and 
education. 

Whether  the  head  of  the  household  be  a  lawyer  or  a 
trader,  a  manufacturer  or  a  shopkeeper,  who  is  well  enough 
off  to  live  away  from  his  shop,  there  is  less  class  difference, 
so  far  as  the  daily  routine  of  life  goes,  than  would  be  found 
in  any  other  European  community.  The  explanation  is, 
that  at  heart  the  Belgians  are  a  simple  people,  whose  chief 
characteristic,  strengthened  by  harsh  experience  for  many 
generations,  is  thrift.  There  is  a  complete  absence  of  all 
ostentatious  display.  It  would  be  as  impossible  to  estimate 
a  man's  income  from  the  interior  of  his  house  as  it  would  be 
to  assign  his  profession  or  business  from  his  appearance  in 
the  street.  This  appearance  of  equality  is  very  largely  due 
to  the  two  not  disconnected  facts,  that  the  first  object  with 
every  Brussels  citizen  is  to  become  proprietor  of  his  own 
house,  and  that  the  houses  of  Brussels  are  built  very  much 
after  the  same  pattern.  This,  of  course,  does  not  apply  to 
the  fashionable  boulevards  or  the  Avenue  Louise,  but  in  all 
the  by-streets  and  suburbs  now  spreading  out  in  every  direc- 
tion, houses  are  being  run  up,  lofty  and  narrow,  all  seemingly 
fashioned  by  the  same  architect.  The  Belgians  have  an 
aversion  to  being  mere  tenants,  regarding  the  payment  of 
rent  as  so  much  loss  of  money;  and  a  house,  or  the  money  to 
purchase  one,  is  considered  the  best  kind  of  dot  that  a  young 
woman  can  bring  to  her  husband.     .     .     . 

It  is  only  on  entering  these  houses  that  some  idea  can 
be  formed  of  the  status  of  the  occupant.  Among  these 
families  whose  income  is  not  in  proportion  to  the  exterior 
of  their  residence,  the  interior  will  reveal  the  fact  by  its 
bareness  and  absence  of  decoration,  whereas  those  who  are 
comfortably  off  will  expend  large  sums  on  painting  and 
gilding.  The  Belgians  are  noted  for  their  good  taste  in 
the  way  they  decorate  the  inside  of  their  houses,  and  as  the 
house  is  really  theirs,  they  do  not  mind  spending  very  con- 
siderable sums  in  this  way.  It  is  the  same  with  the  furni- 
ture, which  is  always  as  good  as  the  owner  can  afford  in  the 
reception  rooms.  Every  Belgian  house  has  what  may  be 
called  its  show-rooms,  and  their  contents  will  give  the  clue 
at  once  to  the  degree  of  prosperity  the  family  has  attained. 
There  may  be  a  thousand  pounds'  worth  of  furniture  and 
ohjets  d'art  in  the  room,  or  there  may  be  only  ten  pounds' 
worth.  In  either  case  it  is  the  best  that  the  owner  can 
show. 

There  is  one  thing  that  these  rooms  have  in  common,  no 
matter  what  the  position  of  the  occupant,  and  that  is  the 
air  of  being  rarely  used.  It  is  more  like  the  model-room 
into  which  the  furniture  provider  invites  his  customer  for 
the  purpose  of  deciding  the  style  in  which  he  proposes  to 
furnish,  than  an  actual  living-room.  The  Belgian's  first 
investment  is  to  buy  his  house,  and  his  second  is  to  lay  in  a 
stock  of  furniture.  As  both  are  intended  not  merely  to  last 
a  lifetime,  but  to  be  handed  down  in  the  family,  the  most 
scrupulous  care  is  taken  of  every  article.  A  shade  of  anxiety 
may  be  traced  on  the  worthy  owner's  face  if  a  visitor  moves 
in  a  chair  or  brushes  past  a  table.     .     .     . 

Into  the  regular  living-rooms  no  stranger  is  allowed  to 
penetrate,  but  the  casual  opportunities  afforded  during  long 
residence  in  the  country  enable  one  to  see  that  they  are  very 
bare  and  plain.     As  a  rule,  the  dining  room  is  in  close  pro.x- 


imity  to  the  kitchen,  so  that  the  necessary  domestic  service 
is  reduced  to  a  minimum.  There  is,  of  course,  in  most 
houses  a  dining  room  upstairs,  but  this  is  only  used  on  the 
very  rare  occasions  when  an  entertainment  of  some  sort  is 
given. 

The  Belgians  are  not  prone  to  the  display  of  much  hos- 
pitality among  themselves.  They  do  not  dine  often  at  one 
another's  houses.  The  members  of  the  same  family  meet 
occasionally,  but,  as  a  rule,  their  dinners  in  common  are  to 
celebrate  some  family  event,  such  as  a  marriage,  or  an  en- 
gagement, or  a  first  communion.  The  case  is  practically 
unknown  of  taking  a  friend  home  to  have  'pot-luck.'  To  do 
so  would  seriously  disconcert  the  lady  of  the  house,  who  is 
probably  in  neglige  until  she  goes  for  her  afternoon  prome- 
nade.^ 

Employment  of  Dogs. — The  dog  largely  takes  the  place 
of  the  horse  in  Belgian  industrial  life.  One  of  the  familiar 
sights  in  the  cities  of  Belgium  are  the  little  milk-carts  drawn 
by  big  powerful  dogs. 

Leaving  aside  the  broad  and  comprehensive  question 
as  to  whether  dogs  were  ever  intended  by  nature  for  draught 
work  ...  I  think  it  may  be  safely  assumed  that  the 
employment  of  these  big  dogs  in  the  little  milk-carts  of  Bel- 
gium is  free  from  positive  cruelty.  This  remark  also  applies 
to  the  same  kind  of  dog  employed  by  the  greater  number  of 
the  laundresses,  and  by  some  of  the  bakers.  But  as  it  is 
permissible  by  the  law  of  the  land  to  use  dogs  for  draught — 
or  as  they  are  called  chiens  de  trait — it  follows  that  the  poor 
or  the  lazy  use  any  and  all  dogs,  big  or  small,  well-fed  or 
ill-fed,  to  drag  their  cars  and  carts  carrying  their  goods  for 
sale,  and  not  infrequently  themselves. 

In  the  strict  economy  of  the  Belgian  social  system  dogs 
have  no  right  to  existence  except  as  beasts  of  burden.  The 
rich  may  indulge  themselves  with  the  luxury  of  a  chien  de 
maison  (house  dog)  or  a  chien  de  chasse  (hunting  dog),  but 
for  the  Belgians  who  work,  from  the  peasant  to  the  shop- 
keeper, a  dog  has  no  other  interest  or  value  than  as  a  fellow- 
worker  and  obedient  slave.  It  is  the  inevitable  concomitant 
of  this  practice  that  cases  of  cruelty  must  be  frequent,  and 
that  the  wretched  condition  of  many  of  the  dogs  so  em- 
ployed leads  to  a  general  condemnation  of  Belgian  char- 
acter as  indifferent  to  animal  suffering  and  as  tolerating 
a  system  from  which  a  greater  or  less  degree  of  cruelty  is 
inseparable.^ 

SYNOPSIS  OF  BELGIUM 
(See  Map,  p.  38) 

The  Kingdom  of  Belgium  is  the  smallest  and  most  thickly  populated 
country  in  Europe.  Its  shores  are  flat  and  low,  like  those  of  Holland; 
the  middle  of  the  country  is  level  and  fertile;  in  the  east  there  are  hills 
and  mountains,  the  principal  being  the  Ardennes.  The  chief  rivers  are  the 
Scheldt  and  the  Meuse  (called  by  the  Dutch  the  Maas).  The  mouths  of 
both  these  rivers  are  in  the  hands  of  the  Dutch. 

Boundaries. — Belgium  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  the  Netherlands,  on 
the  east  by  Germany,  on  the  south  by  France,  and  on  the  west  by  the  North 
Sea. 

Climate. — The  climate  of  Belgium  is  temperate.  On  the  coast  it  is  mild 
and  equable,  though  moist;  but  in  the  Ardennes,  on  the  other  hand,  the 
extremes  of  heat  and  cold  are  considerable.  Brussels  has  a  mean  temperature 
of  so°F.  (in  Jan.  37.4°F.,  and  in  July  64.4°F.).  See  Climate  Map  of  Europe, 
pp.  24,  25. 

Natural  Productions. — The  country  may  be  divided  into  three  parts: 
(i)  In  the  northwest  near  the  coast  is  a  small  area  which  is  protected 
by  embankments,  which  is  utilized  mainly  for  dairy  farming.  (2)  Between 
this  strip  and  the  highlands  beyond  the  Sambre-Meuse  valley  is  a  lowland 
region,  the  greater  part  of  which  is  a  continuation  of  the  plain  of  France. 
In  this  district  are  raised  crops  of  flax,  sugar  beet,  rye,  oats,  and  wheat.  (3) 
South  of  this  valley  are  the  uplands  (the  Ardennes),  which  are  of  less  agri- 
cultural importance. 

Minerals. — Belgium  is  rich  in  minerals,  and  next  to  England  is  the  great- 
est coal-produchig  country  in  Europe.  There  are  two  great  coal-fields 
along  the  valleys  of  the  Meuse  and  Sambre.  Iron  is  obtained  in  large 
quantities.     Zinc  and  lead  are  also  produced. 

Manufactures. — Belgium  has  considerable  manufactures,  the  chief 
of  which  are  cotton,  linen,  woollen,  silk  goods,  and  machinery.  Other 
industries  are  collieries,  quarries,  gas,  lace,  distilleries,  etc.  The  success  of 
the  manufacturing  industries  is  attributed,  to  a  certain  extent,  to  the  high 
standard  of  technical  education  prevailing. 


ID.  C.  Boulger,  "Belgian  Life  in  Town  and  Country.  * 


262 


GEOGRAPHICAL  MANUAL  AND  NEW  ATLAS 


CHIEF  CITIES  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  BELGIUM 


POP.  IN 

. 

cnr 

THOUSANDS 

PROVINCE 

PRINCIPAL  INDUSTRIES 

A  LOST 

35 

East  Flanders 

Thread. 

Antwerp* 

969 

Antwerp 

Grain,  hides,  woollens. 

Bruges* 

53 

West  Flanders 

Lace. 

Brussels* 

177 

Brabant 

Lace,  carpets,  gloves. 

Charleroy 

28 

Hainaut 

Glass,  iron  works. 

COURTRAI 

36 

West  Flanders 

Cottons,  linens. 

Ghent* 

166 

East  [^landers 

Linens,  cottons. 

LiBCB* 

175 

Liege 

Firearms,  iron  goods,  woollens. 

LOUVAIN 

42 

Brabant 

(Louvain  University.) 

Mechlin 

59 

Antwerp 

Lace. 

MONS* 

28 

Hainaut 

Iron  goods. 

Namur* 

32 

Namur 

Glass. 

OSTEND 

42 

West  Flanders 

(Watering  place.) 

Saint-Nicolas 

35 

East  Flanders 

Cottons,  woollens,  linens. 

Serai  NG 

41 

Liepe 

Machinery,  iron  goods. 

To  URN  At 

37 

Hainaut 

Hosiery,  woollens,  carpets. 

Verviers 

47 

Liege 

Woollens. 

Capital. — Brussels. 


'Capital  of  province. 

Population  177,078,  with  suburbs  720,347. 


Chief  Ports. — The  only  large  port  is  Ant-uierp,  on  the  estuary  of  the 
Scheldt.     Oslend  is  a  packet  station. 

Co.MMERCE. — Belgium  being  essentially  a  manufacturing  country  is 
largely  dependent  upon  foreign  countries  for  its  supply  of  food.  Most  of 
its  maritime  trade  is  carried  in  foreign  bottoms,  the  mercantile  marine  con- 
sisting of  little  more  than  100  vessels. 

Chief  Imports. — Cereals,  flour,  wool,  timber,  flax,  resins,  skins,  seeds, 
coffee,  chemicals,  iron,  steel,  coal,  cotton,  machinery,  cottons. 

Chief  Exports. — Iron,  steel,  cereals,  flour,  machinery,  skins,  linen 
thread,  diamonds,  flax,  coal,  glassware,  zinc,  sugar,  cottons,  woollen  yarn. 

Communications. — There  are  2,950  miles  of  railroad,  5,000  miles  of 
telegraphs,  1,360  miles  of  navigable  rivers  and  canals,  and  6,100  miles  of 
roads. 

Government.— By  the  constitution  of  183 1,  following  the  secession  from 
the  Netherlands  in  1830,  Belgium  was  declared  to  be  a  constitutional  and 
hereditary  monarchy.  The  executive  power  is  vested  in  the  King,  and  his 
ministers,  the  le'gislative  power  jointly  in  the  King,  Senate,  and  Chamber 
of  Deputies.  The  Senate  of  120  members  is  elected  for  eight  years.  The 
Chamber  of  Deputies  consists  of  members  elected  for  four  years,  in  the  pro- 
portion of  one  to  every  40,000  inhabitants.  One  half  retire  every  two  years. 
Each  deputy  receives  4,000  francs  (^800)  yearly,  and  travels  free. 


FRANCE 

(See  Map,  p.  40) 


The  realm  of  France  was  foreshadowed  in  the  division 
of  the  empire  of  Charlemagne  at  the  death  of  his  son  Louis 
the  Pious  by  the  treaty  of  Verdun  in  843  (see  Map  of  Em- 
pire of  Charlemagne,  p.  47).  The  kingdom  of  the  West 
Franks,  formed  by  that  division,  and  finally  separated  from 
the  Frankish  Empire  in  887,  included  all  the  territory  west 
of  the  Scheldt,  Meuse,  Saone,  and  Rhone.  The  foundation 
of  France  dates  from  the  year  987  when  the  accession  of 
Hugh  Capet  permanently  brought  the  crown  of  the  West 
Franks  to  the  family  of  the  Dukes  of  the  French,  or  Francia, 
the  chief  seat  of  whose  power  was  Paris.  "  France"  meant 
the  territory  immediately  subject  to  the  Parisian  house; 
but  its  use  spread  with  every  extension  of  their  authority. 
To  the  south  and  southeast  a  natural  limit  was  opposed  to 
this  expansion  by  the  Pyrenees  and  the  Alpine  watershed; 
in  the  east  and  north  no  such  natural  boundary  exists. 
France  had  aimed  at  the  Rhine  as  a  natural  frontier  on  the 
east,  and  this  ambition  was  realized  by  the  treaty  of  West- 
phalia in  1648. 

Alsace-Lorraine. — Taking  advantage  of  the  political 
disunion  of  the  German  and  Italian  nations,  Napoleon  ex- 
tended the  boundaries  of  France  and  reorganized  Germany 
and  Italy  as  French  dependencies.  With  the  birth  of  a 
united  Italy,  the  southern  frontier  of  France  was  once  more 
contracted;  while  the  disastrous  war  with  Prussia  in  1870- 
71  placed  Alsace-Lorraine  in  the  grip  of  the  master  empire- 
builder  Bismarck.  This  sacrifice  of  territory  was  not  made 
without  a  protest  from  the  representatives  of  the  departments 
about  to  be  given  up.  But  the  victor  was  not  to  be  denied 
his  coveted  spoil. 

The  question  of  Alsace-Lorraine  has  been  at  the  root  of 
the  entire  foreign  policy  of  France  for  the  last  forty-four  years. 
It  was  this  question  which  created  and  kept  alive  the  an- 
tagonism between  the  Republic  and  the  German  Empire. 
But  for  it,  the  two  great  neighbours  might  perhaps  have 
come  to  terms.  The  defeat  of  the  Imperial  armies  in  1870 
would  have  been  but  a  wound  to  self-esteem  which  the 
change  of  political  regime  would  have  quickly  healed. 
The  loss  of  5,000,000,000  francs,  and  even  of  more  than  this, 
would  soon  have  been  compensated  by  renewed  material  pro- 
gress. 

But  when  Bismarck  forced  the  nation  to  give  up  a  popu- 
lation eager  to  remain  French,  he  laid  upon  her  the  obliga- 
tion of  a  war  to  the  knife,  such  as  the  desire  for  revenge  must 
entail.  When  he  compelled  vanquished  France  to  cede  a 
million  and  a  half  of  her  children  as  the  price  of  peace,  he 
created  a  debt  of  honour  for  the  mother  country  which  a 


chivalrous   people  would   have  held   it  ignominious  to  for- 
get.' _ 

Alsatian  Frugality. — The  frugality  of  the  Alsatian 
peasants  is  remarkable.  A  traveller  who  spent  a  night  at  a 
village  inn  in  Alsace  gives  an  interesting  picture  of  the  more 
intimate  side  of  Alsatian  life. 

I  stopped  at  an  inn — the  best  as  it  seemed,  and  this  was 
poor  indeed — but  as  I  had  not  the  least  expectation  of  fall- 
ing into  the  lap  of  luxury  at  such  a  place,  I  was  well  enough 
pleased  at  the  prospect  of  sleeping  upon  a  chaff  bed,  being 
in  no  mood  to  tramp  the  country  any  more  that  night.  Out- 
side the  door  a  father  and  son  were  sawing  a  tree  into  logs. 
The  youth  was  of  that  pleasing  Alsatian  type  which,  to  a 
large  strong  body,  unites  a  large  strong  head  with  curling 
yellow  hair,  blue  candid  eyes,  and  a  broad,  honest,  kindly 
face.  The  interior  of  the  inn  was  roomy  and  dreary.  Pov- 
erty made  itself  felt  there,  and  this  is  depressing,  especially 
to  one  who  has  only  taken  during  the  day  a  scratch  meal  in 
the  forest,  and  whose  mind  is  now  dwelling  on  thoughts 
of  dinner  with  a  fervour  which  may  be  debasing,  but  which 
is  at  least  capable  of  explanation.  After  some  parleying 
as  to  the  resources  of  the  larder,  it  was  agreed  that  I  should 
commence  with  soup  and  finish  with  salad,  with  an  omelette 
between,  to  serve — 1  thought — as  a  buffer.  The  soup  turned 
out  to  be  bread  and  milk.  It  was  a  long  time  since  I  had 
eaten  this  food  of  the  ancient  Scythians,  but  I  did  not 
quarrel  with  it.  The  omelette  was  an  indigestible  bolus, 
but  I  took  this  also  in  good  part,  after  reflecting  upon  the 
advantage  of  keeping  it  by  me  as  a  check  to  a  keen  appetite 
for  the  next  day  or  so.  The  salad  left  nothing  to  be  desired 
except  olive  or  nut-oil,  the  oleaginous  fluid  with  which  it 
was  mixed  being  suspiciously  like  colza.  For  a  moment  I 
pined  for  the  South  of  France,  where  one  can  always  have 
good  oil,  although  the  salad  may  be  dried  up.  If  the  food 
at  this  inn  was  open  to  criticism,  there  was  nothing  to  say 
against  the  white  wine. 

While  I  was  trying  to  persuade  myself  that  I  was  fast 
becoming  a  model  of  frugality,  the  poor  family  with  whom 
my  lot  had  cast  me  for  the  night  gathered  around  a  board — ■ 
literally  one — a  few  yards  from  mine.  No  plates  were  laid 
upon  it,  but  in  the  centre  was  a  large  earthen  pan,  containing 
nearly  a  peck  of  potatoes  cooked  in  their  skins.  The  family 
consisted  of  the  innkeeper  and  his  wife,  the  young  man  al- 
ready mentioned,  and  several  children.  While  I  was  won- 
dering why  I  had  not  been  offered  any  potatoes,  parents  and 
children  stood  up  and  made  the  sign  of  the  cross  as  the 
j'oungest  child — a  little  girl  of  eight — began  to  say  grace. 
It  was  in  the  Alsatian  dialect,  and  I  could  hardly  catch  a 
word  of  it.  It  lasted  several  minutes.  I  was  much  im- 
pressed  by  this  scene.     The  meal  for  which  these  people 

IP.  A,  Helmer,  in  "The  War  of  Democracy"  (1917). 


GEOGRAPHICAL  MANUAL  AND  NEW  ATLAS 


263 


thanked  God  so  earnestly  and  reverently  was  merely  potatoes 
and  water.  There  was  better  food,  but  they  did  not  con- 
sider themselves  justified  in  eating  or  drinking  otherwise 
than  as  I  saw  them.  The  meal  was  over  in  twenty  minutes, 
and  then  father  and  son  returned  to  their  sawing.  How 
can  they  keep  up  their  strength  with  potatoes  and  water.? 
I  asked  myself,  and  others  may  ask  the  same  question. 
The  answer  is,  because  they  lead  natural  lives  and  have 
healthy  bodies.  ...  A  more  manly  and  vigorous  set 
of  men  than  the  Alsatian  peasants  is  not  to  be  easily  found, 
and  yet  the  quantity  of  meat  which  they  eat  is  so  srnall  that 
they  might  do  without  it  altogether  without  feeling  any 
physical  loss.  They  have  been  bred  to  frugality,  and  here 
lies  their  strength. 

The  floor  of  my  bedroom  was  very  black,  but  the  walls 
were  much  ornamented  with  lithographic  works  of  art,  all 
religious  in  character.  The  furniture  was  more  than  suf- 
ficient, for  there  were  some  benches  and  a  long  deal  table, 
at  which  twenty  could  have  dined  comfortably.  The  bed- 
stead was  so  short  that  I  should  certainly  have  kicked  the 
lower  board  out  had  it  not  been  designed  to  resist  unusual 
pressure.  There  were  no  blankets — a  peculiarity  of  the 
Alsatian  inns.  The  substitute  is  what  the  French  call 
edredones  [eider-down  quilts] — in  Alsace  great  bags  of  goose- 
feathers.  They  are  piled  one  upon  another,  whether  the 
season  be  winter  or  summer,  so  that  a  bed  ready  to  be  slept 
in  is  unpleasantly  suggestive  of  the  fate  of  Desdemona. 
He  who  wishes  to  sleep  without  dreaming  of  mountains 
settling  upon  him  and  bearing  him  down  into  the  lowest 
depths  must  throw  some  of  these  bags  upon  the  floor — all 
of  them  if  the  weather  be  hot.  Alsace  is  likewise  remarkable 
for  the  number  and  lustiness  of  the  fleas  which  haunt  the 
village  inns.  At  Ober-Steinbach  these  entertaining  insects 
galloped  over  me  until  daybreak,  when,  they  getting  tired, 
I  fell  asleep  on  my  chaff  bed.' 

A  Bird's-eye  View  of  France. — In  France  everything 
speaks  of  long  familiar  intercourse  between  the  earth  and  its 
inhabitants;  every  field  has  a  name,  a  history,  a  distinct 
place  of  its  own  in  the  village  polity;  every  blade  of  grass  is 
there  by  an  old  feudal  right  which  has  long  since  dispossessed 
the  worthless  aboriginal  weed.^ 

For  a  bird's-eye  view  of  France  we  can  not  do  better  than 
glance  over  its  chief  river  basins,  connected,  as  they  often 
are,  by  a  network  of  well-used  canals.  Crossing  twenty 
miles  of  sea  to  land  at  Calais  or  Boulogne,  perhaps  as  well 
known  to  Englishmen  as  to  Frenchmen  of  this  generation, 
we  find  ourselves  in  the  mainly  flat  northwestern  corner, 
where  are  grouped  some  of  the  chief  manufacturing  cities, 
Lille,  the  largest  of  them,  with  over  200,000  people,  Roubaix 
and  Tourcoing  growing  apace  on  the  Belgian  border,  near 
which  the  old  port  of  Dunkirk  was  once  a  den  of  Channel 
pirates.  Here  is  one  of  the  great  French  coal-fields.  .  .  . 
To  the  south  the  Picardy  province  is  the  basin  of  the  Somme, 
on  which  stands  Amiens,  famed  for  its  cathedral  and  for  its 
manufactures;  then  lower  comes  Abbeville;  and  at  the  mouth 
St.  Valery  claims  to  be  the  port  from  which  William  the 
Conqueror  sailed  for  England,  an  honour  disputed  by  an- 
other St.  Valery  on  the  Norman  coast.  On  the  north  side 
the  name  French  Flanders  shows  how  the  frontier  here  is  an 
artificial  one,  and  this  region  is  drained  into  Belgium  by 
the  Scheldt.  Farther  east  we  come  upon  the  upper  basin 
of  the  Meuse,  where  the  Belgian  Ardennes  cross  into  France, 
and  the  best-known  modern  place  is  that  unlucky  Sedan,  a 
fortress  close  to  the  frontier. 

To  the  south  of  this  hilly  country  the  upper  courses  of 
the  Marne  and  the  Seine  water  the  dusty  plains  and  slopes 
of  Champagne,  in  which  are  Rheims — at  whose  cathedral 
the  French  kings  were  crowned — the  great  military  camp  ot 
Chalons-sur-Marne,  and,  farther  south,  the  considerable 
city  of  Troyes  among  others  of  fame.  The  celebrated  wine 
is  chiefly  made  in  the  central  Marne  department,  but  the 
demand  for  it  is  so  great  that  it  seems  hard  to  say  whence 
comes   most   of  the   so-called   champagne.     Westward,   on 

'E.  H.  Barker,  "Wayfaring  in  France"  (1890). 

'Edith  Wharcon,  "A  Motor-flight  through  France"  (1908). 


the  northern  edge,  in  Lorraine,  we  reach  the  basin  of  the 
Moselle,  whose  noble  ex-capital,  Nancy,  still  belongs  to 
France;  but  half  of  this  province  and  all  of  Alsace,  between 
the  Vosges  and  the  Rhine,  have  been  shorn  away,  a  scar  not 
yet  skinned  over,  either  in  the  heart  of  France  or  of  the 
people,  though  by  race  and  speech  these  borders  are  more 
German  than  French.  An  old  division  between  the  two 
nations  is  hinted  at  in  opposite  banks  of  the  Saone  and  the 
Rhone  being  still  distinguished  by  boatmen  as  royaume 
[kingdom]  and  empire. 

Turning  now  along  the  eastern  side,  we  follow  the  Saone 
and  its  tributaries  flowing  through  the  old  Burgundy  and 
Franche-Comte  between  the  Jura  and  the  wine-growing 
heights  of  the  Cote  d'Or.  The  chief  place  in  this  basin  is 
Dijon,  and  in  its  eastern  mountain  region  the  fortress-city 
of  Besanfon.  The  Saone  loses  its  name  where  the  Rhone 
masterfully  rushes  into  it  from  the  Lake  of  Geneva,  their 
confluence  being  at  the  stately  city  of  Lyons,  whose  silk- 
weaving  industry  has  made  it  the  third  in  France,  with 
523,000  people,  who  more  than  once  have  shown  a  disposi- 
tion to  resent  the  supremacy  of  Paris.  Not  far  off,  at  the 
head  of  the  Loire  basin,  coal  and  iron  are  making  St.  Etienne 
a  French  Birmingham. 

From  Lyons  the  navigable  Rhone,  following  the  south- 
ward course  of  the  Saone,  takes  us  through  the  plains  of 
Languedoc,  shut  in  on  one  side  hy  the  low  bare  Cevennes, 
fastnesses  of  persecuted  Protestantism,  and  by  the  limestone 
freaks  of  the  Causses;  on  the  other  side  more  grandly  walled 
by  the  Alps  of  Dauphine,  in  which  Grenoble  is  one  of  the 
dignified  cities  of  France,  and,  higher  up,  in  Savoy,  the  chain 
is  pierced  by  the  Mont  Cenis  tunnel,  France's  chief  gate  into 
northern  Italy.  Many  old  towns  stand  on  or  about  the 
river,  the  most  famed  among  them  Avignon,  at  one  time 
seat  of  the  exiled  Popes,  amid  scenes  famed  by  Petrarch; 
and  Orange,  once  an  independent  principality,  which  sent 
forth  a  brood  of  princes  to  jbe  thorns  in  Rome's  side. 
Nimes  is  notable  for  its  well-preserved  amphitheatre,  and 
■  in  the  neighbourhood  the  Pont  de  Garde  shows  one  of  the 
most  impressive  legacies  of  old  Rome;  Tarascon  has  been 
renowned  by  a  writer  to  whom  his  fellow-Southerners  bear 
little  gratitude;  while  Aix,  seat  of  the  Counts  of  Provence 
and  their  troubadours,,  figures  as  the  "  Plassans"  of  another 
much-read  novelist.  At  Aries,  celebrated  for  Roman  re- 
mains as  for  a  strain  of  Roman  beauty  in  its  daughters,  the 
Rhone  divides  into  two  main  branches,  enclosing  the  marshy 
delta  of  the  Camargue,  whose  most  wholesome  production 
is  salt  made  from  its  lagoons.  Several  "dead  cities"  here 
delight  artistic  eyes. 

But  the  chief  port  of  all  France  is  Marseilles,  an  ancient 
Greek  colony  that  preserves  the  name  Massilia,  as  Province 
does  for  the  Provincia  from  which  Roman  civilization  spread 
over  Gaul.  Finely  situated  on  the  Gulf  of  the  Lion,  Mar- 
seilles has  half  a  million  of  people  gathered  from  all  the 
territories  of  France,  strongly  tinged  with  a  hot  blood  that 
gave  this  city  a  special  part  in  the  national  history.  Far- 
ther west  comes  Toulon,  the  Mediterranean  naval  port; 
then  a  beautiful  mountain  coast-land  shelters  the  genial 
Riviera  resorts,  chief  among  them  Nice,  birthplace  of  Gari- 
baldi, an  Italian  city  indeed  till  half  a  century  ago,  when  the 
French  frontier  was  pushed  from  the  Var  to  the  gorge  of 
St.  Louis  at  Mentone.  Between  NJce  and  Mentone  the  tiny 
independent  principality  of  Monaco  invites  headachy  lotus- 
eaters  to  its  Monte  Carlo  gambling-palace,  but  for  which  this 
sunny  spot,  basking  under  the  lofty  precipices  of  the  Corniche, 
might  be  the  choicest  winter  resort  in  Europe." ' 

Stilt-walkers  of  the  Landes. — A  traveller  gives  the 
following  account  of  an  excursion  among  the  stilt-walkers  of 
the  Landes: 

Not  long  since,  while  at  Bordeaux,  I  had  an  opportunity 
to  go  among  the  stilt-walkers,  whose  country  is  called  the 
desert.  It  is  little  known  even  to  Frenchmen.  There  is 
not  much  to  attract  in  that  vast  barren  tract,  supposed  to 
have  been  a  former  bed  of  the  sea,  wave-like  in  its  surface, 
shifting  sands  upon  fixed  sand,  patches  of  cultivation,  and 


lA.  R.  Hope  MoncriefF,  "The  World  of  To-day"  (1906). 


264 


GEOGRAPHICAL  MANUAL  AND  NEW  ATLAS 


forests  here  and  there;  now  and  then  a  bog;  occasionally 
a  horizontal  plain  crossed  by  a  black-looking  stream  in  a 
gully;  and  a  few  far-scattered  villages,  or  groups  of  unwalled 
sheds  such  as  might  be  met  with  by  the  traveller  in  Central 
Africa. 

Yet  in  the  dullness  and  dreariness  a  charm  exists,  which 
changes  to  absolute  wonder  when  an  inhabitant  comes  upon 
the  scene — a  queer  creature  clad  in  sheep-skins,  mounted  on  a 
pair  of  wooden  supporters  reaching  to  his  knees,  and  strapped 
to  them  and  to  his  ankles — his  scanty  flock  of  sheep  nibbling 
at  almost  invisible  herbage.  From  the  Garonne  to  the 
Adour,  and  from  the  Gelise  to  the  Bay  of  Biscay,  these 
tracts  extend;  parts  are  half  cultivated,  others  are  hopeless 
gravel,  some  are  reclaimable  sand,  but  all  are  hostile  to  grain 
crops  of  any  description.  The  small  herds  of  cattle  are 
composed  of  beasts  so  small  and  thin,  that  they  appear  to 
have  been  starved  out  of  their  natural  size. 

A  peasant's  abode,  which  I  visited,  was  neither  a  hut, 
tent,  nor  cottage,  but  a  thatch,  extending  from  the  trunk  of 
a  living  tree,  supported  at  the  four  corners  by  poles  of  pine- 
wood,  open  to  all  the  winds  that  blow,  and  fenced  about, 
for  a  foot  in  height,  by  loose  stones  or  blocks  of  half-burned 
clay.  Every  shepherd  of  the  Landes  has  several  stations, 
which  he  calls  his  homes;  for  pasture  will  nowhere  suffice 
for  more  than  a  few  days  as  the  food  for  a  flock. 

Each  morning  he  rises,  just  as  the  day  is  dawning,  and 
puts  on  those  quaint  leggings  called  stilts,  6  feet  6  inches 
high,  raising  his  feet  about  two-thirds  of  that  altitude 
from  the  ground  and  enabling  the  wearer  at  once  to  follow 
his  flocks,  to  defy  wolves,  and  to  pass  from  one  oasis  to 
another  with  great  swiftness.  No  horse  in  that  region  can 
beat  him.  At  a  first  glimpse  of  these  fellows  on  a  misty 
morning  balancing  their  long  poles  and  taking  yards  at  a 
stride,  I  thought  of  so  many  spectres  of  the  Brocken,  so 
gia"nt-like  and  supernatural  did  they  appear. 

The  stilt  of  the  Landes  is  not  simple  in  its  build.  You 
have  the  "upright"  to  begin  with,  then  a  jutting  piece  of 
wood  two-thirds  of  the  way  up,  with  a  strap,  and  another 
leathern  band  for  the  knee;  it  is  shod  with  leather  to  prevent 
sinking  too  deep  in  the  sand  and  slipping  on  the  clay.  This 
mode  of  locomotion  is  practised  by  the  inhabitants  from  the 
earliest  childhood. 

Paris. — Paris,  the  capital  of  Fi'ance,  is  the  third  largest 
city  in  the  world  and  the  largest  city  on  the  Continent. 
The  French  certainly  have  reason  to  be  proud  of  their  metrop- 
olis, for  not  only  is  it  a  magnificent  city,  but  its  influence  is 
felt  throughout  the  civilized  world.  In  fashions  of  dress 
Paris  reigns  supreme;  in  politics  the  provincial  towns  of 
France  follow  the  lead  of  the  capital;  while  no  European  court 
can  afford  to  neglect  French  opinion. 

Paris  is  built  on  both  banks  and  on  two  islands  of  the  Seine, 
and  is  surrounded  by  a  double  line  of  walls  with  bastions, 
and  further  protected  by  a  ring  of  detached  forts.  Round 
the  walls  are  finely  planted  walks  encircling  the  city;  these 
are  the  exterior  boulevards.  The  inner  boulevards  consist 
in  their  finest  part  of  a  broad  thoroughfare  bounded  on  either 
side  by  a  row  of  trees  and  a  broad  pathway,  and  lined  with 
elegant  shops  and  mansions.  The  whole  forms  a  scene  of 
animated  gaiety  and  splendour  unequalled  by  any  other 
city. 

Motoring  in  Paris. — It  is  said  all  good  Americans  go 
to  Paris  when  they  die,  but  no  motoring  American  will 
wait  till  the  hereafter  if  he  has  half  a  chance  to  go  there  now. 
In  saying  this  it  is  fair  to  add  that  I  am  going  counter  to 
the  opinion  of  friends  who  have  motored  in  France.  When 
they  reached  Paris  they  stored  their  automobile  and  re- 
sorted to  'buses  and  taxicabs;  they  thought  it  too  danger- 
ous to  motor  on  the  capital's  crowded  thoroughfares. 

It  is  true  that  amid  the  congested  traffic  of  one  of  the 
world's  largest  cities  one  needs  steady  nerves  and  a  cool 
head,  but  even  on  the  Boulevard  des  Italiens  and  the  Avenue 


de  I'Opera  we  experienced  no  special  difficulty;  and  there 
was  keen  delight  in  watching  that  wonderful  stream  of . 
vehicles,  of  horses,  of  humanity,  and  of  being  for  the  moment 
an  atom  in  that  great  stream,  mingling  with  it,  a  part  of  its 
life,  of  its  infinite  variety!  Such  a  stream  is  to  be  seen  in 
only  two  or  three  of  the  world's  largest  cities,  and  even  in 
them — in  New  York  and  in  London — the  scene  is  not  so 
variegated,  so  animated,  so  picturesque  as  it  is  on  the  great 
boulevards  of  Paris. 

The  hotel  we  went  to  was  near  the  Opera  House,  so  was 
the  garage,  and  it  took  but  a  few  minutes  after  dinner  each 
evening  during  our  stay  to  get  the  Get-There  (as  we  called 
our  car)  and  plunge  into  one  or  the  other  of  the  animated 
streams  which  begin  at  the  Place  de  I'Opera  and  radiate 
thence  in  a  dozen  diff"erent  directions  to  the  farthest  extrem- 
ities of  the  metropolis.  During  the  ten  days  that  we  were 
thus  tempting  fate,  and,  according  to  our  friends  who  stored 
their  automobile  and  rode  in  'buses,  that  we  were  running 
the  risk  of  all  sorts  of  accidents,  we  had  not  a  single  mis- 
hap, not  a  breakdown,  not  a  scratch.  Even  our  lamps  came 
out  of  the  ordeal  unscathed,  although  there  were  moments 
when  the  long  line  of  vehicles  hesitated  and  halted,  and  it 
required  skilful  handling  to  avoid  collision  with  the  driver 
just  ahead  or  just  behind  us. 

One  thing  did  happen  during  those  ten  days,  but  that 
was  funny  rather  than  serious.  I  was  arrested.  It  was 
one  afternoon  on  the  Boulevard  des  Italiens.  While  Beamer 
stepped  into  the  bank,  and  while  I  waited  her  return,  seated 
in  the  Get-There  in  front  of  the  Credit  Lyonnaise,  a  police- 
man approached,  touched  his  cap  in  polite  salute  and  said 
it  desolated  him  inexpressibly,  but  that  he  was  obliged  to 
place  me  under  arrest!  Why?  Because  my  motor  was 
smoking.  I  looked  around,  but  not  a  bit  of  smoke  did  I 
see.  "Ah,  Monsieur,  c'est  vrai  (that  is  true),  but  that  is 
because  the  motor  is  now  resting.  But  a  while  ago!  Mon 
dieu,  yes,  it  was  then  that  Monsieur's  motor  smoked.  I 
saw  it.  I  followed.  And  now,  Monsieur,  be  so  good  as  to 
give  me  your  address." 
I  gave  it.     "What  next?" 

"Nothing,  Monsieur.     C'est  tout"  (that  is  all). 
"But  you  said  I  was  under  arrest?" 

"Mais  oui  (yes)  but  for  the  present  c'est  tout.  Monsieur 
is  at  liberty  to  proceed!" 

And  giving  another  polite  salute,  the  policeman  took  his 
departure.  At  the  hotel  that  evening  we  were  told  that  in  a 
week  or  ten  days  there  would  be  left  at  the  hotel  a  summons 
to  appear  before  a  magistrate,  who  would  probably  fine  me 
five  francs. 

"But  we  shall  not  be  here  after  this  week." 
"Ah,  in  that  case.  Monsieur,  they  can  not  fine  you." 
And  that  was  all  there  was  to  it.  After  my  "arrest," 
which  detained  us  less  than  ten  minutes,  we  continued  our 
drive  to  the  Place  de  la  Bastile,  in  doing  so  passing  through 
the  eight  principal  boulevards  of  Paris — the  Boulevards  des 
Italiens,  Montmartre,  Poissoniere,  Bonne  Nouvelle,  St. 
Denis,  St.  Martin,  du  Temple,  and  Beaumarchais,  and  thence 
to  Napoleon's  tomb  by  the  Boulevards  Henri  IV.  and  St. 
Germain.  Any  one  who  can  without  mishap  conduct  an 
automobile  along  this  route  between  three  and  six  o'clock 
in  the  afternoon  can  fairly  claim  to  know  how  to  drive  a 
motor  car.  Such  a  jam  of  men,  horses,  and  automobiles  is 
to  be  seen  nowhere  else  in  the  world;  in  London  there  is  as 
big  a  jam  of  men  and  horses,  but  Paris  has  more  automobiles, 
and  they  rush  about  without  the  least  regard  for  speed  laws 
or  the  safety  of  pedestrians.  Were  it  not  for  the  little  "isl- 
ands" stationed  at  intervals  in  the  centre  of  the  streets  it 
would  be  quite  impossible  for  a  pedestrian  to  cross  a  Paris 
boulevard.  As  it  is,  he  must  watch  his  chance  to  dart  over 
to  the  island;  there,  under  the  sheltering  wing  of  a  tall  lamp- 
post, standing  on  the  raised  circle  around  its  base,  he  must 
watch  the  stream  of  humanity  going  the  other  way  on  the 
other  half  of  the  street  and  wait  for  a  gap  through  which  to 
dart  across  to  his  destination.  If  he  is  timid  and  waits  for 
too  big  a  gap  he  may  stand  by  that  lamp-post  an  hour;  but 
after  one  has  been  in  Paris  a  while  one  ceases  to  be  timid  in 
such  matters.  Every  one  seems  to  be  rushing  across  the 
boulevards,  almost  under  the  horses'  hoofs  or  the  automobile 
wheels,  and  evervbody — or  nearly  everybody — gets  across 


GEOGRAPHICAL  MANUAL  AND  NEW  ATLAS 


265 


alive;    so    you,    too,    soon    find    yourself    willing    to    take 
chances.' 

Marseilles. — Marseilles  is  not  only  the  largest  port  of 
France,  but  also  the  chief  commercial  port  on  the  Medi- 
terranean. It  competes  with  Trieste  and  Brindisi  in  its 
Oriental  passenger  trade.  The  capital  of  southern  France 
has  a  distinct  character  of  its  own. 

To-day,  as  three  thousand  years  ago,  Marseilles  may  be 
called  the  threshold  of  the  East.  In  these  hot,  bustling, 
noisy  streets,  Paris  is  quiet  by  comparison;  London  a  Trap- 
pist  monastery!  Orientals,  or  what  our  French  neighbours 
call  exotics,  are  so  common  that  no  one  looks  at  them.  Jap- 
anese and  Chinese,  Hindus,  Tonquinois,  Annamites,  Moors, 
Arabs,  all  are  here,  and  in  native  dress;  and  writing  letters 
in  the  salon  of  your  hotel,  your  vis-d-vis  at  the  table  d'hote, 
your  fellow  sightseers,  east  and  west,  to-day  as  of  old,  here 
come  into  friendly  contact;  and  side  by  side  with  the  East 
is  the  glowing  life  of  the  South.  We  seem  no  longer  in 
France,  but  in  a  great  cosmopolitan  mart  that  belongs  to  the 
whole  world.     .     .     .  _ 

Superbly  situated,  magnificently  endowed  as  to  climate, 
the  chef-lieu  of  the  Bouches  du  Rhone  must  be  called  a 
slatternly  beauty;  whilst  embellishing  herself,  putting  on 
her  jewels  and  splendid  attire,  she  has  forgotten  to  wash  her 
face  and  trim  her  hair!  .  .  .  Marseilles  is  dirty,  un- 
swept,  littered  from  end  to  end;  you  rnight  suppose  that 
every  householder  had  just  moved,  leaving  their  odds  and 
ends  in  the  streets,  if,  indeed,  these  beautifully  shaded 
walks  can  be  so  called.  The  city  in  its  development  has  laid 
out  alleys  and  boulevards  instead  of  merely  making  ways, 
with  the  result  that  in  spite  of  brilliant  sky  and  burning  sun, 
coolness  and  shadow  are  ever  to  be  had.     .     .     . 

But  it  is  not  only  by  beautiful  villas  and  gardens  that  the 
city  has  embellished  itself.  What  with  the  lavishness  of 
the  municipality,  public  companies,  and  the  orthodox,  noble 
public  buildings,  docks,  warehouses,  schools,  churches,  gar- 
dens, promenades,  have  rendered  Marseilles  the  most  sump- 
tuous French  capital  after  Paris.^  ^ 

HiNT^TO  Motorists  in  France. — If  one's  motor  trip  is 
confined  to  a  single  country  it  may  not  be  worth  while  to 
join  a  foreign  touring  club;  you  pay  the  duty  on  your  auto- 
mobile when  you  enter  the  country  and  you  get  your 
money  back  when  you  leave;  there  is  but  one  such  trans- 
action, and  it  involves  but  little  trouble  and  no  expense. 
But  if  several  countries  are  to  be  visited  a  club  membership 
is  helpful. 

When  we  reached  Havre  the  Get-There  (our  car)  was 
inventoried  and  weighed,  and  a  duty  of  six  hundred  and 
seventy-six  francs  was  paid;  this  amount,  less  two  cents  for  a 
receipt  stamp,  was  refunded  three  months  later  when  we  left 
France  for  the  last  time  at  the  frontier  near  Mentone.  That 
was  our  only  direct  dealing  with  customs  officials,  for  before 
starting  east  we  went  to  the  handsome  home  of  the  Touring 
Club  de  France,  at  No.  67  Avenue  de  la  Grande  Armee,  and 
paid  six  francs  for  a  membership,  which  entitled  us  to  secure 
for  each  country  we  purposed  visiting  what  is  called  a  "Trip- 
tyque,"  i.  e.,  a  certificate  in  triplicate  setting  forth  that  we 
had  deposited  with  the  club's  treasurer  an  amount  sufficient 
to  cover  all  duties  which  the  Get-There  would  have  to  pay. 

Armed  with  a  triptyque  as  you  cross  a  frontier,  instead 
of  being  obliged  to  weigh  your  automobile  and  furnish  a  de- 
tailed description  of  its  colour,  its  seats,  number,  motor, 
etc.,  and  then  pay  a  large  sum  in  cash  in  the  currency  of  the 
country  you  are  about  to  enter — instead  of  all  this  delay 
and  bother  you  merely  present  your  triptyque;  the  customs 
officer  retains  the  first  sheet  and  stamps  on  the  second 
sheet  the  date  of  your  entry;  when  you  recross  the  frontier 
the  date  and  place  of  your  exit  are  stamped  on  the  second 
sheet;  your  goings  and  comings  continue  to  be  thus  stamped 


on  the  second  sheet  until  you  leave  the  country  for  the  last 
time,  then  the  officer  retains  the  second  sheet,  and  on  the 
third  one  certifies  that  you  have  made  your  final  exit.  On 
forwarding  this  third  sheet,  so  certified,  to  the  Touring  Club 
de  France  the  amount  of  your  deposit  for  the  country  you 
have  definitely  left  is  at  once  sent  to  you  at  any  point  you 
request. 

As  we  purposed  motoring  in  several  countries  the  total 
deposit  we  had  to  make  with  the  club's  treasurer  amounted 
to  nearly  two  thousand  francs,  but  just  as  soon  as  the  Get- 
There'  was  shipped  from  Naples  to  New  York  the  last  franc 
was  promtly  refunded;  the  convenience  afforded  us  in  getting, 
in  and  out  of  the  various  countries  visited  was  well  worth 
the  hundred  days'  use  of  our  money  and  the  fee  of  twenty 
francs  which  the  club  charged  for  issuing  the  triptyques. 
Sometimes,  as  when  visiting  the  battlefields  of  1870,  between 
Mars  le  Tour  and  Metz,  we  crossed  backward  and  forward 
between  France  and  Germany  several  times  in  the  course  of 
half  a  day;  as  we  had  triptyques  this  entailed  little  delay. 
Without  triptyques  half  a  day  might  have  been  consumed  in 
making  a  single  frontier  crossing.  It  takes  only  a  minute 
to  show  a  triptyque  and  have  it  stamped,  whereas  to  have  an 
automobile  weighed  and  minutely  described  for  future  iden- 
tification takes  anywhere  from  an  hour  to  a  day,  according 
to  the  humour  of  the  frontier  official  making  the  inventory.' 


SYNOPSIS  OF  FRANCE 
(See  Map,  p.  40) 

Boundaries. — France  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  the  English  Channel; 
on  the  west  by  the  Bay  of  Biscay;  on  the  east  by  Germany,  Switzerland, 
and  Italy;  and  or.  the  south  by  the  Pyrenees  and  the  Mediterranean. 

Climate. — France  enjoys  the  most  delightful  climate  in  all  Europe; 
only  the  actually  mountainous  districts  have  a  severe  climate.  Else- 
where, even  in  the  northern  departments,  the  winters  are  mild,  while  even 
in  the  most  southerly,  the  summers  are  not  too  hot.  The  climate  of  wes- 
tern and  southern  France  is  "oceanic,"  permitting  palm  trees  to  flourish 
in  the  open  air  (mean  temperature  in  Jan.  of  Marseilles  44.6°F.,  of  Bordeaux 
42.8°F.),  while  that  of  eastern  France  is  more  "continental"  (mean  tem- 
perature in  Jan.  of  Nancy  33.8°F.).  The  annual  mean  temperature  of 
southern  France  is  59°F.,  of  central  France  55.4°F.,  and  of  northern  France 
50°F.,  much  higher  than  the  temperature  of  similar  latitudes  as,  e.  g.,  Ger- 
many. The  rainfall  is  great;  on  the  Atlantic  coast  rain  falls  on  152  days 
per  annum,  in  the  centre  on  140,  and  in  the  south  on  60-70.  In  the  south 
and  west  the  maximum  rainfall  occurs  in  autumn,  in  the  northeast  in  winter. 
See  Climate  Map  of  Europe,  pp.  24,  25. 

Natural  Productions. — (i)  Agriculture.  Half  the  total  area  of  France 
is  under  cultivation,  and  of  the  remainder  one  third  is  pasture  and  another 
third  forest  land.  Most  of  the  cultivable  land  is  split  up  into  very  small 
farms,  worked  usually  by  peasant  proprietors. 

Wheat  is  the  principal  grain  crop,  and  grows  in  all  parts  of  the  country, 
but  more  particular  north  of  the  Seine.  Oats  are  cultivated  in  the  north 
and  northeast;  rye  in  the  central  plateau;  maize  in  the  Rhone  Valley  and 
southwestern  plains;  and  buckwheat  in  the  northeast.  The  vine  is  the  most 
valuable  of  the  agricultural  products,  for  France  is  the  greatest  wine  pro- 
ducing country  in  the  world.  The  chief  vine  regions  are  the  valleys  of  the 
Garonne  and  Dordogne,  claret  being  obtained  from  the  north  of  Bordeaux; 
the  valleys  of  the  Loire  and  the  Allier;  the  region  of  the  headstreams  of  the 
Seine  system,  where  the  wine  takes  it  name  from  the  province,  Champagne; 
the  Saone  Valley,  where  the  eastern  slope  of  the  Cote  d'Or  produces  Bur- 
gundy; the  Rhone  Valley  and  the  Mediterranean  districts. 

The  sugar  beet  is  extensively  grown  in  the  northeastern  part  of  France, 
especially  in  the  provinces  of  Artois  and  Picardy.  The  northern  depart- 
ments also  produce  most  of  the  colza  for  oil-making,  and  more  than  half 
xi\eflax.  The  olive  is  cultivated  in  the  south;  while  the  silkworm  is  reared 
on  the  leaves  of  the  mulberry  trees  grown  in  most  parts  of  the  Rhone  Valley. 
Oranges  and  other  fruits  are  cultivated  in  the  Riviera.  Tobacco,  which  is  a 
government  monopoly,  is  grown  almost  exclusively  in  the  valley  of  the 
Garonne  and  in  Algeria.  Wood  is  the  chief  domestic  fuel;  the  forests, 
principally  in  the  east  and  southwest,  occupy  about  23  million  acres. 

(2)  Cattle  and  sheep  farming.  Cattle  are  raised  on  the  western  plains, 
and  sheep  on  the  central  plateau.  Most  of  the  agricultural  labour  is  per- 
formed by  oxen,  and  in  the  south  by  donkeys  and  mules. 

(3)  Fisheries.  Fishing  is  extensively  carried  on  around  the  shores; 
while  French  fishing  vessels  visit  the  banks  of  Newfoundland  and  Ice- 
land for  cod.  Oyster  culture  is  an  important  industry  on  the  Atlantic 
coast,  especially  at  Arcachon,  and  on  the  Mediterranean  coast. 

(4)  Minerals.— The  mineral  wealth  is  much  less  than  that  of  Great  Brit- 
ain, consequently  manufactures  do  not  occupy  so  large  a  place  in  the  in- 
dustrial life  of  the  nation.  There  are  only  two  large  coalfields,  one  in  the 
northeast  which  extends  from  the  Belgian  frontier  south  of  Lille,  and  the 
other  on  the  eastern  edge  of  the  central  plateau  with  St.  Etienne  as  its 
chief  centre.  Iron  is  nearly  all  mined  at  or  near  Nancy,  where  a  consider- 
able iron  and  steel  industry  has  developed.  Lead  is  the  only  other  metal 
much  worked;  it  is  found  in  the  mountains  of  Auvergne  in  central  France. 
Salt  is  mined  on  the  borders  of  Switzerland,  Germany,  and  Spain,  but  one 


iLee  Meriwether,  "Seeing  Europe  by  Automobile"  (1911). 
'Betham-Edwards,  "In  the  Heart  of  the  Vosges"  C1912). 


iLee  Meriwether,  "Seeing  Europe  by  Automobile"  (191 1). 


266 


GEOGRAPHICAL  MANUAL  AND  NEW  ATLAS 


half  of  the  supply  comes  from  the  salt  marshes  {salines)  of  the  flat  shores  of 
the  Bay  of  Biscay  and  the  Mediterranean. 

Manufactures. — The  chief  manufacture  is  silk,  the  next  wine,  and  then 
woollen  goods.  Nine  tenths  of  the  silk  woven  is  made  at  Lyons.  Woollens 
are  produced  chiefly  in  the  north,  about  three-quarters  of  the  raw  material 
being  imported.  Cottons  are  more  largely  made  at  Rouen,  a  port  well  situ-  , 
ated  on  the  Seine  for  obtaining  American  cotton.  Lace  making,  a  typical 
French  industry,  occupies  large  numbers  of  women  in  their  own  homes. 
In  the  making  of  furniture,  jewellery,  and  other  objects  of  art,  France  is 
unsurpassed. 

Water  power  is  largely  used  in  French  manufactures.  On  the  slopes  of 
the  Vosges  and  in  the  valley  of  the  Isere,  where  coal  is  difficult  to  obtain, 
water  is  the  chief  source  of  power.  Water  power  from  the  Rhone  at  Lyons 
and  from  the  Loire  near  Saint-Etienne  is  used  also  to  supplement  steam 
power. 

CHIEF  CITIES  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  FRANCE 


CITY 

thousands 

department 

PRINCIPAL  INDUSTRIES 

Amiens* 

93 

Somme 

Cottons  and  woollens. 

Angers* 

83 

Marne-et-Loire 

Sail  cloth,      hosiery,      leather, 

chemicals,  slate  quarries. 
Paper,    woollens,    linens,    disr 

Angoul^me* 

38 

Ch  a  rente 

tillcries,  tanneries. 

Avignon* 

49 

Vaiicliisc 

Silk. 

Besancon* 

57 

Doubs 

Watches,  linens,  cottons,  silks. 

BIZIERS 

51 

Herault 

Woollens,  hosiery,  chemicals. 

Bordeaux* 

261 

Gironde 

Sugar,  soap,  shipbuilding,  pot- 
teries, distilleries. 

BoULOpN  E-SUR-M  ER 

S3 

Pas-de-Calais 

Soap,  earthenware,  linen, 
woollens,  coal,  corn,  butter, 
fish. 

BOURGES* 

45 

Cher 

Cloth,  leather. 

Brest 

90 

Finisterre 

Cereals,  brandy,  sardines, 
mackerel.  (Naval  dockyard.) 

Caen 

46 

Calvados 

Lace. 

Calais 

72 

Pas-de-Ca!ais 

Cotton,  silk,  bobbinet  lace. 

Cherbourg 

43 

La  Manche 

(Naval  dockyard.) 

Clermont-Ferrand* 

65 

Puy-de-Domc 

Confectionery,  hats,  boots 
and  shoes. 

Dijon* 

76 

Cote-d'Or 

Wmes,  cotton,  tanneries. 

Dunkirk 

38 

Nord 

Linens,  especially  jute  and 
sail  cloth,  leather,  soap, 
starch,  ropes. 

Grenoble* 

77 

Isere 

Gloves,  linens,  leather. 

Le  Havre 

136 

Seine-Inferieure 

Sugar,    cottons,    paper,    glass, 

Le  Mans* 

69 

Sarthe 

Woollens,  linens,  machinery, 
leather. 

L  B  VA  LLOI8-  P  B  RR  ET 

68 

Seine 

Motor  cars,  carriages,  perfum- 
ery, liqueurs,  soap. 

Lille* 

217 

Nord 

Woollens,    beet  sugar,   textiles. 

Limoges* 

92 

Haute-Vienne 

Enamel  goods,  porcelain, 
cloth,  foundries. 

Lor  IE  NT 

49 

Morbihan 

Shipbuilding. 

Lyons* 

523 

Rhone 

Centre  of  silk  manufacturing. 

Marseilles* 

5  50 

Bouches-du- Rhone 

Shoes,  leather  goods,  sugar, 
soap. 

MONTPELLIER 

80 

Herault 

Cottons,  candles,  soap,  chemi- 

Montreuil-sous-3ois 

43 

Seine 

Paints,  oils,  varnish,  glass, 
chemicals. 

Nancy* 

119 

Meurthe-et-Moselle 

Woollens,  cottons,  lace. 

Nantes* 

170 

Loire-Inferieure 

Machinery,  linens,  cottons, 
sail-cloth,  flannel,  leather, 
ropes. 

Neuilly-sur-Seinb 

44 

Seine 

Chocolate,  varnish,  carpets. 

Nice* 

142 

Alpes  Maritimes 

Perfumery,  soap,  tanning. 

NlMBS* 

80 

Card 

Silk  and  cotton  goods. 

Orleans* 

72 

Lolret 

Confectionery,    pottery,   wool- 
lens. 
Silks,    leather   goods,    carpets, 

Paris* 

V888 

Seine 

tapestries,    bronzes,    lamps, 

watches,  gloves,  sugar. 

Pau* 

37 

Basses-Pyrenees 

(Health  resort.) 

Perpignan* 

39 

Pyrenees-Orient  ales 

Iron,  wool,  oil,  wine,  corks, 
leathers. 

Poitiers* 

41 

Vienne 

Printing,  brushes,  tanning. 
Wines,  flannels,  blankets,  me- 

Reims or  Rheims 

ns 

Marne 

rinos. 

Rennbs* 

79 

Ille-et-Vilaine 

Sail  cloth,  linens,  shoes,  hats. 

Roanne 

36 

Loire 

Cottons,  woollens,  linens. 

Roche  FORT 

36 

Charente-Inferieure 

Wine,  brandy. 

ROUBAIX 

122 

Nord 

Textiles,  beet  sugar. 

Rouen 

124 

Seine-Inferieure 

Woollens,  chemicals,  beet 
sugar,  earthenware. 

Saint-Denis 

71 

Seine 

Tanneries,  breweries,  gelatine, 

Saint-Etienne 

soda,  calicoes. 

148 

Loire 

Coal  and  iron,  silks,  cutlery. 

Saint-Nazaire 

38 

Loire-Inferieure 

Shipbuilding,  steel  works. 

Sa:nt-Ouen 

41 

Seine 

Metal  founding,  machine  con- 
struction. 

Saint-Quentin 

55 

Aisne 

Cottons,  woollens. 

Toulon 

104 

Var 

Shipbuilding,  fishing,  lace- 
making,  wine  growing.  (Na- 
val dockyard.) 

Toulouse* 

149 

Haute-Garonne 

Iron  goods. 

Toorcoing 

82 

Nord 

Woollens,  cottons,  linens,  silks, 
dye  works. 

Tours* 

73 

Indre-et-Loire 

Silks. 

Troves* 

55 

Aube 

Cottons,  woollens,  soap,  paper, 

gloves. 

Versailles* 

60 

Seine-et-Oise 

Boots      and      shoes,     market 

gardening. 

^Capital  of  department. 

Capital — Paris,  on  the  Seine.     Population  2,888,110. 

Chief  Ports. — Marseilles,  on  the  Mediterranean,  is  the  chief  harbour 
and  trades  with  Mediterranean  ports  and  the  Orient;  Havre,  at  the  mouth 
of  the  Seine  does  the  chief  import  trade  in  grain  and  raw  materials  from 
America;  Bordeaux,  on  the  Garonne,  is  the  chief  wine  exporting  town; 
Nantes,  Dunkirk,  Calais,  Boulogne,  Dieppe,  and  St.  Nazaire,  are  less  ex- 
tensive seaports.     The  great  naval  ports  are  Cherbourg,  Brest,  and  Toulon. 

Commerce. — ^The  position  of  France  on  three  seas  gives  her  great  natural 
advantages  for  foreign  commerce,  while  her  magnificent  network  of  rivers, 


canals,  and  railroads  facilitates  a  brisk  trade  at  home.  The  foreign  trade  is 
carried  on  chiefly  with  the  United  Kingdom,  the  United  States,  Germany, 
Belgium,  and  Italy. 

\ViTH  THE  United  States. — From  the  United  States  France  receives 
cotton  (raw  and  manufactured),  copper,  oils,  iron  and  steel  manufactures, 
breadstufFs,  tobacco,  etc.  In  exchange  she  exports  to  the  United  States 
silks,  cottons,  works  of  art,  woollens,  fruits,  etc. 

Chief  Imports. — ^Wool,  cotton,  coal,  oleaginous  fruits  and  seeds,  machin- 
ery, raw  skins,  cereals,  timber,  caoutchouc,  copper,  petroleum  oils,  coffee, 
and  wines. 

Chief  Exports. — Cotton  tissues,  silk  tissues,  wool,  woollen  tissues,  wines, 
small  wares,  automobiles,  silks,  raw  skins,  millinery  and  artificial  flowers, 
dressed  skins,  tools  and  metal  goods,  machinery,  pig  iron,  butter,  table 
fruits,  refined  sugar,  brandy  and  liqueurs,  fish,  and  cheese. 

Communications. — ^The  system  of  railroads  is  very  extensive.  They 
are  almost  entirely  concedes,  and  become  state  property  after  the  expira- 
tion of  the  concession. 

There  are  30,000  miles  of  railway  divided  among  six  great  companies,  whose  lines  scarcely 
overlap.  The  Norlkern  occupies  the  section  between  Boulogne  and  the  German  frontier, 
with  connections  to  England  by  the  Calais-Dover  route.  The  WtsUrn  sends  one  main  line 
down  the  Seine  valley  through  Rouen  to  Havre  and  Dieppe,  another  to  the  naval  harbour  of 
Cherbourg  in  Normandy,  and  a  third  to  that  of  Brest  in  Brittany,  with  branches  to  the  chief 
intervening  towns.  The  Paris-Orleans  serves  the  area  between  the  Loire  and  the  Garonne, 
including  the  wine-producing  district  of  Charente;  the  chief  centres  of  traffic  are  Orleans, 
Tours,  and  Poitiers.  At  Bordeaux  it  connects  with  the  Southern  lines,  one  of  which  runs  into 
Spain  at  Bayonne,  leading  to  Madrid  and  Lisbon,  another  by  Toulouse  to  Cette,  Montpellier, 
and  Spain.  The  Paris-Lyons  and  Mediterranean  has  the  greatest  amount  of  traffic,  and  has 
two  lines  to  the  south  traversing  the  wine-growing  districts  of  Burgundy  and  the  silk  and 
iron  centres  of  the  Upper  Loire  and  Rouen  valleys.  The  main  line  runs  southeast  to  Dijon 
{whence  a  branch  leads  to  Bern),  turns  south  down  the  valley  of  the  Saone  to  Macon  (the 
junction  for  the  Mont  Cenis  tunnel  route  to  Italy).  The  Eastern  railway  brings  the  vme- 
yards  of  Champagne,  and  the  iron-works  of  Meurthe-et-Moselle  into  communication  with  the 
capital.  One  Ime  through  Chalons,  a  wine  centre,  and  Nancy,  enters  Germany  by  Avricourt; 
another  passing  the  fortifications  of  Belfort  goes  into  Alsace  and  Switzerland,  connecting  with 
Austria  by  the  Arlberg  tunnel,  and  with  Italy  by  the  St.  Gothard  tunnel. 

The  length  of  telegraph  wires  is  152,000  miles,  and  of  telephone  lines 
108,000  miles. 

The  rivers  are  extensively  used  for  inland  navigation,  their  usefulness 
being  increased  by  a  number  of  canals  connecting  them  with  one  another 
and  the  rivers  of  the  neighbouring  countries. 

Coinage.  The  franc  of  100  centimes  is  of  the  value  of  19.3  U.  S.  cents  or 
9§  d.  Gold  coins  m  use  are  20  and  10  franc  pieces.  Silver  coins  are  5, 2,  I, 
and  J  franc  pieces  and  20  centime  pieces.  Bronze  coins. are  loand  5  centime 
pieces.  There  is  a  double  standard  of  value,  gold  and  silver,  the  ratio  being 
theoretically  15^  to  one. 

The  present  monetary  convention  between  France,  Belgium,  Italy,  Swit- 
zerland, and  Greece — known  as  the  Latin  Union — is  continued  from  year  to 
year.  According  to  its  terms  the  five  contracting  states  have  their  gold  and 
silver  coins  respectively  of  the  same  fineness,  weight,  diameter,  and  current 
value. 

Government. — France,  since  the  overthrow  of  Napoleon  III.  in  1870, 
has  been  a  Republic  governed  by  a  President  and  two  Chambers.  The 
President  is  elected  for  seven  years  by  the  two  Chambers  united  in  National 
Assembly,  and  receives  600,000  francs  (?l20,ooo)  a  year,  and  a  further  allow- 
ance of  600,000  francs  for  expenses.  He  appoints  the  ministers  and  makes 
all  civil  and  military  appointments.  War  can  be  declared  by  the  Presi- 
dent only  with  consent  of  the  two  Houses,  and  his  every  act  must  be  counter- 
signed by  a  minister. 

The  legislature  consists  of  the  National  Assembly,  sitting  in  two  houses; 
namely,  the  Senate  of  300  members,  indirectly  elected  for  nine  years  (one 
third  retiring  every  three  years),  and  the  Chamber  of  Deputies  of  584  members 
elected  for  four  years  by  universal  suffrage.  Both  houses  can  initiate  and 
frame  laws,  except  in  the  case  of  financial  laws,  which  must  first  be  presented 
to  and  voted  by  the  Chamber  of  Deputies.  Deputies  and  Senators  are 
both  paid  at  the  rate  of  15,000  francs  (^3,000)  a  year.  The  Presidents  of 
the  two  Chambers  each  receive  in  addition  72,000  francs  (^14,500)  a  year 
for  the  expense  of  entertainment.  Members  of  both  Chambers  travel  free 
on  all  railways  on  making  a  small  annual  payment. 

The  colonies  are  regarded  as  being  politically  part  of  France,  and  are 
represented  in  the  Senate  by  four  Senators  and  in  the  Chamber  by  ten 
Deputies. 

FRENCH  COLONIES 


DEPENDENCIES 


Asia 

French  India. 
French  Indo-China. 
Africa 

Algeria* 

French  Morocco. 

Tunis 

French  West  Africa: 

Senegal 

French  Guinea 

Ivory  Coast 

Dahomey    .... 

French  Sahara 
French  Equatorial  Africa 
French  East  Africa: 

Madagascar 

Somali  Coast  . 
America 

St.  Pierre  and  Miquelon 
Guadeloupe  .... 
Martinique     .... 

Guiana 

Austraiasia 

New  Caledonia    . 
Society  Islands    . 


DATB  OF 
ACQUISITION 


1679 
1861-.92 

1830-I902 
1912 


1893 
1843 
1843 
1893 
1880 


1643-1896 
1864 

1635 
1634 
163s 
1626 

1834-87 
I84I-8I 


Total 


AREA 
(sq.  miles) 


200 
309,979 


3,812,200 


7,200 
8,378 


4,395.224 


POPULATIOM 


277.700 
16,600,000 

5,563,828 


39,948,300 


428,850 


50,500 
81,100 


62,950,278 


*Algeria  forms  an  integral  part  of  France,  under  a  governor-general. 


GEOGRAPHICAL  MANUAL  AND  NEW  ATLAS 


267 


GERMAN   EMPIRE 

(See  Map,  p.  41) 


The  present  German  Empire  {Deutsches Reich)  ■was\aunched 
only  a  generation  ago;  but  in  order  to  understand  its  present 
relations  to  neighbouring  states  we  must  take  a  glance  back- 
ward. Just  as  France  was  foreshadowed  in  the  kingdom  of 
the  West  Franks  in  the  division  of  Charlemagne's  empire, 
so  Germany  was  foreshadowed  in  the  kingdom  of  the  East 
Franks,  which  was  the  chief  among  the  three  kingdoms  (see 
Map  of  the  Empire  of  Charlemagne,  p.  47).  While  in  France 
the  crown  became  a  nucleus  for  the  steady  and  solid  growth 
of  the  kingdom,  the  Teutonic  kingship  passed  from  house  to 
house  until  in  1273  it  settled  with  the  Hapsburgs.  But  in 
spite  of  occasional  successes,  the  central  power  grew  weaker 
and  weaker,  with  the  result  that  the  constituent  states  were 
able  to  establish  their  virtual  independence. 

The  sole  political  bond  of  unity  was  the  Holy  Roman 
Empire.  Nominally  this  consisted  of  the  kingdoms  of  Ger- 
many, Italy,  and  Burgundy;  but  actually  the  two  latter  fell 
away,  and  the  idea  of  the  kingdom  became  merged  in  that 
of  the  empire.  Though  nominally  Roman,  the  Empire 
was  actually  German;  but  since  the  emperor  was  elected,  the 
subordination  of  the  various  fiefs  was  only  nominal.  From 
1438  to  the  end  of  the  Holy  Roman  Empire  in  1806  the  House 
of  Hapsburg  was  the  dominate  member  of  this  loose  con- 
federation, and  the  Archduke  of  Austria,  as  the  ruler  of  this 
house,  was  also  the  Holy  Roman  Emperor.  Austria's  future 
rival,  Brandenburg,  was  one  of  the  seven  states,  and  not  the 
most  important,  whose  rulers  had  the  right  of  electing  the 
emperor. 

The  religious  wars  of  the  sixteenth  and  seventeenth  cen- 
turies destroyed  any  possibility  of  establishing  German 
political  unity  on  the  basis  of  the  Holy  Roman  Empire; 
while  they  increased  the  power  of  the  chief  Protestant 
prince,  the  Elector  of  Brandenburg.  The  Duchy  of  Prussia, 
a  fief  of  Poland,  was  acquired  by  inheritance  in  161 1,  and  the 
treaty  of  Westphalia  in  1648  still  further  increased  the  growth 
of  the  Brandenburg  domains.  Under  the  Great  Elector 
Frederick  William  I.  (1640-1688),  Brandenburg-Prussia  be- 
came the  dominate  state  in  North  Germany  and  the  rival 
of  Austria.  In  1701  the  elector  (Frederick  I.  of  the  House  of 
Hohenzollern)  took  th€  title  of  King  of  Prussia.  The  Rhine- 
land  territory  was  extended  in  1702,  1707,  and  1713;  part  of 
Swedish  Pomerania  was  acquired  by  the  treaty  of  Stockholm 
in  1720;  Silesia  was  seized  (in  time  of  peace  and  in  contra- 
vention of  treaty)  in  1740;  the  North  Sea  was  reached  by 
the  acquisition  of  East  Friesland  in  1744,  while  Polish  terri- 
tory was  seized  in  the  partitions  of  that  unfortunate  country. 
The  chief  agent  in  this  scheme  of  territorial  aggrandize- 
ment was  Frederick  the  Great  (i  740-1 786). 

Among  the  makers  of  the  modem  German  national  state 
an  important  place  must  be  given  to  Napoleon.  His  recon- 
struction of  Germany  between  1800  and  181 1,  though  re- 
sented by  the  Germans,  swept  away  the  three  hundred 
little  sovereignties  that  obstructed  reform,  and  substituted 
a  limited  number  of  considerable  states  among  which 
subsequent  union  was  possible.  After  the  fall  of  Napoleon 
another  loose  confederation  was  formed,  with  Prussia  and 
Austria  as  rivals  for  its  leadership.  This  rivalry  led  to 
the  war  of  i856,  when  Austria  was  defeated  by  Prussia  and 
left  the  union.  By  the  annexation  of  Schleswig-Holstein, 
Hanover,  Hesse-Homburg,  Hesse-Cassel,  Nassau,  and  Frank- 
fort, Prussia  united  her  separated  territories  and  increased 


her  preponderance  in  Germany.  In  1870-71  the  Franco- 
Prussian  war  added  Alsace-Lorraine;  the  North  German 
Confederation  was  extended  by  the  inclusion  of  the  four 
South  German  States  (Hesse-Darmstadt,  Baden,  Wiirttem- 
berg,  and  Bavaria);  and  the  German  Empire  sprang  into 
being  as  the  predominant  power  in  western  Europe. 

Anti-Prussian  Sentiment  in  Germany. — Since  Prussia 
became  the  dominant  member  of  the  German  family  of 
states,  the  overbearing  attitude  of  her  sons  has  antagonized 
the  remainder  of  the  nation. 

With  the  blood  of  the  conqueror  flowing  in  their  veins, 
with  a  history  which  makes  them  justly  proud  and  conscious 
of  superior  prowess,  the  modern  Prussian,  both  before  and 
after  the  foundation  of  the  empire  of  to-day,  has  shown  a 
great  knack  of  making  himself  offensive  to  the  other  Ger- 
mans. The  dislike  felt  for  him  in  all  non-Prussian  lands  is 
indeed  very  pronounced.  No  observant  traveller  under- 
standing the  language  of  the  country  can  fail  to  notice  that 
in  Germany.  The  writer  remembers  that  while  on  a  trip 
through  Bavaria,  some  few  years  ago,  numerous  instances  of 
the  feeling  came  within  his  ken.  One  old  peasant  in  the 
environs  of  Munich,  suspecting  his  questioner  to  be  a  "Preiss" 
(Prussian),  refused  point-blank  the  information  sought,  but 
on  being  assured  that  his  suspicion  was  unfounded,  became 
quite  affable  and  communicative.  At  a  theatrical  perform- 
ance in  Munich,  the  audience  hissed  at  the  mention  of  the 
mere  word  "  Prussia"  in  the  play.  Riding  in  railroad  cars, 
the  Bavarian  fellow-passengers  always  behaved  very  dis- 
tantly toward  Prussians,  whom  they  usually  detect  at  once 
by  their  harsh  and  precise  enunciation.  Picking  up  at  ran- 
dom a  local  newspaper  in  a  Bavarian  cafe,  the  eye  lighted 
upon  a  satirical  editorial  aimed  at  Prussian  self-sufficiency. 
In  a  Nuremberg  restaurant,  overhearing  the  conversation  at 
a  neighbouring  table  which  was  monopolized  by  jovial 
burghers  of  the  town,  one  of  them  was  heard  to  tell  a  story 
at  the  expense  of  his  Prussian  boarder,  whereupon  the  others 
remarked  in  chorus,  "What  else  can  you  expect  of  a  conceited 
Prussian?"  And  so  it  went  on  throughout  the  whole  trip. 
.  .  .  While  travelling  in  the  Rhine  country,  the  writer 
noticed  that  the  inhabitants  of  the  whole  province,  though 
politically  forming  part  of  the  Prussian  monarchy,  invari- 
ably avoided  calling  themselves  Prussians,  but  always  spoke 
of  themselves  as  "Rhinelanders,"  and  in  their  casual  re- 
marks betrayed  the  same  dislike  and  semi-contempt  of 
"Prussians,"  meaning  thereby,  of  course,  the  inhabitants  of 
the  old  provinces  of  the  kingdom.  In  Saxony  the  same  fact 
may  be  noted,  although  the  dislike  is  there  largely  mingled 
with  a  sentiment  of  fear.  Whoever  remembers  how  hard 
little  Saxony  has  fared  at  the  hands  of  Prussia,  and  how 
after  the  last  dismemberment  of  that  enlightened  and  charm- 
ing country  but  a  small  fragment  of  its  original  self  is  left, 
cannot  wonder  at  this  mental  attitude. 

Go  where  you  will,  in  fact,  in  all  the  non-Prussian  dis- 
tricts of  Germany,  and  you  will  discern  a  strong  under- 
current of  Borussophobia,andthis  extends  even  to  the  capital, 
Berlin.  They  call  Prussia,  half  in  jest  and  half  in  anger, 
"Der  Hecht  im  Karpfenteiche" — i.  e.,  the  pike  in  the  carp 
pond,  or  the  equivalent  of  an  insatiable,  conscienceless 
robber.' 

Evolution  of  Germany  Industry. — What  strikes  us 
at  the  very  outset  in  the  evolution  of  German  industry, 
says  Professor  M.  Henri  Hauser'^  of  the  University  of  Dijon, 
is  the  actual  greatness  of  the  phenomenon. 

There  is  something  impressive  in  the  spectacle  of  this 
people,  which  forty  years  ago  scarcely  counted  at  all  in 
economic  geography,  and  yet  had  become  on  the  eve  of  the 

*Wolf  von  Schierbrand,  "Germany"  (1902). 

*M.  H.  Hauser,  in  "The  War  of  Democracy"  (1917). 


268 


GEOGRAPHICAL  MANUAL  AND  NEW  ATLAS 


war  one  of  the  great  forces  of  the  world.  With  her  900  to 
1,000  millions  of  foreign  commerce  Germany  reckoned  in 
the  second  rank  of  mercantile  nations,  after  England.  Out- 
stripping England  herself  she  had  achieved  the  second  place 
in  the  smelting  and  production  of  iron  and  the  second  also 
in  the  manufacture  of  steel.  Her  mercantile  marine,  in- 
ferior to  ours  [the  French]  in  1870,  was  in  1913  surpassed 
only  by  those  of  England  and  the  United  States.  All  this 
won  our  admiration.  Are  we  to  disavow  the  admiration  we 
have  expressed  because  Germany  has  dishonoured  herself 
by  crimes.?  No!  For  Frenchmen  the  truth  is  always  the 
truth.  History  will  certainly  record  the  prodigious  effort  of 
will  by  which  Germany,  victorious  on  the  battlefield,  has 
won  her  place  by  main  force  in  the  economic  world.  I  do 
not  know  whether  it  is  true  that  Friedrich  Karl  said,  on 
the  night  of  the  surrender  of  Metz:  "We  have  just  conquered 
in  the  military  sphere:  our  task  is  now  to  fight  and  conquer 
in  the  industrial  sphere."  It  matters  little  whether  the  words 
are  apocryphal:  they  express  a  profound  and  symbolic  truth, 
and  admirably  render  the  thought  of  an  entire  nation. 

We  do  not  hesitate  then  to  recognize  that  the  German 
people,  since  the  foundation  of  the  Empire,  have  given  proof 
of  remarkable  qualities.  First  and  foremost  they  have 
worked  with  intense  energy,  not  with  the  feverish  excite- 
ment which  raises  mountains  in  a  few  days,  but  with  per- 
sistent and  patient  everyday  labour,  regular  and  methodical. 
Ostwald  is  right  when  he  attributes  to  the  Germans  the 
faculty  and  genius  for  organization.  They  have  carried  to 
perfection  the  art  of  making  use  of  men,  of  putting  every 
man  in  his  place  and  of  getting  the  maximum  of  output  from 
each  individual.  If  the  genius  for  great  discoveries  seems  in 
recent  times  to  have  deserted  Germany,  the  Germans  are 
past  masters  in  the  application  of  the  discoveries  of  science  to 
industry.  The  statement  has  often  enough  been  made:  It 
is  the  union  of  the  laboratory  and  the  workshop  which  is  the 
foundation  of  German  wealth. 

Side  by  side  with  the  union  between  laboratory  and  work- 
shop, it  is  necessary  to  call  attention  to  the  union  between 
the  office  of  the  business  director  and  the  library  of  the 
economist,  the  geographer,  and  the  historian.  For  the  meth- 
od which  the  Germans  applied  to  the  production  of  a  new 
aniline  colour  they  also  carried  into  their  search  for  com- 
mercial outlets,  and  their  organization  of  channels  of  com- 
merce. The  German  chemist  and  the  German  commercial 
traveller  marched  in  step  to  the  conquest  of  the  globe. 

Cessation  of  Emigration. — The  sudden  increase  in 
wealth  resulted  in  the  gradual  disappearance  of  the  rural 
population  and  the  virtual  cessation  of  emigration. 

It  is  repeatedly  stated  that  the  Germans  were  forced  into 
a  policy  of  expansion  and  conquest  by  the  increase  in  their 
population.  This  was  indeed  the  excuse  they  put  forward  to 
justify  their  attempts  to  create  colonies  of  settlement  in 
Morocco  and  Asia  Minor.  A  pitiless  Malthusian  law  had 
forced  them,  it  was  said,  to  find  for  themselves  a  "place  in 
the  sun."  Now  there  could  be  no  idea  more  false  than  this  of 
Germany  as  an  over-populated  country.  It  is  quite  true  that 
since  1871  the  population  of  the  Empire  has  increased  from 
forty  to  nearly  seventy  millions.  It  is  quite  true  that  in 
spite  of  a  decline  in  the  birth  rate,  the  increase  in  the  popu- 
lation of  Germany  was  800,000  a  year:  that  is,  800,000  more 
births  than  deaths,  800,000  more  mouths  to  feed.  But  this 
increase  was  far  from  being  excessive,  for  every  year  700,000 
Slav  labourers  came  in  to  work  on  the  great  estates  of  the 
east,  not  to  mention  the  Italian,  Croatian,  Polish,  etc., 
labour  employed  in  towns,  mines,  and  \vorks. 

As  for  German  emigration  it  is  no  longer  more  than  a 
memory.  Between  1880  and  1883  it  exceeded  200,000  a 
year;  to-day  it  does  not  reach  20,000 — much  the  same  figure 
as  our  own  [the  French],  and  the  French  are  regarded  as  a 
people  who  emigrate  very  little.  The  number  of  arrivals  far 
exceeds  that  of  departures;  Germany  has  ceased  to  be  a  coun- 
try of  emigration  and  is  becoming  a  country  of  immigration. 

Industry  and  World-policy  {Weltpolitik).  The  in- 
dustrial state  is  "tentacular,"  that  is,  it  is  not  bounded  by 


its  frontiers  but  sends  out  its  tentacles  or  ramifications  into 
other  countries,  until  the  whole  world  becomes  its  field  of 
operations.  Such  a  state  is  in  urgent  need  not  only  of  capi- 
tal but  of  raw  material.  When  Germany  entered  the  indus- 
trial lists  she  was  regarded  as  a  country  rich  in  coal  and  iron. 
But  though  she  has  coal  enough,  her  supplies  of  iron  ore  are  no 
longer  sufficient  for  her  demands,  and  she  has  become  more 
and  more  dependent  on  Sweden,  Spain,  France,  and  North 
Africa.  In  the  same  way  the  textile  factories  of  Saxony  and 
Silesia  are  dependent  on  Texas  and  Louisiana. 

This  intensive  industrialism  called  for  increased  customers; 
and  as  the  German  people  alone  are  not  able  to  absorb  the 
enormous  output  of  the  German  factories,  the  outside  world 
is  looked  to  more  and  more.'  Thus  the  industrial  state  Is 
committed  to  a  world-policy,  and  the  strength  of  the  Empire 
Is  placed  at  the  service  of  the  manufacturers.  An  increased 
export  trade  becomes  necessary  to  provide  interest  for  Ger- 
man capital,  while  the  industrial  classes  have  need  of  It  to 
Insure  a  full  day's  work  and  save  them  from  starvation. 
That  is  why  German  socialism  is  imperialistic. 

This  fusion  of  Weltpolitik  and  business  policy  was  pecu- 
liarly dangerous  for  the  peace  of  the  world.  If  imperialism, 
if  the  tentacular  state,  puts  its  strength  at  the  disposal  of 
manufacturing  interests,  the  temptation  is  strong  and  con- 
stant to  use  this  strength  to  break  down  any  resistance  which 
stands  in  the  way  of  the  triumph  of  these  interests.  If  a 
crisis  comes  which  causes  a  stoppage  of  work  (there  are 
sometimes  100,000  unemployed  in  Berlin)  the  neighbouring 
nation  which  may  be  held  responsible  for  the  crisis  has  reason 
to  be  on  its  guard.  "Be  my  customer  or  I  kill  you"  seems  to 
be  the  motto  of  this  industrial  system,  continually  revolving 
in  its  diabolical  circle:  always  producing  more  in  order  to 
sell  more,  always  selling  more  in  order  to  meet  the  necessities 
of  a  production  always  growing  more  intensive. 

Berlin. — Berlin,  the  capital  of  Prussia  and  of  the  empire, 
is  the  third  largest  city  of  Europe.  Like  other  great  cities, 
Berlin  is  the  result  of  the  welding  together  of  a  number  of  dis- 
tricts which  sprung  up  from  time  to  time  around  a  common 
centre. 

The  capital  of  the  new  German  Empire  is  made  up  of  a 
network  of  broad,  rectangular  thoroughfares  from  three  to 
five  miles  across,  spreading  over  a  sandy  plain  watered  by  a 
narrow  winding  stream  and  various  canals. 

In  the  heart  of  the  city  are  a  couple  of  islands,  formed  by 
two  loops  of  the  Spree,  which  were  cut  in  bygone  times  for  the 
defence  of  the  city.  Of  these  islands  the  larger  is  the  original 
Berlin,  while  the  smaller,  where  the  Wendish  settlers  first 
raised  their  rude  huts,  is  the  ancient  Koln. 

From  the  Brandenburg  Gate,  the  grand  entrance  to  the 
city,  the  smaller  Island  is  reached  across  the  wide  statue- 
lined  Schloss  bridge  which  spans  an  arm  of  the  Spree  and 
meets  Unter  den  Linden,  the  far-famed  broad  thoroughfare 
which  bisects  the  western  portion  of  Berlin.  On  this  island 
stands  the  Schloss  or  Palace  with  its  Imposing  northern  front 
facing  the  spacious  Lustgarten,  which  has  been  transformed 
from  a  swamp  to  a  beautiful  garden. 

The  cathedral,  a  colossal  statue  of  Frederick  the  Great, 
the  museum,  and  the  royal  mills  are  close  at  hand.  Konigs- 
strasse,  running  through  old  Berlin,  Is  the  commercial  heart 
of  the  city  and  Is  the  single  street  in  the  Prussian  capital 
where  one  gets  jostled  by  a  crowd.  The  Exchange,  Council 
House,  court  of  justice,  post-office,  city  prison,  and  head- 
quarters of  police  are  in  this  street. 

The  palace  of  the  prince  imperial,  the  arsenal,  royal  bank, 
mint,  and  telegraph-office  are  In  New  Koln,  an  extension 
across  the  Spree  of  the  Island  of  Koln. 


'"Germany — of  this  I  am  convinced — may  in  less  than  two  centuries  succeed  in  dominat- 
ing (.beherrschen)  the  whole  globe  {Erdkugel),  in  part  directly  and  politically,  in  part  indirectly, 
through  language,  methods  and  Kultur,  if  only  it  can  in  time  strike  out  a  'new  course,'  and 
definitely  break  with  Anglo-American  methods  of  government,  and  with  the  State-destroying 
ideals  of  the  Revolution." — H.  S.  Chamberlain,  Politische  Ideale  (Political  Ideals),  1916. 


GEOGRAPHICAL  MANUAL  AND  NEW  ATLAS 


269 


With  all  its  pretentions,  it  is  easy  to  perceive  that  Berlin 
is  a  city  made  up  of  shreds  and  patches,  like  the  Prussian 
monarchy  itself,  which  has  been  augmented  by  alliances, 
purchases,  seizures,  and  more  often  still  by  a  fortunate  sabre 
stroke,  until  the  Hohenzollern  motto,  "From  rock  to  sea," 
has  realized  itself  to  the  full. 

A  French  writer,  with  perhaps  a  little  malice,  observes: 
"There  is  something  of  the  pirate  in  the  Prussian.  His 
country  being  too  poor  to  support  him,  he  is  driven  to  take 
from  others.     War  is  for  him  a  business." 

Old  Berlin  is  huddled  away  in  the  background  of  the 
brand-new  splendour  of  the  modern  city,  where  the  stuccoed 
buildings  have  risen  at  the  word  of  command,  and  been  con- 
structed with  an  eye  to  effect.  Ancient  as  Berlin  claims  to 
be,  one  seeks  there  in  vain  for  monuments  which  serve  as  an 
expression  of  the  grandeur  of  the  past — for  old  castles,  antique 
cathedral,  palaces,  and  houses  of  the  middle  ages     .     .     . 

Wilhelms-strasse  is  another  noted  street,  containing  half  a 
dozen  palaces  and  many  fine  mansions.  In  the  environs, 
barracks,  beer-gardens,  factories,  gas-works,  rifle-ranges, 
and  cemeteries  are  mingled.  Beyond  lies  the  sandy  plain  of 
Templehof,  where  all  the  grand  military  reviews  take  place. 

Perhaps  the  most  striking  feature  in  the  outward  aspect 
of  Berlin  is  the  collection  of  palaces,  public  buildings,  and 
statues,  pleasantly  varied  by  trees  and  trim-kept  flower- 
beds. Berlin,  viewed  in  comparison  with  London  or  with 
Paris,  has  nothing  imposing  about  it.  The  long,  broad  streets 
lack  life.  No  surging  crowds  throng  the  footways,  no  ex- 
tended files  of  vehicles  intercept  the  cross  traffic  or  deafen 
one  with  their  heavy  rumbling  noise.  And,  until  quite  re- 
cently, the.  best  Berlin  shops  would  bear  no  kind  of  compari- 
son with  the  far  handsomer  establishments  in  the  English 
and  French  capitals.' 

Embodiment  of  Hohenzollern  Character. — As  I 
drifted  down  "the  Lindens'^  with  the  crowd,  observes  an 
American  writer,  the  question  arose  whether  this  modern, 
militant  city,  with  its  zest  in  commerce  and  diplomacy,  in 
art  and  science,  were  not  in  many  senses  an  embodiment  of 
the  Hohenzollern  character. 

A  Frenchman  once  declared  that  Prussia  was  born  from  a 
cannonball,  as  an  eagle  is  from  an  egg.  And  indeed  it  would 
be  hard  to  find  another  German  city  with  so  few  old  buildings 
as  Berlin  and  so  little  atmosphere.  A  Strassburg  cathedral, 
a  market-place  out  of  Danzig,  a  row  of  Hildesheim  houses, 
or  a  Breslau  Rathaus,  would  be  as  out  of  place  here  as  in  an 
arsenal.  Most  of  the  Berlin  architecture  has  as  much  colour 
as  a  squadron  of  battleships  in  war-paint,  and  the  little 
glamour  to  be  found  here  is  almost  as  well  hidden  as  a  pearl 
in  a  pile  of  oyster-shells.  The  city  fairly  bristles  with 
weapons  and  militancy.  Its  statues,  when  they  are  not  of 
mounted  warriors  with  swords,  or  of  standing  warriors  with 
spears,  tend  toward  such  subjects  as  Samson  plying  the 
jaw-bone  of  an  ass,  or  hounds  rending  a  stag.^ 

And  thus  Price  Collier,  his  thoughts  bent  homeward: 

Where  in  all  Germany  is  there  any  modern  sculpture  to 
compare  with  our  Nathan  Hale,  our  Minute  Man,  and  that 
most  spirited  bit  of  modern  plastic  art  in  all  the  world,  the 
Shavy  Monument  in  Boston  ?  You  cannot  stand  in  front  of 
it  without  keeping  time,  and  here  lips  of  bronze  sing  the 
song  of  patriotism  till  your  heart  thumps,  and  you  are  ready 
to  throw  up  your  hat  as  the  splendid  young  figure  and  his 
negro  soldiers  march  by — and  they  do  march  by!^ 

Hamburg. — Hamburg  is  the  great  emporium  of  Germany, 
and  is  the  second  largest  city  in  the  Empire.  It  is  one  of  the 
three  Free  Hanse  Cities  (the  others  being  Liibeck,  and 
Bremen),  with  a  constitution  and  laws  of  its  own.  Ham- 
burg is  on  the  Elbe,  and  is  sixty-five  miles  from  Cuxhaven, 
to  which  port  it  is  connected  by  rail. 

'H.  Vizetelly. 

2R.  H.  Schauffler,  "Romantic  Germany"  (1909). 

'Price  Collier,  "Germany  and  the  Germans"  (1913) 


Hamburg  has  a  perfect  technical  equipment,  permitting 
the  most  expeditious,  the  smoothest  possible  passage  of 
freight  between  sea  and  inland  carriers.  It  has  a  network  of 
waterways  at  its  command  and  a  railway  system  converging 
upon  it  from  all  parts  of  central  Europe.  Steamship  lines 
give  it  probably  a  larger  number  of  direct  connections  with 
foreign  countries  than  any  other  port  enjoys.  Moreover, 
this  equipment  is  utilized  as  it  should  be.  Port  and  channel 
dues  are  low.  There  is  a  heavy  use  of  the  Elbe  inland  and 
good  cooperation  with  it  on  the  part  of  the  railways.  The 
latter  give  their  lowest  tariffs  to  aid  Hamburg  against  its 
foreign  rivals  or  to  further  German  exportation.     .     .     . 

The  Germany  of  to-day  is  unthinkable  without  Ham- 
burg, which  is  the  symbol  of  German  persistence,  thorough- 
ness, care  of  details,  appreciation  of  opportunity,  and  nice 
adaptation  of  the  means  to  the  end  in  view.' 

Beer  Industry. — The  manufacture  of  beer  is  one  of  the 
leading  German  industries.  In  Bavaria,  the  chief  centre  of 
the  industry,  the  consumption  is  more  than  fifty  gallons 
per  capita.  In  the  city  of  Munich  the  consumption  exceeds 
seventy  gallons,  which  means  one  and  a  half  pints  a  day  for 
every  man,  woman,  and  child.  An  American  traveller 
gives  us  an  amusing  picture  of  this  national  custom: 

I  have  come  to  the  conclusion  that  the  Germans  love 
beer.  I  arrived  at  this  conclusion  immediately  on  reaching 
German  soil.  The  moment  I  crossed  the  frontier  from  wine- 
drinking  France  I  smelt  hops,  and  I  have  smelt  hops  ever 
since.  The  German  atmosphere  I  find  is  thoroughly  im- 
pregnated, go  where  you  will,  with  the  aroma  from  beer 
shops  and  breweries,  and  there  is  no  denying  the  fact  that  the 
two  great  industries  of  the  German  nation  are  hop  raising 
and  beer  drinking,  the  women  attending  to  the  former  and 
the  men  to  the  latter. 

In  my  innocence  I  once  thought  that  beer  drinking  in 
England  was  carried  to  excess,  but  I  was  mistaken.  Eng- 
lishmen, as  yet,  are  in  the  infant  class — in  the  A  B  C's — in 
acquiring  a  German's  education  in  the  practice  of  beer  drink- 
ing, and  stowing  away  under  their  vests  such  vast  quantities 
of  the  extract  of  hops.  Every  little  village  and  every  city, 
large  and  small,  throughout  Germany  is  full  of  an  indefinite 
number  of  buildings  which  are  devoted  to  the  sale  of  beer  or 
its  manufacture.  Beer  shops  are  on  the  corners  of  all  the 
streets,  they  are  round  the  corners,  they  are  next  door  and 
over  the  way,  they  are  on  opposite  sides  of  the  streets,  they 
are  in  the  basements  or  the  attics,  they  are  at  the  end  of  every 
dark  lane  and  disreputable  alley,  and  those  that  are  not  above 
ground  are  under  ground;  in  fact,  beer  shops  are  everywhere. 

The  German  begins  drinking  beer  early  in  the  morning. 
Before  he  takes  his  coffee  he  swallows  a  few  glasses  to  counter- 
act the  effect  of  the  beer  of  the  day  previous.  In  place  of 
coffee  he  takes  beer  again,  which  he  stows  away  as  a  founda- 
tion on  which  to  build  the  day's  work  in  beer  drinking. 
During  the  forenoon  he  has  not  fingers  and  toes  enough  to 
tally  the  number  of  glasses  that  it  takes  to  give  him  an  ap- 
petite for  his  dinner.  ' 

Up  to  this  time  it  has  been  mere  child's  play — ^just  prac 
tising  the  scales,  as  it  were — to  keep  his  throat  pliable.  Irt 
the  afternoon  he  gets  decidedly  thirsty,  and  he  makes  a  busi- 
ness of  beer  drinking;  he  "wades  in,"  so  to  speak,  and  the 
number  of  glasses  that  he  consumes  by  twelve  or  one  o'clock 
at  night  would  be  as  difficult  to  count  as  a  shower  of  shooting 
stars. 

I  don't  wish  to  overdraw  the  picture  or  paint  it  in  false 
colours.  I  wish  it  merely  to  be  understood  that  the  Ger- 
mans, as  a  race,  are  very  fond  of  beer,  and  that  they  drink  a 
great  deal  of  it.^ 

The  Three  Loves  of  Germany. — What  are  they?  Mar- 
tin Luther's  "wine,  woman,  and  song"  {JVein,  f7eib,  und 
Gesang)  will  probably  suggest  themselves  first;  but  in  the 
opinion  of  a  transatlantic  critic  they  are  "music,  beer,  and 
sauerkraut." 


^Edwin  J.  Clapp,  "The  Port  of  Hamburg"  (191 1). 

'Henry  Ruggles,  "Germany  Seen  Without  Spectacles"  (1883). 


270 


GEOGRAPHICAL  MANUAL  AND  NEW  ATLAS 


There  are  three  things  the  Germans  are  intensely  fond 
of — music,  beer,  and  sauerkraut;  there  is  no  denying  this 
fact.  I  hesitate  which  to  put  first  on  the  list  as  their  special 
favourite.  I  think  if  a  German  was  asked  which  his  heart  or 
inmost  soul  craved  most  be  would  be  a  long  time  in  making 
up  his  mind,  and  finally  be  obliged  to  answer,  "Alle  drei," — 
all  three.  In  journeying  through  the  country  the  traveller 
is  constantly  butting  against  positive  proof  wherever  he  goes 
that  these  triplet  favourites  have  a  tenacious  hold  on  the 
national  heart,  and  that  the  love  of  each  is  part  of  the  German 
nature.  He  is  convinced  of  the  fact  through  the  organs  of 
hearing,  seeing,  and  smelling.  Go  where  he  will,  he  hears 
music — splendid  music,  too;  and  in  every  city,  village,  town, 
and  hamlet,  wherever  his  footsteps  or  the  railways  carry 
him,  he  has  abundant  evidence  that  one  of  the  principal 
occupations  of  the  people,  man,  woman,  and  child,  is  beer- 
drinking. 

As  for  sauerkraut,  the  abominable  smell  of  it  while 
undergoing  the  cooking  process  greets  his  nose  in  the  majority 
of  German  houses,  hotels,  and  pensions.     .     .     . 

One  of  the  chief  delights  of  German  travel  is  the  enchant- 
ing music  for  which  Germany  is  noted,  and  which  one  en- 
counters in  every  part  of  the  country;  but  the  disagreeable 
part  of  travel  is  the  unearthly,  indescribable  odours  arising 
from  the  constant  cooking  in  various  ways  of  the  national 
vegetable,  the  cabbage.     .     .     . 

The  odour  from  the  cooking  of  cabbage  in  its  natural 
state  is  endurable  and  Christian  compared  to  the  cooking 
of  sauerkraut.  About  the  latter  there  is  a  mixture  of  bar- 
barian. Oriental,  and  menagerie  smells  that  makes  one 
imagine  that  he  is  in  one  of  the  resurrected  graveyards  or 
tombs  of  the  ancient  Egyptians.  I  do  not  wish  to  overdraw 
the  picture  or  magnify  the  quality  of  this  national  odour; 
I  am  stating  the  impression  it  makes  on  strangers  gener- 
ally, and  especially  on  Americans,  when  they  first  travel 
through  the  country,  and  stumble  on  it  at  every  street- 
corner  and  in  every  house  they  enter.  Fortunately  for 
those  who  remain  in  Germany  any  length  of  time,  this 
peculiarity  of  the  atmosphere  gradually  dies  away,  and  in  a 
few  months  or  years  they  become  so  thoroughly  Germanized 
that  they  fail  to  detect  anything  more  unpleasant  from  the 
perfume  of  a  dish  of  sauerkraut  than  they  would  from  a 
bouquet  of  the  choicest  flowers.^ 

Amber  Fishers  of  the  Baltic. — The  Samland,  equi- 
distant from  Danzig  and  Memel,  is  the  California  of  East 
Prussia,  and  along  the  coast  there  for  more  than  thirty  cen- 
turies the  bulk  of  the  amber  supply  of  the  world  has  been 
obtained.  Twenty  or  thirty  feet  beneath  the  sand  dunes, 
and  extending  to  the  ocean  floor,  are  veins  of  "blue-earth," 
in  which  the  yellow  and  yellow-brown  masses  are  embedded, 
so  that  amber  can  be  mined  as  well  as  fished. 

The  slow  sinking  of  the  sea-level  and  the  action  of  tide 
and  storms  help  to  free  the  amber,  so  that  it  is  easier  to  fish 
than  to  dig  for  it.  The  right  to  fish  belongs  to  the  coast 
villages,  and  in  some  cases  to  the  government. 

Amber  fishing  is  no  child's  play,  for  the  fishers  either 
work  shoulder  deep  in  the  water,  while  the  chilling  spray 
dashes  over  them,  or  they  spend  five  hours  a  day  in  the  sea- 
bottom  in  heavy  diving  armour  while  the  air  above  is  at 
freezing  temperature. 

After  a  storm  the  men  work  among  the  surf  with  forks 
and  hand-nets,  to  poke  out  and  detach  from  the  seaweed  any 
loose  pieces  which  they  pass  to  women  who  stand  as  near 
as  they  can  to  the  water.  But  the  largest  and  finest  blocks 
are  rolled  about  on  the  sea-floor  and  remain  behind. 

These  are  sought  among  the  shallows  by  men  in  boats 
when  the  water  is  clear.  On  certain  reefs  trained  divers  are 
at  work  in  specially  made  diving  dress,  which  allows  them 
to  lie  down  and  work  like  a  collier,  loosening  the  blocks  on 
the  sea-floor. 

When  gathered,  the  amber  is  sorted  according  to  colour 
and  size.  Pale  pieces  go  to  Turkish  pipe-makers;  light- 
coloured  and  veined  slabs  are  sent  to  Italy;  the  dull  yellow 


pieces  go  to  the  South  Sea  and  Africa.  The  ordinary  quali- 
ties go  mostly  to  Leghorn  and  Venice.  In  return,  the  Baltic 
provinces  import  the  red  coral  from  the  Adriatic,  for  a  string 
of  coral  beads  is  considered  a  necessary  part  of  a  Polish 
bride's  outfit.^ 

SYNOPSIS  OF  THE  GERMAN  EMPIRE 
(See  Map,  p.  41) 

The  German  Empire  occupies  the  centre  of  Europe  and  comprises  four 
kingdoms,  six  grand  duchies,  five  duchies,  seven  principalities,  three  Free 
Cities,  and  one  imperial  territory  (Alsace-Lorraine,  taken  from  France  in 
1871).  It  is  bounded  by  Russia  on  the  east;  Austria  and  Switzerland  on 
the  south;  France,  Holland,  and  Belgium  on  the  west;  and  the  North  and 
Baltic  Seas  and  Denmark  on  the  north.  Three  of  the  frontiers  are  indi- 
cated by  artificial  boundaries;  the  southern  one  is  formed  by  Lake*Con- 
stance  and  the  mountains  which  stretch  eastward  from  it. 

STATES  OF  THE  GERMAN  EMPIRE 


STATES 

designation 

CAPITAL 

AREA 

(sq.  miles) 

POPULATION 

Prussia 

Kingdom 

Berlin 

134,664 

40.165,219 

Bavaria 

Kingdom 

Munich 

29,293 

6,887,291 

Saxony 

Kingdom 

Dresden 

5,789 

4,806.661 

WURTTEMBERG 

Kingdom 

Stuttgart 

7,532 

2,437.574 

Baden 

Grand  Duchy 

Karlsruhe 

5,819 

2,142,833 

Hesse 

Grand  Duchy 

Darmstadt 

2,968 

1,282,051 

Mecklenburg-Schwerin 

Grand  Duchy 

Schwerin 

5,068 

639.958 

Saxe-Weimar 

Grand  Duchy 

Weimar 

1,394 

417,149 

Mecklenburg-Strelitz 

Grand  Duchy 

Neu-Strelitz 

1,131 

106,442 

Oldenburg 

Grand  Duchy 

Oldenburg 

2,482 

483,042 

Brunswick 

Duchy 

Brunswick 

1,418 

494,339 

Saxe-Meininoen 

Duchy 

Meiningen 

953 

278,762 

Saxe-Altenburo 

Duchy 

Altenburg 

511 

216,128 

Saxe-Coburg-Gotha 

Duchy 

Coburg  and  Gotha 

763 

257,177 

Anhalt 

Duchy 

Dessau 

888 

331.128 

SCHWARZBURG-RUDOL- 

STADT 

Principality 

Rudolstadt 

363 

100,702 

Schwarzburg-Sonders- 

HAUSEN 

Principality 

Sondershausen 

333 

89,917 

Waldeck 

Principality 

Arolsen 

433 

61,707 

Reuss-Greiz, 

Principality 

Greiz 

122 

72,769 

Reuss-Gera 

Principality 

Gera 

319 

152,752 

Schaumburg-Lippe 

Principality 

Bijckeburg 

131 

46,652 

LiFPE 

Principality 
Free  City 

Detmold 

469 

» 50,937 

LObeck 

Liibeck 

115 

116,599 

Bremen 

Free  City 

Bremen 

99 

299,526 

Hamburg 

Free  City 

Hamburg 

160 

1,014,664 

Alsace-Lorraine 

Reichsland* 

Strassburg 

5,607 

1,874.014 

Total      .      .      . 

208,825 

64,925,991 

'"Imperial  Land"  under  a  Statthalter  or  governor. 

Climate. — The  climate  varies  in  different  districts  accordmg  to  altitude, 
latitude,  and  proximity  to  the  sea;  but  it  is  generally  of  a  "continental" 
character,  and  subject  to  extremes  of  heat  and  cold.  The  Rhine  Valley 
enjoys  the  mildest  temperature;  the  lower  plains  of  Prussia,  and  especially 
the  eastern  regions,  are  very  cold,  damp  and  bleak  in  winter,  but  hot  and 
dry  in  summer.  The  highland  districts  of  Bavaria,  Wiirttemberg,  Baden, 
etc.,  are  extremely  cold  in  winter,  but  genial  in  summer.  The  mean  annual 
temperature  of  southwestern  Germany,  or  the  Rhine  and  Danube  basins, 
is  about  52°  to  54°F.,  that  of  central  Germany  48°  to  50°F.,  and  that 
of  the  northern  plain  46°  to  48°F.  In  Pomerania  and  West  Prussia  it  is 
only  44°  to  45°F.,  and  in  East  Prussia  42°  to  44°F. 

In  regard  to  rainfall,  Germany  holds  a  middle  position  between  the  hu- 
midity of  northwest  Europe  and  the  aridity  of  the  east.  The  rainfall  is 
greatest  in  the  Bavarian  table-land  and  the  hilly  regions  of  western  Ger- 
many.    See  Climate  Map  oj  Europe,  pp.  24,  2J. 

Natural  Productions. — (i)  Agriculture.  One  fifth  of  Prussia  is  un- 
productive, and  consists  of  marshes,  swamps,  heaths,  and  sandy  wastes. 
The  most  unfruitful  districts  are  in  the  provinces  of  East  and  West  Prussia, 
Pomerania,  Brandenburg,  Silesia,  and  Hanover.  About  one  fourth  of  the 
empire  is  covered  with  woods  and  forests,  which  yield  valuable  timber. 
The  forests  also  give  rise  to  local  industries  such  as  clock  and  toy  making  by 
the  peasants  of  the  Vosges  and  Black  Forest,  and  the  burning  of  charcoal 
for  fuel  for  the  factories  of  Silesia. 

Potatoes  and  rye  are  extensively  grown,  and  form  the  chief  food  of  the 
people.  A  relatively  greater  area  is  devoted  to  the  cultivation  of  the 
potato  than  in  any  other  country;  it  is  twice  the  proportion  found  in  Ire- 
land. The  potatoes  are  also  used  for  making  brandy  and  other  spirits; 
this  is  also  one  of  the  purposes  to  which  the  sugar  beet  is  put,  especially  in  the 
centre  and  northeast  of  the  country.  Oats  and  wheat  are  also  largely  grown. 
In  Saxony  and  Silesia  flax  ranks  next  in  importance  to  the  su^r  beet. 
Hops  are  grown  principally  in  the  south,  especially  in  Bavaria.  The  vine- 
is  cultivated  in  the  plain  of  the  Upper  Rhine,  and  on  the  terraced  slopes  of 
the  tributary  valleys.     Fruit  and  tobacco  are  also  grown  in  the  same  region. 

(2)  Cattle  and  sheep  fanning.  Most  sheep  are  raised  in  the  north  of 
Prussia,  but  the  finest  wool  comes  from  Saxony  and  Silesia.  The  number 
of  sheep  now  raised  is  not  so  great  as  it  was  thirty  years  ago.  On  the  other 
hand  the  raising  of  pigs  has  increased  at  the  same  rate  as  sheep  rearing  has 
diminished.  Cattle  rearing  has  also  increased;  it  is  the  leading  industry  of 
Schleswig-Holstein.     Horses  are  raised  for  the  army  in  East  Prussia. 

(3)  Minerals.  The  production  of  coal  is  exceeded  only  in  the  United 
States  and  Great  Britain.  The  three  chief  coal-fields  are  in  the  Ruhr  Valley 
in  Westphalia,  Upper  Silesia,  and  Saxony.  Lignite  is  also  mined.  Iron 
ore  occurs  in  the  same  districts  as  the  coal,  thus  fixing  the  sites  of  the  great 


'Henry  Ruggles,  "Germany  Seen  Without  Spectacles"  {1883). 


■Adapted  from  the  London  Standard. 


GEOGRAPHICAL  MANUAL  AND  NEW  ATLAS 


271 


metal-working  and  manufacturing  towns.  Silver  is  produced  in  Saxony 
in  the  Harz  Mountains.  Zinc  is  produced  in  Upper  Silesia  and  the  vine 
district.  The  Harz  and  the  Erzgebirge  also  contain  ores  of  copper,  lead, 
and  tin,  besides  great  quantities  oi  potash  salts.  On  account  of  this  mineral 
wealth,  there  are  a  number  of  chemical  works  at  Stassfurt.  Salt  is  worked 
in  many  parts  of  the  country. 

Manufactures. — Iron  and  steel  rank  first,  then  textiles,  glass  (especially 
scientific  apparatus),  porcelain,  and  paper.  In  the  production  of  chemicals, 
dyes,  and  drugs  Germany  leads  the  world.  Shipbuilding  is  carried  on  at 
Hamburg  and  at  most  of  the  Baltic  ports. 

Germany  is  becoming  more  and  more  a  manufacturing  country.  About 
37  per  cent  of  the  population  are  supported  by  industry  and  mining,  33 
per  cent  by  agriculture,  and  12  per  cent  by  trade  and  traffic.  Germany 
supports  about  nine-tenths  of  her  population  by  her  own  produce. 

CHIEF  CITIES  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  GERMANY 


POP.  in 

CITY 

thousands 

state 

principal  industries 

Aachen 

156 

Prussia 

Zinc,  metal  goods,  machinery,  chemi- 
cals, woollens. 

Alton  A 

173 

Prussia 

Tobacco  and  cigars,  machinery,  wool- 
lens, cottons,  chemicals. 

Barmen 

169 

Prussia 

Silks,  cottons,  woollens. 

Berlin 

2,071 

Prussia 

Metal  goods,  machinery,  woollens, 
chemicals,  tobacco,  porcelain,  sew- 
ing machines,  carpets,  silks,  cloth, 
soap,  lamps,  china,  furniture,  gloves, 
buttons,  breweries,  books,  electrical 
plant. 

Bielefeld 

78 

Prussia 

Cottons,  linens. 

BOCHUM 

137 

Prussia 

Iron  and  steel,  coal  mining,  carpets, 
brickworks,  breweries. 

Bremen* 

247 

Bremen 

Shipbuilding,  engine  building,  rope 
making,  tobacco,  distilleries,  sugar 
refining,  rice  shelling. 

Breslau 

512 

Prussia 

Woollens,  linen. 

Brunswick 

144 

Brunswick 

Machinery,  pianos,  preserves,  chemi- 
cals, beer,  books,  sausages. 

Charlottenburg 

306 

Prussia 

Iron  works,  porcelain. 

Chemnitz 

288 

Saxony 

Cottons,  woollens,  metal  goods. 

Cologne 

517 

Prussia 

Beet  sugar,  chemicals,  perfumes, 
leather. 

Crefeld 

129 

Prussia 

Silks,  velvets,  dyeing,  engineering, 
chemicals,  soap,  distilleries,  tan- 
neries. 

Danzig    ' 

170 

Prussia 

Shipbuilding. 

DctkTMUND 

214 

Prussia 

Breweries,  iron  and  steel,  machinery, 
sewing  machines. 

Dresden 

548 

Saxony 

Porcelain,  photographic  materials. 

DUISBURO 

229 

Prussia 

Copper,  steel,  brass,  chemicals,  ship- 
building, tobacco,  cotton,  sugar, 
soap. 

Dusseldorf 

359 

Prussia 

Silks,  cottons,  coal. 

Elberfeld 

170 

Prussia 

Silks,  woollens,  cottons. 

Essen 

295 

Prussia 

Iron  and  steel,  machinery;  (Krupp 
works). 

Frankfurt  am 

Main 

41S 

Prussia 

Chemicals,  leather;  (celebrated  fair). 

Gelsenkirchen 

170 

Prussia 

Coal,  iron,  steel,  soap,  glass,  chemicals. 

Halle 

181 

Prussia 

Salt,  sugar  refining,  machinery,  dis- 
tilling,    coal     mining,     dyeing,  oils. 

Hamburg* 

931 

Hamburg 

(Chief  distributing  centre  for  Mid- 
dle Europe.)  Provisions,  breweries, 
distilleries,  mineral  waters,  textiles, 
tobacco,  cigars,  machinery,  chemi- 
cals, oils,  soap,  celluloid,  leather. 

Hanover 

302 

Prussia 

Cotton  spinning,  iron  foundries,  chemi- 
cals, tobacco,  cigars. 

Karlsruhe 

134 

Baden 

Machinery,  engineering,  and  iron. 

Kiel 

212 

Prussia 

(Chief  naval  port.)  Shipbuilding, 
iron  foundries,  flour  mills,  oil  works, 
saw  mills,  breweries,  soap,  fish 
curing. 

KOnigsberg 

246 

Prussia 

Amber. 

Leipzig 

590 

Saxony 

(Centre  of  German  book  trade.) 
Type-founding. 

LuBECK* 

99 

Liibeck 

Breweries,  distilleries^  saw-mills,  ship- 
building, fish-curing^  machinery, 
engines,  bricks,  resin,  preserves, 
furniture,  soap. 

Magdeburg 

280 

Prussia 

Beet      sugar,      machinery,      woollens, 

linens. 

Mannheim 

194 

Baden 

Chemicals,  wines. 

Meissen 

34 

Saxony 

Porcelain. 

MiJLHAUSEN 

95 

Alsace-Lorraine 

Cottons,  metal  goods. 

Munich 

596 

Bavaria 

Breweries. 

NUREMBURG 

333 

Bavaria 

Watches,  clocks,  trinkets,  gold  and 
silver  repousse  work. 

POSEN 

157 

Prussia 

Machinery,  furniture,  sugar,  milling 
and  brewing. 

Potsdam 

62 

Prussia 

\yooIlens. 

RlXDORF 

237 

Prussia 

Linoleum,     furniture,     cloth,     pianos, 

ScHONEBERG 

beer,  soap. 

173 

Prussia 

Railway  plant,  cigars,  paper,  soap, 
chemicals. 

Solingen 

51 

Prussia 

Cutlery. 

Stettin 

236 

Prussia 

Shipbuilding,      distilleries,      potteries, 

Strassburg 

and  engineering  works. 

179 

Alsace-Lorraine 

Breweries,  leather,  hops,  chemicals. 
Musical  instruments,  hosiery. 

Stuttgart 

286 

Wiirttemberg 

Zwick.au 

74 

Saxony 

Coal  and  iron,  woollens. 

•Free  Hanse  Cities. 

Capital — Berlin,  on  the  Spree.     Population  2,071,257. 

Chief  Ports. — Hamburg,  the  principal  trading  harbour  on  the  conti- 
nent, Bremen,  Stettin,  Liibeck,  Danzig,  and  Konigsberg.  Wilhelmshafen 
on  the  North  Sea,  and  Kiel  on  the  Baltic  are  naval  ports.  The  Baltic 
is  not  navigable  in  winter  on  account  of  the  ice,  but  some  of  the  Baltic 
harbours  remain  open  in  mild  winters. 

Commerce. — German  trade  policy  is  that  of  protection.  The  Zolherein, 
or  customs  league,  applies  to  all  parts  of  the  empire  (as  well  as  Luxemburg) 
except  a  small  portion  of  Hamburg  which  retains  its  own  privileges  but 
practically  forms  a  vast  bonded  warehouse.  The  Zollverein  establishes 
free  trade  among  the  several  Ge'rman  states  and  a  common  tariff  on  imports, 
exports,  and  goods  in  transit.     On  account  of  the  difficulty  of  transit  in 


some  parts  of  Germany  and  the  number  of  foreign  countries  it  touches,  one 
part  of  the  country  often  exports  produce  that  another  part  needs  to  im- 
port; e.  g.,  North  Germany  exports  wheat,  while  Bavaria  imports  it. 

The  foreign  commerce  resembles  somewhat  that  of  the  United  Kingdom, 
for  in  the  imports  food  supplies  and  raw  materials  are  of  more  importance 
than  manufactures.  Germany,  however,  is  not  so  dependent  as  Great 
Britain  upon  foreign  supplies  of  food,  the  chief  articles  needed  being  wheat 
and  barley.  The  bulk  of  the  outward  trade  is  in  manufactured  goods, 
iron  and  steel  goods  and  machinery  coming  first,  followed  by  cottons  and 
woollens. 

The  principal  foreign  trade  is  done  with  the  United  States,  the  United 
Kingdom,  Russia,  and  Austria-Hungary. 

With  the  United  States. — Germany  receives  from  the  United  States 
large  supplies  of  cotton  and  cotton  manufactures,  copper,  iron  and  steel 
manufactures,  leather,  meat  and  dairy  produce.  In  return,  Germany  sends 
to  the  United  States  chemicals,  drugs  and  dyes,  fertilizers,  fibres,  and 
various  textile  and  other  manufactured  goods. 

Chief  Imports. — Corn,  groceries  and  food  products,  wool  and  woollens, 
cotton  and  cottons,  ores  and  precious  metals,  earths,  chemicals  and  drugs, 
wood,  hides  and  skins,  oils  and  fat,  animals  and  animal  products,  silk  and 
silk  goods. 

Chief  Exports. — Iron  and  steel  goods,  machinery,  textiles,  chemicals 
and  drugs,  earths,  ores  and  precious  metals,  hardware,  groceries  and  food 
products,  clothing,  fancy  goods,  silk  and  silk  goods,  literary  and  art  objects. 

Communications. — The  total  length  of  the  railroads  in  the  empire  is 
about  13,000  miles,  of  which  about  92  per  cent  belong  to  the  different 
states.  There  are  1,500  miles  of  inland  canals,  and  1,600  miles  of  ship 
canals.  Berlin  is  the  centre  of  the  railway  system.  The  great  railway  routes 
from  western  Europe  to  northern  Germany  and  to  all  parts  of  Russia  and 
to  the  central  part  of  the  northern  plain  by  the  Westphalian  Gate,  pass 
through  Hanover  to  Berlin,  and  there  diverge  to  the  northeast  by  Konigs- 
berg to  Petrograd,  to  the  east  by  Warsaw  to  Moscow,  and  to  the  southeast 
by  Breslau  to  Odessa.  The  most  important  lines  in  the  south  are  those 
following  each  bank  of  the  Rhine  from  Cologne  to  Basel  on  the  Swiss  fron- 
tier, the  outlet  of  the  Westphalian  manufacturing  district,  to  Italy  through 
Switzerland  and  the  St.  Gothard  tunnel. 

Government. — According  to  the  constitution  of  April  16,  1871,  all  the 
states  of  Germany  form  an  eternal  union;  the  direction  of  political  and 
military  affairs  is  vested  in  the  Emperor,  who  may  declare  war,  but  if  it 
is  not  defensive,  the  consent  of  the  Bundesrat,  or  Federal  Council,  is  re- 
quired. The  Imperial  army  is  under  the  supreme  generalship  of  the  Em- 
peror, and  there  is  a  minister  of  war  for  each  of  the  four  kingdoms — Prussia, 
Bavaria,  Saxony,  and  Wiirttemberg — the  Prussian  war  minister  being 
also  minister  for  the  smaller  states.  The  legislative  functions  of  the  empire 
are  vested  jointly  in  the  Reichstag  and  the  Bundesrat,  and  the  Emperor  has 
no  veto  on  laws  passed  by  these  bodies.  All  laws  for  the  Empire  must  re- 
ceive the  votes  of  an  absolute  majority  of  the  Bundesrat  and  the  Reichstag, 
and  to  take  effect  must  be  promulgated  by  the  Emperor. 

The  Bundesrat,  which  represents  the  individual  states  of  the  empire, 
as  the  Reichstag  represents  the  German  nation,  consists  of  sixty-one  dele- 
gates, appointed  by  the  governments  of  the  individual  states  for  each  ses- 
sion. Of  these,  17  sit  for  Prussia,  6  for  Bavaria,  4  each  for  Wiirttemberg 
and  Saxony,  3  each  for  Baden,  Hesse,  and  Alsace-Lorraine,  i  each  for 
Mecklenburg-Schwerin  and  Brunswick,  and  i  each  for  the  remaining  states, 
including  Hamburg,  Liibeck,  and  Bremen.  The  Bundesrat  is  mainly  a 
confirming  body,  although  it  has  the  privilege  of  rejecting  measures  passed 
by  the  Reichstag.  It  has  also  a  limited  initiatory  power,  which  it  occas- 
ionally exercises.  Members  of  the  Bundesrat  have  the  right  of  appearing 
in  the  Reichstag,  and  of  speaking  on  any  question  in  which  the  state  they 
represent  is  directly  interested.  Members  of  the  one  chamber,  however, 
are  not  eligible  for  election  to  the  other,  although  they  may  sit  in  their  res- 
pective provincial  diets. 

The  Reichstag  is  composed  of  397  members,  elected  by  universal  suffrage 
and  ballot  for  the  term  of  five  years.  Of  these  236  constitute  the  elected 
of  Prussia,  48  represent  Bavaria,  23  Saxony,  and  the  remainder  the  other 
states  in  due  proportion,  ranging  from  I  to  17.  Members  are  now  paid 
^750  per  session  with  a  deduction  of  ^5  for  each  day's  absence. 

GERMAN  COLONIES 

The  German  colonies  and  dependencies  at  the  beginning  of  the  Great 
War  in  1914  had  a  total  area  of  1,134,046  square  miles,  with  a  population 
of  about  12,969,300  of  whom  24,170  (including  garrison  and  police)  were 
whites.  Of  these  whites  about  18,500  were  settled  Germans.  The  whole 
of  these  possessions  were  captured  and  occupied  by  the  Allies  within  the 
first  two  years  of  war,  with  the  exception  of  part  of  the  difficult  hinterland 
of  German  East  Africa. 


DEPENDENCIES 

DATE  OF 
ACQUISITION 

AREA 

(sq.  miles) 

POPULATION 

Africa 

1884 

1884 

1884-90 

1885-90 

1898 

1885-86 

1886-99 
1899 

33,659 
295,000 
322,348 
384,079 

2,750 

90,000 

5,160 
1,050 

1,000,000 

3,500,000 

120,000 

7,645,000 

German  Southwest  Africa         

German  East  Africa       ....            ... 

Asia 

Pacific 

German  New  Guinea 

Solomon,  Caroline,  Pelew,  Marianne,  and  Mar- 

463,300 

3S,coo 

Total       

1,134,046 

12,969,300 

*Kiauchau  was  leased  for  a  period  of  99  years  from  China.  The  area  of  the  leased  terri- 
tory and  sphere  of  interest  is  2,750  square  miles;  the  area  of  the  district  proper  is  193  square 
miles.  The  leased  territory  consists  of  the  bay  up  to  high-water  mark,  its  islands,  and  the 
north  and  south  tongues  of  land  at  the  mouth  of  the  harbour. 


272 


GEOGRAPHICAL  MANUAL  AND  NEW  ATLAS 


RUSSIA 

Revolution  March  8-16,  1917 ;  Republic  Formally  Proclaimed  September  14,  igiy 


Russia  like  France  has  grown  outwards  by  expansion  from  a 
single  centre.  The  Russian  power  that  arose  in  the  forest 
region  and  centred  at  Moscow  gradually  extended  over  the 
great  plains.  This  steady  expansion,  down  her  great  rivers 
and  toward  the  sea,  has  been  facilitated  by  the  decline 
of  the  empires  of  Sweden,  Poland,  Turkey,  Persia,  and  China. 
The  absence  of  natural  barriers  has  prevented  the  growth  of 
strong  local  differences  and  enabled  the  autocratic  central 
authority  to  impose  its  will  upon  every  part.  On  the  other 
hand,  the  relative  isolation  of  Russia  has  contributed  to  a 
degree  of  civilization  much  less  advanced  than  obtains  in 
western  Europe.  To  get  into  touch  with  the  western  states 
Peter  the  Great  (1682-1725)  founded  the  present  capital, 
Petrograd,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Neva. 

In  the  east  and  south  the  impossibility  of  drawing  any 
permanent  frontier  has  brought  Russia  up  to  the  confines  of 
Japan,  China,  and  the  buffer  states  of  India,  and  threatens 
the  independence  of  Persia.  In  the  west,  Finns,  Poles, 
Roumanians,  and  Jews  (see  Racial  Map  of  Europe,  p.  22) 
constitute  elements  which  Russia  has  failed  either  to  assimi- 
late or  conciliate.  What  the  Empire  failed  to  accomplish 
may  find  solution  under  the  Republican  government  which 
was  established  in  March,  1917.  The  independence  of 
Poland  and  Finland,  either  relative  or  absolute,  may  be 
looked  for  as  an  outcome  of  the  Great  War  and  of  the  Rus- 
sian Revolution. 

The  Cossacks. — ^The  Cossacks  have  played  an  important 
role  in  Russian  history.  The  fate  of  the  empire  has  often 
rested  in  their  hands.  It  has  been  for  them  to  decide  wheth- 
er an  invading  Tatar  or  Turkish  host  should  be  hurled 
back  or  reinforced,  whether  the  Czar  should  be  supported 
or  kept  in  check. 

The  origin  of  the  Cossacks  is  obscure.  Intrepid  adven- 
turers, they  spread  from  the  Dnieper  all  over  Eastern  Russia. 
To  the  Cossacks  of  the  Don  (the  most  powerful  tribe), 
Russia  virtually  owes  her  vast  Siberian  possessions.  Long 
they  resisted  the  Russian  suzerainty,  till  the  government 
had  the  inspiration  of  enlisting  their  warlike  qualities  and 
their  incomparable  horsemanship  in  the  service  of  Russia. 
The  Cossacks  to-day  supply  the  Russian  army  with  a  cavalry 
that  is  unrivalled  in  Europe. 

The  Cossacks  do  not  form  a  regular  army  and  in  their 
social  life  they  preserve  many  customs  reminiscent  of  their 
ancient  privileges.  They  do  not  pay  the  same  taxes  as  the 
Tsar's  other  subjects,  they  do  not  draw  lots  for  military 
service,  but  undertake  to  provide  a  certain  number  of  horses 
and  men,  either  for  service  on  the  Russian  frontiers  or  in 
the  interior.  With  the  exception  of  the  colonel,  appointed 
by  the  minister  of  war,  the  Cossacks  have  the  right  to  elect 
their  own  chiefs.     .     . 

The  Cossack  has  to  provide  his  own  horse  and  arms, 
but  in  consideration  of  this  receives  from  the  Governm.ent  a 
plot  of  land,  which  is  increased  at  the  birth  of  each  son. 
The  customs,  tastes,  and  habits  of  these  adventurous  no- 
mads have  not  been  modified  by  contact  with  civilization. 
The  Cossack's  life  is  passed  entirely  out  of  doors;  he  returns 
home  only  at  rare  intervals  to  have  an  orgy  of  vodka. 

In  Cossack  towns  and  villages  the  only  permanent  popu- 
lation is  composed  of  women,  children,  and  old  men;  for 
while  he  has  the  strength,  whatever  his  age,  the  Cossack 
prefers  life  in  the  open,  and  as  soon  as  a  boy  is  old  enough 
to  sit  on  a  horse,  his  father  puts  him  into  the  saddle  and  sets 
him  galloping,  while  his  mother  from  the  door  of  the  isba 
(cottage)  encourages  the  small  cavalier.     While  the  Cossack 


hunts  in  time  of  peace,  or  fights  in  time  of  war,  the  women 
keep  the  stanitsa  (village),  take  care  of  their  houses  which 
they  keep  scrupulously  clean,  feed  their  cattle,  cultivate  the 
soil,  in  fact  do  all  the  laborious  work  of  agriculture.  These 
rough  labours  age  them  before  their  time,  but  do  not  damp 
their  energy  and  activity.  A  wife  is  no  longer  the  timid, 
trembling  slave  of  her  husband,  as  Gogol  has  painted  her.' 

Strange  Customs  in  Little  Russia. — ^The  Little  Rus- 
sians are  more  truly  Slavs  than  the  Great  Russians;  there  is 
less  Finnish  blood  in  their  veins.  The  peasants  are  taller 
and  more  robust.  Many  of  the  peasant  customs  are  of 
peculiar  interest  to  the  Western  visitor. 

They  have  a  queer  custom  that  a  woman  may  do  what 
she  likes  on  a  Monday,  and,  sad  to  relate,  many  of  them 
spend  that  day  in  gossiping  and  drinking  vodka  in  the 
taverns.  .  .  .  The  door  of  a  bad  woman  is  tarred  that 
she  may  feel  herself  in  disgrace.  In  the  winter  evenings  the 
younger  women  gather  together  to  sing  and  work.  A  proverb 
warns  the  young  man  in  search  of  a  wife  to  choose  with  his 
ears  rather  than  with  his  eyes.  A  child  is  swaddled  carefully 
with  red  and  black  bands  as  soon  after  its  birth  as  possible, 
with  the  idea  that  these  will  keep  the  devil  from  getting  into 
the  infant;  this  notion  is  peculiar  to  the  peasants  of  Little 
Russia.  When  some  one  has  died  in  the  house  a  glass 
of  water  is  placed  in  the  window,  that  the  spirit  may  wash 
itself  in  departing.  A  neighbour  digs  the  grave,  and  is  re- 
warded for  this  friendly  service  by  a  seat  at  the  funeral  repast. 
The  dead  person  is  carried  out  of  the  house  feet  foremost, 
so  that  he  may  not  return.  Formerly  women  were  hired  to 
wail,  but  that  custom  has  been  given  up.  Every  girl  has 
her  wedding-dress  got  ready  as  soon  as  she  is  considered  old 
enough  to  be  married,  and  if  she  dies  before  her  wedding  it 
becomes  her  shroud.  Every  guest  on  returning  from  a 
funeral  must  go  up  to  the  stove  and  touch  it  with  the  right 
hand.2 

Petrograd  and  Its  Workmen. — ^As  in  most  large  cities, 
the  growth  of  the  population  of  Petrograd  is  mainly  due  to 
the  influx  of  the  rural  element.  There  is  also  an  annual 
migratory  movement  in  connection  with  Petrograd  that  is 
peculiar.  It  is  estimated  that  some  100,000  workmen  of  the 
peasant  class  come  into  the  city  regularly  every  spring  and 
leave  it  every  autumn.  These  are  the  bricklayers,  masons, 
carpenters,  and  other  artisans,  who  come  to  work  on  new 
houses  and  to  repair  old  ones,  which  in  many  cases  have 
suffered  from  the  severities  of  the  northern  winters. 

They  may  be  seen  any  summer  evening  tramping  in 
straggling  crowds  along  the  main  thoroughfares,  going  to 
their  short  night's  rest  in  holes  and  corners  which  serve  them 
as  lodgings  in  the  densely  populated  wards.  Or  glimpses 
of  them  may  be  had  through  the  windows  of  traktirs,  or  te^ 
houses,  where  these  workmen  sip  weak  tea  and  listen  to  the 
gramophone.  As  a  rule,  the  police  keep  them  to  the  road- 
ways, when  they  appear  in  any  numbers,  on  account  of  their 
clothes,  which  are  often  mere  rags  covered  with  the  dirt  of 
their  work,  and  perhaps  also  because  of  the  unpleasant  odour 
from  Russians  of  this  class.  It  occasionally  happens  that 
perfumes  have  to  be  used  after  them  in  rooms  and  palaces, 
especially  in  winter,  when  it  is  too  cold  outside  to  air  the 
apartments  by  opening  the  windows. 

And  yet  the  Russian  workman,  in  one  respect,  is  very 
clean.  He  generally  goes  once  a  week  to  a  public  bath, 
where  he  scalds  himself  in  the  steaming  chamber,  and  he 
may  also  have  his  body  thrashed  with  birch  twigs  until  his 
skin  becomes  the  colour  of  a  boiled  lobster.     This  is  a  kind 


^A.  S.  Rappoport,  "Home  Life  in  Russia"  (1913). 

^Annette  M.  B.  Meakin,  "  Russia  Travels  and  Studies"  (1906). 


GEOGRAPHICAL  MANUAL  AND  NEW  ATLAS 


273 


of  massage,  of  very  ancient  origin,  and  peculiar  to  Russia  in 
combination  with  the  popular  bath.  The  only  objectionable 
circumstance  is  that  the  peasant  or  labourer  wears  the  same 
clothes  until  they  get  too  dirty,  and  somehow  or  other  he 
cannot  be  induced  to  keep  them  the  least  bit  clean. 

As  the  workmen  trudge  to  and  from  their  occupations 
many  of  them  may  be  seen  carrying  in  their  girdles  their 
beloved  axes,  the  favourite  Russian  implement,  with  which  a 
peasant  can  make  almost  anything  in  wood  without  any  other 
tool,  from  a  log  hut  down  to  a  child's  toy.  Being  a  denizen 
of  a  woody  country,  the  Russian  is  naturally  skilful  in  all 
manner  of  practical  woodwork.  The  writer  has  seen  a  per- 
fectly going  wooden  watch  made  by  a  Russian  peasant,  with 
the  mechanism  all  of  wood  excepting  the  springs. 

The  nomadic  character  of  a  great  many  of  these  "hewers 
of  wood  and  drawers  of  water"  may  be  verified  by  a  visit  to 
any  one  of  the  four  big  railway  stations  late  in  the  autumn, 
when  large  crowds  of  rough  and  grimy  peasants  day  after 
day  besiege  the  ticket  offices,  and  sit  about  for  hours  on  their 
dirty  bundles,  waiting  for  cheap  trains  to  take  them  back 
to  their  villages.^ 

A  Russian  Fair. — The  scene  is  a  curious  one;  hundreds 
of  light  carts,  or  telegues,  are  lined  up  on  either  side  of  the 
road,  others  left  outside  the  houses;  they  obscure  the  view, 
block  up  the  way,  and  are  altogether  a  nuisance.  The  un- 
harnessed horses  peacefully  eat  out  of  the  carts;  there  are 
the  same  number  of  carts  as  of  families,  no  one  comes  to  the 
fair  on  foot.  In  the  intervals  of  driving  a  bargain,  the  men 
splash  about  in  a  little  river  which  runs  across  the  village; 
a  cloud  of  dust  hangs  over  the  whole  picture,  shutting 
out  the  rays  of  the  sun. 

There  is  no  very  original  merchandise  to  be  bought  in 
this  dusty  market — earthenware  vessels,  narrow-necked 
milk  jugs,  green  polished  bowls,  and  various  articles  in  cut 
wood  and  horn  more  or  less  coarsely  fashioned.  What  prin- 
cipally strikes  the  visitor  are  the  large  stacks  of  dry  fish 
which  people  buy  and  eat  as  we  ieat  cakes. 

Beer  and  vodka  are  sold  in  the  taverns,  and  the  yellow 
kvass  is  drunk  all  over  the  country.  The  kvass  is  a  kind  of 
household  drink,  which  every  housewife  prepares  according 
to  her  special  recipe.  Napoleon's  soldiers,  if  we  are  to  be- 
lieve Tolstoi,  called  it  pig's  lemonade.  Kvass  is  made  of 
various  herbs  and  grain  distilled  in  hot  water.  Sometimes 
it  has  a  bitter  taste,  sometimes  sweet;  in  any  case  it  is  very 
refreshing,  and  a  favourite  drink  in  Russia. 

Here  and  there  groups  of  hideous  beggars  of  both  sexes, 
dirty,  ragged,  and  sinister  looking,  crouch  in  the  dusty  road 
in  rings,  chanting  monotonous  litanies  in  piercing  tones. 
Money  pours  into  their  hats  and  aprons.  The  crowd  circu- 
lates in  high  good  humour,  elbowing  each  other  in  the  broiling 
sun;  laughing,  chatting,  and  nibbling  sunflower  seeds,  without 
ceasing.  Some  of  them  sample  the  pastries  which  the  sales- 
men fry  in  the  open  air.  It  is  a  real  type  of  Russian  fair,  a 
dirty,  good-humoured,  evil-smelling  crowd,  containing  an 
amazing  number  of  drunkards. 

The  men  wear  pink  or  scarlet  blouses;  the  women  are 
dressed  from  head  to  foot  in  startling  colours,  red,  violet, 
blue,  yellow,  a  mixture  dazzling  to  the  eyes  at  close  quarters, 
but  seen  at  a  distance,  through  the  haze,  the  result  is  a 
charming  contrast  to  the  gray  landscape.'' 

A  Moujik's  Cottage.— The  isba,  or  wooden  cottage  of 
the  Great  Russian  peasant,  is  built  usually  of  timber,  with 
two  or  three  windows  all  in  a  row,  facing  the  village  street, 
and  a  pointed  roof.  A  generation  back  a  chimney  was  an 
innovation  hardly  thought  of,  but  now  almost  every  isba 
IS  provided  with  one.  The  peasants  were  very  slow  to 
understand  that  an  outlet  for  the  smoke  from  the  stove  could 
be  so  built  as  not  to  conduct  a  current  of  freezing  winter 
air  into  the  room. 


iG.  Dobson,  *'St.  Petersburg"  (1910). 

■*A.  S.  Rappoport,  "Home  Life  in  Russia"  (1913). 


The  roof  is  of  planks,  in  parts  where  these  can  be  cheaply 
obtained.  .  .  .  The  outside  cornices,  windows,  and 
window-shutters,  are  ornamented  with  carved  woodwork, 
more  or  less  profuse,  according  to  the  taste  and  pretensions  of 
the  owner.  The  interior  consists  of  one  living-room  with  a 
loft  above  it,  and  a  storeroom;  the  living-room  is  about 
fifteen  feet  square,  and  exactly  one  quarter  of  it  is  filled  by 
the  huge  brick  or  clay  stove.  A  peasant  in  the  government 
of  Novgorod  told  me  he  kept  a  little  fire  in  his  stove  all 
through  the  summer  to  keep  the  walls  dry.  The  oven  is  so 
commodious  that  it  is  often  made  to  do  duty  as  a  steam 
bath.  The  whole  family — father,  mother,  and  children — 
take  what  we  should  call  a  Turkish  bath  in  it  every  Saturday, 
in  those  villages  that  are  not  provided  with  a  public  bath. 

"Yes, that  iswhere  we  bake  our  bread, and  where  we  bathe," 
said  one  woman,  with  a  pleasant  smile,  as  she  opened  her 
oven  door  and  let  me  look  in.  "When  it  is  very  cold  we  sleep 
on  the  top,"  pointing  to  the  flat  surface  of  the  stove,  "but  in 
warm  weather  we  sleep  here,"  and  she  pointed  to  a  very  nar- 
row bench  made  of  two  or  three  planks  which  ran  round  the 
sides  of  the  room;  it  was  narrower  than  the  seat  of  a  railway 
carriage. 

In  winter,  if  they  let  the  icy  air  into  their  isba  but  for  a 
minute,  they  must  put  more  wood  into  the  stove.  When  a 
whole  family  and  two  or  three  animals  pass  the  nights,  and 
most  of  the  days,  of  a  six  months'  winter,  in  one  room,  of 
which  the  windows  are  hermetically  sealed,  the  result  can 
be  better  imagined  than  described.  The  calf,  the  lambs, 
the  fowls,  cannot  bear  intense  cold  any  more  than  their 
masters;  they  too  must  share  the  genial  warmth  given  out 
by  the  giant  stove. 

In  the  isba  above  described,  the  coil  of  iron,  from  one  end 
of  which  a  cradle  was  suspended,  was  like  the  closely-coiled 
body  of  a  snake,  in  eight  or  nine  circles,  each  of  which  was 
about  as  thick  as  a  man's  little  finger,  and  the  cradle  hung 
from  it  like  a  child's  toy  at  the  end  of  a  piece  of  elastic;  the 
slightest  touch  of  my  hand  set  it  gently  bobbing  up  and 
down  like  an  air  balloon.  Such  a  coil  is  in  great  request 
wherever  a  new  baby  appears  upon  the  scene,  and  the  village 
blacksmith  always  keeps  a  store  of  them  ready  for  sale; 
they  seem  to  be  an  invention  peculiar  to  the  Russian  peas- 
ant.' 

Superstitions. — ^The  moujik  is  most  superstitious  and 
has  a  deep-rooted  belief  in  witchcraft. 

In  times  of  epidemic,  such  as  of  cholera  or  typhoid  fever, 
the  widows  and  young  girls  of  a  village,  after  a  secret  con- 
ference, assemble  late  at  night  at  the  far  end  of  the  village 
dressed  only  in  chemise  and  waistbelt  and  with  hair  hanging 
loose.  They  take  with  them  a  plough.  The  idea  is  to 
plough  the  earth  round  the  village  to  prevent  infection. 

The  procession  is  opened  by  a  young  girl  bearing  an  icon, 
surmounted  by  a  candle;  she  is  followed  by  another  har- 
nessed to  a  plough,  which  other  women  push  behind  to  help 
her.  A  third  girl  follows,  cracking  a  whip  without  ceasing 
— this  is  to  drive  away  the  epidemic,  personated  by  the 
devil. 

All  are  armed  with  pokers,  brooms,  and  sticks.  They 
chant  prayers  in  loud  tones,  and  lower  their  voices  in  passing 
an  isba  (cottage),  so  as  not  to  be  heard.  Woe  to  the  curious 
who  would  assist  at  this  spectacle;  if  he  is  discovered  he  runs 
the  risk  of  being  torn  to  pieces.  Usually  the  widows  and 
girls  preserve  the  profoundest  secrecy  as  to  the  hour  and 
day  of  the  procession.     .     .     . 

When  illness  breaks  out,  there  is  much  superstition. 
Instead  of  going  to  some  doctor  the  snakhar  (wizard)  is 
sent  for,  and  only  when  his  spells  have  had  no  success,  and 
the  invalid  is  worse,  do  they  hasten  to  the  doctor,  and  then 
it  is  generally  too  late.     .     .     . 

-  For  nothing  in  the  world  would  a  peasant  work  in  the 
fields  during  Easter  Week !  For  it  is  well  known  that  wheat 
sown  at  Easter  will  not  germinate.  Then  again,  cabbages 
to  be  any  good  must  be  planted  on  Maundy  Thursday. 
On  certain  days  the  .peasant  will  break  the  ice  to  bathe  be- 
cause bathing  on  those  days  keeps  you  healthy  all  the  year 


^Annette  M.  B.  Meakin,  "  Russia  Travels  and  Studies*'  (1906). 


274 


GEOGRAPHICAL  MANUAL  AND  NEW  ATLAS 


round.  And  then  again  at  Epiphany,  when  the  cross  is 
dipped  into  the  water,  they  undress  and  throw  themselves 
in,  and  then  hurry  home  with  a  cask  of  water  and  warm 
themselves  at  the  stove.  The  "Jordan"  water  must  be  taken 
care  of  and  is  a  remedy  against  all  illnesses,  and  if  placed  in 
the  fields  keeps  away  hailstorms.  At  the  sound  of  thunder 
every  one  bathes,  and  he  who  will  not  go  to  the  river  or  the 
stream  at  least  washes  at  home.  Pouring  water  from  a  milk- 
pail  in  which  there  is  an  egg,  through  a  wedding-ring,  signifies 
that  he  who  washes  remains  healthy,  and  the  cow  gives  much 
milk,  and  the  hens  lay  many  eggs.  Peas  are  sown  in  those 
fields  which  lie  near  the  road,  so  that  passers-by  may  pick 
the  young  pods  if  they  please,  for  God  pays  those  a  thou- 
sand fold  who  help  the  poor  wanderer.' 

The  Finns. — Finland  is  a  land  of  pine  forest,  of  rock,  of 
river,  and  lake.  It  is  the  playground  of  Petrograd;  for  its 
frontier  is  but  a  couple  of  hours'  distance  by  rail.  The  capi- 
tal, Helsingfors,  is  surpassed  by^  no  other  city  in  cleanliness, 
order,  and  all  the  externals  of  modern  civilization.  The 
Finns  are  a  very  interesting  people. 

The  real  ancestor  of  the  Finn  is  his  climate.  He  is  hardy 
in  body  and  hard  in  temperament;  given  to  silence;  labor- 
ious and  conscientious;  with  many  virtues  and  few  graces. 
The  fact  that  he  makes  a  splendid  sailor,  tells  much  of  his 
character,  as  it  causes  him  to  be  found  before  the  mast 
the  world  over — there  is  a  special  mission  to  Finnish  sailors 
in  San  Francisco.  He  steers  the  tar-boats  down  his  own 
perilous  rapids,  with  the  daring  and  coolness  of  the  Indian  in 
his  canoe;  he  lives  as  frugally — and  for  the  same  reason — 
as  the  Highlander  of  Scotland;  you  cannot  help  but  trust 
him,  but  it  is  often  more  than  you  can  do  to  get  him  to 
talk.  His  agriculture  is  yet  of  the  most  primitive  character; 
his  favourite  method  of  cultivation  is  to  cut  down  the 
trees  in  winter,  leave  them  to  dry  for  a  season,  and  then 
burn  them,  with  the  underwoods,  to  clear  the  land,  and 
fertilize  it  at  the  same  time. 

Within  his  hard  shell,  however,  there  is  a  tender  kernel 
of  romance  and  playfulness  and  song.  His  immortal  epic  of 
the  past,  the  Kalevala,  still  echoes  in  his  heart,  and  his  old 
men  clasp  hands  and  sing  its  runes,  or  others  which  come 
unbidden  to  their  lips,  in  thrilling  strophe  and  antistrophe. 
On  Whitsun-eve,  his  young  men  light  bonfires  and  make 
merry  round  them,  and  Christmas  brings  out  his  candles 
and  fir-trees  and  fat  fare.  But  he  comes  out  of  his  shell  most 
of  all  in  midsummer  for  a  Streitgesand,  or  Eisteddfod,  when 
from  far  and  near  come  singing-clubs  and  choirs,  to  be 
judged  by  a  jury  of  their  elders,  in  the  court  of  a  green 
glade,  before  an  audience  of  the  whole  countryside.^ 

The  Dead  Land  of  Poland. — Poland  has  been  called 
the  "Niobe  of  nations."  Like  Bohemia,  it  is  one  of  the 
dead  lands  of  Europe,  a  country  with  a  great  past,  but  which 
for  three  generations  has  been  at  the  mercy  of  the  three 
empires  that  rent  it  asunder.  In  1815,  1830,  1848,  and 
again  in  1863  the  Polish  question  brought  Europe  to  the 
verge  of  war,  and  since  1863  it  was  one  on  which  the  rulers 
of  the  world  have  deliberately  and  perhaps  wisely  been 
silent.  ■» 

When  we  speak  of  Poland  we  think  of  the  Poland  and  the 
Poles  whom  we  know  ourselves — weak,  helpless,  divided. 
But  let  us  remember  that  there  was  an  older  Poland,  one 
which  occupied  in  Europe  a  position  among  the  greatest 
monarchies.  Five  hundred  years  ago  the  Kings  of  Poland 
held  a  great  place  among  the  rulers  of  Europe.  Two  hundred 
and  fifty  years  ago  a  Turkish  army  stood  before  the  gates  of 
Vienna.  The  great  imperial  city,  the  guardian  of  Chris- 
tendom and  civilization,  was  beleaguered  by  the  hosts  of 
the  infidel  and  the  barbarian.  If  it  fell,  a  flood  of  desolation 
would  sweep  over  Central  Europe.  Whence  could  help 
come?     It  came,  and  the  saviour  was  John  Sobieski,  King  of 


Poland.  And  the  next  Sunday,  in  the  Cathedral  of  Vienna^ 
the  preacher  took  as  his  text,  "There  was  a  man  sent  from 
God,  and  his  name  was  John." 

But  now  there  is  no  King  of  Poland;  there  is  no  Poland. 
Fifty  years  ago  Metternich  said  he  had  no  knowledge  of 
Italy — Italy  was  merely  a  geographical  expression.  Poland 
is  not  even  a  geographical  expression.  There  are  the  Polish 
provinces  of  Prussia,  there  is  Galicia,  there  is  the  district  of 
the  Vistula.  Poland  is  dead,  the  monarchy  is  gone;  you  can 
see  the  jewels  of  the  Polish  crown  preserved  in  a  museum  in  a 
German  city;  you  can  see  the  tombs  of  the  kings  and  recall 
the  past  greatness  of  the  kingdom  in  the  churches  at  Cra- 
cow, the  ancient  capital.  But  Poland  is  rent  asunder.  It 
has  been  divided  between  three  great  monarchies,  by  which 
its  territory  was  surrounded;  but  the  memory  of  the  crime 
has  not  been  efi^aced  in  the  history  of  Europe,  and  Europe 
will  never  be  at  peace  or  at  rest  until  there  has  been  rep- 
aration and  restoration.  The  final  judgment  on  it  has  been 
given  by  one  of  the  participants.  Maria  Theresa  of  Austria 
wrote:  "When  all  my  lands  were  invaded,  and  I  knew  not 
where  in  the  world  I  should  find  a  place  to  be  brought  to 
bed  in,  I  relied  on  my  good  right  and  the  help  of  God.  But 
in  this  thing,  where  not  only  public  law  cries  to  Heaven 
against  us,  but  also  all  natural  justice  and  sound  reason, 
I  must  confess  never  in  my  life  to  have  been  in  such  trouble 
and  am  ashamed  to  show  my  face." 

The  hour  for  which  the  world  has  waited  so  long  has  now 
come,  and  at  last  the  diplomacy  of  Europe  has  mentioned  the 
word  Poland.  The  first  word  was  spoken  by  the  ruler  of 
that  country  which  has  enjoyed  for  a  hundred  years  the 
larger  share  of  the  booty.  The  Czar  proclaimed  that  Poland 
should  be  restored,  and  his  Allies  have  taken  note  of  the 
words  and  embodied  this  in  their  proposals  for  terms  of 
peace.  It  is  a  word  which  has  not  been  lightly  spoken  and 
cannot  be  recalled.  The  President  of  the  United  States 
has  also  taken  note  of  it  and  has  specifically  stated  that  an 
autonomous  and  independent  Poland  must  be  a  part  of  any 
new  system  to  which  he  and  the  American  nation  are  to 
give  their  guarantee.' 

SYNOPSIS  OF  RUSSIA  IN  EUROPE 

AND  CAUCASIA 

(See  Map,  p.  42) 

Boundaries. — Russia  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  the  Arctic  Ocean;  on 
the  east  by  Siberia;  on  the  south  by  Roumania,  Black  Sea,  Caucasus  Moun- 
tains," and  the  Caspian;  and  on  the  west  by  the  Baltic,  Prussia,  and  Austria. 

Climate. — Four  climatic  zones  are  recognized:  the  polar  zone,  on  the 
Arctic  Ocean,  where  polar  bears  and  walruses  are  found;  a  frigid  zone  be- 
tween 67°  and  57°  N.  lat.;  a  temperate  zone  between  57°  and  44°  N.  lat.; 
and  the  warm  districts  in  the  south  of  the  Crimea,  where  lemons  ripen. 

The  winters  are  everywhere,  except  in  the  Crimea,  very  long  and  cold 
(mercury  freezes  in  the  north),  while  the  summers  are  brief  and  sultry,  as 
is  shown  by  the  following  annual  mean  temperatures.  The  mean  tempera- 
ture in  January  at  Archangel  is  9.6°F.,  at  Petrograd  17.6°,  Moscow  15.8°, 
Warsaw  24.8°,  Odessa  28.4°,  Astrakhan  23°,  and  Orenburg  9°.  The  mean 
temperatures  in  July  at  the  same  places  are  58''F.,  60.8°,  66.2°,  62.6°,  70.7°, 
75.2°,  and  68°. 

The  rainfall  of  Russia  is  less  than  that  of  western  Europe.  At  Petro- 
grad 18  inches  fall  per  annum;  at  Kasan  14,  at  Astrakhan  4.8  inches.  For 
months  in  winter  the  whole  of  Russia  is  covered  with  a  thick  mantle  of  snow, 
which  contributes  greatly  to  the  fertility  of  the  soil  when  the  spring  thaw 
sets  in.  The  north  wind  and  the  dry  east  wind  are  very  cold.  See  Climate 
Map  of  Europe,  pp.  24,  25. 

Natural  Productions. — -(i)  Agriculture  and  forestry.  The  frozen 
plains  or  tundras  of  northern  Russia  are  succeeded  by  a  wide  belt  of  piTie 
forests,  and  farther  south  by  forests  of  oak  and  beech.  These  forests  are 
under  government  control.  In  the  clearings,  rye,  oats,  flax,  and  hemp  are 
grown.  South  of  the  forest-land  is  the  most  fertile  region  of  Russia,  a  tree- 
less plain  extending  from  the  Carpathians  to  the  Urals  south  of  55°,  and 
called  the  Land  of  the  Black  Earth,  producing  wheat,  rye,  and  in  the  south- 
west maize.  Potatoes  are  extensively  grown,  especially  in  the  regions  ex- 
tending eastward  from  Germany.  The  steppes  in  south  Russia  are  clothed 
with  grass  in  spring  and  autumn,  and  great  quantities  of  cattle,  sheep,  and 
horses  are  reared.     See  Vegetation  Map  of  Europe,  p.  26. 

The  bulk  of  the  population  is  supported  by  agriculture.  In  the  supply 
of  rye,  barley,  flax,  and  hemp  Russia  holds  first  place,  and  in  the  supply  of 
wheat  and  oats  the  second  place. 

(2)  Mining. —  Iron,  gold,  zinc,  silver,  and  platinum  are  found  in  great 
abundance.  The  chief  coal-fields  are  (i)  around  Tula  to  the  south  of  Mos- 
cow, (2)  on  the  west  in  Poland,  (3)  in  the  south  between  the  rivers  Donetz 
and  Don  near  the  Sea  of  Azof,  where  the  best  coal  is  obtained.    The  petror- 


*A.  S.  Rappoport,  "Home  Life  in  Russia"  (19x3). 
^Henry  Norman,  "All  the  Russians"  (1902). 


»J.  W.  Headlam,  "The  Dead  Lands  of  Europe"  (1917). 

'The  southeastern  boundary  has  never  been  agreed  upon  by  geographers.      The  Russians 
themselves  take  the  crests  of  the  Caucasus  range  as  the  dividing  line. 


GEOGRAPHICAL  MANUAL  AND  NEW  ATLAS 


275 


leum  wells  on  the  western  shore  of  the  Caspian  are  very  productive;  and  in 
the  production  of  petroleum  Russia  ranks  next  to  the  United  States.  Mines 
of  rock  sail  are  found  in  several  places,  and  salt  is  also  produced  from  the 
salt  swamps  of  the  steppes.     See  Economic  Map  of  Europe,  p.  27- 

Manufactures. — Distilling  and  "brewing  are  the  most  extensive  indus- 
tries of  European  Russia.  On  the  whole  the  industries  are  more  or  less 
undeveloped,  and  are  largely  carried  on  in  the  homes  of  the  people.  But 
with  its  vast  natural  and  human  resources  there  is  every  indication  that 
the  new  democratic  Russia  will  extend  its  manufacturing  industries  to  enor- 
mous dimensions. 

CHIEF  CITIES  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  RUSSIA  IN  EUROPE 
AND  CAUCASIA 


CITY 

POP.  IW 

PROVINCE  OR 

PRINCIPAL  industries 

THOUSANDS 

"government" 

Astrakhan* 

150 

Astrakhan 

Fisheries. 

Baku 

^17 

Transcaucasia 

Petroleum,    flour,    sulphuric    acid, 
tobacco,  rock-salt. 

Berdichef 

77 

Kief 

Tobacco,  soap,  candles. 

BlALYSTOK 

86 

Grodno 

Woollens,  silks,  felt  hats. 

Brest-Litovsic 

57 

Grodno 

(Railway  centre.) 

CHERsoN*or  Kherson 

92 

Cherson 

Rope  making,  woollens. 

Cronstadt 

60 

Petrograd 

(Naval     arsenal.)     Cannon     foun- 
dry, shipbuilding. 

Czenstochowa 

56 

Piotrkow 

Cottons,  paper. 

DviNSK 

111 

Vitebsk 

Tanneries,  breweries. 

Ekaterinodar 

107 

Caucasus 

Cereals. 

HELSINfiFORS 

154 

NyUnd 

Coal,  sugar,  clothing,  machinery. 

Ivanovo 

168 

Vladimir 

Cotton  manufacture. 

Kasan* 

188 

Kasan 

Leather  goods,  soap,  cotton  goods. 

Kharkof* 

248 

Kharkof 

Cattle,  grain,  leather,  beet  sugar. 

Kief* 

S06 

Kief 

Beet  sugar. 

KiSHENEF* 

129 

Bessarabia 

Cattle,  corn. 

KoVNO* 

88 

Kovno 

Nails,    wire-works,    timber,    metal 
goods. 

Kremenchuc 

99 

Poltava 

Timber,  salt,  tallow. 

Kursk* 

73 

Kursk 

Agriculture, 

Libau 

67 

Courland 

Iron  works,  breweries,  tobacco,  ex- 
plosives. 

Lodz 

416 

Piotrkow 

Cottons,  woollens,  silks. 

Lublin* 

66 

Lublin 

Thread,  linens,  woollens. 

Minsk* 

106 

Minsk 

Agriculture,  timber. 

Moscow* 

1,617 

Moscow 

Cottons,  chemicals. 

Nikolayevskaya 

31 

Astrakhan 

Corn,  salt. 

Nizhni  Novgorod 

109 

Nizhni  Novgorod 

Flour-mills,     distilleries,     machine 
works. 

N0VOCHEKKA8K* 

S3 

Don  Cossacks 

Corn,  wines,  timber. 

Odessa 

620 

Bessarabia 

Sugar  refineries,  paper. 

Orel* 

91 

Orel 

Rope  making,  f^our,  spinning. 

Orenburg* 

94 

Orenburg 

Hides,  skins,  tallow. 

Petrograd* 

2,018 

Petrograd 

Glass,  tanneries,  cottons,  carpets. 

PiNSK* 

98 

Pensa 

Paper,  fishing,  agriculture. 

Poltava* 

84 

Poltava 

Flour,  tobacco. 

Riga* 

370 

Livonia 

Timber,  flax,  hides,  leather. 

Reval* 

99 

Esthonia 

Grain,  timber,  flax,  hides. 

Rostof 

14 

Don  Cossacks 

Agricultural  machinery,  flour,  tim- 
ber. 
Fishing. 

Salyany 

121 

Transcaucasia 

Samara* 

146 

Samara 

Hides,  soap,  tanneries,  breweries. 

Saratof* 

217 

Saratof 

Pottery,  woollens,  cottons,  silks. 

Sevastopol 

78 

Taurida 

(Naval  station.) 

Taganrog 

68 

Ekaterinoslaf 

Corn,  wool,  butter. 

TiFLIS 

328 

Transcaucasia 

Cotton,   silk,  soap,   leather,   silver, 
iron,  manganese,  rock-salt,   brick. 

TSARITSYN 

lOI 

Saratof 

Fisheries,  petroleum. 

Tula* 

137 

Tula 

Rifles,  samovars. 

Tver* 

63 

Tver 

Cottons,  glass,  tanneries. 

ViLNA* 

193 

Vilna 

Timber,  grain. 

Vitebsk* 

104 

Vitebsk 

Flax,  corn,  hemp. 

Vladikavk«6 

79 

Caucasus 

Distilleries. 

Voronezh* 

79 

Voronezh 

Linens,     woollens,     tallow,     corn, 

flax. 
Iron,  steel,  plated  silver,  sugar. 

Warsaw* 

872 

Poland 

Yaroslaf* 

112 

Yaroslaf 

Cottons,  flour,  linens. 

Zhitomir* 

93 

Volhynia 

Timber,  wooden  wares,  agricultural 
produce. 

*Capital  of  province. 

Capital. — Petrograd,  on  the  Neva.  Population  2,018,596.  The  name 
St.  Petersburg  was  changed  by  Imperial  Order,  Sept.  I,  1914. 

Chief  Ports. — Petrograd,  the  naval  depot  and  fortress  Cronstadt, 
Narva,  Riga,  Libau,  Pernau  and  Windau  (Baltic);  Reval,  Helsingfors,  and 
Viborg  (Gulf  of  Finland);  Archangel,  and  the  new  ice-free  port  of  Alex- 
androvsk  on  Catherine  Harbour  (Arctic  and  White  Seas);  Odessa,  Nikolaief, 
Sevastopol,  Novorossisk,  Berdiansk,  and  Batum,  Taganrog,  Mariupol, 
Rostof,  and  Kertch  (Black  Sea  and  Sea  of  Azof);  Astrakhan,  Derbent,  and 
Baku  (Caspian  Sea). 

The  greatest  amount  of  trade  is  done  by  Odessa,  the  great  grain  port. 
Petrograd  ranks  next,  judged  by  the  volume  of  trade;  but  the  Neva  is  blocked 
with  ice  for  about  five  months  in  the  year.  Riga  ranks  third.  Archangel 
is  closed  for  more  than  half  the  year. 

Commerce. — ^The  sea-borne  commerce  suffers  to  some  extent  from  the 


fact  that  the  coasts  are  open  to  the  Arctic  waters  and  to  inland  seas,  while 
even  the  ports  on  these  inland  seas  are  more  or  less  blocked  by  ice  during  a 
severe  winter.  Commerce  is  mainly  carried  on  with  Germany,  the  United 
Kingdom,  and  the  United  States.  Taking  into  account  the  size  of  the 
population  and  of  the  country,  the  amount  of  foreign  trade  is  relatively 
small,  and  is  far  less  per  head  than  in  any  other  European  country. 

IVitk  the  United  States. — -Russia  sends  to  the  United  States  hides 
and  skins,  manufactured  wool,  chemicals,  dyes,  etc.,  and  receives  in  return 
agricultural  implements,  iron  and  steel  and  manufactures,  leather  and 
manufactures,  fibres,  cotton  and  manufactures,  copper  and  manufactures, 
cars,  carriages,  etc. 

Chief  Imports. — Cotton,  tea,  and  other  colonial  produce,  iron  and 
machinery,  wool,  wine,  fruits,  and  vegetables. 

Chief  Exports. — -Wheat  and  other  cereals,  raw  and  dressed  flax,  lin- 
seed, timber,  hides  and  skins,  hemp,  tallow,  wool,  spirits,  tow,  and 
bristles. 

Communications. — ^There  are  about  28,000  miles  of  railways  in  European 
Russia  and  47,000  miles  in  the  whole  of  Russia,  of  which  about  40,000  miles 
belong  to  the  State.  These  figures  do  not  include  Finland  (2,263  miles) 
or  the  Eastern  China  Railway  (1,078  miles).  In  European  Russia,  exclu- 
sive of  Finland,  there  are  77,721  miles  of  navigable  rivers,  canals,  and  lakes. 
In  winter  the  inland  waterways  become  highways  for  sledges. 

Government. — March  15,  1917,  ranks  with  the  great  dates  of  history; 
for  on  that  day  autocracy  was  overthrown  in  Russia  and  democracy  came 
into  its  own.  Up  to  that  time  the  Czar  was  the  supreme  ruler  and  legis- 
lator, and  the  only  source  of  power  in  the  body  politic.  The  Republic  of 
Russia  was  formally  recognized  by  Great  Britain,  France,  Italy,  and  the 
United  States  on  March  22,  1917. 

The  Caucasus. — ^The  Caucasus,  or  Caucasia,  is  bounded  by  the  Black 
Sea,  Russia  in  Europe,  the  Caspian  Sea,  Persia,  and  Turkey.  Its  area  is 
95,406  square  miles;  population  6,818,000. 

The  climate  is  varied.  The  mean  annual  temperature  at  Baku  is  59°F.; 
at  Tiflis  55.4°F.  The  rainfall  at  Tiflis  is  17.5  inches,  and  on  the  Black  Sea 
shores  even  58  inches.  The  country  is  thus  very  fertile,  and  agriculture 
is  most  prosperous.  All  kinds  of  grain,  fruit,  vines,  cotton,  saffron,  and 
madder  are  produced. 

Cattle  and  sheep  farming,  horse-breeding,  besides  bees  and  silk-worms, 
form  important  industries. 

The  minerals  are  considerable.  Silver,  iron,  coal,  copper,  salt,  sulphur, 
quicksilver,  manganese,  etc.,  abound.  More  important  still  is  the  produc- 
t  In  o(  petroleum,  especially  around  Baku.  The  oil  is  piped  to  Batum  on 
(he  Black  Sea  (over  500  miles)  for  export. 

Chief  exports:  Petroleum,  silk,  flax,  madder,  wax,  cattle,  isinglass,  caviare, 
leeches,  boxwood.  Chief  imports:  Cotton  and  silk  fabrics,  carpets,  linen, 
colonial  produce,  metal  goods,  tobacco,  dyes. 

Capital,  Tiflis,  population  327,800. 

Finland. — ^The  Grand  Duchy  of  Finland  on  the  Gulfs  of  Finland  and 
Bothnia  was  conquered  by  Russia  from  Sweden,  and  finally  annexed  in  1808. 
The  area  is  144,254  square  miles,  with  a  population  of  about  3,ocx3,ooo  of 
whom  about  2,600,000  are  Finns,  400,000  Swedes,  19,000  Russians,  3,000 
Germans,  and  2,000  Lapps  leading  a  nomadic  life  in  the  north.  Nearly  all 
the  inhabitants  are  Lutherans.  There  is  a  university  at  Helsingfors,  with 
2,512  students,  of  whom  518  are  women.  The  leading  crops  are  rye,  barley, 
oats,  potatoes.  Saw  mills  and  paper  manufactures  provide  the  chief  indus- 
try, and  the  forests  are  a  great  source  of  wealth,  immense  quantities  of 
timber  being  prepared  for  export;  dairy  produce  is  also  exported.  There 
are  2,582  miles  of  railroad  and  a  merchant  fleet  of  3,120  vessels  (mostly 
small),  of  which  400  are  steamers. 

The  country  was  formerly  governed  by  the  Imperial  Finnish  Senate,  of 
22  members,  with  a  Diet  of  4  estates  elected  by  the  people.  This  form  of 
government  gave  way  on  Jan.  i,  1907,  to  a  new  Constitution  involving  a 
single  Chamber  elected  by  universal  suflTrage  of  both  sexes.  Women  are 
likewise  eligible  for  election  to  the  Chamber.  Finland  is  thus  the  first 
country  to  concede  woman  suffrage  and  representation,  and  it  is  noteworthy 
that  it  has  been  gained  without  agitation.  The  Finnish  troops  only  exist 
in  name,  the  Diet  having  voted  $2,000,000  per  annum  to  the  Russian  treas- 
ury in  lieu  of  furnishing  Finnish  recruits  to  the  army  or  navy. 

Poland. — Russian  Poland  consists  of  ten  provinces,  with  a  total  area  of 
49,159  square  miles,  and  a  population  of  about  13,000,000  of  which  about 
14 J  per  cent  are  Jews.  The  country  had  a  separate  constitution  from  18 15 
to  1830,  and  a  separate  government  from  1830  to  1864;  but  in  the  latter 
year  it  was  deprived  of  its  administrative  independence,  and  in  1868  it  was 
incorporated  as  an  integral  part  of  Russia,  trial  by  jury  was  abolished,  and 
the  official  use  of  the  Polish  language  was  prohibited.  The  majority  of  the 
inhabitants  are  Roman  Catholics.  About  76  per  cent,  of  the  population 
live  in  the  rural  districts,  and  the  peasants  own  about  49  per  cent,  of  the 
land;  but  of  the  total  rural  population  of  7,000,000  about  3,000,000  own 
no  land,  and  are  dependent  on  hiring  themselves  out  as  labourers.  Russian 
Poland  is  one  of  the  largest  pig-producing  countries  in  Europe. 

For  Russia  in  Asia,  see  p.  314. 


AUSTRIA-HUNGARY 

(See  Map,  p.  43) 


The  position  of  Austria  as  the  leading  state  of  the  Holy 
Roman  Empire  has  been  recorded  in  the  introduction  to 
Germany  (see  p.  267).  Hungary  was  founded  in  the  ninth 
century  by  Ural-Altaic  invaders,  and  became  a  Christian 
country  under  St.  Stephen  (997-1038).  Bohemia,  a  Slav 
state,  was  founded  about  the  same  time,  and  like  Poland 
received    Christianity   from   the   Roman   Church,   not   like 


Russia  from  the  Greek  Church.  Both  these  kingdoms 
entered  at  first  only  into  a  personal  union  with  Austria; 
their  historic  individuality  was  recognized  in  principle  till 
1804,  and  has  constantly  been  asserted  by  the  various  na- 
tionalist parties. 

The   war  with    Prussia   in    1866  had   three   effects:     (i) 
Austria  ceased  to  be  part  of  Germany;  (2)  she  had  to  cede 


276 


GEOGRAPHICAL  MANUAL  AND  NEW  ATLAS 


Venetia  to  Italy;  (3)  she  was  forced  to  yield  to  the  Hun- 
garian demand  for  autonomy,  and  the  Hapsburg  mon- 
archy became  a  Dual  Monarchy,  Francis  Joseph  being 
crowned  King  of  Hungary  on  June  8,  1867. 

The  growth  of  the  Austrian  empire  has  been  largely  the 
result  of  successful  marriages.  The  consolidation  of  the 
Hapsburg  monarchy  as  the  chief  power  in  central  and  south- 
eastern Europe  was  checked  by  two  ambitions:  (i)  The 
endeavour  to  maintain  its  traditional  position  as  the  pre- 
dominant German  state;  (2)  the  determination  to  preserve 
the  share  of  the  Spanish  empire  received  in  1713-1715,  as  a 
result  of  the  War  of  the  Spanish  Succession.  This  consisted 
of  the  southern  Netherlands  and  territory  in  Italy.  Austria's 
position  in  Germany  was  threatened  by  the  rise  of  Prussia, 
and  weakened  by  Frederick  the  Great's  seizure  of  Silesia 
(1740).  The  Netherlands  she  was  never  able  to  administer 
as  an  integral  part  of  her  dominions. 

Austria-Hungary  is  racially  the  most  diversified  of  Euro- 
pean states.  The  chief  problems  of  its  administration  arise 
from  the  fact  that  its  boundaries  include  members  of  eleven 
different  nations,  six  of  whom  have  kinsmen  outside  the 
monarchy  (see  Racial  Map  of  Europe,  p.  22).  The  follow- 
ing table  shows  the  distribution  of  the  different  ethnical 
elements  in  the  Dual  Monarchy: 


Germans ,. 

Czechs    I ./    . 

Slovaks  f /.      . 

Poles  

ruthenes 

Magyars  (including  900,000  Jews) 

Croats  \ 

Serbs    \     

Slovenes        

Roumanians 

Italians 

Others      


9,950,266 
6,435,983 
4,967,984 
3,518,854 


783,334 

1,252,940 
275.422 
768,422 


2.037,43s 
I>967,970 


472,587 
10,050,575 
J  1,833,162  I 
1  1,106,471  f 


2,949,032 

27,307 

374.105 


1,875,000 


The  Passing  Show  in  Vienna. — There  is  no  better  place 
than  the  Ring  [Ring  Strasse,  a  fashionable  street  in  Vienna] 
in  which  to  study  the  many  and  various  types  of  the  mon- 
archy. Take  your  seat  at  the  window  of  one  of  the  cafes 
and  look. 

The  spectacle  is  quite  unique.  To  begin  with,  the  crowd 
is  as  variegated  as  at  a  fair  ground,  and  nowhere  else  does  one 
find  such  handsome  samples  of  the  human  race;  in  no  other 
spot  do  the  women  impress  you  as  they  do  here.  A  party 
of  young  girls  advances;  the  purity  and  grace  of  their  out- 
lines would  arouse  the  envy  of  a  Greek  statue;  their  cheeks 
have  the  delicate  tints  of  a  tea-rose;  in  their  eyes  are  the  deep 
shadows  of  the  Orient;  the  arched  feet  and  light  step  indicate 
Hungarian  blood.  Their  dress  displays  a  natural  elegance 
of  taste,  while  in  their  manner  of  walking  there  is  something 
of  the  feline,  swaying  grace  of  the  Parisienne.  The  Slav 
women  of  Bohemia  and  Poland  also  possess  that  powerful 
charm — racial  individuality;  they  are  large  and  strong  of 
limb,  with  big,  soft,  black  eyes,  and  skin  like  marble — a  con- 
trast at  once  poetical  and  unusual.  They  make  one  think 
of  the  swans  of  the  North,  or  the  White  Nixies  of  the  Nether- 
landish legends.  Their  features  are  finely  chiseled  and  in- 
telligent, and  underneath  this  icy  mask  there  burns  a  fiery 
spirit. 

In  this  cosmopolitan  assemblage  one  comes  across  Italians 
prattling  in  their  melodious  language,  like  swallows  in  a 
northern  clime  announcing  the  return  of  spring;  and  then 
there  is  the  pretty  Viennese  herself,  with  her  taking  manners, 
her  little  nose  tilted  into  the  air,  and  her  arch  glances.  The 
Viennese  women  preserve  their  brilliant  colouring  even 
when  they  get  old,  and  belong  to  that  type  of  beauty — a 
trifle  too  robust,  perhaps — which  has  been  rendered  classic 
by  some  of  the  Italian  masters. 

Those  women,   decked  out   like  the  show  windows  of  a 


jeweller's  shop,  with  a  slight  down  on  the  upper  lip,  little 
curls  on  the  temples,  earrings,  in  the  form  of  hoops,  or  little 
coffers  or  bells,  are  Jewesses,  bankers'  wives  and  millionaires 
— weather-beaten  vessels  which  have  navigated  every  sea, 
and  long  since  doubled  Cape  Tempest.  But  how  hand- 
some their  daughters  are!  and  how  expressive  that  Jewish 
cast  of  countenance  and  the  great,  full  eyes  can  be! 

The  Viennese  men  are  large  and  strongly  built,  though 
one  does  not  meet  on  the  Ring  those  giants  who  are  to  be 
seen  beneath  the  lindens  of  Berlin.  The  Viennese  type  of 
face  is  intelligent,  frank,  and  full  of  sprightly  good  humour. 
The  Austrian  race  is  an  exuberant  one.  There  is  no  country 
whose  people  have  better  blood  in  their  veins.  But  . 
were  it  to  be  analyzed,  a  very  small  proportion  of  it  would 
prove  to  be  German.' 

Primitive  Customs.— In  Prague,  the  capital  of  Bohemia, 
I  came  in  contact  for  the  first  time  with  the  advance  guard 
of  a  new  race,  the  Slavs,  writes  Booker  T.  Washington,  I  say 
a  new  race,  because  although  the  Slavic  peoples  claim  an  anti- 
quity as  great  as  that  of  any  other  race  in  Europe,  the  masses 
of  the  race  seem  just  now  emerging  from  a  condition  of  life 
more  primitive  than  that  of  almost  any  other  people  in  Europe. 

Many  little  things,  not  only  what  I  saw  with  my  own 
eyes,  but  what  I  heard  from  others,  gave  me  the  impression 
as  I  travelled  southward,  that  I  was  entering  into  a  country 
where  the  masses  of  the  people  lived  a  simpler  and  more 
primitive  existence  than  any  I  had  seen  elsewhere  in  Europe. 
I  remember,  for  one  thing,  that  I  was  one  day  startled  to  see, 
in  the  neighbourhood  of  the  mining  regions  of  Bohemia,  a 
half-dozen  women  engaged  in  loading  a  coal  barge — shovel- 
ling the  coal  into  wheelbarrows  and  wheeling  them  along  a 
narrow  plank  from  the  coal  wharf  to  the  ship  alongside. 

I  was  impressed,  again,  by  the  fact  that  several  of  the 
peoples  of  the  Austrian  Empire — the  Moravians  and  Ruthe- 
nians  are  an  illustration — still  preserve  their  old  tribal  names. 
Certain  other  of  these  peoples  still  keep  not  only  the  tribal 
names,  but  many  of  the  old  tribal  customs.  Among  most 
of  the  Slavic  peoples,  for  example,  custom  still  gives  to  the 
marriage  ceremony  the  character  of  barter  and  sale.  In 
fact,  I  found  that  in  one  of  the  large  provincial  towns  in 
eastern  Hungary  the  old  "matrimonial  fairs"  are  still  kept 
up.  On  a  certain  day  in  each  year  hundreds  of  marriage- 
able young  women  are  brought  down  to  this  fair  by  their 
parents,  where  they  may  be  seen  seated  on  their  trunks  and 
surrounded  by  the  cattle  they  expect  to  have  for  a  dowry. 
Naturally  young  men  come  from  all  the  surrounding  country 
to  attend  this  fair,  and  usually  a  lawyer  sits  out  under  a 
tree  nearby  prepared  to  draw  up  the  marriage  contract. 
In  some  cases  as  many  as  forty  marriages  are  arranged  in  this 
way  in  a  single  day.^ 

Agriculture  in  Hungary. — The  staple  industry  of  Hun- 
gary is  agriculture.  The  ambition  of  the  people  is  com- 
mercial, but  the  strength  and  wealth  of  the  country  lie 
in  the  land. 

Hungary  is  handicapped,  however,  by  one  grave  defect, 
or  perhaps  it  is  better  to  say  one  urgent  need — business 
capacity.  The  handling  of  things  earthly,  the  participating 
in  such  mundane  affairs  as  sale  and  barter,  was,  and  is  even 
to-day,  alas!  too  far  from  the  mind  of  the  Hungarian  youth 
when  he  is  determining  upon  a  vocation.  Hungary  is  con- 
sequently full  of  men  with  a  doctor's  degree,  who  seek  the 
more  gilded  avenues  provided  by  the  ministeriums,  with 
its  less  lucrative  livelihood.  Therefore,  where  the  need  is 
less  the  market  is  glutted  with  labour,  whilst  in  the  larger 
fields  of  enterprise  men  of  education  and  position  are  really 
needed.  This  habit  of  mind  gave  the  Jews  their  great 
opportunity,  and  what  of  trade  or  commerce  exists  to-day 
in  Hungary  is  practically  a  result  of  their  patience  and  per- 
severance.' 


iMaria  H.  Lansdale,  "Vienna  and  the  Viennese"  (1902). 
^Booker  T.  Washington,  "The  Man  Fatthest  Down"  (1913). 
'W.  B.  F.  Bovill,  "Hungary  and  the  Hungarians"  <I908). 


GEOGRAPHICAL  MANUAL  AND  NEW  ATLAS 


277 


A  Slovak  Village. — Let  nie  give  you  just  a  glimpse  of  a 
Slovak  village. 

One  of  its  distinguishing  features  is  a  brook,  which  in- 
variably runs  as  a  dividing  line  through  its  irregular  and 
uneven  street.  At  first  sight  it  would  seem  that  the  popula- 
tion was  composed  of  geese  and  women,  for  I  scarcely  re- 
member ever  passing  through  a  village  where  I  did  not  find  a 
group  of  women  knee-deep  in  the  brook,  pounding  clothes 
out  of  shape,  but  into  some  degree  of  cleanliness.  If  you 
need  a  more  complete  picture,  bring  in  some  willows,  and  a 
wagoner  contentedly  watching  his  horse  drink  from  the 
brook  prior  to  driving  through  the  shallow  stream,  with  a 
horde  of  children,  none  too  clean,  gazing  at  all  from  a  rickety 
foot-bridge.     Such  is  a  Slovak  village.' 

SYNOPSIS  OF  AUSTRIA-HUNGARY 

(See  Map.  p.  43) 

Boundaries. — Austria-Hungary  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  Saxony, 
Prussia,  and  Russia;  on  the  east  by  Russia  and  Roumania;  on  the  south  by 
Roumania,  Serbia,  Turkey,  Montenegro,  the  Adriatic  Sea,  and  Italy;  and 
on  the  west  by  Switzerland  and  Bavaria. 

Climate. — Austria-Hungary  lies  exactly  midway  between  the  equator 
and  the  North  Pole,  but  as  its  situation  is  "continental"  and  its  surface  very 
mountainous,  it  has  very  hot  summers,  followed  by  severe  winters.  An 
oceanic  climate  is  enjoyed  only  by  the  Adriatic  coast  and  the  islands,  where 
olive  trees  and  laurels  flourish  in  the  open  air.  Vienna  has  a  temperature 
of  3o.5°F.  in  Jan.  and  68°,  in  July;  Budapest  has  3i°F.  and  69°F. 

The  rainfall,  corresponding  to  the  physical  features,  varies  greatly. 
The  rainfall  in  Vienna  is  22.6;  in  Ofen  17.8;  in  Prague  15.7.  The  Coast- 
lands,  South  Tyrol,  and  South  Hungary  have  very  dry  summers,  followed 
by  rainy  winters.  The  climate  is  everywhere  healthy  except  in  the  marshy 
regions.     See  Climate  Map  of  Europe,  pp.  24,  25. 

Natural  Productions. — (i)  Agriculture.  About  ^o  per  cent  of  the 
Dual  Monarchy  is  under  crops,  and  about  25  per  cent  is  pasture  land.  In 
Austria  oats  and  rye  are  grown  to  a  greater  extent  than  barley  and  wheat; 
while  in  Hungary  with  its  richer  soil  wheat  predominates  over  all  other 
crops.  The  maize  crop  in  Hungary  is  second  only  to  wheat.  Potatoes, 
sugar  beet,  and  tobacco  are  extensively  grown.  Large  supplies  of  timber  are 
yielded  by  the  extensive  forests.  On  the  Hungarian  puUas,  which  resemble 
the  Russian  steppes,  horses,  cattle,  and  sheep  are  raised. 

(2)  Minerals.  Coal  is  the  most  valuable  mineral  of  Austria;  but  is  found 
to  a  much  less  extent  in  Hungary.  The  chief  coal-field  is  that  of  Bohemia, 
which  extends  from  near  Prague  westward  beyond  Pilsen.  Another  im- 
portant coal-field  is  that  of  Silesia.  Iron  is  found  in  the  coal  districts. 
Gold  and  silver  are  produced  in  Transylvania  and  Hungary,  quicksilver  at 
Idria  near  the  Adriatic.  Lead,  zinc,  and  copper  also  occur.  Petroleum 
and  rock  salt  abound  in  Galicia.     See  Economic  Map  of  Europe,  p.  27. 

(3)  Mineral  Springs.  Austria  is  famous  for  its  medicinal  waters,  notably 
the  alkaline  springs  of  Carlsbad,  Marienbad,  Franzensbad,  Giesshiibel,  Bilin, 
Baden,  Teplitz-Schonau,  and  Gastein,  where  are  the  most  frequented  water- 
ing-places in  the  world.  Much  of  the  water  is  exported  for  sale  all  over  the 
universe. 

(4)  Fisheries.  The  sea  fisheries  of  the  Adriatic  coast  (about  1,000  miles) 
employ  a  large  number  of  persons.  The  river  and  lake  fisheries  are  also  im- 
portant industries,  especially  in  Bohemia. 

Manufactures. — The  manufactures  of  Austria  are  extensive  and  include 
ironware,  glassware,  textiles,  chemical  preparations,  and  almost  everything 
suggested  by  the  primary  products  of  the  country.  In  Hungary  the  manu- 
factures, apart  from  corn-milling,  are  of  less  importance;  they  include  weav- 
ing, metal,  stone,  glass,  wood,  brewing,  sugar,  and  tobacco  industries. 

CHIEF  CITIES  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  AUSTRIA 


CHIEF  CITIES  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  HUNGARY 


THOUSANDS 

PROVINCE 

principal  industries 

AussiG 

39 

Bohemia 

Woollens,  chemicals,  glass. 

Brunn* 

126 

Moravia 

Woollens,  silks,  leather. 
Blrthenware,  cloth,  machinery 

BUDWKIS 

45 

Bohemia 

Cracow 

152 

West  Galicia 

Machinery,  soap,  chemicals,  toh 

a  ceo. 

CZERNOWITZ* 

87 

Bukowina 

Corn-milling,  brewing. 

Graz* 

KOLOMER 

152 

Styria 

Paper,  vinegar,  optical  instruments. 

43 

Galicia 

Petroleum,  pottery. 

Paper,  woollens,  cotton  goods. 

Laibach* 

42 

Carniola 

Lemberg* 

206 

Galicia 

Matches,  leather,  machinery, 
olate. 

choc- 

LiNZ* 

68 

Upper  Austria 

Woollens,  silks,  cotton  goods. 

FiLSEN 

80 

Bohemia 

Beer,  paper,  machinery. 

POLA 

58 

Istria 

Fish,  timber 

Pr.^gu  e 

224 

Bohemia 

Woollens,  silks,  porcelain. 

PRZEMYSL 

54 

Galicia 

Machinery,  timber,  liqueurs. 

Reichenherg 

36 

Bohemia 

Woollens,  linens,  dyeing. 
Brewing,  book-binding. 

Salzburg* 

36 

Salzburg 

1  ARNOPOL 

34 

Galicia 

Agriculture,  corn,  horses. 

Trieste* 

152 

Kiistenland 

Petroleum,  iron  foundries,  chemicals. 

Vienna* 

2,031 

Lower  Austria 

Machinery;   pottery,  steel,  tin 
bronze     ware;      furniture, 
leather,  railway  engines. 

and 
silks. 

THOUSANDS 

county 

principal    INDUSTRIES 

Arad* 

63 

Arad 

Grain,  alcohol,  cattle,  machinery. 

Budapest* 

880 

Pest-Pilis-Solt- 

Machinery,    chemicals,    bricks,   cut- 

Kiskun 

lery,  gold   and   silver  ware,  corn, 
cattle,  wines. 

Debreczen* 

93 

Hajdu 

Tobacco,  cattle,  horses. 

Paper,  chemicals,  flour,  tanneries. 

t[UME 

50 

Croatia 

H6dmez6-Va8arhelv 

62 

Csongrad 

Wine,  agriculture. 

Kecskemet 

67 

Pest-Pilis-Solt- 
Kiskun 

Soap,  leather,  fruits. 

MiSKOLCZ* 

51 

Borsod 

Porcelain,    boots    and    shoes,   grain, 
cattle. 

SZEGEDIN* 

118 

Csongrad 

Soap,  leather,  saw-mills,  distilleries. 

1  emesvar* 

73 

Temes 

Tobacco,       leather,       grain,       flour, 
spirits. 

Capital. — 


•Capital  of  province. 
Vienna,  on  the  Danube.     Population  2,031,498, 


^W.  B.  F.  Bovill,  "Hungary  and  the  Hungarians'*  (1908). 


•Capital  of  county. 

.Capital. — Budapest,  on  the  Danube.     Population  880,371. 

Chief  Ports. — Trieste,  at  the  head  of  the  Adriatic,  is  the  principal  har- 
bour; it  is  the  headquarters  of  the  Austrian  Lloyd  Steamship  Company. 
Fiume,  the  harbour  of  Hungary,  does  a  large  export  trade,  but  imports 
very  httle.  The  chief  river-ports  are  Vienna,  Budapest,  and  Linz,  on  the 
Danube;  Prague,  on  the  Elbe;  Lemberg,  on  the  Bug;  and  Cracow,  on  the 
Vistula.     Pola  is  the  naval  station. 

Commerce.— Commerce  is  carried  on  principally  with  Germany,  Italy, 
Russia,  I'rance,  and  Switzerland,  and  through  the  ports  of  Trieste  and 
Fiume,  also  direct  with  the  United  States,  Great  Britain,  and  other  trans- 
marine countries. 

AusGLEicH. — This  term,  meaning  "agreement,  compromise,"  is  the  name 
given  to  various  treaties  between  Austria  and  Hungary,  especially  to  that 
of  1867  on  the  establishment  of  the  dual  government.  Part  of  this  Ausgleich 
created  a  commercial  and  customs  union  by  which  the  two  states  form  one 
commercial  and  customs  territory,  and  possess  the  same  system  of  coinage, 
weights  and  measures,  and  a  joint  bank  of  issue.  This  union  is  renewable 
every  ten  years,  and  failing  a  renewal  each  state  provides  separately  for 
these  matters.  In  1897,  no  agreement  was  attained  and  the  union  was 
provisorily  maintained. 

Chief  Imports. — Raw  cotton,  textiles,  iron  and  metals,  coal  and  fuel, 
raw  wool,  machinery,  hides  and  skins,  cereals,  coffee,  raw  silk,  leather, 
tobacco,  and  books. 

Chief  Exports. — Sugar  and  confectionery,  timber,  woodwork,  eggs, 
coal  and  fuel,  animals,  hides,  glass,  woollens,  paper  and  stationery,  cottons, 
leather  goods,  malt,  iron  and  manufactures,  horses,  and  cereals. 

Communications. — There  are  about  15,000  miles  of  railroad  in  Austria, 
of  which  11,000  are  owned  by  the  state,  and  about  the  same  mileage  in 
Hungary,  of  which  11,300  are  worked  by  the  state. 

In  Austria,  the  length  of  navigable  rivers  and  canals  exceeds  4,000  miles, 
of  which  900  miles  are  navigable  for  steamers.  In  Hungary,  more  than 
3,000  miles  of  rivers  and  canals  are  available  for  transport,  and  2,000  miles 
are  navigable  for  steamers. 

There  are  30,000  miles  of  telegraph  lines  and  150,000  miles  of  wire 
in  Austria;  while  in  Hungary  there  are  16,500  miles  of  telegraph  lines  and 
96,000  miles  of  wire. 

Government. — Austria  and  Hungary  have  each  its  own  constitution 
under  a  limited  monarchy,  and  each  possesses  a  separate  parliafment;  but 
they  have  united  in  the  establishment  of  a  common  army  and  navy,  and  in 
the  conduct  of  foreign  affairs.  The  requirements  of  the  common  services 
and  the  voting  of  the  common  budget  are  controlled  by  the  Delegations. 
Of  these  there  are  two,  each  composed  of  60  members,  representing  the 
legislative  bodies  of  Austria  and  Hungary,  the  Upper  Houses  returning 
20  and  the  Lower  Houses  40  delegates.  The  members  of  the  Delegations 
are  appointed  for  one  year,  and  are  summoned  annually  by  the  Sovereign 
alternately  at  Vienna  and  at  Budapest.  They  are,  in  effect,  select  com- 
mittees of  the  legislative  bodies. 

Austrian  Government. — Austria,  as  distinct  from  Hungary,  is  governed 
by  an  Emperor  and  by  the  Reichsrath,  or  Council  of  the  Empire,  consisting 
ofan  Upper  House  (flerrenhaus)  and  a  Lower  House  {Abgeordnetenhaus). 
The  Upper  House  is  composed  of  princes,  nobles,  prelates,  and  life  members 
nominated  by  the  Emperor  (minimum  150).  The  Lower  House  is  elected 
for  six  years.  The  number  of  deputies  is  516.  They  receive  $4.05  per  day 
wliile  in  attendance,  with  travelling  expenses.  AH  the  countries  represented 
in  the  Austrian  Reichsrath  possess  self-government  for  matters  not  expressly 
reserved  by  the  central  government  of  the  Empire. 

Hungarian  Government. — ^The  kingdom  includes  Hungary,  Croatia- 
Slavonia,  and  Transylvania,  and  is  governed  by  a  King  (the  Emperor  of 
Austria),  and  the  Reichstag  consisting  of  a  House  of  Magnates  and  a  House  of 
Representatives.  The  former  comprises  239  hereditary  peers,  some  fifty- 
five  ecclesiastical  dignitaries,  69  life  peers,  archdukes,  and  certain  officials. 
The  House  of  Representatives  contains  453  members  elected  for  five 
years.  Members  of  this  house  receive  $1,000  a  year,  with  $333  for  house 
rent.  The  counties  and  communes  of  Hungary  possess  Councils,  composed 
of  elected  representatives  and  largest  taxpayers  in  equal  strength. 

Transylvania. — Transylvania  is  in  full  legislative  and  administrative 
union  with  Hungary.  Its  population  is  largely  Roumanian,  and  much 
discontent  exists  amongst  them  on  account  of  the  persecution  and  injustice 
which  they  allege  they  suffer  at  the  hands  of  the  Magyar  rulers  of  Hungary. 

Croatia-Slavonia. — Croatia-Slavonia  has  its  own  Ban,  or  governor, 
and  its  own  provincial  Diet,  consisting  of  90  members,  for  the  transaction 
of  provincial  matters.     Agram  (Zdgrdb)  is  the  capital. 

Bosnia-Herzegovina. — Bosnia-Herzegovina,  which  had  since  the  treaty 
of  Berlin  in  1878  been  occupied  and  administered  by  .Austria-Hungary, 
was  in  October  1908  formally  annexed  to  the  Empire.  Under  the  constitu- 
tion of  1910  it  has  a  Diet  of  92  members,  of  whom  72  are  elected.  No  bill 
can  be  introduced  into  the  Diet  without  the  sanction  of  the  Imperial  Govern- 
ment.    Sarajevo  (population  52,000)  is  the  capital  of  the  territory. 


278 


GEOGRAPHICAL  MANUAL  AND  NEW  ATLAS 


SWITZERLAND 

(See  Map,  p.  44) 


Perhaps  no  European  country  is  so  well-known  the  world 
over  as  Switzerland,  which  has  an  area  of  barely  i6,coo  square 
miles;  yet,  as  the  Scot  boasted  of  his  own  mountainous  home, 
if  this  were  flattened  out  it  would  bulk  much  more  largely. 
It  is  a  veritable  "meeting-place  of  the  nations,"  especially 
English  and  Americans. 

In  the  north  German  is  principally  spoken,  a  reminder  of 
the  overrunning  of  the  country  by  a  Teutonic  tribe  after  the 
fall  of  the  Roman  dominion.  Two  thirds  of  the  total  popu- 
lation speak  German;  French  is  spoken  in  the  southwest; 
and  Italian  by  a  small  proportion  in  the  southeast. 

The  Swiss  Confederation  dates  back  to  the  union  of  three 
Cantons  or  small  states  in  1291.  Since  then  the  number  of 
Cantons  has  increased  till  it  now  reaches  twenty-two.  That 
the  Swiss  have  been  able  to  preserve  their  independence  is 
largely  owing  to  mountain  barriers. 

The  grandeur  of  the  Alpine  scenery  attracts  many  visitors, 
especially  in  the  summer,  and  a  considerable  tourist  industry 
has  sprung  up,  which  is  of  great  value  to  Switzerland  as  a 
whole  and  in  particular  to  such  tourist  centres  as  Lucerne. 

Climbing  the  Alps. — The  Alps  are  most  accessible  to 
the  mountaineer.  Railways,  villages,  and  huts  make  ap- 
proach to  their  bases  easy.  No  elaborate  outfit  is  required. 
Food  and  clothing  do  not  have  to  be  carried  great  distances 
by  porters  or  mules,  and  shelter  from  cold  at  night  or  from 
sudden  storm  may  be  found  in  huts  at  the  base  of  all  the 
principal  peaks. 

The  ascent  of  Mt.  Blanc  from  Chamonix  is  not  difficult. 
There  are  no  rocks.  Because  of  the  cold  and  stormy  weather 
the  Glacier  des  Bossons,  in  the  middle  of  which  is  the  half- 
way cabin,  was  in  such  good  condition  that  the  crevasses 
had  hardly  had  a  chance  to  open  and  were  still  filled  with 
snow.  The  only  very  steep  parts  of  the  ascent  are  near  the 
top,  on  the  second  day.  The  first  day's  ascent  lasted  only 
seven  hours.  When  we  rose  again  at  midnight,  wind,  clouds, 
and  the  promise  of  snow  made  it  improbable  that  we  would 
be  able  to  reach  the  top,  so  we  stayed  comfortably  at  the 
Grand  Mulets  cabin  until  the  next  day. 

The  only  real  danger  on  Mt.  Blanc  is  from  sudden  storms, 
for  the  whole  of  the  second  day's  route,  up  to  the  top  and 
down  again  to  Chamonix,  is  on  snow,  and  the  beaten  tracks 
quickly  become  obliterated.  If  one  strays  far  in  the  wrong 
direction,  he  will  get  among  impassable  crevasses,  or  will 
come  too  near  to  the  slopes  at  the  side  and  may  be  over- 
whelmed by  avalanches  of  snow  and  ice  from  them;  or  he 
may  perish  from  cold. 

The  ascent  from  the  Grand  Mulets  to  the  Refuge  Vallot 
above  takes  four  or  five  hours,  in  good  weather,  and  to  the 
tiny  summit  observatory  is  another  two  hours.  The  Refuge 
Vallot  has  mattresses  and  blankets,  but  no  wood  and  no 
food,  and  its  altitude  is  14,312  feet.  With  the  best  of  condi- 
tions, the  ascent  is,  therefore,  a  long  pull,  and  for  the  last 
few  hours  very  cold,  because  all  snow  and  so  high. 

Hence  it  is  never  safe  to  start  for  the  top  without  extra 
warm  wraps,  special  protection  for  the  feet,  and  a  two  days' 
supply  of  food.  Because  of  the  number  of  people  that  have 
been  lost,  one  short  section  of  the  route  has  now  been  staked, 
yet  shortly  after  my  ascent  two  caravanes  nearly  perished 
far  above  this  point,  both  from  bad  judgment.  Many  people 
go  as  far  as  the  Grand  Mulets,  but  one-third  of  those  that 
start  thence  for  the  top  turn  back  at  the  Grand  Plateau, 
12,90x3  feet,  when  two-thirds  of  the  way  up,  for  there  it  is 
that  the  freezing,  the  mountain  sickness,  heart  failure,  vio- 
lent headache,  or  difficult  breathing  begins. 

Starting  from  the  Grand  Mulets  at  2.45  a.  m.,  we  went 
as  fast  as  was  possible  over  the  fresh  snow,  up  and  up  amid 


fairy-like  scenes,  first  of  full  moonlight,  then  of  dawn,  and 
finally  of  sunrise  on  the  massive  stretches  and  slopes  and 
summits  of  snow  on  every  side.  In  seven  hours  we  had 
reached  the  top,  inclusive  of  about  an  hour  and  a  half  of 
stops,  to  eat,  to  make  adjustments,  and  to  photograph. 
From  the  Grand  Plateau  on,  it  had  been  intensely  cold.  I 
had  a  violent  headache,  and  the  wind  was  piercing. 

Above  15,000  feet  I  began  to  breathe  less  easily  and  could 
not  continue  to  go  quite  so  fast.  The  day  was  superb, 
and  we  were  the  only  caravane.  But  we  could  linger  only  a 
half  hour  at  the  top,  for  we  were  to  make  the  long  and  for  a 
time  difficult  descent  by  the  Italian  side.  A  snow-covered 
ice  cornice  of  great  steepness  took  what  seemed  an  intermin- 
able half  hour  to  descend.  Even  step-cutting  and  crampons 
did  not  seem  to  make  it  safe  from  slipping.  From  it  we 
had  to  descend  the  very  steep  Glacier  du  Dome,  which  was 
a  mass  of  crevasses  at  every  turn.  To  descend  it  thus  in 
the  afternoon  of  a  hot  day  meant  plunging  to  the  knees  for 
two  hours  in  soft  snow  and  going  in  to  the  hips  below  every 
crevasse  over  which  I  jumped. 

The  tiny  hut  at  the  foot  was  already  filled  by  an  ascend- 
ing caravane,  so  five  hours  of  interminable  walking  down  the 
Glacier  de  Miage  and  over  rough  ground  on  a  valley  path 
must  be  added  to  our  day's  work.  At  10  p.  m.,  19^  hours 
after  our  start,  we  came  into  Courmayeur,  Italy,  11,800  feet 
below"  the  summit  but  not  especially  tired  and  with  no  worse 
complaint  than  toes  a  little  sore  from  the  long  descent 
with  wet  feet.  I  was  the  first  woman  who  had  reached  the 
top  that  season,  and  ours  the  first  caravane  that  had  "tra- 
versed" Mt.  Blanc  that  year.' 

SYNOPSIS  OF  SWITZERLAND 
(See  Map,  p.  44) 

Boundaries. — Switzerland  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  Germany,  on  the 
east  by  Austria,  on  the  south  by  Italy,  and  on  the  west  by  France. 

Climate. — The  great  irregularities  of  the  surface  are  naturally  accom- 
panied by  a  corresponding  variety  of  climate.  Ticino,  Vaud,  and  Geneva 
enjoy  an  almost  Italian  climate,  with  a  mean  temperature  of  51°  to  53.5°F., 
in  which  southern  fruits  ripen.  On  the  Swiss  plateaus  and  the  lower  moun- 
tain valleys  a  temperate  climate  prevails  (mean  temp.,  5o°F.),  while  in 
the  higher  valleys  the  climate  is  subject  to  great  extremes.  The  rainfall, 
as  is  usual  among  lofty  mountains,  is  very  great. 

The /oMn,  a  warm  south  wind,  works  great  havoc  by  melting  the  snow, 
and  so  producing  avalanches  and  inundations.  See  Climate  Map  of  Europe, 
pp.  24,  25. 

Natural  Productions. — (i)  Agriculture.  Agriculture  is  followed  chiefly 
in  the  valleys,  where  wheat,  oats,  maize,  barley,  flax,  hemp,  and  tobacco  are 
produced.  Vine  culture  is  carried  on  in  all  the  cantons,  though  sufficient  is 
not  raised  for  the  domestic  demand.  In  the  warmer  southern  valleys  such 
jruits  as  almonds,  chestnuts,  walnuts,  olives,  and  lemons  are  produced. 
About  one  sixth  of  the  total  area  is  covered  by  forests.  Cattle  and  goats 
are  numerous,  and  great  quantities  of  cheese  are  exported. 

(2)  Minerals.  The  mineral  resources  of  Switzerland  are  poor.  There 
is  no  coal  and  only  a  small  quantity  of  iron. 

Manufactures. — The  manufactures  consist  chiefly  of  silks,  cottons, 
linen,  lace,  thread,  woollens,  etc.  Clocks  and  watches  have  long  been  the 
staple  products  of  Geneva  and  Neuchatel;  while  leather,  gloves,  pottery, 
cheese,  tobacco,  and  snufl'"  are  made. 

CHIEF  CITIES  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  SWITZERLAND 


POP.  IN  9 

CITY 

THOUSANDS 

Basel* 

133 

Basel 

Silks,  paper,  breweries. 

Bern* 

86 

Bern 

Woollens,  Hnens,  silks,  watches. 

Ch.\ux-de-Fond9, 

La* 

38 

Neuchatel 

Watches 

Fribourg* 

20 

Fribourg 

Agriculture. 

Geneva* 

155 

Geneva 

Watches,  jewellery. 

Lausanne* 

64 

Vaud 

(Tourist  centre.) 

Lucerne* 

39 

Lucerne 

Grains,  carriages,  silks,  cottons. 

Neuchatel* 

24 

Neuchatel 

Wines,  chocolate. 

Saint  Gallen* 

38 

Saint  Gallen 

Lace,  cottons,  embroideries. 

WiNTERTHUR 

25 

Zurich 

Cottons,  wines,  machinery. 

Zurich* 

191 

Zurich 

Cottons,  silks. 

*CapitaI  of  canton. 

Capital. — Bern,  on  the  Aar.     Population  85,651. 

Commerce. — The  foreign  trade  is  that  of  a  typical  manufacturing  country, 
food  and  raw  materials  being  imported  and  manufactured  goods  exported. 
Germany  and  France  are  the  two  largest  customers. 


'Ooia  Keen,  io  the  National  Geopaphic  Mafotiat  (1911). 


GEOGRAPHICAL  MANUAL  AND  NEW  ATLAS 


279 


Chief  Imports. — Silk,  cereals,  flour,  animals,  coal,  cottons,  woollens, 
cotton,  chemicals,  iron,  wine,  ironware,  machinery,  sugar. 

Chief  Exports. — Silks,  clocks  and  watches,  cottons,  machinery,  silk 
yarn,  cheese,  silk,  chemicals,  milk,  chocolate,  cotton  yarn,  skins. 

Co.MMUNiCATiONS. — ^There  are  more  than  3,500  miles  of  state  railways; 
2,000  miles  of  telegraph  line  (with  17,000  miles  of  wire);  and  12,000  miles 
of  telephone  line  (with  over  27,200  miles  of  wire). 

Government. — Switzerland  is  a  Federal  Republic.    The  legislature  con- 


sists of  two  Chambers,  a  State  Council  (Standeraih)  of  44  members  and  a 
National  Council  (N ationalratk)  of  i8j  members  elected  for  three  years. 
Both  Chambers  united  are  called  the  Federal  Assembly  {Bundes-yersamm- 
lung).  The  executive  power  is  deputed  to  a  Federal  Council  of  seven 
members,  elected  for  three  years  by  the  Assembly,  the  president  and  vice- 
president  of  which  are  elected  annually,  and  are  the  first  magistrates  of  the 
republic.  The  President  of  the  Confederation  receives  a  salary  of  20,000 
francs  ($4,000)  a  year. 


ITALY 

(See  Map,  p.  45) 


Italy,  the  land  of  classic  fame,  inspirer  of  arts  and  letters, 
guardian  of  religion,  and  home  of  romance,  has  become  in 
these  days  of  rapid  transportation  the  show-place  of  Europe. 

The  history  of  Italy  has  run  parallel  with  that  of  Germany, 
with  which  country  a  large  part  of  Italy  was  nominally 
united  under  the  Holy  Roman  Empire.  The  formation  of  a 
great  and  united  nation  out  of  a  disrupted  country  is  one  of 
the  greatest  events  of  our  times.  Its  history,  as  Freeman 
points  out,  consists  of  four  stages:  "In  the  first  the  kingdom 
fell  asunder  into  principalities.  In  the  second  the  principali- 
ties vanished  before  the  growth  of  the  free  cities.  In  the 
third  the  cities  were  again  massed  into  principalities,  till  in 
the  fourth  the  principalities  were  at  last  merged  in  a  king- 
dom of  united  Italy."  In  Italy,  as  in  Germany,  Napoleon 
prepared  the  way  for  national  unity.  But  the  territorial 
dominion  of  the  Pope  was  a  greater  obstacle  to  unity  than 
the  shadowy  dominion  of  the  Holy  Roman  Emperor  in  Ger- 
many. 

The  union  of  Italy,  when  it  came,  was  effected  rapidly. 
In  1859,  King  Victor  Emmanuel  of  Sardinia  with  the  aid  of 
France  wrested  Piedmont  from  Austria,  and  in  the  following 
year  Modena,  Parma,  and  Tuscany  voluntarily  joined  them- 
selves to  Victor  Emmanuel's  kingdom.  Now  it  was  that 
Garibaldi  emancipated  southern  Italy  and  added  the  king- 
dom of  Naples  to  the  growing  dominion  of  Victor  Emmanuel. 
The  Papal  States,  with  the  exception  of  the  Patrimony  of 
Peter  (Rome  and  the  vicinity),  were  also  annexed  with  the 
approval  of  the  populations;  and  in  1861  the  kingdom  ok 
Italy  was  proclaimed  with  Victor  Emmanuel  as  king.  Five 
years  later,  in  alliance  with  Prussia,  Venetia  was  won  from 
Austria;  and  in  1870  Italian  troops  occupied  Rome  and 
ended  the  temporal  power  of  the  Pope. 

Italia  Irredenta. — But  the  dream  of  Italian  patriots 
is  not  quite  realized;  for  the  unification  of  Italy  will  not  be 
complete  so  long  as  any  part  of  "Unredeemed  Italy"  {Italia 
irredenta)  remains  under  Austrian  rule. 

Italia  Irredenta — Italy  Unredeemed — is  a  picturesque 
phrase,  and  picturesque  phrases  are  apt  to  be  suspected, 
often  with  justice.  This  one,  however,  happens  to  express  a 
simple  truth.  There  still  exist,  beyond  the  present  political 
frontiers  of  Italy  but  contiguous  with  them,  considerable 
territories  inhabited  by  people  Italian  by  nationality,  lan- 
guage, history,  and  culture,  even  as  the  territories  themselves 
are  Italian  by  every  canon  of  political  geography.  For 
centuries  they  were  Italian;  it  is  hardly  more  than  a  century 
ago  that  they  were  forcibly  torn  from  Italy.  .  .  .  Not 
only  are  these  territories  essential  to  the  unity  and  complete- 
ness of  Italy,  they  are  no  less  indispensable  to  her  security 
and  to  her  freedom.  Through  the  possession  of  these  terri- 
tories Austria  holds  the  keys  to  Italy — the  mountains  from 
which  her  armies  can  descend  on  the  Italian  plains,  the  har- 
bours whence  her  fleet  can  assail  the  eastern  coast  of  Italy.' 

A  Great  Nation. — There  is  one  thing  always  to  be 
remembered  when  we  are  considering  Italian  questions: 
This  Italy,  united  and  thereby  free,  is  a  great  nation. 


There  is  perhaps  no  single  criterion  judging  by  which  we 
can  call  a  nation  great,  but  what  possible  criterion  does 
not  united  and  free  Italy  satisfy?  Whether  we  judge  by 
history  and  tradition,  or  by  literature  and  art,  or  by  terri- 
tory, population,  and  resources,  she  is  great.  Greatness 
cannot  give  or  increase  the  right  to  freedom— that  depends 
upon  other  considerations — but  it  does  and  should  extend 
the  use  to  be  made  of  freedom.  Greatness  brings  respon- 
sibility. Italy  is  not  only  able,  she  is  also  bound,  to  make 
her  voice  heard  in  the  world,  to  take  her  share  In  the  govern- 
ment of  it,  to  do  her  part  In  securing  that  right  and  not  wrong 
ideals  shall  prevail,  that  a  right  and  not  a  wrong  conception 
of  civilization  shall  triumph. 

The  "Woman  Country." — Italy  Is  so  beautiful,  it  Is 
so  rich  in  the  treasures  of  art  and  the  glories  of  nature,  It  Is 
so  gemmed  and  jewelled  by  the  hand  of  man  and  the  hand  of 
God,  it  is  altogether  so  exquisite  and  delectable  that  it  is 
not  easy  to  treat  it  quite  like  the  rest  of  this  hard,  prosaic, 
practical,  materialistic,  latter-day  Europe. 

For  generations  Italy  has  been  the  chosen  haunt  of  the 
sentimental  traveller,  the  paradise  of  the  literary  and  artis- 
tic holiday-maker.  It  Is  the  Italy  of  Byron  and  Shelley,  of 
Goethe  and  Heine,  of  Stendhal  and  George  Sand,  of  Landor 
and  Browning — that  we  know  best,  the  Italy  of  the  pictures 
and  the  palaces  and  the  Vatican  galleries,  the  Italy  of  the 
purple  hills  and  sapphire  seas;  the  land  of  song  and  music 
and  verse,  the  "woman  country"  that  Inspires  her  alien 
lovers  with  an  undying  passion. 

"Open  my  heart  and  you  shall  see 
'Graved  upon  it,  Italy." 

Yes;  but  the  Italy  of  the  past,  the  Italy  of  a  dream,  of  many 
dreams. 

For  there  is  another,  a  living,  Italy,  an  Italy  de  nos  jours, 
which  resents  this  patronizing  homage.  If  Italy  Is  the  wo- 
man nation  she  Is  feminist  In  the  modern  way,  the  way  that 
leads  to  experience,  activity,  adventure.  To  lie  passive 
and  lovely,  while  wealthy  people  (who  have  made  their 
money  in  trade)  rhapsodize  and  domineer  over  her,  is  not 
to  her  mind :  she  will  be  up  and  doing  herself.  Young  Italy, 
braced  by  the  invigorating  waters  of  the  risorgimento,^  still 
stirring  with  the  flush  of  adolescent  nationhood,  rebels  under 
this  worship  of  her  ornaments  and  her  charms.* 

A  Day  in  Rome. — In  Rome  the  past  and  the  present 
appear  to  meet,  and  every  phase  of  life  has  its  representatives. 
The  sculptor,  the  painter,  the  antiquary,  and  the  philosopher 
who  delight  in  palaces,  marble  halls,  pillared  terraces,  and 
orange  groves;  the  pilgrim  journeying  from  distant  lands  to 
fall  before  Christ's  vicegerent  upon  earth;  the  lawyer  who 
buries  himself  in  musty  libraries;  the  architect  come  from 
the  far  north  to  study  colonnades  and  piazzas  built  for  the 
bright  summee,  glorious  as  its  sun;  the  lover  of  music  who 
finds  here  the  best  opera  in  harmonious  Italy;  last  of  all, 
the  Idle  rich  wanderer,  simply  seeking  amusement  without 
true  end  or  aim  in  life — Rome,  in  her  boundless  resources, 
will  satisfy  and  fascinate. 


'Anthony  Hope,  "Why  Italy  Is  With  the  Allies"  (1917). 


'Literally,  "revival,  resurrection."    The  term  is  commonly  applied  to  the  revival  in  art 
and  letters  in  the  14th  and  15th  centuries  in  Italy. 
'Sidney  Low,  "Italy  in  the  War"  (1916). 


28o 


GEOGRAPHICAL  MANUAL  AND  NEW  ATLAS 


In  the  morning  I  strolled  into  the  Borghese  Gallery,  a 
superb  palace.  The  apartments  devoted  to  the  picture- 
gallery  are  of  great  extent.  Close  under  the  windows  rolls 
the  turbid  Tiber,  widened  here  into  the  Porta  di  Ripetta, 
with  divers  small  squat  steamers  riding  on  its  muddy  cur- 
rent, which  take  passengers  and  cattle  up  the  river  as  far 
as  possible  into  the  Campagna. 

Having  admired  the  wonderful  paintings  of  Titian, 
Raphael,  and  other  great  Italian  masters,  I  ordered  our 
carriage  to  drive  by  the  Corso  to  the  Aventine. 

Near  at  hand  a  whole  faubourg  of  palaces  raise  their 
proud  heads  in  mutual  rivalry.  Presiding  over  the  district 
appears  the  sumptuous  church  of  the  Gesii,  dark  and  sombre 
in  Its  magnificence.  Here,  in  a  gorgeous  chapel  .  .  . 
lies  Ignatius  Loyola,  the  founder  of  the  order  of  Jesuits — his 
tomb  as  resplendent  as  his  life  was  poor.     .     .     . 

Let  us  on  to  the  Aventine.  We  pass  the  temple  of  Vesta, 
the  prettiest  ruin  perhaps  in  the  world,  and  the  church  known 
as  the  Bocca  della  Verita,  once  a  temple  dedicated  to  Ceres. 
The  sacred  grove  and  the  stately  edifices,  shrines,  and  tem- 
ples which  crowned  the  hill  in  ancient  times  have  disap- 
peared; the  summit  is  now  belted  by  a  noble  zone  of  churches. 
Wandering  oyer  the  hill  to  a  terrace,  I  saw  the  city  lying 
at  my  feet,  divided  by  the  river  into  two  unequal  portions. 
The  sun  shone  hotly  though  in  January,  and  all  around  pre- 
vailed that  deathlike  repose  peculiar  to  mid-day  in  Italy. 
In  the  centre  of  the  current,  beyond  the  suspension  bridge, 
lay  the  island  of  the  Tiber.  On  the  opposite  side,  gardens 
filled  with  richly  laden  orange  and  lemon  trees  enlivened  the 
long  sombre  lines  of  the  houses. 

Descending  the  Aventine  I  came  to  the  Palatine  Hill, 
which  rises  abruptly  aloft,  crowned  with  the  stupendous 
ruins  of  the  palace  of  the  Cassars. 

Leaving  this  part  of  the  city,  I  drove  by  the  grandest  of 
Rome's  ruins,  the  Coliseum,  toward  the  magnificent  church 
of  St.  John  Lateran,  the  parent  church  of  Rome.  A  park- 
like avenue  extends  from  this  church  to  the  church  of  St. 
Helena,  famous  for  the  possession  of  a  fragment  of  the  true 
cross,  brought  from  Jerusalem  by  the  Empress  Helena, 
and  enshrined  in  a  chapel  which  no  woman  may  enter. 

Passing  out  of  the  city  I  drove  by  villas,  gardens,  and 
ruined  aqueducts,  and  then  re-entered  the  grand  old  walls 
that  yet  girdle  Rome.  We  passed  through  a  maze  of  dirty 
streets  to  the  Forum  of  Trajan,  where  stands  the  sculptured 
marble  column  portraying  the  victories  of  that  emperor, 
though  his  statue  has  been  dethroned  from  the  pillar  and 
St.  Peter's  erected  in  its  place. 

I  hastened  to  the  church  of  San  Giuseppe-of-the-Car- 
penters,  close  to  the  Roman  Forum,  where  lie  the  Mamertine 
prisons.  The  custode  produced  a  torch,  and  we  descended 
through  an  iron  wicket  to  the  first  dungeon,  a  rather  large 
room  with  walls  formed  of  great  blocks  of  solid  tufa  joined 
without  cement.  On  one  side  of  the  ceiling  were  the  re- 
mains of  what  once  was  a  trap-door,  now  walled  up,  through 
which  the  bodies  of  prisoners  condemned  to  the  lingering 
tortures  of  starvation  were  drawn  up  after  death. 

Down  some  steep  and  narrow  stairs  we  descended  to 
the  lower  prison — small,  confined.  This  is  the  Tullian 
dungeon,  traced  back  to  the  time  of  the  Roman  kings.  In 
this  suffocating  hole,  where  heavy  and  unwholesome  air 
only  penetrates  through  a  small  round  hole  opening  into 
the  upper  prison,  died  by  starvation  that  gallant  son  of  the 
desert,  Jugurtha,  who  nobly  defended  his  country  against 
the  Roman  arms. 

Tradition  names  this  as  the  place  where  St.  Peter  was 
imprisoned,  and  as  such  it  will  be  venerated  by  Christians 
until  the  day  when  earth  shall  exist  no  more.     .     .     . 

Here  is  the  spring,  said  to  have  gushed  miraculously 
forth  out  of  the  solid  stones  to  enable  the  apostle  Peter  and 
Paul  to  baptize,  during  their  confinement,  the  keepers  of 
the  prison.  The  water  wells  up  bright  and  pure,  and  is  now 
enclosed  in  a  kind  of  setting  of  masonry,  and  covered  with  a 
bronze  lid.' 

Venice,  the  City  of  Lagoons. — Before  the  end  of  the 
fifteenth  century  Venice  the  Magnificent  was  mistress  of  the 

'Fraocei  Elliot  (Mrs.  G.),  "Diary  of  an  Idle  Woman  in  Sicily"  (1881). 


seas.  The  maritime  supremacy  of  Pisa  and  Genoa  had  been 
^rested  from  them  by  the  flourishing  city  of  lagoons.  She 
owned  city  after  city  in  the  west,  a  vast  colonial  empire  by 
sea,  and  was  the  focus  of  the  whole  world's  commerce. 
This  is  the  Venice  of  the  past. 

The  Venice  of  modern  fiction   and   drama   is  a  thing  of 
yesterday,    a   mere   efflorescence   of  decay,    a   stage   dream 
which  the  first  ray  of  daylight  must  dissipate  into  dust.     No 
prisoner,  whose  name  is  worth  remembering,  or  whose  sor- 
row deserved  sympathy,  ever  crossed  that  "Bridge  of  Sighs," 
which  IS  the  centre  of  the  Byronic  ideal  of  Venice;  no  great 
merchant  of  Venice  ever  saw  that  Rialto  under  which  the 
traveller  now  passes  with  breathless  interest:  the  statue  which 
Byron  makes  Fahero  address  as  one  of  his  great  ancestors 
was  erected  to  a  soldier  of  fortune  a  hundred  and  fifty  years 
after  Fahero's  death;  and  the  most  conspicuous  parts  of  the 
city  have  been  so  entirely  altered  in  the  course  of  the  last 
three  centuries,  that  if  Henry  Dandolo  or  Francis  Foscari 
could  be  summoned  from  their  tombs,  and  stood  each  on 
the  deck  of  his  galley  at  the  entrance  of  the  Grand  Canal, 
that    renowned    entrance,    the    painter's    favourite    subject, 
the  novelist's  favourite  scene,  where  the  water  first  narrows 
by  the  steps  of  the  Church  of  La  Salute — the  mighty  Doges 
would   literally  not  recognize  one  stone  of  the  great  city, 
for  whose  sake,  and  by  whose  ingratitude,  their  gray  hairs 
had  been  brought  down  with  bitterness  to  the  grave.     The 
rernains  of  their  Venice  lie  hidden  behind  the  cumbrous  masses 
which  were  the  delight  of  the  nation  in  its  dotage;  hidden  in 
many  a  grass-grown  court,  and  silent  pathway,  and  light- 
less  canal,  where  the  slow  waves  have  sapped  their  founda- 
tions for  five  hundred  years,  and  must  soon  prevail  over  them 
forever.' 

The  Grand  Canal.— The  Grand  Canal  is  to  Venice  what 
the  Strand  is  to  London,  and  Broadway  to  New  York — the 
principal  artery  of  the  city's  circulation.  It  is  in  the  form  of 
an  S,  which  is  crossed  about  the  middle  by  the  Rialto  bridge. 

The  Grand  Canal  of  Venice  is  the  most  wonderful  thing 
in  the  world.  No  other  town  can  afford  such  a  beautiful, 
strange,  and  fairy-like  spectacle:  perhaps  equally  remarkable 
specimens  of  architecture  may  be  found  elsewhere,  but  they 
never  occur  under  such  picturesque  conditions.  There 
every  palace  has  a  mirror  to  admire  its  beauty  in,  like  a 
coquettish  woman.  The  superb  reality  is  doubled  by  a 
charming  reflection.  The  waters  lovingly  caress  the  feet 
of  those  beautiful  fa9ades  whose  brows  are  kissed  by  white 
sunlight,  and  cradle  them  in  a  double  sky.  The  Httle  build- 
ings and  the  big  ships  that  can  get  so  far  seem  to  be  moored 
expressly  as  a  set-ofi^,  or  as  foregrounds  for  the  convenience 
of  decorators  and  water-colourists.^ 

America  in  Italy. — Amid  the  charm  of  northern  Tuscany 
a  number  of  factory  chimneys  bear  witness  to  the  industrial 
life  of  the  region. 

No  less  surprising  is  the  fluent  Americanese  that  every- 
where greets  the  ear,  tripping  gaily  from  the  tongues  of 
countless  atnericant,  as  those  Italians  who  have  been  to  either 
of  our  continents  are  jocularly  called  by  those  who  have  not. 
Incidentally,  many  of  the  chimneys  are  the  property  of  those 
repatriated  americani. 

In  every  town  that  amounts  to  anything  at  all,  the  neat 
factory  girls  and  men  give  the  morning  and  the  evening  a 
distinctly  Arnerican  sense  of  rush  and  scurry — in  sharp  con- 
trast to  their  leisurely  neighbours — as  they  obey  the  big 
whistles  that  cut  through  the  melodious  appeal  of  the  bells 
with  their  imperious  summons:  "Come!  Plunge  into  my 
noise  of  loom  and  machine,  my  roar  of  furnace  and  grinding 
of  gears,  my  smoky  plumes  that  are  the  aura  of  gold.  For- 
get your  dolce  far  niente  of  the  past.  Look  to  the  future. 
Work — hurry — make  progress  or  die.  Be  independent — 
and  happy!"* 


'John  Ruskin,  "Stones  of  Venice"  (1853). 

^Theophlle  Gautier. 

'A.  S.  Riggs,  in  the  National  Geographic  Magazine  (Oct.  1916). 


GEOGRAPHICAL  MANUAL  AND  NEW  ATLAS 


281 


SYNOPSIS  OF  ITALY 
(See  Map,  p.  45) 

Boundaries. — Italy  is  bounded  on  the  north  and  northwest  by  the  Alps, 
which  separate  it  from  France,  Switzerland,  and  Austria;  on  the  east  by 
the  Adriatic  Sea;  and  on  the  south  and  west  by  the  Mediterranean. 

Climate. — ^The  climate  is  generally  warm  and  pleasant;  but  very  hot  and 
dry  in  the  south.  The  winters  in  the  valley  of  the  Po  are  cold,  and  Italy 
with  its  evergreen  foliage,  as  it  is  pictured  in  the  imagination  of  northern 
peoples,  does  not  begin  until  we  reach  the  south  of  the  Apennines.  Turin 
has  a  mean  temperature  in  January  of  33.2°F.,  and  in  July  of  72.5°F.; 
Rome  has  47.3°  and  74.3°F.;  Palermo  has  52.7°  and  75.2°F.  Sicily  has  a 
climate  resembling  that  of  the  north  of  Africa.  Speaking  generally,  Italy 
lies  within  the  zone  of  winter  rains.  The  period  from  June  to  September 
is  almost  rainless.     Most  rain  falls  in  the  north  and  west. 

The  hot  sirocco,  blowing  from  Africa,  is  prejudicial  to  health  in  Italy, 
while  malarial  fever  prevails  in  some  marshy  districts.  See  Climate  Map  of 
Europe,  pp.  24,  25. 

Natural  Productions. — Agriculture  is  the  occupation  of  over  one- 
third  of  the  population,  wheat,  maize,  rice,  and  other  grains  being  largely 
produced.  The  vine  is  grown  in  all  parts  of  the  country,  and  much  land  is 
under  olives,  flax,  hemp,  and  such  fruits  as  the  orange,  fig,  and  almond. 
Wine,  silk,  and  oil  are  produced,  and  sulphur,  zinc,  lead,  and  iron  are 
mined.  The  Alpine  slopes  pasture  cattle  and  supply  dairy  produce,  es- 
pecially cheese,  for  export.  There  are  oyster,  sardine,  and  coral  fisheries 
on  the  coast. 

Manufactures. — The  manufactures  are  woollen,  cotton,  silk,  l)emp, 
and  linen  yarns  and  tissues,  leathers,  straw  and  felt  hats,  furniture,  chemical 
products,  paper,  agricultural  and  other  machinery,  prepared  meats,  ar- 
tistic works  (such  as  mosaics,  pottery,  Venetian  glass,  alabaster  orna- 
ments), etc.  Sugar  is  extracted  from  beets  in  large  quantities  for  home 
consumption.  ^ 

CHIEF  CITIES  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  ITALY 


ITALIAN  COLONIES 


DEPENDENCIES 


THOUSANDS 

Albasandria* 

76 

Alessandria 

Linens,  woollens,  silks. 

Amcona* 

64 

A neon a 

Shipbuilding. 

Bam* 

104 

Bari 

Cottons,  linens,  soap,  glass,  liqueurs. 

Bologna* 

173 

Bologna 

Hemp,  pottery. 

Brescia* 

83 

Brescia 

Iron  ware,  woollens,  silks,  matches. 

Cagliari* 

62 

Cagliari 

Lead,  zinc,  salt. 

Catania* 

2:1 

Catania 

Silks,  linens. 

Florence* 

233 

Florence 

Glass,  silks,  olives,  wheat,  stone 
quarries. 

FOCCIA* 

76 

Foggia 

Agriculture. 

Genoa* 

272 

Genoa 

Shipbuilding,  sugar-refining,  cement- 
work,  silverwork. 

LOCCA* 

75 

Lucca 

Agriculture,  silks. 

MESaiNA* 

127 

Messina 

Silks,  olive  oil,  oranges,  fisheries. 

Milan* 

599 

Milan 

Machinery,  silks,  cottons,  linens, 
dyeing,  printing. 

MODENA* 

71 

Modena 

Silks,  linens,  agriculture,  iron-wares. 

Naples* 

678 

Naples 

Silks,  cottons,  woollens,  automo- 
biles, shipbuilding. 

Padua* 

96 

Padua 

Corn,  distilleries,  chemicals,  brew- 
eries, automobiles. 

Palermo* 

341 

Palermo 

Silks,  cottons,  leather,  glass,  gloves, 
wines,  fruits. 

Parma* 

52 

Parma 

Silks,  woollens,  cottons,  felt  hats. 

Perugia*       - 

66 

Perugia 

Velvets,  silks. 

Pisa* 

6S 

Pisa 

Cottons,  woollens,  silks. 

Ravenna* 

72 

Ravenna 

Lace,  silks,  printing. 

Reggio  nell'Emilia 

•         70 

Reggio  neU'  Emilia 

Linens,  silks,  cattle,  wine. 

Rome* 

542 

Rome 

Woollens,  silks,  earthenware,  jewel- 
lery, mosaics. 

Trapani* 

60 

Trapani 

Fisheries. 

Turin* 

427 

Turin 

Silks,  wine,  olives. 

Venice* 

161 

Venice 

Woollens,  linens,  glass,  iron,  coal, 
timber,  coral. 

Verona* 

82 

Verona 

Silks,  woollens,  hats. 

*Capita!  of  province. 


Capital. — Rome,  on  the  Tiber.     Population  542,125. 

Chief  Ports. — Genoa,  Venice,  Naples,  Leghorn,  Bari,  and  Brindisi, 
in  Italy;  Palermo,  Catania,  and  Messina  in  Sicily. 

Commerce. — The  chief  trade  is  done  with  the  United  Kingdom,  the 
United  States,  France,  and  Germany.     The  trade  policy  is  protective. 

Chief  Imports. — Cotton,  wheat,  coal,  coke,  chemicals,  colonial  produce, 
yarns,  jute  and  manufactured  goods,  woollens,  raw  silk,  silkworms'  eggs 
and  cocoons,  machinery,  iron  and  steel  in  bars,  plates  and  rails,  hardware, 
raw  hides,  horses  and  cows,  oils,  salt  fish,  dye-stuffs,  tobacco,  earthenware, 
etc. 

Chief  Exports. — Silk,  olive  oil,  wine,  candied  citron,  sienna  earths,  pastes, 
coral,  rags,  boracic  acid,  raw  and  thrown  silk,  hemp,  cattle,  straw  hats, 
rice,  iron,  zinc  and  copper  ores,  sulphur,  marble,  fruit,  vegetables,  fresh  and 
prepared  meats,  poultry,  chemical  products,  woods,  roots,  etc.,  for  dyeing 
and  tanning,  artistic  works,  etc. 

Communications. — ^There  are  about  11,500  miles  of  railway  and  33,500 
mdes  of  telegraph  line.  In  five  directions  railway  lines  now  lead  from 
northern  Italy' across  the  Alps.  From  Turin  the  route  leads  westward  by 
the  Mont  Cenis  tunnel;  from  Milan  there  are  two  routes,  one  leading  north- 
westward by  the  Simplon  tunnel  and  one  northward  by  the  St.  Gothard 
tunnel;  from  Verona  a  line  leads  northward  over  the  Brenner  Pass;  from 
Venice  there  are  several  routes  to  the  northeast  across  the  Eastern  Alps  to 
Austria.  The  express  overland  route  to  the  Orient  is  by  the  east  coast  to 
Brindisi. 

Government. — Italy  is  a  limited  monarchy.  The  legislature  consists 
of  a  Senate  of  about  390  members  and  a  Chamber  of  508  deputies  elected 
for  five  years.     Deputies  receive  2i,20O  annually. 


Eritrea  (on  the  Red  Sea) 
Italian  Somaliland 
Tripoli  and  Cyrenaica     . 

Total    .... 


AREA 

(sq.  miles) 


45,800 
139,430 
406,000 


POPULATION 


450,000 
450,000 
723.000 


1,623,000 


SPAIN 

(See  Map,  p.  46) 

Spain  with  its  western  neighbour  Portugal  forms  the 
Iberian  Peninsula.  The  Iberians  were  the  ancient  inhabit- 
ants of  the  country.  For  centuries  Spain  defended  Chris- 
tendom against  the  assaults  of  the  Moors,  and  it  is  largely 
due  to  her  heroic  resistance  that  Europe  was  not  submerged 
by  Mohammedanism.  In  the  age  of  geographical  discovery 
and  religious  reformation  Spain  played  a  mighty  part.  She 
brought  a  large  portion  of  the  New  World  under  her  sway 
and  established  a  colonial  empire  which,  in  spite  of  its  many 
failings,  planted  the  roots  of  whatever  civilization  exists 
to-day  in  Mexico  and  other  Spanish-speaking  republics  of 
Latin  America.  Of  her  vast  colonial  empire  little  remains 
save  the  adjacent  islands  of  the  Canaries  and  the  Balearic 
Islands. 

The  rocky  peninsula  of  Gibraltar,  "the  key  of  the  Medi- 
terranean," is  a  strongly  fortified  British  naval  station  and 
coaling  station.  It  was  taken  in  1704  after  a  vigorous 
bombardment,  and  was  secured  to  Great  Britain  by  the 
treaty  of  Utrecht  in  1713. 

A  Bull-fight. — It  is  a  common  saying  that  a  Spaniard 
will  sell  his  shirt  to  buy  a  ticket  for  the  bull-fight,  so  deep- 
rooted  is  the  Spanish  passion  for  this  brutal  spectacle.  Pic- 
ture the  arena  at  Seville  on  the  occasion  of  a  national  ;?fj/fl. 

A  trumpet  blared.  Mounted  alguaciles,  or  police,  tricked 
out  in  ancient  Spanish  costume,  on  blue  saddles,  and  with 
tall  blue  plumes  in  their  hats,  rode  in  and  cleared  the  arena 
of  all  stragglers.  A  door  opened,  and  forth  issued  the  full 
circus  troupe,  making  a  fine  show  of  filigree,  and  urging  their 
wretched  old  nags  to  a  last  moment  of  equine  pride  and  spirit. 
Amid  roars  of  welcome,  they  flaunted  across  the  sanded 
enclosure  and  saluted  the  presiding  officer.  He  dropped 
the  key  of  the  toril,  that  dark  series  of  cells  into  which  the 
bulls  had  been  driven  some  hours  before.  An  alguacil 
caught  the  key  and  handed  it  to  the  torilero,  who  ran  with  it 
toward  a  second  door,  ominously  surmounted  by  a  great 
bull's  head.  Then  there  was  a  twinkling  of  the  pink  stock- 
ings and  black  sandals.  Most  of  the  gay  company  leaped 
the  barrier,  and  even  the  chulos  who  remained  in  the  ring 
placed  themselves  within  convenient  distance  of  the  rail. 
Some  of  the  picadores  galloped  out,  but  a  few  awaited  the 
coming  charge,  their  long  pikes  in  rest.  The  door  on  which 
all  eyes  were  bent  flew  open,  and  a  bellowing  red  bull  rushed 
in.  The  fierce,  bloodthirsty,  horrible  yell  that  greeted  him 
checked  his  impetuous  onset.  For  a  few  seconds  the  crea- 
ture stood  stock-still,  glaring  at  the  scene.     .     .     . 

In  that  strange,  maddening  sea  of  faces,  that  hubbub  of 
hostile  voices,  the  bull,  as  soon  as  his  blinking  eyes  had 
effected  the  change  from  the  darkness  of  the  toril  to  the  glar- 
ing light  and  gaudy  colours  of  the  coliseum,  caught  sight  of  a 
horseman  with  the  familiar  pike.  Here  was  something  that 
he  recognized  and  hated,  lowering  his  head,  the  fiery  brute 
dashed  with  a  bellow  at  that  tinselled  figure.  Ah,  the  pike 
had  never  been  so  sharp  before!  It  went  deep  into  his 
shoulder,  but  could  not  hold  him  back.  He  plunged  his 
horns,  those  mighty  spears,  into  the  body  of  the  helpless, 
blindfolded  horse,  which  the  picador,  whose  jacket  was  well 
padded  and  whose  legs  were  cased  in  iron,  deliberately  offered 
to  his  wrath.     The  poor  horse  shrieked,  plunged,  reeled,  and 


282 


GEOGRAPHICAL  MANUAL  AND  NEW  ATLAS 


fell,  the  cJiulos  deftly  dragging  away  the  armoured  rider, 
while  the  bull  ripped  and  trampled  that  quivering  carcass, 
for  whose  torment  no  man  cared,  until  it  was  a  crimson, 
formless  heap. 

Such  sickness  swept  over  me  that  I  did  not  know  what 
followed.  When  I  looked  again,  two  bloody  masses  that 
had  once  been,  horses  disfigured  the  arena,  and  the  bull, 
stuck  all  over  like  a  hedgehog  with  derisive,  many-coloured 
darts,  had  gone  down  under  Guerrita's  steel.     .     .     . 

It  is  the  part  of  the  mounted  picador  to  draw  off  the  first 
rage  and  vigour  of  the  bull,  weakening  him,  but  not  slaying 
him,  by  successive  wounds.  Then  the  jaunty  banderilUros, 
the  streamers  of  whose  darts  must  correspond  in  colour  with 
their  costumes,  supply  a  picturesque  and  amusing  element, 
a  comic  interlude.  Finally  an  espada,  or  matador,  advances 
alone  to  despatch  the  tortured  creature.  The  death-blow 
can  be  dealt  only  in  one  of  several  fashions,  established  by 
rule  and  precedent,  and  the  espada  who  is  startled  into  an 
unprofessional  thrust  reaps  a  bitter  harvest  of  scoffs  and 
hisses. 

A  team  of  gayly-caparisoned  mules  with  jingling  bells 
had  meanwhile  trundled  away  the  mangled  bodies  of  the 
slaughtered  animals,  fresh  sand  had  been  thrown  over  the 
places  slippery  with  blood,  and  the  band  pealed  the  entrance 
of  the  second  bull.  This  was  a  demon,  black  as  a  coal,  with 
a  marvellous  pride  and  spirit  that  availed  him  nothing. 
Horse  after  horse  crashed  down  before  his  furious  rushes, 
while  the  circus,  drunk  with  glee,  shouted  for  more  victims 
and  more  and  more.  It  was  a  massacre.  At  last  our  hideous 
greed  was  glutted,  and  the  banderilleros  took  their  turn  in  bait- 
ing the  now  enfeebled  but  undaunted  bull.  Wildly  he  shook 
himself,  the  fore  half  of  his  body  already  a  flood  of  crimson, 
to  throw  off  the  ignominy  of  those  stinging  darts.  The 
chulos  fretted  and  fooled  him  with  their  waving  cloaks  of 
red  and  yellow,  till  at  last  the  creature  grew  hushed  and 
sullen.  A  strain  of  music  announced  that  the  matador 
Fuentes  was  asking  beneath  the  pvresident's  box  permission 
to  kill  the  bull.  For  my  part,  I  gave  the  bull  permission  to 
kill  the  man.  Fuentes,  all  pranked  out  in  gray  and  gold, 
holding  his  keen  blade  behind  him  and  flourishing  a  scarlet 
square  of  cloth,  swinging  from  a  rod,  the  muleta,  advanced 
upon  the  brute.  That  bleeding  body  shook  with  a  new  ac- 
cess of  rage,  and  the  other  espadas  drew  near  and  stood  at 
watch.  But  even  before  a  blow  was  struck  the  splendid, 
murdered  creature  sank  to  his  knees,  staggered  up  once  more, 
sank  again  with  crimson  foam  upon  his  mouth,  and  the  music 
clashed  jubilantly  while  Fuentes  drove  the  weapon  home.' 

SYNOPSIS  OF  SPAIN 
(See  Map,  p.  46) 

Boundaries. — Spain  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  the  Pyrenees  and  Bay 
of  Biscay;  on  the  west  by  Portugal  and  the  Atlantic;  on  the  east  by  the 
Mediterranean;  and  on  the  south  by  the  Mediterranean,  the  Strait  of  Gib- 
raltar, and  the  Atlantic. 

Climate. — ^The  climate  is  varied,  but  on  the  whole  warm,  dry,  and  healthful. 
The  north  is  temperate,  the  centre  has  scorching  summers  and  severe 
winters,  the  south  and  southeast  are  in  some  parts  almost  tropical.  The 
mean  temperature  at  Malaga  in  summer  is  77''F.,  in  winter  57°;  at  Bar- 
celona 77°  and  5o°F.,  and  at  Madrid  75°  and  44.6°F.  The  rainfall  is  very 
small.  In  the  interior  between  8  and  12  inches  fall  per  annum;  in  many  dis- 
tricts the  destruction  of  the  woods  has  aggravated  this  evil. 

The  hot  south  wind  of  Andalusia,  known  as  the  solano,  and  the  cold  north 
wind  called  the  gallego,  are  peculiar  to  Spain.  See  Climate  Map  of  Europe, 
pp.  24,  25. 

Natural  Productions. — (i)  Agriculture.  The  most  fertile  districts  are 
in  Valencia  and  Catalonia,  where  however,  as  throughout  nearly  the  whole 
of  Spain,  agricultural  development  depends  on  irrigation  works.  The  agri- 
cultural products  comprise  wheat,  barley,  oats,  maize,  rice,  hemp,  and  flax. 


The  country  is  well  adapted  to  the  cultivation  of  heat-loving /rjij//,  as  olives, 
oranges,  lemons,  almonds,  pomegranates,  and  dates.  The  vine  is  culti- 
vated m  every  province;  in  the  southwest,  especially  at  Jerez  de  la  Frontera, 
the  well-known  sherry  and  tent  wine  are  made;  in  the  southeast,  the  Malaga 
and  Alicante. 

[  (2)  Minerals.  Spain  is  rich  in  iron,  copper,  and  lead;  but  its  mineral 
resources  are  only  partially  exploited,  and  principally  by  foreign  capital 
under  foreign  direction. 

Manufactures. — The  manufactures  have  been  developed  to  a  less 
extent  than  the  mineral  resources  of  the  country  would  indicate.  The  most 
important  industrial  region  is  situated  around  Barcelona  in  Catalonia,  the 
chief  port  of  Spain.  The  Catalonians  are  exceptionally  industrious.  There 
IS  a  Spanish  proverb  which  says  that  the  Catalonians  win  bread  from  stones. 

CHIEF  CITIES  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  SPAIN 


CITY 

POP.  IN 

THOUSANDS 

PROVINCE 

PRINCIPAL  INDUSTRIES 

Al.ICANTE* 

55 

Alicante 

Wines,  fruits. 

\lmeria* 
Barcelona* 

48 

599 

Almeria 
Barcelona 

Lead,  esparto  grass. 

Woollens,      cottons,      silks,       wines. 

Bilbao 

cigarette  paper. 

94 

Vtzcaya 

Iron,  steel,  shipbuilding. 

Cadiz* 

69 

Cadiz 

Sherry  wine,  fruits. 

Cartagena 

Cordova* 

103 
67 

Murcia 
Cordova 

Lead,  iron,  oranges,  esparto  grass. 
Spirits,  textile;. 

CORUNA* 

47 

Coruna 

Tobacco,  sardine   and   herring   fish- 

GlJON 

55 

Oviedo 

eries. 
Cigars. 

Granada* 

81 

Granada 

Liqueurs,  soap,  paper,  coarse  Unens, 

woollens. 

Jerez  db  la  Fron- 

tera 

64 

Cadiz 

Sherry  wine. 

LORCA 

73 

Murcia 

Soap,  eanhenware,  lead,  textiles. 

Madrid* 

594 

Madrid 

Leather,  fans,  umbrellas,  chemicals, 
varnishes,  gloves,  furniture,  soap, 
tanneries,  paper,  iron. 

Malaga* 

136 

Malaga 

Wines,  oranges,  cottons,   iron,   pot- 
tery, olive  oil,  canary  seed. 

MURCIA* 

12s 

Murcia 

Textiles,  flour,  leather,  hats. 

rWlEDO* 

55 

Oviedo 

Hats,  napery,  arms. 
Shipbuilding. 

Palma* 

68 

Balearic  Islands 

Santander* 

6S 

Santander 

Cigars,    breweries,   tanneries,   sugar, 
candles,  hats. 

Seville* 

158 

Seville 

Oranges,  tobacco,  machinery,  choco- 
late, soap,  corks,  silks,  liqueurs. 

Valencia* 

233 

Valencia 

Silks,  raisins,  oranges. 

Valladolid* 

75 

Valladolid 

Silks,  cottons,  hats,  woollens,  jewel- 

Zaragoza* 

Si 

Zaragoza 

lery,  paper. 
Iron,  tanneries,  candles,  soap,  glass, 
porcelain. 

*Capital  of  province. 

Capital. — Madrid,  on  the  Manzana'-ss.     Population  594,279. 

Chief  Ports. — On  the  Atlantic:  Cadiz,  Santander,  Bilbao,  Coruria, 
and  Ferrol.  On  the  Mediterranean:  Barcelona,  Tarragona,  Valencia,  Ali- 
cante, Cartagena,  and  Malaga. 

Commerce. — ^Trade  was  for  many  years  mostly  confined  to  France  and 
Great  Britain;  but  Germany  has  now  become  a  serious  competitor,  while 
the  United  States  and  Belgium  share  an  increasing  proportion  of  Spanish 
trade.     Home  manufacture  is  rigidly  protected  by  high  customs  duties. 

Chief  Imports. — Raw  cotton,  spirits,  fish,  wheat  and  flour,  sugar,  coal, 
timber,  woollen  manufactures,  machinery  and  railway  materials,  hides, 
etc. 

Chief  Exports. — ^Wine,  copper,  lead,  iron  ores,  olive  oil,  raisins,  oranges, 
cork,  esparto  grass,  wool,  salt,  quicksilver,  grapes,  etc.  i 

Communications. — There  are  a  little  over  9,000  miles  of  railroad 
in  operation;  and  60,000  miles  of  telegraph  line. 

Government. — Spain  is  a  constitutional  monarchy.  The  legislative 
power  is  vested  in  the  Cortes  with  the  King.  The  Cortes  consist  of  a  Sen- 
ate and  Congress.    The  latter  contains  450  deputies,  elected  for  five  years. 

Colonies.— By  the  war  with  the  United  States  in  1898  Spain  lost  Cuba 
and  all  her  West  Indian  possessions,  besides  the  Philippine  Islands.  The 
Caroline,  Pelew,  and  Ladrone  Islands  (except  Guam,  which  was  ceded  to 
the  United  States)  were  sold  to  Germany  in  1899. 

The  colonies  of  Spain  have  a  total  area  of  about  86,000  square  miles,  with 
a  population  of  236,000. 

Fernando  Po  is  a  volcanic  island  in  the  Bight  of  Biafra,  off  the  west 
coast  of  Africa.  It  is  used  as  a  place  of  exile  for  political  offenders.  The 
other  settlements  in  west  Africa  include  Spanish  Guinea  (area  12,000  square 
miles;  population  200,000)  and  Rio  de  Oro  and  Adrar  (area  73,000  square 
miles;  population  12,000). 

Morocco.  By  a  treaty  signed  on  November  27,  1912,  between  France 
and  Spain,  the  latter  acquired  a  zone  or  sphere  of  influence  in  north  Morocco, 
the  capital  being  Tetuan,  where  the  Sultan's  authority  is  represented  by  a 
Khalifa. 


PORTUGAL 

(See  Map,  p.  46) 


Portugal,  the  Lusitania  of  the  Romans,  is  relatively  a  re- 
cent political  development.  Under  the  powerful  Burgun- 
dian  ruler  John  the  Great  (1385-1433),  the  Portuguese  first 
projected  those  Atlantic  discoveries  on  the  African  coast, 
fraught   with   such   territorial   and   commercial   advantages 

*Katherine  Lee  Bates,  "Spanish  Highways  and  Byways"  {1900). 


to  the  nation.  Before  the  close  of  the  fifteenth  century  a 
Portuguese  navigator,  Vasco  da  Gama,  rounded  the  Cape  of 
Good  Hope  and  explored  the  Indian  Ocean.  This  was  the 
Golden  Age  of  Portuguese  history.  Not  only  was  a  colonial 
empire  founded  in  the  East,  but  while  Columbus  was  still 
voyaging  with  only  partial  success  in  the  West  Indies,  Brazil 


GEOGRAPHICAL  MANUAL  AND  NEW  ATLAS 


283 


was  discovered,  and  the  influence  of  Portugal  was  felt  from 
the  Amazon  to  the  Indus. 

The  later  history  of  Portugal  is  full  of  revolutions  and 
counter-revolutions.  In  1910  the  monarchy  was  overthrown 
and  a  republic  declared. 

Lisbon. — Two  cities  in  Portugal  dominate  the  whole 
country — Lisbon  and  Oporto.  Both  are  seaports,  but  Lis- 
bon is  the  seat  of  government  and  has  the  superior  advantage 
of  offering  to  navigation  one  of  the  finest  natural  havens  ot 
the  world. 

The  favourable  site  of  the  city  is  beyond  dispute.  Its 
beauty  of  aspect  has  been  eulogized  not  only  by  poets,  but 
by  writers  little  given  to  fine  descriptions.  On  the  north 
bank  of  the  Tagus,  twelve  miles  from  the  open  sea,  Lisbon 
couched  once  like  ancient  Rome  upon  seven  hills,  but  now 
overflows  the  slopes  and  ridges  of  eleven.  The  eye  rests 
upon  a  succession  of  amphitheatres,  built  up  with  tier  upon 
tier  of  houses,  great  and  small,  which  the  sorcery  of  Lusi- 
tanian  sunlight  transfigures  into  the  semblance  of  a  city  of 
palaces  and  many  mansions  built  up  of  marbles  of  delicate 
and  varied  hues. 

The  oldest  part  of  the  city,  on  the  east,  is  the  Alfama,  which 
dates  back  to  Roman  and  Moorish  times.  Its  narrow,  wind- 
ing alleys  still  retain  much  of  their  mediaeval  aspect,  almost 
rivalling  the  slums  of  Oporto  in  their  picturesque  squalor. 

The  Night  Watchman. — One  survival  of  olden  days 
when  security  was  less  assured  is  found  in  the  night  watch- 
man {guarda  noite)  hired  by  individual  house-owners  or  resi- 
dents to  parade  the  street  and  keep  guard  on  their  property. 
This  watchman  wears  a  lantern  attached  to  his  belt,  and 
carries  a  big  bunch  of  skeleton  keys  to  the  number  sometimes 
of  fifty. 

A  startled  resident  has  been  known  to  hear  movement 
in  the  lower  part  of  the  house,  and  then  make  discovery  that 
his  guarda  noite  is  below,  having  entered  to  assure  himself 
that  all  is  safe.  When  people  return  home  late  at  night 
from  theatre  or  other  place  of  entertainment,  there  is  the 
useful  watchman  close  at  hand  waiting  with  his  bunch  of 
keys  to  open  the  door.  The  streets  are  splendidly  lighted, 
especially  on  the  electric  car  routes;  and  though  very  quiet 
in  the  suburbs  late  at  night,  in  the  city  there  is  movement 
and  life  until  the  small  hours  of  the  morning;  in  fact  strangers 
smile  and  say  the  Portuguese  never  go  to  bed.  One  reason 
for  this  is  the  late  hour  to  which  places  of  amusement  are 
open.  There  is  a  law  compelling  them  to  close  at  mid- 
night, and  this  fixed  time  is  always  pushed  to  its  limit. 
The  electric  cars,  supposed  to  run  up  to  midnight,  can  often 
be  heard  passing  through  the  streets  up  to  2  and  even  2:30 
early  morning.  It  all  depends  upon  the  hour  at  which  the 
last  run  begins  and  upon  the  delay  on  the  route. ^ 

The  Dog  in  PoRTUGAL.^There  seem  to  be  two  parallel 
lines  of  traditionary  opinion  in  regard  to  the  dog.  One  that 
comes  presumably  from  Moorish  times  is  that  the  dog  is  an 
accursed  beast;  the  other,  which  seems  to  have  been  inherited 
from  the  Gothic  races,  or  perhaps  derived  something  from 
classic  times,  sets  the  dog  high  in  esteem  and  affection. 

In  the  province  of  Beira-Alta,  a  stronghold  of  the  Gothic 
race,  and  a  pastoral  region,  the  shepherds  who  live  in  the 
mountains  hold  the  very  breath  and  saliva  of  dogs  to  be  of 
sovereign  effect  in  wounds  and  scratches.  These  shepherds 
show  their  esteem  for  the  dog  too  by  having  bred  the  Serra 
d'Estrella  race  of  wolf-hounds,  one  of  the  noblest  breeds  of 
dog  in  existence. 

On  the  other  hand,  in  southern  Portugal,  where  Moorish 
influence    had    later    sway,    and    where    probably    Moorish 

'A.  C.  Inchbold,  "Liibon  and  Cintrj"  (1908). 


blood  may  run  in  the  peasants'  veins  more  freely  than  in 
the  north,  the  howling  of  a  dog  by  night,  which  the  northern 
Portuguese  disregard,  is  held  to  be  of  very  evil  augury.  A 
southerner,  hearing  it  after  dark,  slips  his  feet  for  a  moment 
out  of  the  Moorish  slippers  he  wears,  and  repeats  this  counter- 
charm — 

"  Tude  o  au'guro 
Sobre  teu  couro." 
"On  thy  leather  alight 
All  the  ills  of  this  night."' 

Life  in  the  Azores. — The  people  of  the  Azores  live  very 
simply,  their  diet  consisting  chiefly  of  maize  bread,  eggs, 
a  very  little  fish,  and  cabbage  soup. 

The  women  of  the  lower  classes  usually  wear  a  peculiar 
dress  consisting  of  a  long,  dark  blue  cloak  {capote),  to  which 
is  attached  a  huge,  stiff  hood  {capella),  which  quite  hides 
the  wearer's  face.  It  forms  a  complete  disguise,  and  any 
woman  can  walk  through  the  streets  without  the  least  fear 
of  recognition.  When  I  first  saw  this  quaint  outfit,  I  im- 
agined it  the  dress  of  some  religious  order.  Curiously  enough, 
the  one  ambition  of  the  Azorian  working-woman  is  to  be 
able  to  discard  this  really  picturesque  costume,  and  parade 
in  the  tawdry  finery  of  Pans  and  London.  To  be  the  proud 
wearer  of  a  hat  in  the  latest  fashion  is  the  fond  dream  of  the 
peasant  girl.  To  earn  enough  money  for  this  purpose,  she 
willingly  braves  the  perils  and  discomforts  of  emigration  to 
America  to  obtain  work  in  the  factories.     .     .     . 

It  makes  one's  heart  bleed  to  see  the  cruel  treatment  of 
animals  that  goes  on  unchecked  and  seemingly  unnoticed. 
The  donkey  is  the  poor  man's  steed,  and  I  have  seen  these 
patient  creatures  labouring  up  the  rudely-paved  streets 
almost  broken  down  with  their  laden  panniers,  and  one  or 
frequently  two  rustics  on  their  backs.  It  seems  to  be  the 
custom  to  load  the  animal  with  as  much  as  it  can  stagger 
under,  and  then  for  the  driver  to  perch  himself  on  top  of 
the  load,  punctuating  his  ride  by  stabbing  at  the  poor  brute 
with  the  pointed  end  of  his  stick. 

The  better  class  of  Portuguese  in  the  Azores — those  of 
the  old  patrician  blood — are  really  charming  people.  As  a 
mark  of  esteem  and  hospitality  they  never  allow  you  to  leave 
them  after  a  first  visit  without  pressingly  "ofl^ering  you  their 
house."  I  had  numerous  such  "gifts"  of  Azorian  property, 
but,  knowing  they  were  not  intended  to  be  taken  seriously, 
I  made  no  attempt  to  take  possession!     .     .     . 

The  unmarried  women  rarely  walk  abroad  even  in  day- 
light without  being  accompanied  by  an  elderly  chaperon. 
It  is  curious  and  amusing  to  see  these  couples  walking  in 
single  file  along  the  streets.  I  have  never  seen  them  walking 
side  by  side;  and  I  was  told  that  the  custom  originated  in  an 
endeavour  to  frustrate  the  surreptitious  passing  of  billets 
doux  or  other  love  tokens.  It  is,  at  any  rate,  the  ruling  of 
the  Azorian  Mrs.  Grundy,  and  though  its  object  is  obscure, 
in  view  of  the  liberty  given  for  promiscuous  flirtations  from 
the_  low  balconies  and  rez-de-chaussee  windows,  it  is  a  custom 
which  is  likely  to  die  hard.^ 

SYNOPSIS  OF  PORTUGAL 

(See  Map,  p.  46)  ' 

Boundaries. — Portugal  is  bounded  on  the  north  and  east  by  Spain,  and 
on  the  south  and  west  by  the  Atlantic  Ocean. 

Climate. — Owing  to  the  neighbourhood  of  the  sea  the  climate  of  Portugal 
is  moister  and  more  agreeable  than  that  of  Spain.  Speaking  generally,  it  is 
temperate  and  healthful.  Great  heat  is  confined  to  the  south.  Lisbon  has 
a  mean  temperature  in  Jan.  of  50°?.,  and  in  July  of  6g.8°F. 

The  rainfall  is  considerable.  The  neighbourhood  of  Coimbra  is  one  of 
the  wettest  parts  of  the  continent.     See  Climate  Maf  of  Europe,  pp.  24,  25. 

Natural  Productions. — (i)  Agriculture.  The  chief  products  are  wheat, 
barley,  oats,  maize,  flax,  hemp,  and  the  vine  in  elevated  tracts;  in  the  low- 
lands, rice,  olives,  oranges,  lemons,  citrons,  figs,  and  almonds.  There  are 
extensive  forests  of  oak,  chestnut,  sea-pine,  and  cork.  The  cultivation  of  the 
vine  and  the  olive  are  among  the  chief  branches  of  industry;  the  rich  red 
wine  known  to  us  as  "port"  is  shipped  from  Oporto. 

(2)  Minerals.  Portugal  is  rich  in  minerals;  copper,  lead,  tin,  antimony, 
coal,  manganese,  iron,  slate,  and  bay-salt  are  produced. 

Manufactures. — The  manufactures  are  limited,  and  consist  of  gloves, 
textiles,  metal  and  earthenware  goods,  tobacco,  cigars,  etc.  ' 


iQswaM  Crawfurd,  "Round  the  Calendar  in  Portugal"  O890). 
^Annie  Dorothy  Mawson,  "Off  the  Beaten  Track"  (1909). 


284 


GEOGRAPHICAL  MANUAL  AND  NEW  ATLAS 


CHIEF  CITIES  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  PORTUGAL 


CITY 

POP.  IN 
THOUSANDS 

DISTRICT 

PRINCIPAL  INDUSTRIES 

Braga* 

COIMBRA* 

Lisbon* 

Oporto* 

Setlibal 

30 

21 

435 
194 

25 

Minho 

Beira 

Estremadura 

Mlnho 
Lisbon 

Fire-arms,    cutlery,    jewellery,    felt 

hats. 
Fisheries,  pottery,  leather,  hats. 
Shipbuilding,    iisherics,    silks,    soap, 

tobacco,  preserved  foods,  cement, 

corks. 
Hats,    silks,     paper,     pottery,    lace, 

glass. 
Lemons,  wines,  bay-salt,  olives. 

•Capital  of  district. 

Capital. — Lisbon,  on  the  Tagus.     Population  435,359. 

Chief  Ports. — Lisbon,  Oporto,  and  Setubal. 

Commerce. — The  chief  trade  is  with  the  United  Kingdom;  next  come 
France,  United  States,  Germany,  Spain,  and  Brazil. 

Chief  Imports. — Hardware,  cotton  and  woollen  stuffs,  machinery, 
wheat,  sugar,  dried  fish,  coal. 

Chief  Exports. — Half  the  total  exports  consists  of  zvine,  which  is  the 
chief  industrial  product  of  the  country;  others  are  cork,  cattle,  copper 
ore,  fruits,  oil,  sardines,  and  salt. 

Communications. — There  are  about  2,000  miles  of  railroad,  and  7,000 
miles  of  telegraph  lines. 


Government. — The  Republic  of  Portugal  has  two  legislative  cham- 
bers— a  National  Council  and  a  Senate.  The  National  Council  is  elected 
for  three  years  by  direct  suffrage.  The  Senate  is  elected  by  the  municipal 
councils.  Half  the  members  retire  every  three  years.  The  two  Chambers 
united  constitute  the  Congress  of  the  Republic.  The  President  is  elected 
by  both  chambers  for  four  years,  and  cannot  be  reelected.  He  receives  an 
annual  salary  of  $13,000,  with  $6,500  for  allowances. 

PORTUGUESE  COLONIES 


DEPENDENCIES 


Portuguese  India  {Goa,  Daman,  Diu) 

Macao 

Timor 

J/rica 

Cape  Verde  Islands         

Portuguese  Guinea  

Sao  Thome  and  Principe  Islands 
Portuguese  West  Africa  (Angola)   . 
Portuguese  East  Africa  (Mozambique) 

Total 


AREA 
(sq.  miles) 

POPULATION 

1 ,470 

605,000 

4 

80,000 

7,450 

300,000 

1.475 

150,000 

14,000 

400,000 

442 

45,000 

484,000 

4,119,000 

293,860 

3,IM,00O 

802,701 


8,819.000 


The  Azores  (capital  Ponta  Delgada)  and  Madeira  Islands  (capital  Fun- 
chal)  are  integral  parts  of  Portugal. 


THE  BALKAN  STATES 

(See  Map,  p.  11) 


The  Balkan  Peninsula,  with  its  medley  of  tongues  and 
races,  has  been  the  scene  of  various  wars  and  uprisings, 
especially  during  the  past  two  generations.  The  Balkan 
States  have  been  the  firebrand  which  on  more  than  one 
occasion  threatened  to  set  the  whole  of  Europe  in  a  blaze. 
The  Balkan  Wars,  which  wrested  practically  the  whole  of 
European  Turkey  from  the  Ottoman  government,  were 
fortunately  localized;  although  the  two  powerful  onlookers — 
Russia  and  Austria — ^were  at  one  time  on  the  verge  of  war. 
But  the  respite  was  brief.  The  assassination  of  the  Arch- 
duke Francis  Ferdinand  at  Sarajevo  on  July  28,  1914,  not 
only  set  the  Balkans  once  more  aflame  but  kindled  a  world 
conflagration. 

At  the  beginning  of  the  nineteenth  century  the  whole  of 
the  Balkan  Peninsula  was  directly  under  Turkish  rule;  but  a 
land  so  divided  by  mountains  and  sea  could  not  permanently 
be  held  by  relatively  few  people  of  an  alien  race,  more  par- 
ticularly since  that  race  has  made  itself  infamous  by  its  mis- 
rule and  its  atrocities  toward  subject  peoples. 

In  1830  Greece  gained  its  independence  after  a  long  strug- 
gle. The  land  of  Greece,  the  birthplace  of  European  cul- 
ture, had  no  existence  as  a  state  during  the  Middle  Ages. 
Ancient  Greece  formed  part  of  the  Eastern  Roman  or  Byzan- 
tine Empire.  That  empire  was  so  Hellenized  that  it  is  com- 
monly spoken  of  as  the  Greek  Empire,  and  Constantinople 
(not  Athens)  became  the  real  Greek  centre.  In  1453,  when 
the  Turks  swept  westward,  Constantinople  and  the  Balkan 
provinces  fell  before  the  invaders,  and  the  glory  of  Greece 
lived  only  in  classic  story. 

After  the  war  of  1878  Turkey  paid  the  price  of  Russian 
victory,  and  recognized  the  independence  of  Roumania, 
Serbia,  and  Montenegro.  Bulgaria  at  this  time  became  a 
self-governing  principality,  yet  still  subject  to  the  Porte; 
but  in  1908  the  Prince  renounced  his  allegiance  and  assumed 
the  title  of  Tsar. 

It  is  essential  to  the  peace  of  Europe  that  the  integrity  of 
each  of  these  Balkan  States  should  be  maintained.  A  glance 
at  the  map  will  show  that  Serbia  and  Bulgaria  command  the 
highway  to  the  Near  East.  Were  this  highway  to  be  con- 
trolled by  a  Teutonic  power,  and  with  a  subservient  Turkey 
at  the  farther  end  of  the  line,  the  result  can  be  readily 
imagined  by  any  student  of  international  affairs. 


Crete. — The  historic  island  of  Crete,  which  had  been 
captured  by  the  Turks  in  1669,  declared  itself  part  of  the 
Hellenic  kingdom  in  191 2,  and  was  formally  handed  over  to 
Greece  by  the  protecting  powers  (Great  Britain,  France, 
Russia,  and  Italy)  on  February  15,  1913.  Crete  is  the  birth- 
place of  the  ardent  patriot  and  renowned  statesman  Eleu- 
therios  Venizelos. 

Impressions  of  Montenegro. — Even  in  the  warmth 
of  a  brilliant  October  day,  writes  Lee  Meriwether,  the  ap- 
proach to  Montenegro  is  gloomy  and  forbidding;  it  merits  its 
name,  "Black  Mountain."  As  we  halted  a  moment  on  the 
summit  of  the  pass,  one  of  our  fellow-passengers,  a  German, 
exclaimed:  "£zn  Felsen  Meer !" — a  crag  sea,  a  sea  of  crags. 
And  that  is  what  it  is.  On  every  side,  as  far  as  the  eye  can 
reach,  a  prodigious  mass  of  huge  boulders! 

It  is  said  the  Montenegrins  came  originally  from  Serbia 
to  escape  Turkish  rule — from  which  it  is  plain  Turkish  rule 
must  have  been  pretty  bad.  For,  assuredly,  no  one  would 
elect  to  live  amid  a  mass  of  crags  and  rocks  unless  the  alter- 
native were  very  disagreeable  indeed.     .     .     . 

Cetinje,  the  capital,  is  situated  in  a  valley  hemmed  in 
on  all  sides  by  towering  rocks.  Our  automobile  descended 
into  this  wild  valley  and  dashed  down  a  long  street  to  the 
post-ofiice.  From  the  post-office  we  walked  to  the  hotel 
and  felt  like  pigmies  as  we  passed  the  big  men  of  Montene- 
gro. I  do  not  recall  seeing  any  man  in  Cetinje  who  was  less 
than  six  feet  tall,  while  most  of  them  must  have  been  six 
feet  three  or  four  inches.  And  all  go  armed  to  the  teeth, 
revolvers,  swords,  and  daggers  in  their  broad  belts;  their 
heads  thrown  back,  stalwart  and  erect,  they  look  as  proud 
and  haughty  in  their  bearing  as  if  every  man  of  them  were  a 
king.  We  spent  several  days  in  this  toy  kingdom — for  king- 
dom it  now  is,  the  Prince  having  been  recently  turned  jflto 
a  king.  W 

The  contrast  between  the  rude  simplicity  of  the  little 
village  and  its  pretentions  to  royalty  is  amusing.  The  town 
has  one  long  street  flanked  on  both  sides  by  modest  one  and 
two  storey  houses;  there  are  a  dozen  or  so  short  streets  which 
intersect  the  main  street,  and  on  one  of  these  little  cross 
streets  are  the  "palaces"  of  King  Peter  and  of  his  son,  Prince 
Mirko.  The  King's  palace  is  a  plain  dwelling  about  as 
large  as  a  fourth-rate  residence  in  St.  Louis;  the  Prince's 
palace  is  a  two-storey  cottage  about  as  big  as  the  home  of  an 
average  American  carpenter.  It  touches  the  houses  to  its 
right  and  left  and  has  no  yard  in  front  of  it — the  little  porch 
abuts  the  sidewalk.     As  we  strolled  by  we  saw  througn  the 


GEOGRAPHICAL  MANUAL  AND  NEW  ATLAS 


open  windows  a  servant  setting  His  Highness'  dinner-table, 
and  presently  His  Highness,  a  handsome,  athletic  young 
fellow,  came  out  on  the  front  porch  and  sat  there  smoking 
cigarettes.  People  who  passed  saluted,  and  the  Prince 
nodded  his  head — it  was  all  so  plain,  so  commonplace  that 
the  use  of  royal  titles  seemed  a  bit  ridiculous. ' 

Montenegrin  Traits. — The  Montenegrins  present  many 
of  the  characteristics  of  a  race  little  affected  by  modern  civili- 
zation. Warlike  valour  constitutes  a  man's  chief  claim  to 
distinction.  Women  occupy  an  inferior  position;  they  work 
in  the  fields,  carry  heavy  burdens,  and  owing  to  the  drud- 
gery imposed  on  them  from  childhood  they  age  rapidly,  and 
are  short  and  stunted. 

Dancing  is  a  favourite  pastime.  Two  characteristic 
forms  are  the  slow  and  stately  ring-dance  {kolo),  in  which 
women  sometimes  participate,  though  it  is  usually  performed 
by  a  circle  of  men;  and  the  livelier  measure  for  both  sexes 
{oro),  in  which  the  couples  face  one  another,  leaping  high 
into  the  air,  while  each  man  encourages  his  partner  by  rapid 
revolver-firing. 

Women  chant  wild  dirges,  generally  improvised,  over 
the  dead;  mourners  try  to  excel  one  another  in  demon- 
strations of  grief;  and  funerals  are  celebrated  by  an  orgy 
very  like  an  Irish  "wake."  Like  most  imaginative  peoples, 
the  Montenegrins  are  extremely  superstitious,  and  belief 
in  the  vampire,  demons,  and  fairies  is  almost  universal. 
Among  the  mountains  they  can  converse  fluently  at  aston- 
ishing distances. 

The  Montenegrins  take  great  pride  in  personal  adorn- 
ment. The  men  wear  a  red  waistcoat,  embroidered  with 
gold  or  black  braid,  over  which  a  long  plaid  is  sometimes 
thrown  in  cold  weather;  a  red  girdle,  in  the  folds  of  which 
pistols  and  yataghans^  are  placed;  loose  dark-blue  breeches 
and  white  stockings,  which  are  generally  covered  with  gaiters. 
The  opanka,  a  raw-hide  sandal,  is  worn  instead  of  boots; 
patent  leather  long  boots  are  sometimes  worn  by  military 
officers,  and  a  few  of  the  wealthier  class.  The  headdress  is  a 
small  cap  (kapa),  black  at  the  sides  and  red  at  the  top. 
.  .  .  The  poorer  mountaineers  are  often  dressed  in  coarse 
sacking,  but  all  without  exception  carry  arms. 

The  Montenegrins  are  great  smokers,  especially  of  cig- 
arettes; in  the  districts  which  formerly  belonged  to  Turkey 
the  men,  whose  dignity  never  permits  them  to  carry  bur- 
dens, may  be  seen  going  to  market  with  the  chibuk,  or  long 
pipe,  slung  across  their  backs.  The  mother  possesses  little 
influence  over  her  sons,  who  are  trained  from  their  earliest 
infancy  to  cultivate  warlike  pursuits  and  to  despise  the 
weaker  sex.  Betrothals  often  take  place  in  early  child- 
hood. Young  men  who  are  attached  to  each  other  are  ac- 
customed to  swear  eternal  brotherhood  {pobratimstvo);  the 
bond,  which  receives  the  sanction  of  the  Church,  is  never  dis- 
solved.^ Marriages  between  Montenegrins  and  converted 
Turkish  girls  are  a  common  source  of  blood-feuds.^ 

A  Serbian  Festival. — The  most  distinctive  family  cele- 
bration of  the  Serb  race  is  the  Slava,  or  celebration  of  the 
family  saint.  This  purely  Serbian  custom  is  so  deeply  iden- 
tified with  the  Serb  race  that  it  is  said,  "Where  the  Slava  is, 
there  is  the  Serb."  The  Slava  has  probably  descended 
from  ancestor-worship,  and  in  pre-Christian  times  came  to 
re^  to  a  divinity  who  was  the  protector  of  each  family  or 
clan. 

In  pagan  times  each  family  and  family  group  had  its 
own  family  god  (similar  to  the  Roman  custom).  When  the 
Serb  families  became  Christians  they  baptized  their  ancient 
family  god  along  with  themselves  mto  the  Christian  faith 
and  gave  him  a  name  of  a  saint,  generally  that  marking 
the  day  of  their  own  baptism,  and  so  he  became  the  patron 

■Lee  Meriwether,  "Seeing  Europe  by  Automobile"  (1911). 

•Yataghan,  a  short,  curved,  Mohammedan  sword,  without  a  guard  or  crosspiece. 
•Thia  custom  prevails  also  in  Serbia,  Bulgaria,  and  Roumania. — C.  O.  S.  M. 
*'*  Encyclopaedia  Britannica,"  nth  edition,  vol.  18,  p.  769. 


saint  of  the  family.  His  picture,  painted  or  enamelled  gener- 
ally on  a  golden  background  in  Byzantine  style  of  flatly 
traced  in  wood,  or  even  a  lithograph,  hangs  on  the  wall  of 
every  Serbian  house.  Before  it  a  small  oil  lamp  is  suspended, 
which  is  lighted  on  festival  occasions. 

The  word  "Slava"  in  all  Slavonic  tongues  means  "glory." 
It  is  used  by  some  of  them,  by  the  Czechs  for  instance,  as  a 
word  of  hailing,  like  "Hurrah"  in  English.  The  word  "Ho- 
sanna"  in  the  Bible  is  translated  "Slava." 

On  the  day  of  the  Slava  the  Serb  house  is  open  to  all; 
a  stranger  may  enter  and  receive  the  same  welcome  and  hos- 
pitality as  that  given  to  family  or  friend.     .     .     . 

A  feast  is  prepared,  the  important  obligatory  items  of 
which  are  the  "Kolatch"  (cake)  and  the  "Kolyivo."  The 
Kolyivo  evidently  refers  to  an  ancient  rite  of  sacrifice,  and 
is  a  plate  of  boiled  white  wheat,  kneaded  with  nuts  and  honey 
or  sugar,  and  iced  or  decorated  in  some  way  with  melted  or 
coloured  sugars.  It  is  really  an  offering  for  the  souls  of  the 
dead. 

The  other  consecrated  dish,  the  Kolatch,  is  a  large  flat 
cake  of  wheat  flour,  the  top  marked  with  a  cross  dividing 
it  into  four  quarters,  the  spaces  containing  letters  indicating 
the  device  "Jesus  Christ  the  Victor." 

On  the  eve  of  the  Slava  a  priest  comes  to  the  house, 
blesses  the  water,  reads  prayers  for  the  dead,  and  asperges 
the  house  and  its  occupants  with  a  myrtle  branch  dipped  in 
the  consecrated  water.  Messengers  are  sent  through  the 
village  to  give  general  invitation  to  the  Slava  or  to  the  cere- 
monial of  Slava  eve.     .     .     . 

Each  guest  on  arriving  on  Slava  eve  calls  out,  "Master 
of  the  house,  art  thou  ready  to  receive  guests.?"  The  Svet- 
char,  i.  e.,  the  man  who  is  the  head  of  the  family  celebrating 
the  Slava,  answers,  "Yes,  such  guests  as  thou,"  and  steps 
forward  to  embrace  the  visitor,  who  says,  "May  thy  Slava 
be  happy!"  The  host  answers,  "And  thy  soul,  may  it  be 
happy  before  God!"  The  guest  gives  an  apple  or  quince  or 
other  fruit  to  the  master  of  the  house  and  enters.  This 
ceremony  is  repeated  with  each  newcomer.  When  all  are 
assembled  the  wife  or  daughter  of  the  house  enters,  carrying 
a  pitcher  of  water  and  a  small  basin  and  a  finely  embroidered 
towel.  Coming  to  each  in  turn,  she  pours  out  a  little  water 
over  the  hands,  letting  it  trickle  down  into  the  basin — they 
never  dip  their  fingers  into  the  basin.  When  she  has  gone 
the  rounds,  the  guests  all  stand  around  the  table,  which  does 
not  contain  the  Kolatch  or  the  Kolyivo,  the  Svetchar  places 
a  very  large  candle  in  the  centre  of  the  table  and  lights  it. 
He  then  takes  from  the  hands  of  some  of  the  women-folks 
a  small  earthen  vessel  containing  live  charcoal,  upon  which 
he  scatters  incense.  He  first  incenses  the  picture  of  the 
saint,  then  in  turn  each  one  of  the  guests.  He  says,  "Broth- 
ers, let  us  pray,"  and  unless  there  chances  to  be  present 
some  one  possessing  an  especial  gift  of  eloquent  expression, 
they  all  stand  with  bowed  heads  praying  in  silence.  After 
that  the  guests  sit  and  begin  supper.  The  host  remains 
standing  and  serves  his  guests,  pouring  out  the  wine  or  plum 
brandy  (slwo-vitza  or  rakia).  After  supper  come  toasts  and 
speech-making.! 

A  Serbian  Burial. — Before  the  body  is  placed  in  the 
coffin  a  fire  is  made  in  it  with  sulphur  and  gunpowder  and 
wisps  of  tow.  The  same  is  done  to  the  grave  before  burial, 
and  at  sunset  of  the  funeral  day  women  once  more  go  to  the 
closed  tomb  and  burn  upon  it  the  same  elements. 

When  the  body  is  lowered,  coins  are  thrown  in — recalling 
the  objects  in  bronze  found  in  the  cinerary  urns  of  the 
Veneds.  Each  one  present  casts  in  a  handful  of  earth,  beg- 
ging the  soul  which  is  starting  on  its  journey  to  carry  mes- 
sages to  those  among  the  loved  ones  or  friends  who  have 
passed  on  into  the  world  beyond.  These  messages  are 
quite  simple  and  natural,  words  of  love  and  greeting,  such 
as  would  be  confided  to  some  one  of  the  living  who  might  be 
setting  out  to  a  distant  part  of  the  country.  Another  cus- 
tom of  apparently  pagan  origin  is  that  of  giving  "feasts  for 
the  soul  of  the  departed."' 


'Prince  and  Princeu  Lazarovich-HrebelianoTich,  "The  Servian  People"  (1910). 


286 


GEOGRAPHICAL  MANUAL  AND  NEW  ATLAS 


Bulgarian  Marriages. — In  the  villages  the  boys  marry 
between  fifteen  and  eighteen,  the  girls  between  eighteen  and 
twenty.  A  husband  is  nearly  always  younger  than  his  wife, 
in  order  that  the  wife  may  be  the  better  able  to  help  her  hus- 
band in  field  labour  when  they  start  housekeeping. 

It  would  be  false  delicacy  to  omit  all  reference  to  the 
primitive  custom  of  prestana.  If  Jack  and  Jill  have  made  up 
their  minds,  they  quit  the  village,  or  rather  Jack  makes  a 
pretence  of  carrying  off  Jill  by  force  from  her  home,  and 
on  their  return  they  are  married  by  the  priest.  Such  a  thing 
as  desertion  by  the  man  is  absolutely  unknown,  and  a  man 
who  did  not  go  before  the  priest  on  his  return  would  be  shot 
before  sunset.  His  life  would  be  forfeit  both  to  the  law  and 
the  public  opinion  of  his  country.  If  parents  arrange  a 
marriage  that  does  not  recommend  itself  to  either  of  the 
parties  chiefly  interested,  the  objecting  party  has  only  to 
act  in  the  approved  fashion  of  prestana  for  the  parents  to 
give  their  immediate  consent  to  his  or  her  marriage  with 
some  one  else.  Even  when  the  son  and  daughter  do  approve 
of  the  marriage  arranged  for  them,  they  generally  consum- 
mate it  in  the  national  fashion.  This  ancient  custom  of 
carrying  off  the  woman  he  wishes  to  marry  has  a  firm  hold 
on  the  Bulgarian. 1 

A  Curious  Custom. — ^The  following  perversion  of  the 
established  order  of  things  is  of  interest. 

The  Bulgarians  shake  their  heads  for  "y^s,"  and  nod  for 
"no".  This  gives  rise  to  many  curious  mistakes  in  the  inter- 
course between  Bulgarians  and  Europeans.  Many  times 
have  I  offered  a  drink  to  a  man,  who  shook  his  head,  and  I 
desisted;  all  the  time  he  meant  "yes,"  and  was  longing  to  have 
that  drink.  The  shake  ("yes")  is  accompanied  by  a  curious 
shaping  of  the  mouth  into  a  semi-circle  --^  which  is  very 
grotesque,  and  quite  inimitable,  and  particularly  ungraceful 
in  young  girls  with  pretty  faces.  The  nod  ("no")  is  accom- 
panied by  an  ugly  raising  of  the  eyebrows.^ 

Rose  Culture. — Rose  growing  is  a  popular  industry  in 
Bulgaria,  as  well  as  the  manufacture  of  attar  of  roses,  the 
basis  of  so  many  perfumes. 

The  peasants  are  employed  to  pick  the  roses;  they  then 
take  them  to  their  cottages,  and  squeeze  the  juice  out  in 
rough  wooden  presses. 

A  secondary  industry  is  the  making  of  rose-petal  jam, 
which  is  as  delicious  as  it  sounds  if  eaten  in  moderation; 
for,  difficult  though  it  is  to  imagine,  one  gets  soon  tired  of 
both  the  taste  and  the  scent  of  roses. 

The  town  of  Kazanlik  is  the  centre  of  the  rose  gardens, 
and  the  visitor  to  this  district  does  not  easily  forget  his  first 
impression  of  the  sunny  southern  slopes  of  the  Balkans,  if 
he  should  happen  to  be  there  when  these  are  covered,  as 
far  as  the  eye  can  reach,  with  all  the  most  glorious  roses  in 
full  bloom,  their  fragrance  being  wafted  to  him  on  every 
breeze.* 

Roumanian  Traits. — ^Two  dissimilar  types  are  notice- 
able among  the  Roumanians.  One  is  fair-haired,  florid,  and 
blue-eyed;  the  other,  more  frequent  among  the  Carpathians, 
is  dark,  resembling  the  southern  Italians.  Both  alike  are 
hardy,  though  rarely  tall;  both,  when  of  the  peasant  class, 
are  frugal  and  inured  to  toil  amid  the  rigours  of  their  native 
climate. 

Proud  of  their  race  and  country,  they  acquired  with 
their  independence  an  ardent  sense  of  nationality;  and  they 
look  forward  to  the  day  which  will  reunite  them  to  their 
kinsmen  in  Transylvania  and  Bessarabia.  They  have  been 
taught,  originally  in  the  interests  of  Transylvanian  Roman 
Catholicism,   to  regard  themselves  as  true  descendants  of 

'J.  G.  C.  Minchin,  "The  Growtli  of  Freedom  in  the  Balkan  Penimula"  (1886). 
>W.  v.  Herbert,  "By-Paths  in  the  Balkans"  (1906). 


the  Romans.  The  peasants  retain  their  distinctive  dress, 
long  discarded,  except  on  festivals  and  at  court,  by  the 
wealthier  classes.  Men  wear  a  long  linen  tunic,  leather 
belt,  white  woollen  trousers  and  leather  gaiters,  above 
Turkish  slippers  or  sandals.  The  lowlanders'  head-dress  is 
generally  a  high  cylindrical  cap  of  rough  cloth  or  felt,  while 
the  mountaineers  prefer  a  small  round  straw  hat.  Sundays 
and  holidays  bring  out  a  sleeveless  jacket,  embroidered  in 
red  and  gold;  and  both  sexes  wear  sheepskins  in  cold  weather. 
The  linen  dresses  of  women  are  fastened  by  a  long  sash 
or  girdle,  wound  many  times  round  the  waist;  the  holiday 
attire  being  a  white  gown  covered  with  embroideries,  one  or 
more  brightly  coloured  aprons  and  necklaces  of  beads  or 
coins.  The  standard  of  comfort  is  lowest  along  the  Danube 
and  in  parts  of  the  Dobrudja.  As  the  land  becomes  higher, 
the  dweUings  improve;  but,  despite  the  presence  of  a  doctor 
in  each  commune,  disease  is  everywhere  rife.  Many  vil- 
lages are  wholly  built  of  timber  and  thatch,  especially  amongst 
the  Carpathians,  the  floors  being  frequently  raised  on  piles, 
several  feet  above  the  ground.  The  inner  walls  are  often 
hung  with  hand-woven  tapestries,  which  harmonize  well 
with  the  smoke-blackened  rafters,  the  primitive  loom,  and 
the  huge  Dutch  stove  characteristic  of  a  orosperous  Rou- 
manian farm. 

Many  pagan  beliefs  linger  on  in  the  country,  where 
vampires,  witches,  and  the  evil  eye  are  dreaded  by  all.  The 
peasants  reassure  themselves  by  the  use  of  charms  and 
spells,  and  by  a  strict  observance  of  the  forms  which  their 
creed  prescribes.  A  cross  guards  every  well  or  spring; 
every  home  has  its  ikons  or  sacred  pictures.  Church  festi- 
vals and  fasts  are  kept  with  equal  care  .... 

The  ceremonies  which  accompany  a  wedding  preserve 
the  tradition  of  marriage  by  capture;  a  peasant  bride  must 
enter  her  new  home  carrying  bread  and  salt,  and  in  parts  of 
Wallachia  a  flower  is  painted  on  the  outer  wall  of  cottages 
in  which  there  is  a  girl  old  enough  to  marry.  Young  men 
swear  eternal  brotherhood;  girls,  eternal  sisterhood;  and  the 
Church  ratifies  their  choice  in  a  service  at  which  the  feet  of 
the  pair  are  chained  together.  This  relationship  is  morally 
and  legally  regarded  as  not  less  binding  than  kinship  by 
birth.  The  dead  are  borne  to  the  grave  with  uncovered 
faces,  and  a  Roumanian  funeral  is  a  scene  of  much  barbaric 
display.     All  classes  delight  in  music  and  dancing.^ 

The  Jews  in  Roumania. — ^The  disabilities  under  which 
the  Jews  live  in  Roumania  are  typical  of  the  mediaeval  con- 
ditions that  obtained  in  almost  every  part  of  Europe  up  to  a 
century  ago,  and,  in  the  case  of  Russia,  till  the  overthrow  of 
the  monarchy  in  1917. 

In  Roumania  a  Jew  can  neither  vote  nor  hold  office  in 
the  civil  service.  He  is  excluded  from  the  professions;  he  is 
not  permitted,  for  example,  to  become  a  physician  or  even 
open  a  pharmacy;  he  is  not  permitted  to  live  in  the  rural 
districts;  he  may  neither  own  land  outside  of  the  town  nor 
work  as  an  agricultural  labourer.  In  the  mills  and  factories 
not  more  than  25  per  cent,  of  the  employees  may  be  Jews. 
Although  they  are  practically  restricted  to  business  enter- 
prises, Jews  may  not  become  members  of  chambers  of  com- 
merce. Jews  are  bound  to  serve  in  the  army;  they  pay  heavier 
taxes,  proportionately,  than  other  portions  of  the  community; 
but  they  are  classed  under  the  laws  as  "aliens  not  subject 
to  alien  protection."'' 

Athens. — Three  cities  the  world  honours  as  the  sources 
of  religion,  the  law,  and  the  "fair  humanities"  that  have 
made  us  what  we  are:  Jerusalem,  the  mother  of  Christian- 
ity; Rome,  the  stern  mistress  who  taught  the  world  how  to 
rule  states  and  to  respect  the  law;  and  Athens,  in  whose  pure 
atmosphere  the  love  of  knowledge  and  the  love  of  beauty 
first  gave  a  perfect  form  to  art,  philosophy,  and  literature. 

The  traveller,  approaching  Athens  by  sea,  lands  at  the 
port  of  Piraus,  a  busy,  thriving  town.     The  railway  follows 

*" Encyclopaedia  Britannica,"  nth  edition,  vol.  23,  p.  829, 
*Booker  T.  Washington,  "The  Man  Farthest  Down"  (1913). 


GEOGRAPHICAL  MANUAL  AND  NEW  ATLAS 


287 


the  line  of  the  south  or  "Middle  Long  Wall,"  which  in  ancient 
days  formed  one  of  the  defences  of  the  capital.  In  classic 
times  thronging  crowds  of  labourers,  merchants,  and  travel- 
lers filled  the  space  between  the  rows  of  closely-crowded 
dwellings  which  on  either  side  lined  these  old  walls.  Now 
there  are  not  half  a  dozen  houses  between  Athens  and  the 
Piraeus.     ... 

Driving  east  up  Hermes  Street,  the  main  thoroughfare  of 
the  city,  we  pass  the  Temple  of  Theseus,  best  preserved  of 
Grecian  temples;  and  at  the  corner  of  iEolus  Street,  which 
crosses  Hermes  Street  at  right  angles,  we  catch  a  glimpse  of 
the  old  octagonal  Tower  of  the  Winds,  close  under  the  north- 
ern slope  of  the  Acropolis.  The  ruins  on  that  most  wonder- 
ful rock  drew  our  eyes  irresistibly.  It  was  St.  George's  Day, 
and  the  people  were  keeping  the  festival  of  "George,  King  of 
the  Greeks." 

The  crowd  wore  for  the  most  part  the  dress  and  the  quick, 
restless  aspect  of  an  English  crowd.  Here  and  there  you 
saw  an  Albanian  costume,  adopted  by  the  Greeks  as  the 
national  dress  for  lack  of  any  other  of  their  own.  Blue, 
close-fitting  breeches;  white  or  blue  stockings  or  gaiters; 
low  shoes  of  red  leather,  with  pointed,  tasselled,  upturned 
toes,  and  no  heels;  a  short  black  jacket  richly  embroidered, 
worn  over  a  red  waistcoat;  a  white  embroidered  shirt  with 
open  sleeves;  coloured  garters  at  the  knee;  and  a  red  girdle 
supporting  an  immense  leathern  pouch,  from  which  pro- 
trude pistols  and  a  knife  or  two;  on  the  head  a  pointed  red 
flannel  cap,  like  a  prolonged  Turkish  fez  falling  over  upon 
the  side,  and  ending  in  a  silk  tassel. 

The  most  remarkable  feature  of  the  costume  remains  to 
be  described.  From  30  to  60  yards  of  white  linen,  about 
30  inches  wide,  are  gathered  in  a  thickly-plaited  skirt,  which 
is  starched  and  worn  over  the  breeches.  This  is  the  fus- 
tanella;  and  where  this  habit  is  kept  carefully  clean  (which  is 
seldom  the  case  with  the  class  of  citizens  who  most  aflFect 
it)  it  is  strikingly  picturesque.     .     .     . 

The  architecture  in  the  better  parts  of  the  city  is  not 
unlike  the  modern  part  of  any  European  town.  In  1832, 
when  Dr.  Hill,  the  venerable  American  missionary,  took  up 
his  abode  there,  he  was  obliged  to  live  for  some  months  in  a 
ruined  tower,  as  there  was  literally  not  a  house  standing  in 
Athens.     .     .     . 

After  the  Acropolis  and  Pnyx  [public  meeting-place], 
no  place  at  Athens  has  a  deeper  charm  than  the  Academy  of 
Plato.  We  walked  one  beautiful  morning  two  miles  north- 
west to  the  olive  groves  that  still  mark  the  place.  Then 
through  groves  of  pomegranates,  with  their  great,  solid, 
deep  red  blossoms,  and  on  through  vineyards  where  the 
blood-red  of  the  poppies  contrasts  with  the  tender  green 
of  the  low-trimmed  vines. 

To  the  southeast,  above  the  clustering  roofs  of  the  mod- 
ern city,  rises  the  steep,  altar-like  rock  of  the  Acropolis, 
still  crowned  with  ruins.  Here,  in  the  midst  of  the  grand 
scenery,  in  these  very  olive  groves,  groups  of  earnest  thinkers 
talked  to  Plato,  and  rendered  these  academic  shades  so  illus- 
trious, that  in  all  lands  the  lovers  of  wisdom  and  art  have 
been  fain  to  borrow  from  their  groves  the  name  "Academy."' 

A  Remodelled  City. — When  Athens  was  made  the  seat 
of  government  in  1833,  it  had  only  a  scant  population  dwell- 
ing among  a  scene  of  ruins.  To-day  it  numbers  more  than 
200,000.  In  1914,  before  the  outbreak  of  the  Great  War, 
an  ambitious  scheme  was  formulated  which  is  expected  to 
convert  Athens  into  one  of  the  great  world  centres.  Thomas 
H.  Mawson,  the  English  city-planner,  was  commissioned  to 
carry  out  this  stupendous  task.  The  value  of  the  architec- 
tural remains  will  be  enhanced  by  the  removal  of  modern 
slums  and  the  creation  of  harmonious  surroundings. 

At  the  time  I  was  commissioned  to  prepare  these  plans, 
says  Professor  Mawson,  Greece  was  undergoing  a  rebirth 
or  renaissance,  having  emerged  through  centuries  of  subjec- 
tion into  a  prosperous  and  ambitious  kingdom,  which  was 
ever  increasing  its  power  and  influence.  This  renewed  vital- 
ity  was  naturally   followed   by   an  enormous   increase    in 

IE.  H.  Gate». 


the  number  of  visitors  made  up  of  scholars  and  tourists 
attracted  from  every  part  of  the  habitable  globe,  but  princi- 
pally from  England  and  the  United  States.  The  far-seeing 
Venizelos  realized  that  this  traffic  provided  a  source  of  great 
potential  wealth  to  the  country  and  in  this  view  the  Royal 
family,  government,  and  municipality  were  thoroughly 
united.  Therefore,  it  is  proposed,  first  of  all  to  clear  the 
entire  area  included  in  the  site  of  ancient  Athens  of  every 
objectionable  or  defiling  erection.  .  .  .  The  next  im- 
portant feature  of  the  scheme  is  the  rearrangement  of  the 
railroad  system  of  the  city. 

Athens  desires  to  increase  its  industrial  occupations, 
which  at  present  are  largely  the  working  of  marble  and  the 
manufacture  of  woollen  goods.  At  present  a  number  of 
workshops  and  factories  are  located  in  various  parts  of  the 
city,  much  to  its  disfigurement.  All  of  these  are  to  be  re- 
moved to  more  economic  positions  arranged  along  each  side 
of  the  railroad,  the  power  to  be  obtained  from  one  power 
station.  All  of  the  factories  will  conform  to  one  definite 
scheme  of  plan  and  elevation  so  as  not  to  injure  the  aesthetic 
effect  of  the  city.  In  close  relation  with  these  workshops  is 
to  be  laid  out  a  large  area  of  land  for  the  housing  of  the  work- 
ing people  on  the  most  hygienic  and  convenient  scale. 

English  Language  in  Athens. — French,  of  course,  is 
the  prevailing  foreign  tongue,  with  English  pressing  it  hard 
for  first  place.  English,  indeed,  is  the  family  language  of  the 
palaces  in  Athens. 

The  Royal  Family  in  my  day  was  made  up  of  many  na- 
tionalities. The  King  was  a  Dane;  his  Queen  a  Russian; 
the  Crown  Princess  a  sister  of  the  Kaiser;  the  Princess 
George  of  the  Bonaparte  family;  the  Princess  Nicholas  a 
Russian  Grand  Duchess;  the  Princess  Andrew  a  Batten- 
burger;  and  since  they  all  had  English  nurses  and  govern- 
esses, and  since  it  was  necessary  to  find  some  common, 
linguistic  ground  for  the  royal  group,  English  was  the  prevail- 
ing tongue  in  the  royal  households;  and  it  is  spoken  gener- 
ally at  the  ministries,  in  the  hotels,  and  in  the  larger  shops. 

Throughout  the  country,  too — and  indeed  throughout 
the  entire  Balkan  region — English  is  much  heard,  because 
of  the  great  numbers  of  Greeks  who  have  returned  home 
from  America;  and  few  travellers  in  the  Peloponnesus  will 
fail  to  recall  at  almost  every  railroad  station  the  eager  face 
thrust  in  at  the  carriage  window  and  quivering  with  the 
demand,  "You  fellers  from  America?" 

In  this  recurring  question  scholars  find  a  persistence  of 
that  spirit  of  Hellenic  curiosity  which  greeted  the  traveller 
in  the  Odyssey  with,  "Who  of  men  and  whence  art  thou; 
where  are  thy  city  and  thy  parents.?"' 

The  Nomad  Shepherds  of  Greece. — The  wandering 
shepherds  of  modern  Greece,  known  by  the  generic  name  of 
Vlachs,  form  a  link  with  a  bygone  age.  With  their  brown 
hooded  cloaks,  and  their  crooks  across  their  shoulders,  they 
march  with  their  flocks  from  one  pasture-land  to  another. 

Their  days  are  spent  entirely  in  the  open  air,  and  in  wet 
weather  or  dry  they  sleep  with  their  flocks,  enveloped  in 
their  rough  frieze  cloaks,  on  the  mountain  side.  In  the 
summer  they  explore  the  higher  altitudes,  and  make  their 
halting-place  in  the  lambing  season  under  some  dark  valonia's^ 
shade.  A  blanket  stretched  over  crossed  sticks  serves  as  a 
shelter  from  the  sun,  while  around  lie  the  churns,  milk-pails, 
and  cheese-pans,  their  only  household  goods.  In  the  winter 
they  come  down  to  the  plains  and  build  themselves  a  frail 
hut  of  twigs  or  rushes,  fencing  in  some  sheltered  angle  of 
rock  with  a  rude  shelter  of  brushwood  to  protect  their  flocks 
from  the  wind  and  weather — the  winter  quarters  (xstttspia) 
and  the  fold  ((jLavSpi).  The  women  share  their  free  and 
roving  life,  but  more  often  take  refuge  during  winter  in  the 
villages. 

Their  diet  is  of  the  simplest,  being  almost  exclusively 
confined  to  bread  in  the  lambing  season,  with  cheese  and 


iQ.  H.  Moses  in  the  National  Geographic  Magazine  (Oct.,  1915). 
'The  tall  evergreen  valonia  oalc  {Quercus  trgilops). 


288 


GEOGRAPHICAL  MANUAL  AND  NEW  ATLAS 


curds  when  the  milk  can  be  spared  for  them,  and  a  little  wine 
and  tobacco  are  their  only  luxuries.  Illness  is  unknown 
amongst  them,  and  they  generally  live  to  a  very  great  age. 
Gigantic  dogs  with  shaggy  coats  follow  them  over  the  moun- 
tains, alert  to  the  master's  voice,  and  trembling  at  his  least 
reproof,  but  ferociously  savage  to  all  the  world  besides.  The 
eyes  of  these  hillmen  are  keen  as  the  hawk's,  and  their  voices 
reach,  without  effort,  from  ridge  to  distant  ridge;  the  goats 
understand  their  uncouth  cries,  and  come  in  response  to  the 
call  from  heights  a  mile  away.^ 

Saloniki. — Look  at  Saloniki  on  the  map,  and  it  will 
not  be  surprising  to  learn  that  the  city  has  long  been  known 
to  men  and  that  its  possession  has  often  been  disputed. 
Though  not  so  old  as  its  two  great  neighbours,  Athens  and 
Constantinople,  Saloniki  nevertheless  has  an  ancient  past. 
The  place  was  originally  founded  as  an  Ionian  colony,  and 
was  known  as  Therme,  or  Therma,  from  the  hot  springs  which 
still  exist.  It  fell  into  the  hands  of  the  Persians  in  512  B.  C. 
The  present  city  was  founded  about  315  B.  C.  by  king  Cas- 
sander  of  Macedon,  and  named  Thessalonica  after  his  wife 
Thessalonike,  a  sister  of  Alexander  the  Great. 

Under  the  Romans,  Saloniki  grew  greatly  in  importance. 
Made  a  free  city,  the  capital  of  the  surrounding  region,  it 
became  the  home  of  many  Roman  colonists,  and  not  a  few 
famous  names  associate  themselves  with  the  town.  Cicero 
lived  there  for  a  time  in  exile.  St.  Paul  was  another  tempo- 
rary resident,  whose  epistles  to  the  Thessalonians  we  still 
preserve. 

The  emperor  Nero  decorated  the  city  with  a  colonnade,  a 
few  of  whose  battered  caryatides  were  visible  there  until  a  few 
years  ago,  under  the  picturesque  name  of  las  encantadas — the 
Enchanted  Women.     They  are  now  in  the  Louvre.     .     .     . 

Theodosius  the  Great  also  lived  there  in  380,  in  order 
to  keep  his  eye  on  the  Goths.  After  his  retirement  to  Milan, 
10,000  of  the  Thessalonians  were  butchered  in  the  circus,  in 
punishment  for  insulting  the  emperor's  lieutenant.  St. 
Ambrose,  Bishop  of  Milan,  thundered  from  the  pulpit  against 
the  imperial  murderer,  and  Theodosius  eventually  made  a 
most  humiliating  public  penance. 

During  the  Byzantine  period  Saioniki  became  the  second 
city  of  the  empire.  Its  situation  made  it  the  commercial 
capital  of  the  Balkan  Peninsula,  and  it  rivalled  Constan- 
tinople as  a  port  of  traffic  between  eastern  Europe  and  Alex- 
andria. But  its  wealth  and  its  comparative  remoteness 
also  made  it  a  frequent  object  of  attack.  Avars,  Goths,  and 
Huns  came  time  and  again  to  its  gates.  The  Saracens  cap- 
tured and  sacked  it  in  904.  The  Normans  descended  upon 
it  in  1185.     .     .     . 

The  ensuing  two  hundred  years  were  the  most  unhappy 
in  the  troubled  history  of  the  Thessalonians,  who  were  fought 
over  and  bandied  about  by  Greeks,  Bulgars,  Serbs,  Catalans, 
Venetians,  and  Turks. 

The  latter  first  appeared  on  the  scene  in  1380.  They 
did  not  definitely  take  possession,  however,  till  1430.  Then 
Sultan  Mourad  II,  father  of  the  conqueror  of  Constantinople, 
captured  the  town  from  the  Venetians,  gave  it  over  to  sack 
and  massacre,  carried  off  seven  thousand  of  the  Inhabitants 
into  slavery,  and  changed  many  of  the  churches  into  mosques 
or  tore  them  down  for  use  In  his  own  constructions.  Some 
of  the  marbles  of  Saloniki  were  carried  as  far  away  as  Adri- 
anople.  For  nearly  500  years  the  Turks  remained  in  undis- 
turbed possession.^ 

At  the  end  of  the  Balkan  War,  the  treaty  of  Bucharest 
(1913)  awarded  Saloniki  to  Greece. 

THE  OTTOMAN  EMPIRE 

Rise  of  the  Ottoman  Empire. — Turkey,  the  "sick  man  of 
Europe,"  has  been  for  some  time  in  the  fierce  glare  of  world 
publicity;  and  so  long  as  the  Turk  is  in  possession  of  Con- 

IR.  Rodd,  "The  Customs  and  Lore  of  Modern  Greece"  (1892). 
'H.  B.  Dwight  in  the  National  Geographic  Magazine  (Sept.>  1916). 


stantlnople — the  gateway  to  the  East — he  controls  the 
destiny  and  peace  of  Europe.  Through  that  gateway  lie 
the  Teuton  hopes  of  Oriental  and  world  dominion.  A  glance 
at  the  rise  of  this  waning  power  will  give  us  a  better  under- 
standing of  present  conditions. 

The  Ottoman  Empire  is  not  a  national  state.  It  has 
grown  by  the  domination  of  a  military  power  over  what 
might  have  been  nations,  or  parts  of  nations,  if  Ottoman 
militarism  had  not  cut  them  short.  A  writer  In  The  Round 
Table  briefly  outlines  the  growth  of  the  Ottoman  domina- 
tion: 

This  Ottoman  Power,  which  has  overshadowed  so  many  lands  and 
peoples  in  Asia  and  Europe,  sprang  from  small  beginnings.  Its  founder 
was  chief  of  a  little  troop  of  Turkish  nomads,  who  in  the  thirteenth  century 
wandered  into  Asia  Minor  from  Central  Asia.  The  Turkish  Sultans  al- 
ready established  in  the  country  let  the  wanderer  carve  himself  out  a  camp- 
ing-place on  their  northwestern  marches — the  hill  country  behind  the  Asia- 
tic shores  of  the  Sea  of  Marmora,  looking  down  upon  what  was  then  a 
Greek  coast  belonging  to  the  Byzantine  Empire.  The  founder's  son  turned 
the  camping-ground  into  a  state,  and,  taking  the  name  of  Osman  on  his 
conversion  from  paganism  to  Islam,  bequeathed  it  to  his  successors. 

The  Osmanlis  are  those  who  have  carried  on  what  Osman  began — and 
they  have  been  faithful  to  his  ideas.  In  less  than  three  centuries  they  added 
to  Osman's  few  square  miles  of  hill  country,  till  their  territory  stretched 
frdm  Hungary  and  Algiers  and  the  Crimea  to  the  Red  Sea  and  the  Persian 
Gulf,  and  they  won  the  whole  of  it  by  military  technique.  The  Osmanlis 
expanded  because  they  had  better  drill,  better  artillery,  better  military 
roads  than  the  peoples  they  overthrew.  .  .  .  The  instinct  for  soldier- 
ing is  the  Osmanlis'  one  and  inalienable  characteristic. 

Policy  Toward  Conquered  Peoples. — No  other  military 
state,  not  even  Prussia,  has  ever  so  remorselessly  exploited 
its  human  material.     The  Osmanlis'  system  was  Spartan. 

They  did  not  take  a  mere  toll  of  years  from  grown  men's  lives,  but  men's 
whole  hves  from  infancy — a  tribute  of  so  many  children  from  each  subject 
Christian  family,  every  so  many  years.  These  children  were  separated 
forever  from  their  families  at  the  earliest  possible  age,  educated  in  a  military 
school  as  Moslems,  and  drafted  into  a  standing  army,  fanatically  devoted 
to  their  corps,  the  Osmanli  Sultan,  and  Islam,  and  with  no  other  ties  in  the 
world.  The  Janissaries  (or  "New  Model  Army" — as,  indeed,  they  were) 
made  the  Ottoman  conquests,  and  each  fresh  people  they  brought  under 
the  Ottoman  domination  became  a  fresh  recruiting-ground. 

The  Ottoman  Empire  spread  with  a  disastrous  momentum,  engulfing 
free  peoples  and  destroying  well-grown  states — the  Byzantine  Empire, 
which  had  preserved  at  Constantinople  the  heritage  of  ancient  Greek  civili- 
zation; the  young,  vigorous  kingdoms  of  Bulgaria,  Serbia,  Bosnia,  Hungary; 
the  Roumanian  principalities  of  Wallachia  and  Moldavia;  the  Albanian 
tribesmen;  the  Greek  and  French  and  Italian  lordships  in  the  jEgean  Isl- 
ands and  Peloponnesus.  All  these  were  overthrown  by  the  Osmanlis  in 
Europe,  and  in  Asia  their  conquests  were  as  thorough  and  as  wide.  They 
conquered  impartially,  not  only  Christians  but  Moslems,  not  only  Mos- 
lems but  Turks.  .  .  .  Their  hand  was  against  every  man's,  and  none 
whom  they  conquered  became  reconciled  to  their  rule. 

Policy  of  Neglect.- — The  policy  of  neglect  Introduced 
by  Sultan  Mohammed  II,  who  conquered  Constantinople 
in  1453,  regarded  the  subject  peoples  simply  as  raw  material 
for  the  production  of  Ottoman  requirements — tribute  in 
children  and  tribute  In  kind  for  the  Sultan's  army,  and 
peasant  labour  for  the  estates  of  the  "beys"  or  feudal  re- 
tainers whom  the  Sultans  planted  on  the  richest  part  of  the 
conquered  soil.  Beyond  these  servitudes  the  Ottoman 
Empire  had  no  use  for  its  subject  peoples.  They  were  con- 
sidered only  as  ray  ah  (cattle). 

Formation  of  "Millets." — Provided  they  remained 
docile.  It  was  to  the  Osmanlis'  interest  that  they  should 
shepherd  themselves,  and  Mohammed  II  encouraged  the 
formation  of  "millets,"  or  subject  national  communities, 
within  the  Ottoman  state. 

The  "millets"  (the  most  important  of  which  were  the  Armenian  and  the 
Greek)  were  ostensibly  ecclesiastical  corporations.  At  the  head  of  each 
there  was  a  Patriarch  and  Council  resident  in  Constantinople,  who  exercised 
authority  over  their  nationahty  through  a  hierarchy  of  metropolitans,  bish- 
ops, and  village  priests.  .  .  .  The  Patriarchs  of  the  "millets"  were 
more  than  religious  primates.  The  administration  of  civil  law  among  their 
nationals  was  largely  left  in  their  hands,  and  their  jurisdiction  was  sup- 
ported by  the  force  of  the  Ottoman  state.  It  has  been  said  of  this  phase  of 
Ottoman  domination  that  countries  and  peoples  prospered  under  it  m 
proportion  to  their  neglect  by  the  Ottoman  government. 


GEOGRAPHICAL  MANUAL  AND  NEW  ATLAS 


289 


Decline  of  Ottoman  Power. — ^The  Ottoman  military 
machine  had  a  limited  span  of  vitality.  The  invincible 
Janissaries  sank  first  into  a  hereditary  militia,  then  into  a 
privileged  shopkeeping  class.  Their  privileges  w^ere  for  their 
sons,  and  new  Christian  recruits  became  unwelcome  inter- 
lopers. In  the  seventeenth  century  the  tribute  of  children 
was  abandoned,  through  the  jealousy  of  the  Janissaries  them- 
selves, not  through  the  humanitarianism  of  the  Ottoman 
government.  The  military  basis  of  Ottoman  domination 
was  sapped,  and  during  the  next  two  centuries  the  Ottoman 
territory  shrank  almost  as  rapidly  as  it  had  expanded  before. 
As  the  Osmanlis  were  beaten  in  war,  their  subject  peoples 
broke  away — some  to  find  a  better  life  under  other  states, 
some  to  found  new  national  states  of  their  own,  but  all  out- 
side the  Ottoman  dominion  and  only  at  the  expense  of  its 
territorial  integrity. 

Policy  of  Attrition. — Faced  by  the  fact  that,  as  Osmanll 
rule  grew  weaker,  one  subject  people  after  another  was  awak- 
ing to  a  national  life  of  its  own,  Abdul-Hamid  decided  to  ex- 
ploit these  national  movements  within  his  empire  by  turning 
them  against  one  another.  Abdul-Hamid  reigned  from  1876 
to  1908  when  he  was  deposed.  The  Balkan  Wars  of  1912-1913 
— first  of  the  Balkan  League  against  the  Ottoman  Empire, 
and  then  of  the  Confederates  against  each  other — ^were  the 
direct  fruit  of  Abdul-Hamid's  policy. 

The  Ottoman  government  emerged  from  the  Balkan  War  with  a  ter- 
ritory reduced  to  part  of  Thrace,  Constantinople,  the  Straits,  and  the 
provinces  in  Asia,  and  a  population  of  between  20  and  25  millions  (statistics 
are  inexact).  In  this  population  there  were  about  8,000,000  Turks,  nearly 
all  living  north  of  a  line  drawn  from  Alexandretta  to  Van;  7,000,000  Arabs 
(Moslem  or  Christian)  to  the  south  of  that  line;  2,000,000  Armenians  and 
2,000,000  Greeks,  scattered  over  the  northern  half  of  the  empire,  the  Greeks 
mostly  to  the  west  and  the  Armenians  to  the  east;  and  from  two  to  three 
million  semi-independent  hillmen. 

Policy  of  Extermination. — The  Young  Turkish  Party, 
which  overthrew  Abdul-Hamid  in  1908,  has  carried  on  a 
systematic  policy  of  extermination.  The  Young  Turkish 
motto  is  "Ottomanization,"  which  means  that  Turkish 
habits,  education,  religion,  but  above  all  language,  are  to  be 
imposed  upon  every  people  within  the  Ottoman  frontiers,  and 
that  those  who  cannot  be  coerced  are  to  be  eliminated. 

In  1913  the  population  of  Thrace,  the  only  European  prov- 
ince to  which  Turkey  could  lay  any  claim,  was  predominantly 
Greek,  with  a  Turkish  element  round  Adrianople  and  some 
Bulgarians  in  the  mountains  toward  the  northeast.  A  year 
later  only  Turks  were  left;  Greeks  and  Bulgarians  had  been 
■driven  out  across  the  frontier,  stripped  of  their  property  and 
their  lands.  At  the  same  time  the  Young  Turks  began  driv- 
ing out  the  Greeks  from  the  western  coastlands  of  Asia  Minor. 
They  meant  to  "solve"  their  Greek  problem  altogether,  and 
the  kingdom  of  Greece  was  on  the  verge  of  a  second  war  with 
the  Ottornan  Empire  on  this  account,  when  the  European 
War  supervened. 

Armenian  Atrocities. — The  Armenians  are  Christians, 
and  are  an  enlightened  and  industrious  people.  The  mas- 
sacres of  Armenians  was  the  greatest  blot  on  Abdul-Hamid's 
rule.  But  whereas  Abdul-Hamid  butchered  in  order  to 
weaken  the  Armenian  nation,  the  Young  Turks  set  about 
its  complete  elimination. 

The  extermination  of  the  2,000,000  Armenians  is  already  an  accomplished 
fact.  About  two-thirds  of  them  were  "deported" — men,  women,  and 
children — hundreds  of  miles,  for  weeks  on  end,  over  roadless  mountains, 
to  the  semi-tropical  swamps  and  deserts  on  the  empire's  southern  fringes. 
About  half  the  exiles  reached  their  destinations,  and  have  been  dying  there 
pince  of  starvation,  exposure,  and  disease.  The  other  half  died  of  exhaustion 
pn  the  way,  or  were  murdered  by  the  gendarmes  who  escorted  them  and 
by  organized  bands  of  brigands  and  Kurds.  A  third  of  the  nation  may  still 
be  alive — the  Armenians  in  Constantinople  and  Smyrna  were  mostly 
spared;  a  certain  number  escaped  by  conversion  to  Islam  (though  this,  for 


women  and  girls,  involved  entrance  into  a  Moslem's  harem);  about  200,000 
escaped  to  Russia  and  Egypt.  These  200,000  refugees — 10  per  cent  of 
the  Armenians  living  under  Ottoman  domination  in  1914— =-are  the  only 
Ottoman  Armenians  whose  preservation  is  assured. 

Sancta  Sophia. — ^The  first  questions  every  stranger 
asks  as  his  steamer  rounds  Seraglio  Point  from  the  Marmora, 
or  descends  the  Bosphorus  from  the  Black  Sea,  are:  "Where 
is  Sancta  Sophia?"     "Which  is  Sancta  Sophia?" 

To  catch  the  earliest  possible  glimpse  of  its  outline  the 
eye  of  every  traveller  is  strained.  Myths  and  legends  told 
concerning  it  are  devoured  with  eager  interest.  With  rapt 
attention  its  walls  and  pillars  and  arches  and  mosaics  are 
scanned.  In  after  years,  in  the  quiet  of  the  stranger's  home, 
it  is  the  colossal  form  of  Sancta  Sophia  which  stands  out  most 
distinct  on  the  canvas  of  Constantinople  memories. 

Nor  is  it  strange.  To  many  Constantinople  means 
nothing  but  Sancta  Sophia.  To  thousands  who  have  never 
even  heard  of  the  city's  wonderful  walls,  and  who  have 
never  made  a  mind-picture  of  the  Bosphorus,  the  name 
of  its  venerable  cathedral  is  a  familiar  sound.  Even  to  those 
who  know  it  least  it  is  the  synonym  of  what  is  grandest, 
most  glorious,  most  historic,  and  most  sacred  in  the  achieve- 
ments of  Christian  architecture. 

In  one  respect  Sancta  Sophia  is  unlike  every  other  anti- 
quarian monument  of  Constantinople.  Those  other  anti- 
quities of  the  city  belong  wholly  to  the  past,  and  have  no 
future.     .     .     . 

Sancta  Sophia  belongs  to  the  past  as  well.  In  537,  a 
whole  generation  before  the  birth  of  Mohammed  the  Prophet, 
its  great  dome  swept  heavenward  as  skylike  as  it  does  to- 
day. Yet  that  church,  we  may  believe,  has  a  future  as  glor- 
ious as,  perhaps  more  glorious  than,  its  past.     .     .     . 

The  Church  of  Sancta  Sophia  rises  on  the  crest  and 
western  side  of  the  first  hill.  It  stands  just  outside  the 
limits  of  ancient  Byzantium.  To-day  its  confused  and  shape- 
less pile,  bounded  by  four  massive  minarets,  encased  in 
gigantic  buttresses,  made  grotesque  by  wide  painted  stripes 
of  alternate  yellow  and  white,  fills  the  horizon  of  the  eye  from 
every  direction.  Like  Saint  Peter's  at  Rome,  it  traces  its 
history  by  an  unbroken  chain  back  to  Constantine  himself.' 

SYNOPSIS  OF  THE  BALKAN  STATES 
(See  Map,  p.  11) 

MONTENEGRO 

The  kingdom  of  Montenegro  lies  between  Northern  Albania  on  the 
south  and  Herzegovina  on  the  north.  The  surface  forms  a  series  of  elevated 
ridges  with  lofty  mountain  peaks,  many  of  which  are  covered  with  forests. 
The  Montenegrins  belong  to  the  Serbian  branch  of  the  Slav  race,  and  are 
members  of  the  Greek  Church.  A  large  portion  of  the  country  is  uncul- 
tivable,  consisting  of  forest  and  mountain  pasture,  and  bare  limestone. 
Large  herds  of  cattle  are  reared  and  some  small  crops  are  grown.  The  first 
railway  in  the  country  was  opened  in  December,  1908.  It  runs  from  Anti- 
vari  to  the  lake  of  Skutari  and  is  only  21  miles  in  length. 

Climate. — ^The  climate  is  severe  in  the  higher  regions,  and  comparatively 
mild  in  the  valleys  (mean  annual  temp,  about  58°F.).  During  the  winter 
the  capital  is  almost  inaccessible.     See  Climate  Map  of  Europe,  pp.  24,  25. 

Chief  Products. — Maize,  potatoes,  sumac,  castradina  (smoked  mutton), 
hides,  and  tobacco.     The  only  manufactures  are  coarse  woollens. 

Capital. — Cetinje.     Population  5,300. 

Ports. — Antivari  and  Dulcigno. 

Government. — Montenegro  was  a  principality  until  1910,  when  it  was 
proclaimed  a  kingdom.  The  legislative  authority  is  vested  in  a  Council 
of  State  and  a  Skupshtina,  consisting  of  76  members  elected  for  four  years. 

SERBIA 

The  kingdom  of  Serbia  is  separated  from  Hungary  by  the  Danube  and 
Save,  and  is  bounded  on  the  east  by  Bulgaria,  on  the  west  by  Albania  and 
Montenegro,  and  on  the  south  by  Greece.  The  country  is  mountainous, 
containing  the  remains  of  formerly  extensive  forests  and  uncultivated  heaths. 
The  state  religion  is  Greek  Orthodox.  ' 

Climate. — -The  climate  is  "continental."  In  Belgrade  the  mean  tempera- 
ture in  January  is  33.2°F.,  and  in  July  67°F.;  the  winters  among  the  moun- 
tains are  very  severe.     See  Climate  Map  of  Europe,  pp.  24,  25. 

Natural  Productions. — Agriculture,  which  is  carried  on  in  a  somewhat 
primitive  fashion,  is  practically  the  only  industry.  Almost  every  peasant 
cultivates  his  own  freehold,  varying  from  ten  to  thirty  acres.  The  prin- 
cipal crops  are  maize  for  home  consumption,  and  wheat  for  export;  flax, 
hemp,  and  tobacco  are  also  grown,  and  silk  culture  is  carried  on  to  a  limited 
extent.     Before  the  appearance  of  Phylloxera  in  1882  wine  was  exported  to 


*E.  A.  Grosvenor,  "Constantinople"  (1895). 


290 


GEOGRAPHICAL  MANUAL  AND  NEW  ATLAS 


France  and  Switzerland,  but  in  1882-1895  thousands  of  acres  of  vines  were 
destroyed.  Phylloxera  was  checked  by  importing  American  vines  and 
establishing  schools  of  viticulture. 

The  raising  of  live  stock,  and  particularly  swine,  forms  the  chief  source 
of  wealth  for  the  Serbian  peasants.  There  are  government  monopolies 
of  tobacco,  salt,  and  petroleum. 


Communications.— There  are  about  1,600  miles  of  railway  belonging 
to  the  state;  4,000  miles  of  telegraph,  with  12,000  miles  of  wire;  and  i,6oa 
miles  of  telephone  line,  with  12,000  miles  of  wire. 

Government. — ^The  executive  power  is  vested  in  the  king,  assisted  by  a 
council  of  ministers,  and  the  legislative  power  in  a  single  chamber,  the 
Sobranje,  or  National  Assembly,  elected  for  five  years. 


CHIEF  TOWNS  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  SERBIA 


TOWN 

POP.  IN 
THOUSANDS 

DEPARTMENT 

INDUSTRIES 

Bblgrade* 

monastir* 
N18H  or  NissA* 
Novibazar* 
Prizren* 

USKUP* 

90 

60 

25 

21 

47 

Belgrade 

Bitolj 

Nish 

Novibazar 

Prizren 

Skoplye 

Brewing,      iron-founding,      cloth,      boots, 

leather,  matches,  pottery. 
Flour,  cloth. 
Iron-founding. 
Agriculture. 

Fire-arms,  pottery,  glass. 
Dyeing,  weaving,  tanning,  flour,  wine. 

'Capital  of  department. 

Capital. — Belgrade,  on  the  Danube.     Population  00,89a 

Carpet  weaving  is  one  of  the  oldesf  industries  in  Serbia;  Pirot,  in  south- 
eastern Serbia,  is  the  centre  of  this  industry.  The  carpets  are  made  of 
pure  wool  dyed  with  natural  colours,  the  process  being  transmitted  from 
father  to  son. 

Chief  Imports. — Cottons,  hides,  machinery,  common  salt,  iron  bars, 
paper,  silk.  ^. 

Chief  Exports. — Prunes,  wheat,  maize,  pigs,  cattle,  horses,  raw  hides. 
The  bulk  of  the  trade  is  with  Austria-Hungary. 

Communications. — ^There  are  two  main  railway  lines,  Belgrade-Nish- 
Vranja,  and  Nish-Caribrod;  also  several  minor  branches,  making  a  total 
of  about  1,000  miles. 

There  are  about  3,000  miles  of  telegraph  lines  (6,500  miles  of  wire),  and 
over  500  miles  of  telephone  lines  (5,000  miles  of  wire). 

Government. — Serbia  is  a  limited  monarchy.  There  is  only  one  chamber, 
the  National  Assembly  (Narodna  Skupshtina),  consisting  of  166  deputies 
elected  by  the  people.  The  deputies  receive  a  salary  of  15  dinars  ($3)  a 
day  and  travelling  expenses.  The  executive  power  is  vested  in  the  king 
and  the  State  Council,  partly  appointed  by  the  king  and  partly  by  the 
Assembly. 

BULGARIA 

The  kingdom  of  Bulgaria  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  Roumania,  on  the 
west  by  Serbia  and  Greece,  on  the  east  by  the  Black  Sea,  and  on  the  south 
by  the  Turkish  province  of  Adrianople  and  the  jEgean  Sea.  The  prevailing 
religion  is  that  of  the  Orthodox  Greek  Church. 

Climate. — ^The  climate  is  "continental."  The  mean  temperature  of 
Sofia  in  January  is  26.6°F.,  and  in  July  71.6°?.  See  Climate  Map  0}  Europe, 
pp.  24,  25. 

Natural  Productions. — The  soil  yields  grain  (especially  maize  and 
wheat),  tobacco,  wine,  fruit;  while  the  horses,  cattle,  and  sheep  of  Bulgaria 
are  excellent.  Agriculture  and  stock-farming  divide  the  attention  of  the 
inhabitants  almost  equally.     Rose  culture  too  is  popular. 

The  mineral  resources  are  considerable,  although,  with  the  exception  of 
coal,  they  are  largely  unexploited.  They  include  gold  (in  small  quantities), 
silver,  graphite,  pyrite,  galena,  ochre,  manganese,  gypsum,  etc.  Thermal 
springs,  chiefly  sulphureous,  exist  in  many  localities  along  the  south- 
ern slope  of  the  Balkans.  Many  of  these  are  still  frequented  as  in  Roman 
times,  owing  to  their  therapeutic  properties. 

Manufactures. — The  manufacturing  industry  is  still  in  its  infancy, 
being  represented  chiefly  by  domestic  and  retail  industries.  Knives,  car- 
pets, woollen  ribands  {gailans),  and  goats'-hair  and  cotton  stuffs  are  pro- 
duced. 

CHIEF  TOWNS  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  BULGARIA 


TOWN 

THOUSANDS 

INDUSTRIES 

Philippopoms* 

47 

Philippopolis 

Rice,  attar  of  roses,  cocoons. 

Plevna* 

23 

Plevna 

Cattle,  wine. 

RUSTCHUK* 

36 

Rustchuk 

Tobacco,  cigarettes,  soap,  breweries,  dye- 
works,  tanneries,  brick  and  tile  works, 
pottery. 

Grain,   wine,  silk,   cloth,   copper   and   tin- 

Shumla* 

22 

Shumla 

wares. 

SuvNoor  Sliven 

50 

Slivno 

Homespuns,  wine,  silk. 

Sofia* 

102 

SoBa 

Breweries,  tanneries,  sugar,  tobacco,  cloth, 
silk. 

Varna*    ' 

41 

Varna 

Grain,  skins,  cloth. 

•Capital  of  department. 

Capital. — Sofia.     Population  102,812. 

Chief  Ports. — Varna  and  Bourgas,  on  the  Black  Sea;  Rustchuk,  Sistor, 
and  Vidin  on  the  Danube. 

Commerce. — ^The  foreign  trade  follows  three  main  routes — the  Danube, 
the  mainland  railway,  and  the  Black  Sea.  The  chief  trade  is  with  Austria- 
Hungary  and  Germany.  Up  to  1914  considerable  trade  was  done  with 
the  United  Kingdom,  France,  and  Italy. 

Chief  Imports. — Textiles,  metal  goods  and  machinery,  colonial  wares, 
leather,  building  materials,  petroleum,  and  other  oils,  paper,  salt  fish,  rice, 
and  coal. 

Chief  Exports. — Cereals,  live  stock,  essence  of  roses,  woollens,  skins, 
cheese,  eggs,  timber,  silk  cocoons,  and  tobacco. 


ROUMANIA 

The  kingdom  of  Roumania  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  Russia,  on  the 
east  by  Russia  and  the  Black  Sea,  on  the  south  by  Bulgaria,  and  on  the 
west  by  Serbia  (Danube)  and  Austria-Hungary  (Carpathians).  The 
prevailing  religion  is  that  of  the  Orthodox  Greek  Church.  Many  Rouma- 
nians are  to  be  found  in  neighbouring  countries,  especially  in  Transylvania 
and  Hungary. 

Climate. — The  climate  is  extreme,  chiefly  because  the  country  is  ex- 
posed toward  the  northeast.  The  heat  in  summer  is  often  ioo°F.;  in  winter 
the  mercury  frequen/tly  reaches — 4°F.,  so  that  the  rivers  are  often  thickly 
covered  with  ice  for  weeks  at  a  time.  At  Bukharest  the  mean  temperature 
in  January  is  38.3°F.,  and  in  July  68°F.  See  Climate  Map  of  Europe,  pp. 
24,  25. 

Natural  Productions. — The  soil  is  among  the  richest  in  Europe,  and 
but  for  the  summer  droughts  would  be  also  the  most  productive.  Cereals, 
wines,  and  timber  zre  the  chief  products.  More  than  40  per  cent  of  the 
agricultural  land  is  in  small  holdings  of  25  acres  or  less,  held  by  over  one 
million  peasant  proprietors.  The  riches  of  the  country  consist  mainly  in 
its  cattle  and  sheep.  Minerals  are  said  to  be  abundant,  but  only  salt  and 
petroleum  are  worked.  The  latter  is  the  country's  chief  industry,  and  about 
^75,000,000  of  capital,  mostly  foreign,  is  invested  in  it. 


CHIEF  TOWNS-AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  ROUMANIA 


IHOUSANDS 

industries 

Botosani* 

33 

Botosani 

Starch,  flour. 

Braila* 

66 

Braila 

Grain,  timber. 

Bukharest* 

309 

Ilfov 

Petroleum,  distilleries,  machinery,  wire, 
nails,  cement,  soap,  candles,  paste, 
starch,  paper,  buttons,  textiles,  leather. 

BUZAU 

30 

Buzau 

Petroleum,  timber,  grain. 

CONSTANTZA    Ot 

KUSTENDJI* 

28 

Constantza 

Grain,  petroleum.     (Black  Sea  port.) 

Crajova* 

52 

Dolj 

Rope,  carriages,  tanneries. 

Galatz* 

73 

Covurlui 

Saw-mills,  paste,  flour,  chemicals,  ropes, 
petroleum. 

Jassy* 

76 

Jassy 

Petroleum,    salt,    metals,    timber,    cereals, 

wine,  leather. 

Ployesti* 

57 

Prahova 

Cardboard,  ropes,  tanneries,  oil. 

•Capital  of  department. 

Capital. — Bukharest.     Population  308,987. 

Commerce. — Up  to  1914  the  chief  trade  was  carried  on  with  Germany, 
Austria-Hungary,  Italy,  Belgium,  France,  and  Turkey. 

Chief  Imports. — Principally  the  manufactured  goods  of  western  Europe, 
including  metals,  textiles,  and  machinery. 

Chief  Exports. — Wheat,  barley,  maize,  petroleum,  beans  and  oil  seeds, 
wood,  cattle,  hides,  and  skins. 

Communications. — There  are  about  2,400  miles  of  railway,  practically 
all  of  which  belongs  to  the  state;  5,600  miles  of  telegraph  lines,  with  15,700 
miles  of  wire;  and  25,000  miles  of  telephone  lines,  with  70,000  miles  of  wire. 

Government. — Roumania  is  a  limited  monarchy.  The  legislature 
consists  of  a  Senate  of  120  members,  and  a  Chamber  of  183  members.  Mem- 
bers of  both  houses  are  paid  $^  a  day  during  the  sessions. 


GREECE 

Greece  is  a  maritime  kingdom  in  the  southeast  of  Europe.  As  a  result 
of  the  Balkan  Wars  of  1912-1913  its  area  was  increased  by  the  addition  of 
portions  of  Macedonia,  Albania,  and  Thrace,  and  by  the  capture  of  many 
of  the  Turkish  islands.  The  country  is  composed  of  a  continental  portion 
(the  southern  part  of  the  Balkan  Peninsula),  and  of  the  islands  in  the 
yEgean,  Mediterranean,  and  Ionian  seas.  The  surface  is  nearly  all  moun- 
tainous; the  coasts  are  elevated,  irregular,  and  deeply  indented. 

Islands. — The  Greek  islands  include  the  Ionian  Islands  (Corfu,  Leucas, 
Ithaca,  Cephalonia,  and  Zante),  the  Cyclades,  Eubcea,  Crete,  and  the  greater 
number  of  the  Turkish  Archipelago  (Lemnos,  Mytilene  or  Lesbos,  Chios, 
etc.).  Crete,  or  Candia,  has  an  area  of  2,950  square  miles,  with  a  population 
of  270,000  Greek  Christians  and  40,000  Mohammedans.  The  staple  product 
of  Crete  is  olive  oil,  chiefly  exported  as  a  lubricant.  In  mediasval  times  wine 
was  largely  produced  in  the  island;  and  until  recently  much  common  black 
wine  was  shipped  to  France  for  conversion  into  claret.     See  p.  284. 

Climate. — The  coasts  and  islands  have  a  uniform  oceanic  climate,  with 
winter  rains,  closely  resembling  the  climate  of  Spain  and  Italy;  but  the  iso- 
lated mountain  gorges  and  valleys  of  the  interior  suffer  from  great  extremes 
of  heat  and  cold.  At  Athens  the  mean  temperature  in  January  is  47.5°F., 
and  in  July  78. 3°F.     See  Climate  Map  of  Europe,  pp.  24^,  2$. 

Natural  Productions. — Agriculture  is  the  chief  industry,  carried  on 
principally  by  peasant  proprietors.  Wheat  and  mm'z/  are  grown  on  the 
plains  of  Thessaly.  Grapes,  olives,  and  other  southern  fruits,  as  well  as 
cotton  and  tobacco,  are  produced.  Currants  (raisins  of  Corinth)  are  the  dried 
fruits  of  a  small  vine  which  grows  luxuriantly  in  Greece  and  the  Grecian 
islands.  Large  flocks  of  sheep  and  goats  are  kept,  but  there  are  few  cattle 
br  pigs.  Minerals,  especially  iron,  lead,  silver,  and  zinc,  are  worked  to 
some  extent. 


GEOGRAPHICAL  MANUAL  AND  NEW  ATLAS 


291 


CHIEF  CITIES  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  GREECE 


POP.  IN 

NAME   OF 

Athbn»* 

167 

Attica 

Marble,  vf>ol'ens. 

Corfu* 

27 

Corfu 

Wines,  olives. 

Kavala 

45 

Drama 

Chif  outport  for  Macedonian  to- 
bacco. 

Larissa* 

18 

Larissa 

Leather,  cotton,  silk,  tobacco. 

Patras* 

38 

Achaia 

Currants,  olive  oil,  olives,  citron. 

PlRAUS 

74 

Attica 

Cotton,  machinery,  breweries,  rope 
works.     (Port  of  Athens.) 

Saiomiki* 

160 

Saloniki 

(Principal  JEgeta  seaport  of  the 
Balkan  States.)  Leather,  cotton- 
spinning,  brewing,  iron-founding, 
mastic. 

Serbs' 

18 

Seres 

Wool,  cloth,  carpets,  rice. 

VoDENA 

9 

Saloniki 

Centre  of  nee  industry. 

VOLO* 

23 

Magnesia 

(Chief  seaport  of  Thessaly.) 

'Capital  of  province. 

Capital. — Athens.     Population  167,479  (with  Piraeus,  241,058). 

Chief  Ports. — Piraeus,  Patras,  Nauplia,  Yolo,  Saloniki,  and  Kavala  on 
the  mainland. 

Commerce. — The  chief  trade  is  with  the  United  Kingdom,  the  United 
States,  and  France. 

Chief  Imports. — Cotton  and  other  manufactures,  corn,  timber,  cattle, 
hides,  sugar,  and  coal. 

Chief  Exports. — Currants,  figs,  olive  oil,  wine,  cognac,  tobacco,  hides, 
lead,  iron  ore,  magnesium,  emery,  marble,  and  sponges. 

Communications.- — There  are  about  1,000  miles  of  railroad.  Before 
the  Balkan  Wars  (1912-1913)  Greece  was  completely  isolated  by  land  from 
the  rest  of  Europe,  but  is  now  being  linked  up  with  the  European  system. 
There  is  a  ship  canal  through  the  Isthmus  of  Corinth,  but  it  is  rarely  used 
by  foreign  vessels. 

There  are  about  6,000  miles  of  telegraph  lines,  with  10,000  miles  of  wire; 
and  1,500  miles  of  telephone  lines,  with  5,000  miles  of  wire. 

Government. — On  gaining  its  independence  in  the  famous  struggle  of 
1821-1829,  after  centuries  of  subjection  to  Turkey,  Greece  was  in  1830  de- 
clared a  kingdom  under  the  protection  of  Great  Britain,  France,  and  Russia. 
The  executive  is  vested  in  the  king  and  his  ministers.  The  legislative  au- 
thority is  in  the  hands  of  the  Boule,  a  single  chamber  of  184  members  elected 
by  manhood  suffrage  for  four  years.  The  deputies  are  paid  4,000  drachma! 
($800)  a  year,  except  those  living  in  Athens  or  in  Piraeus,  who  receive  only 
3,200  drachma!  (^640). 


TURKEY  IN  EUROPE 

Until  the  war  of  1912-1913  (Bulgaria,  Greece,  Serbia,  and  Montenegro 
against  Turkey),  the  European  dominion  of  Turkey  extended  westward  to 
the  Adriatic  and  northward  to  Bosnia-Herzegovina  (Austria).  Under  the 
treaty  of  London  (May  30,  1913)  the  northwest  portion  of  Turkey  was  a 
line  drawn  from  Enos,  in  the  jEgean,  to  Midia,  in  the  Black  Sea,  thus  ex- 
cluding Adrianople,  which  had  capitulated  to  the  Bulgarians  after  a  pro- 
longed siege.  During  the  second  Balkan  War  (Bulgaria  against  the  other 
members  of  the  Balkan  League)  Turkey  took  advantage  of  the  military 
difficulties  of  Bulgaria  and  reoccupied  Adrianople,  thus  recovering  a  con- 
siderable portion  of  the  vilayet  of  that  name.  In  191 1-191 2  Turkey  lost 
the  remaining  portion  of  her  African  possessions  through  the  occupation 
by  Italy  of  Tripoli  and  Cyrenaica,  which  were  ceded  under  the  treaty  of 
Ouchy  (1912).  Turkey  joined  forces  with  the  Teutons  in  November,  1914, 
and  attacked  the  Allies.  Her  doom  as  a  European  power  is  in  all  probability 
sealed. 

European  Turkey  consists  of  the  vilayets  or  provinces  of  Adrianople  and 
Constantinople,  and  the  mutessarifat  or  district  of  Chatalja,  and  is  separated 
from  Asia  by  the  Bosphorus  at  Constantinople  and  by  the  Dardanelles 
(Hellespont),  about  40  miles  in  length,  with  a  width  varying  from  one  to 
four  miles — the  only  political  neighbour  being  Bulgaria,  on  the  north- 
west. 

Climate. — ^The  climate  is  mild.  The  mean  temperature  of  Constanti- 
nople in  January  is  42.8°F.,  and  in  July  72.5°F. 

Cities  and  Industries. — Constantinople,  the  capital  of  the  empire,  has 
a  population  of  about  1,200,000.  Most  of  the  commerce  of  the  city  is  in 
the  hands  of  foreigners  and  Armenian  and  Greek  merchants;  the  Turks 
themselves  have  little  to  do  with  trade  on  a  large  scale.  Adrianople,  on 
the  Maritza,  has  a  population  of  100,000,  and  contains  carpet  factories  and 
distilleries  of  attar  of  roses. 

Government. — Until  recent  times  Turkey  was  an  absolute  monarchy 
under  a  Sultan.  In  1876  the  Sultan  proclaimed  a  constitution,  but  sus- 
pended it  in  1878.  The  peaceful  revolution  brought  about  by  the  Young 
Turks  in  1908  led  to  its  restoration. 

Under  the  constitution  the  Sultan,  who  is  the  protector  of  the  Moslem 
religion,  appoints  and  dismisses  his  ministers,  concludes  all  treaties  with 
foreign  powers,  declares  war,  is  the  head  of  the  military  and  naval  forces, 
and  can  dissolve  parliament.  The  legislature  consists  of  a  Senate,  whose 
members  are  nominated  by  the  Sultan,  and  a  Chamber  of  Deputies  elected 
for  four  years.  Deputies  must  be  Ottomans;  they  receive  20,000  piastres 
(about  $900)  per  session  and  travelling  expenses. 

For  Turkey  in  Asia,  see  page  315. 


SHORT  TRIPS  IN  EUROPE 


For  the  American  tourist  who  wishes  to  see  as  much  of 
Europe  as  possible  during  a  short  vacation  abroad  we  sug- 
gest the  following  trip.  It  is  one  specially  recommended  in 
Rolfe's  "Satchel  Guide  to  Europe." 

THREE  WEEKS  FROM  LONDON  TO  LONDON 

Day  I.  Take  the  Great  Eastern  route,  via  Harwich, 
to  Antwerp,  arriving  at  about  10  a.  m.  Spend  the  rest  of 
that  day  in  Antwerp,  going  to  Brussels  in  the  evening  (or 
early  next  day). 

Day  2.     Spend  the  day  and  night  in  Brussels. 

Day  3.  Leave  Brussels  by  morning  express  (about  10 
A.  M.)  for  Cologne,  via  Liege,  arriving  at  about  4  p.  M. 

Day  4.     A  day  in  Cologne. 

Day  5.  From  Cologne  to  Bingen  by  Rhine  steamer  (8:45 
A.  M.  to  7  p.  M.). 

Day  6.  From  Bingen  to  Strassburg,  via  Kreuznach  (about 
9:40  A.  M.  to  2  p.  M.).  This  route  is  shorter  and  more 
picturesque  than  that  from  Mainz  (Mayence),  until  the  two 
unite;  and  by  spending  the  night  at  Bingen,  two  hours  on 
the  Rhine  (from  7  to  9  p.  m.,  or  later,  if  the  river  is  low) 
are  saved.  Even  if  one  wants  to  visit  Mainz,  it  is  pleasanter 
to  stop  at  Bingen  and  go  on  by  rail  next  morning. 

From  Strassburg  one  has  a  choice  of  three  routes  to  Switzer- 
land: (i)  direct  to  Bale,  via  Miilhausen,  or  (2)  via  Appen- 
weier  and  Freiburg;  or  (3)  to  Schaffhausen,  via  Appenweier, 
Orenburg,  and  the  Black  Forest  Railway.  Going  to  Bale  by 
either  route,  he  will  arrive  early  in  the  evening,  and  may,  if 
he  chooses,  push  on  to  Lucerne  the  same  night,  arriving  be- 
tween 9  and  10  p.  M.  If  he  spends  the  night  in  Bale,  he 
can  reach  Lucerne  at  about  10  a.  m.  next  day.  We  advise 
him,  however,  to  take  the  Black  Forest  route,  as  follows: — 
'Day  7.     Strassburg  to  Schaffhausen  (12  M.   to  6:15  p.  M.). 

Day  8.  Schaffhausen  to  Zurich  (2  hours),  dividing  the 
rest  of  the  day  between  the  two  towns. 

Day  9.  From  Zurich  to  Zug  by  rail  (i  hour),  over  Lake 
Zug  by  steamer  to  Arth  (about  i  hour),  and  up  the  Rigi  by 
the  railway  on  that  side  of  the  mountain;  thence,  after  an 
hour  or  two  on  the  summit,  down  by  the  other  railway  to 


Vitznau,  where  take  the  steamer  for  Fluelen,  and  thence  to 
Lucerne,  when  the  boat  returns.  All  this  can  be  comfort- 
ably done  in  one  day,  reaching  Lucerne  at  about  7  p.  m. 

Day  10.     After  a  morning  walk  about  Lucerne,  leave  at 
about  II  A.  M.  for  Alpnach  and  the  Briinig,  reaching  Brienz 
about  4  p.  M.     Go  on  by  steamer  (about    20  minutes)    to , 
Giesshach  and  spend  the  night  there. 

Day  II.  To  Interlaken  by  steamer  over  Lake  Brienz, 
arriving  about  noon,  and  spending  the  rest  of  the  day  there. 

Day  12.  Devote  this  day  to  an  excursion  to  Lauter- 
brunnen  and  Grindelwald  by  railway  via  Zweiltitschinen; 
or  take  the  railway  from  Lauterbrunnen  over  the  Wengern 
Alp,  returning  to  Interlaken  by  rail  from  Grindelwald. 

The  excursion  from  Lauterbrunnen  to  Miirren  may  be 
substituted  for  that  to  Grindelwald  by  the  Wengern  Alp. 
It  is  hard  to  choose  between  the  two,  so  far  as  the  scenery  is 
concerned;  but  the  Miirren  trip  is  shorter  and  much  easier 
now  that  it  can  be  made  by  rail. 

Day  13.  To  Bern  in  the  morning,  and  thence  to  Fri- 
bourg  in  the  afternoon. 

Day  14.     To  Lausanne,  and  by  night  express  to  Paris. 

Days   15-19.     Five  days  in  Paris. 

Day  20.     To  Rouen  by  morning  train. 

Day  21.     To  London  via  Dieppe  (most  convenient  route). 

If  one  objects  to  travelling  on  Sunday,  he  should  arrange,  if 
possible,  to  be  in  Brussels  (2d  day)  or  Cologne  (4th  day)  on 
Sunday,  and  spend  the  next  Sunday  at  Schaffhausen  or 
Zurich,  adding  one  day  to  the  twenty-one  above.  The 
third  Sunday  would  be  spent  in  Paris  in  either  case. 

Heidelberg  may  be  substituted  for  Strassburg  by  going 
(6th  day)  from  Bingen  to  Heidelberg  via  Mainz  (about  4 
hours)  and  next  day  from  Heidelberg  to  Schaffhausen  (about 
10:30  A.  M.  to  6:15  p.  M.). 

A  SHORT  RUN  INTO  NORTHERN  ITALY 

Day  I.  Go  from  Lucerne  (Day  9  above)  to  Milan  by  St. 
Gothard  Railway  (about  10  a.  m.  to  5:30  p.  M.).  By  leaving 
Lucerne  an  hour  earlier,  one  can  go  by  steamer  over  the  Lake 
to  Fluelen,  taking  the  train  at  the  landing  there. 


292 


GEOGRAPHICAL  MANUAL  AND  NEW  ATLAS 


Day  2.  Leave  Milan  at  about  i  p.  m.  for  Venice, 
arriving  at  about  7  p.  m. 

Days  3,  4.     Two  days  in  Venice. 

Day  5.  To  Verona  by  morning  train  (about  3  hours), 
and  thence  back  to  Milan  in  the  evening. 

Day  6.     From  Milan  to  Lucerne  by  St.  Gothard. 

Two  days  more  will  enable  one  to  go  from  Milan  to  Genoa 
(about  4  hours  by  rail)  and  back,  giving  some  additional 
time  in  the  former  city  and  ample  time  for  seeing  the  latter. 

The  tourist  can  avoid  returning  from  Italy  by  the  same 
route,  and  see  a  good  deal  of  Alpine  scenery  besides,  if  he 
takes  the  Brenner  road  from  Verona  to  Innsbruck,  and  on  the 
next  day  the  Arlberg  road  from  there  to  Constance,  Zurich,  or 
Lucerne.  Leaving  Innsbruck  at  about  9  A.  m.  he  will  reach 
Bregenz  about  2  P.  M.  and  Constance  by  steamer  about  5 
p.  M.;  or  Zurich  (by  railway)  at  about  6  p.  M.;  or  Lucerne 
about  II  p.  M. 

The  route  may  be  reversed  (and  combined  with  the  tour 
above)  by  going  from  Zurich  (Day  9)  to  Innsbruck;t\\tnct. 
to  Verona;  thence  to  Venice;  thence  direct  to  Milan;  and 
thence  over  the  St.  Gothard  to  Fliielen  and  Lucerne.  A 
day  can  then  be  given  to  the  Lake  and  the  Rigi;  after  which 
the  trip  may  be  continued  over  the  Briinig  as  above  (Day  10). 

If  two  days  more  can  be  spared  for  northern  Italy,  the 
time  may  be  well  devoted  to  the  Lakes,  taking  a  portion  of 
the  route  described  below.  Instead  of  going  through  from 
Lucerne  to  Milan,  stop  at  Lugano  (about  3  P.  M.),  next 
day  go  to  Porlezza,  Menaggio,  and  Bellagio  and  next  to  Como 
and  Milan.  If  preferred,  the  other  half  of  the  route  can  be 
taken;  that  is,  from  Lugano  by  Ponte  Tresa,  Luino,  Locarno, 
Pallanza  (or  Baveno),  and  Arona  to  Milan. 

If  this  little  tour  among  the  Lakes  be  taken  on  leaving 
Italy,  either  of  the  half-routes  will  simply  be  reversed. 


THE    ITALIAN    LAKES 

For  a  short  excursion  taking  in  Lakes  Como,  Lugano,  and 
Maggiore,  we  commend  the  following:  From  Milan  by  rail 
to  Como;  thence  by  steamer  to  Bellagio.  Spend  the  rest  of 
the  day  and  the  night  there,  visiting  the  Villa  Serbelloni 
for  the  loveliest  view  in  all  Italy.  Next  morning,  go  by 
steamer  to  Menaggio,  thence  by  railway  to  Porlezza  on  Lake 
Lugano,  and  by  steamer  to  Lugano;  spending  the  afternoon 
and  night  there,  or  going  on  by  steamer  to  Ponte  Tresa, 
and  by  railway  to  Luino  on  Lake  Maggiore.  From  Luino 
go  up  the  lake  by  steamer  to  Locarno,  and  down  by  the  return 
boat  to  Pallanza  or  Baveno.  Visit  the  Borromean  Isles,  and 
next  morning  take  the  steamer  to  Arona,  and  rail  back  to 
Milan.  If  you  leave  Italy  by  the  St.  Gothard  route,  go  down 
Lake  Maggiore  from  Luino  to  Pallanza,  then  up  to  Locarno, 
and  by  rail  to  the  St.  Gothard. 

NORWEGIAN  FIORDS 

This  is  a  most  delightful  trip  in  summer.  Steamers  leave 
Newcastle,  Hull,  Leith,  and  Aberdeen,  and  cross  the  North 
Sea  to  Skudesnas.  The  sailing  is  then  continued  for  hundreds 
of  miles  through  the  magnificent  scenery  of  the  coasts  and 
fiords  of  Norway,  protected  from  the  ocean  by  a  series  of 
outlying  islands,  occasionally  varied  by  short  excursions  on 
shore.  The  trip  is  generally  continued  through  the  Har- 
danger  Fiord,  past  Bergen,  through  the  Sogne  Fiord,  and  past 
Molde  to  Trondhjem;  which  includes  the  most  interesting 
part  of  the  Norwegian  coast.  Those  who  have  more  time 
and  money  at  their  disposal  often  continue  the  journey 
right  along  the  coast  of  Norway  to  Hammerfest  and  the 
North  Cape,  in  order  to  see  the  Midnight  Sun. 


\ 


AFRICA 


The  Dark  Continent. — Africa  is  rapidly  losing  its  claim 
to  the  distinguishing  title  of  "the  Dark  Continent,"  for 
there  are  few  parts  of  that  vast  continent  that  have  not  been 
explored  by  intrepid  Europeans.  If  by  "dark"  we  allude 
to  the  barbarism  of  the  African  tribes,  then  the  designation 
will  hold  good  for  many  years  to  come.  The  opening  up  of 
Africa  is  one  of  the  most  marvellous  achievements  of  our 
own  times. 

Until  the  close  of  the  Napoleonic  wars,  the  greater  part  of 
Africa  was  practically  unknown  to  Europeans.  A  glance  at 
old  maps  will  reveal  the  ignorance  that  then  prevailed. 
This  was  the  period  when,  as  Swift  satirically  said — 

"Geographers,  in  Afric  maps, 
With  savage  pictures  filled  their  gaps, 
And  o'er  unhabitable  downs 
Placed  elephants  for  want  of  towns." 

Era  of  Exploration. — Among  those  who  yearned  to  fill 
in  the  gaps  and  to  become  acquainted  with  the  "regions 
beyond"  was  that  great  British  missionary  and  explorer 
David  Livingstone.  In  1849  he  crossed  the  Kalahari  desert 
from  south  to  north  and  reached  Lake  Ngami.  Within  the 
next  seven  years  Livingstone  traversed  the  continent  from 
west  to  east,  tracing  the  Zambezi  to  near  its  source,  and 
discovering  the  southernmost  tributaries  of  the  Congo.  Dur- 
ing these  wanderings  he  discovered  the  celebrated  Victoria 
Falls  (November,  1855),  so  named  in  honour  of  the  queen  of 
England.  Next  he  explored  the  Lower  Zambezi,  the  Shire 
River,  and  Lake  Nyasa.  A  third  time  he  returned  to  the 
Zambezi  to  find  out  what  lay  beyond  Lake  Nyasa.  Thus  he 
discovered  Lakes  Bangweolo  and  Mweru,  and  the  south  end 
of  Lake  Tanganyika;  the  upper  end  of  Tanganyika  had 
been  previously  visited  by  Burton  and  Speke  (1858).     Fi- 


nally Livingstone  discovered  the  Lualaba,  the  upper  course  of 
the  Congo,  which  he  believed  to  be  the  head-stream  of  the 
Nile,  and  firm  in  that  belief  Livingstone  died  his  lonely  death 
in  the  heart  of  Africa.  No  single  explorer  has  done  so  much 
for  African  geography  as  Livingstone.  "In  the  annals  of 
exploration  of  the  Dark  Continent,"  wrote  Stanley,  "we 
look  in  vain  among  other  nationalities  for  a  name  such  as 
Livingstone's.  He  stands  preeminent  above  all;  he  united 
in  himself  all  the  best  qualities  of  other  explorers." 

Livingstone's  example  and  death  acted  as  an  inspiration. 
His  work  was  carried  on  by  the  traveller  who  came  to  his 
rescue — Stanley — and  by  another  relief  expedition  under 
Cameron.  The  latter  tramped  right  across  Central  Africa 
on  foot  from  the  Zanzibar  coast  to  Angola.  Stanley,  a 
Welshman  by  birth,  set  himself  to  solve  the  mystery  of  the 
Lualaba  (Livingstone's  river),  and  in  spite  of  almost  in- 
superable difficulties — cutting  his  way  through  miles  of  forest 
and  battling  with  cannibal  tribes — proved  that  the  Lualaba 
and  the  Congo  are  one  stream  by  following  the  river  to  the 
Atlantic  Ocean. 

Meanwhile  other  British  explorers,  Speke  and  Grant,  had 
solved  the  riddle  of  the  Nile;  while  another  explorer,  Samuel 
Baker,  discovered  the  Albert  Nyanza,  the  western  reservoir 
of  the  Nile. 

No  Negro  race  cared  whence  the  Nile  came  or  whither 
it  flowed.  Interest  in  geographical  problems  is  almost  the 
exclusive  heritage  of  the  Caucasian.  This  is  the  human 
race  which  for  some  three  thousand  years  has  felt  first  a 
flickering  curiosity,  latterly  an  intense  desire,  to  wrest  the 
secret  of  the  Nile  sources  from  the  heart  of  Africa.  Its 
aim  is  accomplished.  The  main  features  of  the  Nile  system 
are  placed  on  the  maps  of  civilized  men.^ 


'Sir  Harry  Johnson,  "The  Nile  Quest"  (1903). 


GEOGRAPHICAL  MANUAL  AND  NEW  ATLAS 


293 


Diamonds  and  Gold. — In  South  Africa  the  gaps  in  the  map 
were  being  rapidly  filled  up.  The  finding  of  diamonds  in 
1869  caused  a  rush  to  the  valley  of  the  Vaal  River,  and  led 
to  conflicts  between  the  Dutch  and  British  authorities.  The 
development  of  the  Witwatersrand  (the  "Rand")  mines 
from  1887  led  to  a  further  rush  and  to  other  clashes  with  the 
Boers,  culminating  in  the  South  African  War. 

Scramble  for  Africa. — In  the  early  'eighties  began  the 
great  scramble  for  Africa  on  the  part  of  European  nations. 
The  Germans,  seeking  to  rival  the  British  colonial  empire, 
began  to  seize  large  tracts  in  southern  and  central  Africa. 
The  French  also  sought  to  extend  their  power  into  the  Sahara 
and  the  Niger  valley.  In  order  to  prevent  its  colonies  from 
being  cut  off  from  the  interior.  Great  Britain  was  forced 
to  make  similar  seizures.  Thus  it  came  about  that  in  a  few 
years  practically  every  part  of  the  African  continent  that 
had  not  been  previously  attached  was  carved  into  Euro- 
pean protectorates  and  spheres  of  influence. 

Cecil  John  Rhodes. — One  of  the  principal  promoters  of 
British  expansion  was  Rhodes,  the  great  empire-builder, 
"whose  dream  was  to  extend  the  British  dominions  from 
the  Cape  to  the  Zambezi — "From  Lion's  Head  to  Line." 
With  his  enormous  wealth  amassed  in  the  gold  and  diamond 
fields  of  South  Africa,  and  aided  by  Dr.  (later  Sir  L.  S.) 
Jameson  and  by  the  famous  lion-hunter  Selous,  his  ambitious 
scheme  was  almost  realized  and  Rhodesia  was  placed  upon 
the  map.  The  German  colony  of  East  Africa  barred  his 
nortbern  progress;  but  the  Great  War  swept  the  barrier 
away,  though  Rhodes  did  not  live  to  see  this  "all  red"  path 
from  the  Cape  to  the  Suez  CanaL 

RACES  OF  AFRICA 

The  races  of  northern  Africa  are  more  akin  to  the  races  of 
fiouthern  Europe  than  to  those  of  central  and  southern  Africa. 
In  fact,  the  north  of  Africa  forms  one  region  with  the  south 
rf  Europe  in  respect  of  structure,  vegetation,  climate,  and 
race.  In  describing  the  races  of  Europe  (see  p.  243)  we 
introduced  the  Mediterranean  race.  This  race  may  be 
regarded  as  including  the  Hamites  and  the  Semites,  who 
together  make  up  the  bulk  of  the  population  of  northern 
Africa. 

HAMiTES.^The  Hamites  have  dark  skins,  well-formed 
features,  and  frequently  frizzly  (but  not  woolly)  hair.  To 
the  western  division  of  this  group  belong  the  Berber  peoples 
north  of  the  Sahara,  the  Tuaregs  of  the  western  Sahara  south 
of  Algeria,  and  the  Fulahs,  a  Sudanese  people  with  a  mixture 
of  Negro  blood.  To  the  eastern  division  belong  the  Fellahin 
and  the  Copts  of  Egypt,  the  Bejas  between  the  Middle  Nile 
and  the  Red  Sea,  and  the  Gallas  and  the  Somali  between 
the  head-streams  of  the  Nile  and  the  Indian  Ocean. 

Semites. — The  Semites  have  curly  and  abundant  hair, 
long  skull,  oval  face,  and  prominent  nose,  either  straight  or 
aquiline.  The  Semites  are  Caucasians,  and  in  ancient  times 
included  the  Babylonians,  Assyrians,  Phoenicians,  and  other 
peoples  of  southwestern  Asia.  They  are  now  chiefly  repre- 
sented by  the  Jews  and  Arabs.  The  home  of  the  Arabs 
IS  the  Arabian  peninsula.  They  are  an  enterprising  race, 
and  have  spread  not  only  over  western  Asia  but  over  a  large 
part  of  Africa,  where  their  blood  is  largely  intermingled 
with  that  of  other  races.  The  nomadic  Arabs  of  northern 
Africa  are  mostly  pure  Semites,  while  the  Moors  dwelling 
in  towns  are  of  mixed  descent.  The  Abyssinians  are  a 
mixture  of  Arab  and  Hamitic  elements.  As  we  go  farther 
south  we  find  the  racial  distinctions  much  less  clearly  de- 


fined. This  is  largely  due  to  the  absence  of  natural  bar- 
riers, and  the  consequent  ease  of  communication  between 
the  various  races. 

Negroes. — The  Negroes  belong  to  the  typical  African 
branch  of  the  Ethiopian  race,  and  are  characterized  by  tall 
stature  and  often  powerful  physique,  flat  broad  nose,  woolly 
hair,  thick  everted  lips,  prominent  jaws  with  large  teeth, 
and  dark  brown  to  sooty  black  skin.  The  true  Negroes  are 
found  in  the  Sudan;  they  have  extended  north  into  the  desert 
and  south  to  the  coast  of  Upper  Guinea. 

Negroids. — The  Negroes  have  intermingled  with  other 
stocks,  for  example,  with  Hamites  in  the  north  and  with 
Bushmen  in  the  south;  and  these  mixed  Negro  races  are 
known  generally  as  Negroids.  In  central  and  southern 
Africa  there  is  a  group  of  languages  known  as  Bantu.  The 
native  tribes  speaking  any  of  these  Bantu  languages  or  dia- 
lects are  commonly  called  Bantus.  In  reality  they  are  Bantu 
Negroids,  for  the  Bantus  do  not  properly  form  a  racial  unit. 
They  are  usually  shorter  than  the  true  Negroes  and  their 
skin  is  not  so  dark.  The  Bantu  Negroids  form  three  im- 
portant groups  in  South  Africa:  (i)  The  Bechuanas  and 
Basutos,  in  the  centre  and  extending  eastward  to  the  Draken- 
bergs;  and  in  the  upper  basin  of  the  Zambezi,  the  Barotse 
and  the  Mashonas.  (2)  The  warlike  Zulus  and  the  Mata- 
bele,  east  of  the  Drakenbergs.  The  general  term  Kaffirs 
is  often  applied  to  the  Zulus,  as  well  as  to  other  Bantu  tribes 
occupying  the  region  between  Cape  Province  and  Natal. 
(3)  The  Hereros  of  Damaraland  and  kindred  tribes  on  the 
west  of  the  continent. 

Bushmen. — ^The  Bushmen  are  a  race  of  nomadic  hunters 
chiefly  inhabiting  the  Kalahari  desert.  They  are  very  short 
(usually  under  five  feet),  with  a  flat  triangular  face,  a  leathery 
yellow  skin,  and  short  woolly  hair  growing  in  tufts.  They 
are  regarded  as  the  aborigines  of  central  and  southern 
Africa,  related  to  the  Pygmies. 

Hottentots. — Still  another  native  race,  and  one  that  has 
probably  sprung  from  a  blending  of  the  Bushmen  and  the 
Bantus,  is  found  in  South  Africa — the  Hottentots.  The 
skin  of  the  Hottentot  is  yellowish  brown,  and  he  is  slightly 
taller  than  the  Bushman.  The  purest  Hottentots  are  the 
iVawajof  Namaqualand  (or  Namaland)  of  Southwest  Africa. 
A  great  number  are  scattered  throughout  Cape  Province, 
but  these  are  mostly  of  mixed  Hottentot  and  Bantu  or  Boer 
descent. 

Pygmies. — In  the  dense  forests  of  equatorial  Africa  are 
tribes  of  Pygmies,  or  Negrillos  as  they  are  scientifically  called 
to  distinguish  them  from  the  Negritos  or  Asiatic  Pygmies. 
The  average  height  of  the  Negrillos  is  not  more  than  four 
feet  six  inches.  They  have  crisp,  curly  hair;  large  ape-like 
mouth;  receding  chin;  an  abundance  of  fine  woolly  hair  on 
the  body;  and  a  general  ape-like  appearance.  They  have  a 
dark  yellowish  skin,  and  their  feet  are  large,  and  bent  slightly 
inwards.  They  wear  practically  no  clothing,  and  their 
dwellings  are  simply  arbours  made  of  interlaced  branches 
and  leaves,  with  a  small  hole  near  the  bottom  into  which  the 
Pygmy  crawls  on  all  fours.  Like  the  Bushmen,  they  are 
expert  with  the  bow  and  poisoned  arrows.  The  Negrillos 
use  arrows  as  a  medium  of  exchange.  For  instance,  ten  to 
fifteen  arrows  will  purchase  a  wife  among  these  forest  dwarfs. 

Later  Immigrants. — In  various  parts  of  Africa  there  are 
settlements  of  Europeans,  besides  a  number  of  East  Indians, 
Malays,  Chinese,  and  other  Asiatics.  In  South  Africa  the  half- 
breeds  are  commonly  called  Cape  boys  or  Cape  girls,  as  the 
case  may  be.  When  the  writer  was  in  South  Africa,  he  was 
often  amused  by  these  Cape  boys  claiming  to  be  "Scotch." 


294 


GEOGRAPHICAL  MANUAL  AND  NEW  ATLAS 


Victoria  Falls. — ^The  Victoria  Falls  in  the  river  Zam- 
bezi were  discovered  by  Livingstone  in  November,  1855. 
Livingstone  approached  them  from  above  and  gained  his 
first  sight  of  the  falls  from  the  island  on  its  lip  now  named 
after  him.  Five  years  later  Livingstone,  with  Dr.  (afterward 
Sir  John)  Kirk,  made  a  fuller  investigation  of  these  marvel- 
lous falls. 

We  landed  at  the  head  of  Garden  Island,  which  is  situ- 
ated near  the  middle  of  the  river  and  on  the  lip  of  the  Falls. 
On  reaching  that  lip  and  peering  over  the  giddy  height,  the 
wondrous  and  unique  character  of  the  magnificent  cascade 
at  once  burst  upon  us. 

It  is  rather  a  hopeless  task  to  endeavour  to  convey  an 
idea  of  it  in  words,  since,  as  was  remarked  on  the  spot,  an 
accomplished  painter,  even  by  a  nurrrber  of  views,  could  but 
impart  a  faint  impression  of  the  glorious  scene.  The  prob- 
able mode  of  its  formation  may  perhaps  help  to  the  concep- 
tion of  its  peculiar  shape.  Niagara  has  been  formed  by 
a  wearing  back  of  the  rock  over  which  the  river  falls,  and, 
during  a  long  course  of  ages,  it  has  gradually  receded,  and 
left  a  broad,  deep,  and  pretty  straight  trough  in  front.  It 
goes  on  wearing  back  daily,  and  may  yet  discharge  the  lakes 
from  which  its  river — St.  Lawrence^flows.  But  the  Vic- 
toria Falls  have  been  formed  by  a  crack  right  across  the 
river,  in  the  hard,  black,  basaltic  rock  which  there  formed  the 
bed  of  the  Zambezi.  The  lips  of  the  crack  are  still  quite 
sharp,  save  about  three  feet  of  the  edge  over  which  the  river 
rolls.  The  walls  go  sheer  down  from  the  lips  without  any 
projecting  crag,  or  symptom  of  stratification  or  dislocation. 
When  the  mighty  rift  occurred,  no  change  of  level  took  place 
in  the  two  parts  of  the  bed  of  the  river  thus  rent  asunder; 
consequently,  in  coming  down  the  river  to  Garden  Island, 
the  water  suddenly  disappears,  and  we  see  the  opposite  side 
of  the  cleft,  with  grass  and  trees  growing  where  once  the 
river  ran,  on  the  same  level  as  that  part  of  its  bed  on  which 
we  sail.  The  first  crack  is,  in  length,  a  few  yards  more  than 
the  breadth  of  the  Zambezi,  which  by  measurement  we  found 
to  be  a  little  over  1,860  yards,  but  this  number  we  resolved 
to  retain  as  indicating  the  year  in  which  the  Fall  was  for 
the  first  time  carefully  examined. 

The  main  stream  here  runs  nearly  north  and  south,  and 
the  cleft  across  it  is  nearly  east  and  west.  The  depth  of  the 
rift  was  measured  by  lowering  a  line,  to  the  end  of  which  a 
few  bullets  and  a  foot  of  white  cotton  cloth  were  tied.  One 
of  us  lay  with  his  head  over  a  projecting  crag,  and  watched 
the  descending  calico,  till,  after  his  companions  had  paid 
out  310  feet,  the  weight  rested  on  a  sloping  projection, 
probably  50  feet  from  the  water  below,  the  actual  bottom 
being  still  farther  down.  The  white  cloth  now  appeared 
the  size  of  a  crown  piece.  On  measuring  the  width  of  this 
deep  cleft  by  sextant,  it  was  found  at  Garden  Island,  its 
narrowest  part,  to  be  eighty  yards,  and  at  its  broadest  some- 
what more.  Into  this  chasm,  of  twice  the  depth  of  Niagara 
Falls,  the  river  a  full,  mile  wide,  rolls  with  a  deafening  roar; 
and  this  is  Mosi-oa-tunya  or  the  Victoria  Falls.' 

With  Speke  in  Uganda. — ^The  English  explorer,  John 
Hanning  Speke,  started  out  with  his  expedition  of  over 
200  men  from  Zanzibar  in  October,  1 860,  in  quest  of  the  source 
of  the  Nile.  He  encountered  illness  on  the  march,  besides 
the  hostility  and  extortion  of  the  natives.  Arriving  at  the 
capital  of  Uganda,  Speke  was  detained  by  the  king,  Mutesa, 
for  several  months,  but  at  last  being  provided  with  guides 
he  reached  the  spot  (July  28,  1862)  where  the  Nile  issued 
from  the  Victoria  Nyanza  lake.  Thus  the  problem  which 
had  baffled  all  former  efforts — extending  over  two  thousand 
years — was  solved. 

During  his  enforced  stay  at  the  court  of  the  tyrant  of 
Uganda,  Speke  became  a  great  favourite.  The  young  king 
was  very  trying  to  deal  with,  and  not  infrequently  Speke 
intervened  to  save  the  lives  of  queens  or  pages  who  for  a 


mere  nothing  were  condemned  to  a  cruel  execution.  On 
one  occasion  a  picnic  on  the  shores  of  the  Victoria  Nyanza 
was  attended  by  the  following  incident.  One  of  Mutesa's 
wives,  "a  most  charming  creature,  and  truly  one  of  the  best 
of  the  lot,  plucked  a  fruit  and  offered  it  to  the  king,  thinking, 
doubtless,  to  please  him  greatly;  but  he,  like  a  rriadman,  flew 
into  a  towering  passion,  said  it  was  the  first  time  a  woman 
had  ever  had  the  impudence  to  offer  him  anything,  and 
ordered  the  pages  to  seize,  bind,  and  lead  her  off  to  execution. 
These  words  were  no  sooner  uttered  by  the  king  than  the 
whole  bevy  of  pages  slipped  their  cord  turbans  from  their 
heads,  and  rushed  like  a  pack  of  cupid  beagles  upon  the  fairy 
queen,  who,  indignant  at  the  little  urchins  daring  to  touch 
her  majesty,  remonstrated  with  the  king,  and  tried  to  beat 
them  off  like  flies,  but  was  soon  captured,  overcome,  and 
dragged  away,  crying  on  the  names  of  the  Kamuraviona 
and  'Mzungu'  (myself)  for  help  and  protection;  whilst 
Lubuga,  the  pet  sister,  and  all  the  other  women  clasped  the 
king  by  his  legs,  and  kneeling,  implored  forgiveness  for  their 
sister.  The  more  they  craved  for  mercy,  the  more  brutal  he 
became,  till  at  last  he  took  a  heavy  stick  and  began  to  belabour 
the  poor  victim  on  the  head. 

"Hitherto  I  had  been  extremely  careful  not  to  interfere 
with  any  of  the  king's  acts  of  arbitrary  cruelty,  knowing 
that  such  interference,  at  an  early  stage,  would  produce 
more  harm  than  good.  This  last  act  of  barbarism,  however, 
was  too  much  for  my  English  blood  to  stand;  and  as  I  heard 
my  name,  'Mzungu'  (i.  e.,  'White-man')  imploringly  pro- 
nounced I  rushed  at  the  king,  and  staying  his  uplifted  arm, 
demanded  from  him  the  woman's  life.  Of  course  I  ran 
imminent  risk  of  losing  my  own  in  thus  thwarting  the 
capricious  tyrant;  but  his  caprice  proved  the  friend  of  both. 
The  novelty  of  interference  even  made  him  smile,  and  the 
woman  was  instantly  released."' 

Stanley's  Finding  of  Livingstone. — How  Stanley  was 
sent  by  the  proprietor  of  the  New  York  Herald  to  search  for 
Livingstone,  how  he  overcame  innumerable  difficulties  and 
dangers  and  at  length  (November  10,  1871)  found  the  great 
explorer  whom  the  world  believed  to  be  either  lost  or  dead, 
and,  above  all,  the  dramatic  meeting  of  the  two  white  men 
in  the  heart  of  Africa,  are  among  the  most  stirring  pages  in 
the  records  of  African  exploration. 

We  were  now  about  three  hundred  yards  from  the  village 
of  Ujiji,  and  the  crowds  are  dense  about  me.  Suddenly  I 
hear  a  voice  on  my  right  say: 

"Good  morning,  sir!" 

Startled  at  hearing  this  greeting  in  the  midst  of  such  a 
crowd  of  black  people,  I  turn  sharply  around  in  search  of  the 
man,  and  see  him  at  my  side,  with  the  blackest  of  faces,  but 
animated  and  joyous — a  man  dressed  in  a  long  white  shirt, 
with  a  turban  of  American  sheeting  around  his  woolly  head, 
and  I  ask: 

"Who  the  mischief  are  you?" 

"I  am  Susi,  the  servant  of  Dr.  Livingstone,"  said  he, 
smiling,  and  showing  a  gleaming  row  of  teeth. 

"What!     Is  Dr.  Livingstone  here?" 

"Yes,  sir  " 

"In  this  village?" 

"Yes,  sir." 

"Are  you  sure?" 

"Sure,  sure,  sir.     Why,  I  leave  him  just  now." 

"Good  morning,  sir,"  said  another  voice. 

"Hallo,"  said  I,  "is  this  another  one?" 

"Yes,  sir." 

"Well,  what  is  your  name?" 

"My  name  is  Chumah,  sir." 

"What!  are  you  Chumah,  the  friend  of  Wekotani?" 

"Yes,  sir." 

"And  is  the  Doctor  well?" 

"Not  very  well,  sir." 

"Where  has  he  been  so  long?" 

"In  Manyuema." 


^David  and  Charles  Livingstone,  "Expedition  to  the  Zambezi  and  Itf  Tributaries"  (1866). 


ij.  H.  Speke,  "Journal  of  the  Discovery  of  the  Source  of  the  Nile"  (1863). 


GEOGRAPHICAL  MANUAL  AND  NEW  ATLAS 


295 


"Now,  you  Susi,  run,  and  tell  the  Doctor  I  am  coming." 
"Yes,  sir,"  and  off  he  darted  like  a  madman. 
But  by  this  time  we  were  within  two  hundred  yards  of 
the  village,  and  the  multitude  was  getting  denser,  and  almost 
preventing  our  march.  Flags  and  streamers  were  out; 
Arabs  and  Wangwana  were  pushing  their  way  through  the 
natives  in  order  to  greet  us,  for,  according  to  their  account, 
we  belonged  to  them.  But  the  great  wonder  of  all  was, 
"How  did  you  come  from  Unyanyembe?" 

Soon  Susi  came  running  back,  and  asked  me  my  name; 
he  had  told  the  Doctor  that  I  was  coming,  but  the  Doctor 
was  too  surprised  to  believe  him,  and,  when  the  Doctor  asked 
him  my  name,  Susi  was  rather  staggered. 

But,  during  Susi's  absence,  the  news  had  been  conveyed 
to  the  Doctor  that  it  was  surely  a  white  man  that  was  com- 
ing, whose  guns  were  firing  and  whose  flag  could  be  seen; 
and  the  great  Arab  magnates  of  Ujiji  .  .  .  had  gathered 
together  before  the  Doctor's  house,  and  the  Doctor  had  come 
out  from  his  veranda  to  discuss  the  matter  and  await  my 
arrival. 

In  the  meantime,  the  head  of  the  Expedition  had  halted, 
and  the  kirangozi  [guide]  was  out  of  the  ranks,  holding  his 
flag  aloft,  and  Selim  said  to  me,  "I  see  the  Doctor,  sir.  Oh 
what  an  old  man!  He  has  got  a  white  beard."  And  I — 
what  would  I  not  have  given  for  a  bit  of  friendly  wilderness, 
where,  unseen,  I  might  vent  my  joy  in  some  mad  freak, 
such  as  idiotically  biting  my  hand,  turning  a  somersault,  or 
slashing  at  trees,  in  order  to  allay  those  exciting  feelings 
that  were  well-nigh  uncontrollable.  My  heart  beats  fast, 
but  I  must  not  let  my  face  betray  my  emotions,  lest  it  shall 
detract  from  the  dignity  of  a  white  man  appearing  under 
such  extraordinary  circumstances. 

So  I  did  that  which  I  thought  was  most  dignified.  I 
pushed  back  the  crowds,  and,  passing  from  the  rear,  walked 
down  a  living  avenue  of  people,  until  I  came  in  front  of  the 
semi-circle  of  Arabs,  in  the  front  of  which  stood  the  white 
man  with  the  gray  beard.  As  I  advanced  slowly  toward 
him  I  noticed  he  was  pale,  looked  wearied,  had  a  gray 
beard,  wore  a  bluish  cap  with  a  faded  gold  band  round  it, 
had  on  a  red-sleeved  waistcoat,  and  a  pair  of  gray  tweed 
trousers.  I  would  have  run  to  him,  only  I  was  a  coward  in 
the  presence  of  such  a  mob — would  have  embraced  him, 
only,  he  being  an  Englishman,  I  did  not  know  how  he  would 
receive  me;  so  I  did  what  cowardice  and  false  pride  suggested 
was  the  best  thing — walked  deliberately  to  him,  took  off  my 
hat,  and  said: 

"Dr.  Livingstone,  I  presume?" 

"Yes,"  said  he,  with  a  kind  smile,  lifting  his  cap  slightly. 
I  replace  my  hat  on  my  head,  and  he  puts  on  his  cap, 
and  we  both  grasp  hands,  and  I  then  say  aloud: 

"I  thank  God,  Doctor,  I  have  been  permitted  to  see  you." 
He  answered,  "I  feel  thankful  that  I  am  here  to  welcome 
you." 

I  turn  to  the  Arabs,  take  off  my  hat  to  them  in  response 
to  the  saluting  chorus  of  "Yambos"  [how  are  you.?]  I  re- 
ceive, and  the  Doctor  introduces  them  to  me  by  name. 
Then,  oblivious  of  the  crowds,  oblivious  of  the  men  who 
shared  with  me  my  dangers,  we — Livingstone  and  I — turn 
our  faces  towards  his  tembe  [house].  He  points  to  the 
veranda,  or  rather,  mud  platform,  under  the  broad  over- 
hanging eaves;  he  points  to  his  own  particular  seat,  which 
I  see  his  age  and  experience  in  Africa  has  suggested,  namely, 
a  straw  mat,  with  a  goatskin  over  it,  and  another  skin  nailed 
against  the  wall  to  protect  his  back  from  contact  with  the 
cold  mud.  I  protest  against  taking  this  seat,  which  so  much 
more  befits  him  than  me,  but  the  Doctor  will  not  yield:  I 
must  take  it. 

We  are  seated — the  Doctor  and  I — with  our  backs  to 
the  wall.  The  Arabs  take  seats  on  our  left.  More  than  a 
thousand  natives  are  in  our  front,  filling  the  whole  square 
densely,  indulging  their  curiosity,  and  discussing  the  fact  of 
two  white  men  meeting  at  Ujiji — one  just  come  from  Man- 
yuema,  in  the  west,  the  other  from  Unyanyembe,  in  the  east. 
Conversation  began.  What  about?  I  declare  I  have 
forgotten.  Oh!  we  mutually  asked  questions  of  one  another, 
such  as: 

"How  did  you  come  here?"  and  "Where  have  you  been 
all  thi?  long  time? — the  world  has  believed  you  to  be  dead." 


Yes,  that  was  the  way  it  began;  but  whatever  the  Doctor  in- 
formed me,  and  that  which  I  communicated  to  him,  I  cannot 
correctly  report,  for  I  found  myself  gazing  at  him,  conning 
the  wonderful  man  at  whose  side  I  now  sat  in  Central  Africa. 
Every  hair  of  his  head  and  beard,  every  wrinkle  of  his  face, 
the  wanness  of  his  features,  and  the  slightly  wearied  look  he 
wore,  were  all  imparting  intelligence  to  me — the  knowledge 
I  craved  for  so  much  ever  since  I  heard  the  words,  "Take 
what  you  want,  but  find  Livingstone."^ 

Matrimonial  Matches  in  UGANDA.-^Until  their  mar- 
riage, the  girls  in  the  Unyoro  villages  go  about  perfectly 
nude,  even  when  they  go  out  of  the  house.  The  married 
women  are  also  naked  in  the  house,  but  never  in  the  presence 
of  servants  or  of  strangers. 

When  two  families  are  on  friendly  terms,  and  wish  to 
make  a  match  between  their  children,  the  two  fathers,  in  the 
first  place,  visit  each  other  twice  or  thrice  to  drink  mwenge, 
and  on  such  occasions  many  guests  are  invited.  Then  the 
bride's  father  goes  to  the  father  of  the  bridegroom,  and 
offers  him  his  daughter  "for  friendship's  sake."  After  this, 
the  price  of  the  bride  is  discussed  and  fixed,  and  a  great 
feast  follows,  to  which  both  parties  contribute.  A  few 
days  after  the  stipulated  sum  has  been  paid,  the  bride  is 
fetched  in  the  midst  of  a  large  procession;  amidst  singing 
and  dancing,  and  copious  libations  of  mwenge,  the  way  is 
taken  to  the  bridegroom's  house,  where  she  is  handed  over 
to  the  bridegroom,  and  the  whole  company  spends  the  night 
in  singing,  dancing,  and  drinking.  The  father  of  the  bride 
receives  for  himself  and  his  people  the  two  hindquarters  of 
the  ox  slaughtered  on  this  occasion  by  the  bridegroom's 
father.  On  the  third  day  after  the  completion  of  the  mar- 
riage, the  whole  village  assembles  to  pad  the  hut  of  the  newly 
wedded  couple  with  hay,  when  fresh  libations  follow.  On 
the  sixth  day  after  the  wedding  the  young  wife  visits  her 
parents,  and  during  this  visit,  of  three  or  four  days'  dura- 
tion, the  husband  keeps  aloof.  Fresh  symposia  given  by 
the  father  of  the  bride  bring  the  ceremonies  to  a  conclusion. 
The  young  wife  then  returns  to  her  house,  andif  her  hus- 
band is  in  good  circumstances,  passes  her  time  in  smoking, 
coffee-chewmg,  idling,  and  paying  visits.^ 

With  Stanley  in  Darkest  Africa. — In  1887  Stanley 
organized  an  expedition  for  the  relief  of  Emin  Pasha  (Eduard 
Schnitzer),  who  after  the  Mahdist  rising  in  the  Sudan  was 
cooped  up  with  his  Egyptian  followers  in  the  Equatorial 
Province  of  Egypt  at  Wadelai,  north  of  Lake  Albert  Nyanza. 
Stanley  this  time  entered  Africa  on  the  west  by  way  of  the 
Congo;  and  after  a  series  of  extraordinary  marches  through  a 
forest  region,  during  which  starvation,  fever,  and  the  hos- 
tility of  native  tribes  were  daily  instances,  so  that  Stanley 
lost  nearly  half  of  his  men,  he  met  Emin  Pasha  in  the  neigh- 
bourhood of  the  Albert  Nyanza  on  April  29,  1888. 

During  this  journey  Stanley  had  unpleasant  experiences 
of  the  Manyuema,  a  tribe  of  the  Upper  Congo  formerly 
noted  for  cannibalism  and  slave  raiding. 

It  is  but  right  to  acknowledge  that  we  were  received  on 
the  first  day  with  ostentatious  kindness,  but  on  the  third 
day  something  of  a  strangeness  sprang  up  between  us.  Their 
cordiality  probably  rose  from  a  belief  that  our  loads  con- 
tained some  desirable  articles,  but  unfortunately  the  first- 
class  beads  that  would  have  sufficed  for  the  purchase  of 
all  their  stock  of  corn  were  lost  by  the  capsizing  of  a  canoe 
near  Panga  Falls,  and  the  gold-braided  Arab  burnooses 
were  stolen  below  Ugarrowwa  by  deserters.  Disappointed 
at  not  receiving  the  expected  quantity  of  fine  cloth  or  fine 
beads,  they  proceeded  systematically  to  tempt  our  men  to 
sell  everything  they  possessed,  shirts,  caps,  waist  cloths, 
knives,  belts,  to  which,  being  their  personal  property,  we 
could  make  no  objection.     But  the  lucky  owners  of  such 


^H.  M.  Stanley,  "How  I  Found  Livingstone"  (1889). 
'Emin  Pasha,  "In  Central  Africa"  (1889). 


296 


GEOGRAPHICAL  MANUAL  AND  NEW  ATLAS 


articles  having  been  seen  by  others  less  fortunate,  hugely 
enjoying  varieties  of  succulent  food,  were  the  means  of  in- 
spiring the  latter  to  envy  and  finally  to  theft.  The  un- 
thrifty and  reckless  men  sold  their  ammunition,  accoutre- 
ments, bill  hooks,  ramrods,  and  finally  their  Remington 
rifles.  Thus,  after  escaping  the  terrible  dangers  of  starva- 
tion and  such  injuries  as  the  many  savage  tribes  could  inflict 
on  us,  we  were  in  near  peril  of  becoming  slaves  to  the  Arab 
slaves. 

Despite  entreaties  for  corn,  we  could  obtain  no  more 
than  two  ears  per  man  per  day.  I  promised  to  pay  triple 
price  for  everything  received,  on  the  arrival  of  the  rear  column, 
but  with  these  people  a  present  possession  is  better  than  a 
prospective  one.  They  professed  to  doubt  that  we  had 
cloth,  and  to  believe  that  we  had  travelled  all  this  distance 
to  fight  them.  We  represented  on  the  other  hand  that  all 
we  needed  were  six  ears  of  corn  per  day  during  nine  days' 
rest.  Three  rifles  disappeared.  The  Headmen  denied  all 
knowledge  of  them.  We  were  compelled  to  reflect  that,  if 
it  were  true,  they  suspected  we  entertained  sinister  inten- 
tions toward  them,  that  surely  the  safest  and  craftiest  policy 
would  be  to  purchase  our  arms  secretly,  and  disarm  us  alto- 
gether, when  they  could  enforce  what  terms  they  pleased  on  us. 

On  the  2ist  six  more  rifles  were  sold.  At  this  rate  the 
Expedition  would  be  wrecked  in  a  short  time,  for  a  body  of 
men  without  arms  in  the  heart  of  the  great  forest,  with  a 
host  of  men  to  the  eastward  and  a  large  body  to  the  west- 
ward depending  upon  them,  were  lost  beyond  hope  of  salva- 
tion. Both  advance  and  retreat  were  equally  cut  off",  and 
no  resource  would  be  left  but  absolute  submission  to  the 
chief  who  chose  to  assert  himself  to  be  our  master  or  Death. 
Therefore  I  proposed  for  my  part  to  struggle  strongly  against 
such  a  fate,  and  either  to  provoke  it  instantly,  or  ward  it 
off"  by  prompt  action. 

A  muster  was  made,  the  five  men  without  arms  were 
sentenced  to  twenty-five  lashes  each  and  to  be  tied  up. 
After  a  considerable  fume  and  fuss  had  been  exhibited,  a 
man  stepped  up,  as  one  was  about  to  undergo  punishment, 
and  begged  permission  to  speak. 

"This  man  is  innocent,  sir.  I  have  his  rifle  in  my  hutyl 
seized  it  last  night  from  Juma  (one  of  the  cooks),  son  of 
Forkali,  as  he  brought  it  to  a  Manyuema  to  sell.  It  may 
be  Juma  stole  it  from  this  man.  I  know  that  all  these  men 
have  pleaded  that  their  rifles  have  been  stolen  by  others, 
while  they  slept.  It  may  be  true  as  in  this  case."  Mean- 
time Juma  had  flown,  but  was  found  later  on  hiding  in  the 
corn  fields.  He  confessed  that  he  had  stolen  two,  and  had 
taken  them  to  the  informer  to  be  disposed  of  for  corn,  or  a 
goat,  but  it  was  solely  at  the  instigation  of  the  informer. 
It  may  have  been  true,  for  scarcely  one  of  them  but  was 
quite  capable  of  such  a  course,  but  the  story  was  lame  and 
unreasonable  in  this  case  and  was  rejected.  Another  now 
came  up  and  recognized  Juma  as  the  thief  who  had  abstracted 
his  rifle — and  having  proved  his  statement  and  confession 
having  been  made — the  prisoner  was  sentenced  to  immediate 
execution,  which  was  accordingly  carried  out  by  hanging.^ 

Among  the  Abyssinians. — ^The  English  traveller,  A. 
Henry  Savage  Landor,  gives  an  interesting  account  of  his 
journey  across  Africa  from  Jubuti  on  the  Gulf  of  Aden  to 
Cape  Verde.  This  journey  of  over  8,500  miles  occupied 
a  year.  Landor  was  unaccompanied  by  any  other  white 
person.  In  the  account  of  his  travels*  he  has  much  of 
interest  to  tell  of  the  manners  and  customs  of  the  Abyssinians. 

There  are  fashionable  colours  among  African  tribes  as 
there  are  in  Europe,  and  fashions  change  continually.  Blue 
beads  and  brass  bracelets  were  the  fashion  at  the  time  of  my 
visit  to  Tchara.  Only  occasionally  one  saw  a  dash  of  red 
in  the  men's  shawls.  The  characteristic  basket-work  um- 
brellas were  carried  both  by  men  and  women. 

To  and  fro  upon  the  road  leading  to  the  market  went 
women  carrying  large  red  earthen  jars  and  calabashes  with 
butter.     Some  of  the  smarter  ladies  were  dressed  in  gowns 


JHenry  M.  Stanley,  "In  Darkest  Africa"  C1890). 
*"  Across  Widest  Africa"  (1907). 


not  unlike  the  garments  of  the  ancient  Greeks,  with  a  red 
border  at  the  bottom  and  leaving  one  arm  exposed. 

The  men  were  finer  specimens  of  humanity  than  the 
women.  They  possessed  square,  bony  faces,  and  the  ana- 
tomical details  of  limbs  and  body  were  somewhat  better 
proportioned  and  chiselled.  They  lead  a  natural  and  healthy 
out-of-door  life. 

All  the  Galla  of  this  country  were  Mussulmans.  Of 
late  years  the  religion  of  Islam  has  made,  and  is  making, 
considerable  headway  in  Abyssinia  among  the  tribes  akin 
to  the  Galla.  Perhaps  some  day  this  important  Mussulman 
element  in  the  population  of  Abyssinia  may  be  a  great 
factor  in  upsetting  the  power  of  the  ruling  Christians. 

As  I  was  writing  my  notes  in  the  afternoon  a  man  with 
haggard  face  and  staring  eyes  and  his  body  reduced  to  a 
skeleton  by  hunger,  came  into  my  camp — evidently  a  case 
of  insanity.  Several  wounds,  which  were  beginning  to  heal, 
had  been  inflicted  upon  his  body,  and  when  he  extended 
his  arms  imploring  for  food  a  heavy  iron  chain  hung  from  his 
wrists  where  it  had  been  soldered.  He  was  a  murderer. 
The  state  does  not  keep  its  prisoners.  When  not  killed  out- 
right they  are  let  loose  about  the  country,  driven  away  like 
pariah  dogs  by  everybody  and  obliged  to  lead  a  miserable 
existence.  This  particular  man  was  a  raving  lunatic  with 
criminal  characteristics  noticeable  in  the  formation  of  his 
skull  and  hands.  The  fingers  were  short  and  square-tipped, 
the  thumb  repulsively  rrialformed.  The  forehead  was  low 
and  narrow,  the  eyes  close  to  the  nose  and  the  cheekbones 
abnormally  developed. 

He  entreated  me  to  take  him  along  with  me  on  the 
journey,  but  I  thought  a  companion  of  this  kind  would  be 
rather  undesirable,  so  I  gave  him  food  supplies  to  last  several 
days  and  persuaded  him  to  leave  my  camp  at  his  earliest 
convenience. 

Mombasa. — No  idle  occupation  can  be  more  fascinating 
than  to  wander  about  the  mazes  of  the  ancient  town.  The 
variety  of  race  and  occupation  is  something  astounding. 
Probably  the  one  human  note  that,  everywhere  persisting, 
draws  the  whole  together  is  furnished  by  the  water-carriers. 

Mombasa  has  no  water  system  whatever.  The  entire 
supply  is  drawn  from  numberless  picturesque  wells  scattered 
everywhere  in  the  crowded  centre,  and  distributed  mainly 
in  Standard  Oil  cans  suspended  at  either  end  of  a  short  pole. 
By  dint  of  constant  daily  exercise,  hauling  water  up  from  a 
depth  and  carrying  it  various  distances,  these  men  have 
developed  the  most  beautiful  powerful  figures.  They  proceed 
at  a  half  trot,  the  slender  poles,  with  forty  pounds  at  either 
end,  seeming  fairly  to  cut  into  their  naked  shoulders,  mut- 
tering a  word  of  warning  to  the  loiterers  at  every  other  breath 
— semeelay  !  semeelay  !  No  matter  in  what  part  of  Mom- 
basa you  may  happen  to  be,  or  at  what  hour  of  day  or  night, 
you  will  meet  these  industrious  little  men  trotting  along 
under  their  burdens. 

Everywhere  also  are  the  women,  carrying  themselves 
proudly  erect,  with  a  free  swing  of  the  hips.  They  wear 
invariably  a  single  sheet  of  cotton  cloth  printed  in  blue  or 
black  with  the  most  astonishing  borders  and  spotty  designs. 
This  is  .drawn  tight  just  above  the  breasts,  leaving  the 
shoulders  and  arms  bare.  Their  hair  is  divided  into  perhaps 
a  dozen  parts  running  lengthwise  of  the  head  from  the  fore- 
head to  the  nape  of  the  neck,  after  the  manner  of  the  stripes 
on  a  watermelon.  Each  part  then  ends  in  a  tiny  twisted  pig- 
tail not  over  an  inch  long.  The  lobes  of  their  ears  have 
been  stretched  until  they  hold  thick  round  disks  about  three 
inches  in  diameter,  ornamented  by  concentric  circles  of 
different  colours,  with  a  red  bull's  eye  for  a  centre.  The 
outer  edges  of  the  ears  are  then  further  decorated  with  gold 
clasps  set  closely  together.  Many  bracelets,  necklaces,  and 
armlets  complete  the  get-up.  They  are  big  women,  with 
soft  velvety  skins,  and  a  proud  and  haughty  carriage;  the 
counterparts  of  the  men  in  the  white  robes  and  caps.' 

A  Lion  Hunt. — "In  an  opening  on  the  edge  a  hundred 
yards  away  appeared  one  of  the  lionesses.     She  was  trotting 

^Stewart  Edward  White,  "African  Camp  Fires"  (1913). 


GEOGRAPHICAL  MANUAL  AND  NEW  ATLAS 


297 


slowly,  and  on  her  I  had  time  to  draw  a  hasty  aim.  At  the 
shot  she  bounded  high  in  the  air,  fell,  rolled  over,  and  was 
up  and  into  the  thicket  before  I  had  much  more  than  time 
to  pump  up  another  shell  from  the  magazine."  Thus  recounts 
the  well-known  African  traveller,  Stewart  Edward  White. 

By  this  time  the  others  had  got  hold  of  their  weapons. 
We  fronted  the  blank  face  of  the  thicket. 

The  wounded  animal  would  stand  a  little  waiting.  We 
made  a  wide  circle  to  the  other  side  of  the  stream.  There 
we  quickly  picked  up  the  trail  of  the  two  uninjured  beasts. 
They  had  headed  directly  over  the  hill,  where  we  speedily 
lost  all  trace  of  them  on  the  flint-like  surface  of  the  ground. 
We  saw  a  big  pack  of  baboons  in  the  only  likely  direction 
for  a  lion  to  go.  Being  thus  thrown  back  on  a  choice  of  a 
hundred  other  unlikely  directions,  we  gave  up  that  slim 
chance  and  returned  to  the  thicket. 

This  proved  to  be  a  very  dense  piece  of  cover.  Above 
the  height  of  the  waist  the  interlocking  branches  would 
absolutely  prevent  any  progress,  but  by  stooping  low  we 
could  see  dimly  among  the  simpler  main  stems  to  a  distance 
of  perhaps  fifteen  or  twenty  feet.  This  combination  at 
once  afforded  the  wounded  lioness  plenty  of  cover  in  which 
to  hide,  plenty  of  room  in  which  to  charge  home,  and  placed 
us  under  the  disadvantage  of  a  crouched  or  crawling  atti- 
tude with  limited  vision.  We  talked  the  matter  over  very 
thoroughly.  There  was  only  one  way  to  get  that  lioness  out; 
and  that  was  to  go  after  her.  The  job  of  going  after  her 
needed  some  planning.  The  lion  is  cunning  and  exceeding 
fierce.  A  flank  attack,  once  we  were  in  the  thicket,  was  as 
much  to  be  expected  as  a  frontal  charge. 

We  advanced  to  the  thicket's  edge  with  many  precau- 
tions. To  our  relief  we  found  she  had  left  us  a  definite  trail. 
B.  and  I  kneeling  took  up  positions  on  either  side,  our  rifles 
ready.  F.  and  Simba  crawled  by  inches  eight  or  ten  feet 
inside  the  thicket.  Then,  having  executed  this  manoeuvre 
safely,  B.  moved  up  to  protect  our  rear  while  I,  with  Memba 
Sasa,  slid  down  to  join  F. 

From  this  point  we  moved  forward  alternately.  I  would 
crouch,  all  alert,  my  rifle  ready,  while  F.  slipped  by  me  and  a 
few  feet  ahead.  Then  he  would  get  organized  for  battle 
while  I  passed  him.  Memba  Sasa  and  Simba,  game  as 
badgers,  their  fierce  eyes  gleaming  with  excitement,  their 
faces  shining,  crept  along  at  the  rear.  B.  knelt  outside  the 
thicket,  straining  his  eyes  for  the  slightest  movement  either 
side  of  the  line  of  our  advance.  Often  these  wily  animals 
will  sneak  back  in  a  half  circle  to  attack  their  pursuers  from 
behind.  Two  or  three  of  the  bolder  porters  crouched  along- 
side B.,  peering  eagerly.  The  rest  had  quite  properly  re- 
tired to  the  safe  distance  where  the  horses  stood. 

We  progressed  very,  very  slowly.  Every  splash  of  light 
or  mottled  shadow,  every  clump  of  bush  stems,  every  fallen 
log  had  to  be  examined,  and  then  examined  again.  And 
how  we  did  strain  our  eyes  in  a  vain  attempt  to  penetrate 
the  half  lights,  the  duskinesses  of  the  closed-in  thicket  not 
over  fifteen  feet  away!  And  then  the  movement  forward 
of  two  feet  would  bring  into  our  field  of  vision  an  entirely 
new  set  of  tiny  vistas  and  possible  lurking  places. 

Speaking  for  myself,  I  was  keyed  upj  to  a  tremendous 
tension.  I  stared  until  my  eyes  ached;  every  muscle  and 
nerve  was  taut.  Everything  depended  on  seeing  the  beast 
promptly,  and  firing  quickly.  With  the  manifest  advantage 
of  bemg  able  to  see  us,  she  would  spring  to  battle  fully  pre- 
pared. A  yellow  flash  and  a  quick  shot  seemed  about  to 
size  up  that  situation.  Every  few  moments,  I  remember,  I 
surreptitiously  held  out  my  hand  to  see  if  the  constantly 
growmg  excitement  and  the  long-continued  strain  had  af- 
fected Its  steadiness. 

The  combination  of  heat  and  nervous  strain  was  very 
exhausting.  The  sweat  poured  from  me;  and  as  F.  passed 
me  I  saw  the  great  drops  standing  out  on  his  face.  My 
tongue  got  dry,  my  breath  came  laboriously.  Finally  I 
began  to  wonder  whether  physically  I  should  be  able  to 
hold  out.  We  had  been  crawling,  it  seemed,  for  hours.  I 
dared  not  look  back,  but  we  must  have  come  a  good  quarter 
mile.     Finally  F.  stopped. 

"I'm  all  in  for  water,"  he  gasped  in  a  whisper. 


Somehow  that  confession  made  me  feel  a  lot  better.  I 
had  thought  that  I  was  the  only  one.  Cautiously  we  settled 
back  on  our  heels.  Memba  Sasa  and  Simba  wiped  the 
sweat  from  their  faces.  It  seemed  that  they  too  had  found 
the  work  severe.     That  cheered  me  up  still  more. 

Simba  grinned  at  us,  and,  worming  his  way  backward 
with  the  sinuosity  of  a  snake,  he  disappeared  in  the  direc- 
tion from  which  we  had  come.  F.  curses  after  him  in  a 
whisper  both  for  departing  and  for  taking  the  risk.  But  in  a 
moment  he  had  returned  carrying  two  canteens  of  blessed 
water.     We  took  a  drink  most  gratefully. 

I  glanced  at  my  watch.  It  was  just  under  two  hours 
since  I  had  fired  my  shot.  I  looked  back.  My  supposed 
quarter  mile  had  shrunk  to  not  over  fifty  feet! 

After  resting  a  few  moments  longer,  we  again  took  up 
our  systematic  advance. 

We  made  perhaps  another  fifty  feet.  We  were  ascending 
a  very  gentle  slope.  F.  was  for  the  moment  ahead.  Right 
before  us  the  lion  growled;  a  deep  rumbling  like  the  end  of  a 
great  thunder  roll,  fathoms  and  fathoms  deep,  with  the 
inner  subterranean  vibrations  of  a  heavy  train  of  cars  pass- 
ing a  man  inside  a  sealed  building.  At  the  same  moment 
over  F.'s  shoulder  I  saw  a  huge  yellow  head  rise  up,  the  round 
eyes  flashing  anger,  the  small,  black-tipped  ears  laid  back, 
the  great  fangs  snarling.  The  beast  was  not  over  twelve 
feet  distant.  F.  immediately  fired.  His  shot,  hitting  an 
intervening  twig,  went  wild.  With  the  utmost  coolness  he 
immediately  pulled  the  other  trigger  of  his  double  barrel. 
The  cartridge  snapped. 

"If  you  will  kindly  stoop  down — - — •"  said  I,  in  what  I  now 
remember  to  be  rather  an  exaggeratedly  polite  tone.  As 
F.'s  head  disappeared,  I  placed  the  little  gold  bead  of  my 
.405  Winchester  where  I  thought  it  would  do  the  most  good, 
and  pulled  trigger.     She  rolled  over  dead.^ 

Hunting  the  Rhinoceros. — Owing  to  his  size,  his 
powerful  armament,  and  his  incredible  quickness  the  rhinoc- 
eros is  a  dangerous  animal  at  all  times,  to  be  treated  with 
respect  and  due  caution.  This  is  proved  by  the  number  of 
white  men,  out  of  a  sparse  population,  that  are  annually 
tossed  and  killed  by  the  brutes,  and  by  the  promptness  with 
which  the  natives  take  to  trees — thorn  trees  at  that! — when 
the  cry  offaru!  is  raised.  As  he  comes  rushing  in  your  direc- 
tion, head  down  and  long  weapon  pointed,  tail  rigidly  erect, 
ears  up,  the  earth  trembling  with  his  tread  and  the  air  with 
his  snorts,  you  suddenly  feel  very  small  and  ineffective. 

If  you  keep  cool,  however,  it  is  probable  that  the  encoun- 
ter will  result  only  in  a  lot  of  mental  perturbation  for  the  rhino 
and  a  bit  of  excitement  for  yourself.  If  there  is  any  cover 
you  should  duck  down  behind  it  and  move  rapidly  but  quietly 
to  one  side  or  another  of  the  line  of  advance.  If  there  is  no 
cover,  you  should  crouch  low  and  hold  still.  The  chances 
are  he  will  pass  to  one  side  or  the  other  of  you,  and  go  snortr 
ing  away  into  the  distance.  Keep  your  eye  on  him  very 
closely.  If  he  swerves  definitely  in  your  .direction,  and  drops 
his  head  a  little  lower,  it  would  be  just  as  well  to  open  fire. 
Provided  the  beast  was  still  far  enough  away  to  give  me  "sea- 
room,"  I  used  to  put  a  small  bullet  m  the  flesh  of  the  outer 
part  of  the  shoulder.  The  wound  thus  inflicted  was  not  at  all 
serious,  but  the  shock  of  the  bullet  usually  turned  the  beast. 
This  was  generally  in  the  direction  of  the  wounded  shoulder, 
which  would  indicate  that  the  brute  turned  toward  the 
apparent  source  of  the  attack,  probably  for  the  purpose 
of  getting  even.  At  any  rate,  the  shot  turned  the  rush  to 
one  side,  and  the  rhinoceros,  as  usual,  went  right  on  through. 
If,  however,  he  seemed  to  mean  business,  or  was  too  close 
for  comfort,  the  point  to  aim  for  was  the  neck  just  above  the 
lowered  horn. 

In  my  own  experience  I  came  to  establish  a  "dead  line" 
about  twenty  yards  from  myself.  That  seemed  to  be  as 
near  as  I  cared  to  let  the  brutes  come.  Up  to  that  point  I 
let  them  alone  on  the  chance  that  they  might  swerve  or 
change  their  minds,  as  they  often  did.     But  inside  of  twenty 


^Stewart  Edward  White,  "The  Land  of  Footprints"  (1913). 


298 


GEOGRAPHICAL  MANUAL  AND  NEW  ATLAS 


yards,  whether  the  rhinoceros  meant  to  charge  me,  or  was 
merely  running  bHndly  by,  did  not  particularly  matter. 
Even  in  the  latter  case  he  might  happen  to  catch  sight  of 
me  and  change  his  mind.  [Thus,  looking  over  my  notebook 
records,  I  find  that  I  was  "charged"  forty  odd  times — that  is 
to  say,  the  rhinoceros  rushed  in  my  general  direction.  Of 
this  lot  I  can  be  sure  of  but  three,  and  possibly  four,  that 
certainly  meant  mischief.  Six  more  came  so  directly  at  us, 
and  continued  so  to  come,  that  in  spite  of  ourselves  we  were 
compelled  to  kill  them.     The  rest  were  successfully  dodged. ' 

On  the  Trail  of  the  Elephant. — ^White  and  his  party 
next  prepared  to  follow  the  trail  of  an  elephant,  and  to  stay 
by  the  spoor  until  they  came  up  with  him.  They  took  one 
light  tent,  blankets,  and  some  cold  food. 

Before  we  started  the  Wanderobo  again  made  medicine; 
for  the  pursuit  of  an  elephant  is  a  very  solemn  thing.  Each 
snipped  a  link  from  his  ornamental  steel  chain;  one  produced 
an  old  dried  piece  of  elephant  meat;  another  built  a  tiny  fire. 
The  elephant  meat  was  thrown  on  the  coals,  and  the  links 
of  chain  laid  atop  it.  N'jahgi  performed  the  ritual  while 
the  rest  of  us  squatted  in  a  circle  below  him.  As  yesterday, 
he  raised  his  hands,  palm  up,  to  the  skies;  he  faced  in  turn 
all  parts  of  the  compass;  he  bent  humbly,  his  hands  crossed 
on  his  breast,  calling  on  the  forest,  the  Powers,  and  the  gods 
of  elephants  in  a  loud  monotone.  The  others,  once  more, 
their  heads  low,  muttered  choral  responses,  and  at  times  beat 
the  earth  softly,  in  unison,  with  the  palms  of  their  hands. 
Then  suddenly  they  rose  and  disappeared,  leaving  us  by  the 
little  fire.  After  a  short  interval  they  returned  bringing  tufts 
of  some  herb.  These  N'jahgi  dipped  in  the  white  ashes, 
and  with  them  spattered  each  countenance,  muttering 
some  sort  of  a  charm.  The  herbs  were  distributed.  Each 
sat  on  his  share,  while  N'jahgi  intoned  another  invocation. 
Obeying  a  gesture  we  arose  and  started  for  the  forest.  But 
this  was  not  all.  At  the  beginning  of  the  elephant  spoor  the 
little  men  all  knelt  down  in  a  row,  beat  the  earth  softly  with 
their  palms,  shook  their  herb  bundles  in  the  air,  bent  for- 
ward and  blew  three  times  on  the  trail.  Then  they  planted 
the  herbs  beneath  trees  on  either  side  of  the  trail.  We 
started  in  good  earnest.' 

A  Swarm  of  Midges. — About  three  in  the  afternoon  I 
saw  the  black  smoke  of  a  steamer  over  the  point,  drifting 
down  the  wind.  Joyfully  we  hastened  to  a  height — -to  find 
that  the  "smoke"  was  a  swarm  of  midges,  a  phenomenon  for 
which  Victoria  Nyanza  is  famous.  There  must  have  been 
millions  of  them,  for  they  were  in  appearance  exactly  like 
the  voluminous  smoke  of  a  steamer  that  has  just  been  fresh 
stoked.  Once  in  the  air  they  cannot  come  down  until  the 
wind  dies,  so  their  fate  is  most  uncertain.^ 

Ostrich  Farming. — One  of  the  most  singular  enterprises 
of  the  South  African  colonists  is  that  of  ostrich  farming. 
Ostrich  feathers  are  now  quite  as  much  the  product  of 
regulated  human  labour,  applied  to  the  art  of  domestication, 
as  wool,  mohair,  or  silk.  The  plumes  which  play  so  dis- 
tinguished a  part  in  the  pomp  of  ceremony  and  fashion  are 
no  longer  to  be  reckoned  among  the  barbaric  spoils  of  the 
chase.  They  are  the  tame  products  of  the  farmyard,  and 
are  the  ultimate  results  of  such  commonplace  processes  as 
breeding,  rearing,  herding,  feeding,  plucking,  and  sorting. 
Cape  farmers  buy  and  sell  ostriches  as  they  do  sheep,  and 
they  fence  in  their  flocks,  stable  them,  grow  crops  for  them, 
study  their  habits,  and  cut  their  feathers,  as  matters  of  busi- 
ness. 

The  birds  begin  to  feather  at  eight  months  from  hatch- 
ing, but  the  yield  is  then  poor  and  of  little  value.     In  another 


eight  months  there  is  a  fresh  and  improved  crop,  and  the 
plumes  become  better  with  each  season.  The  art  of  separat- 
mg  the  feathers  is  one  which  requires  practice.  Plucking  is 
not  looked  upon  with  favour,  as  it  irritates  and  produces 
fever.  Nipping,  or  cutting,  is  considered  to  be  safer.  The 
feathers  are  severed  close  to  the  point  of  insertion,  and  the 
stumps  are  allowed  to  remain  until  they  can  be  easily  re- 
moved. 

Dr.  Atherstone  says: — "My  own  opinion  is  that  the  best 
plan  is  that  adopted  by  a  farmer  in  the  Western  Districts, 
who  had  seventy  or  eighty  ostriches,  and  found  the  plan  the 
best  and  most  convenient.  To  show  me  the  whole  process 
he  had  the  whole  flock  driven  into  the  wagon-house,  and  we 
then  insinuated  ourselves  by  wriggling  among  the  densely 
packed  birds.  He  had  previously  shown  me  what  to  do  in 
case  of  any  bird  proving  vicious;  they  are  perfectly  in  your 
power  if  you  seize  them  by  the  neck;  you  may  choke  them 
as  far  as  you  please  until  you  find  them  powerless,  and  you 
can  then  run  away. 

"Having  got  with  my  friend  into  the  middle  of  the  crowd, 
so  packed  that  they  were  unable  to  move,  he  quietly  selected 
two  or  three  of  the  best  feathers,  and  with  a  curved  sharp 
knife  in  his  right  hand,  the  blade  protected  by  lying  flat 
against  his  finger,  he  pressed  it  down  as  near  to  the  root  as 
he  could,  and  cut  it  ofi^  obliquely  upward.  The  bird  was 
quite  unconscious  of  the  operation,  standing  perfectly  still 
as  he  handed  several  to  me.  He  then  picked  out  a  blood 
feather,  very  beautiful,  which,  on  being  cut,  bled  a  little; 
but  the  sharp  knife  separated  it  without  being  felt.  In  a 
month  or  six  weeks  he  took  out  all  the  stumps,  if  they  had 
not  fallen  out.  By  this  means  the  health  of  the  bird  is  not 
impaired;  no  irritative  fever  is  produced  and  you  can  select 
only  the  feathers  that  are  in  prime  condition,  leaving  the 
others  to  ripen  in  due  course." 

The  average  produce  of  a  full-grown  bird  is  about  one- 
fourth  of  a  pound  weight;  but  the  yield  is  entirely  governed 
in  quantity  and  quality  by  the  health  and  vigour  of  the 
ostrich.' 

Cairo. — Cairo,  the  capital  of  Egypt,  is  situated  on  the 
right  bank  of  the  Nile,  150  miles  by  rail  from  Alexandria. 
It  is  the  "diamond  clasp"  which  closes  "the  fan  of  the  delta." 
Cairo  is  a  walled  city,  commanded  by  an  imposing  citadel. 
It  contains  four  hundred  mosques.  On  the  opposite  bank 
of  the  Nile  is  the  town  Gizeh,  near  which  stand  three  of 
the  largest  pyramids.  The  largest  of  all  is  the  pyramid  of 
Cheops,  which  covers  an  area  of  nearly  thirteen  acres.  It  is 
built  of  massive  limestone  blocks,  and  its  inner  burial  cham- 
bers are  approached  by  sloping  passages.  It  is  480  feet 
high,  and  the  statement  of  Herodotus  is  probably  correct 
when  he  tells  us  that  it  required  the  labours  of  a  city  of 
100,000  men  during  twenty  years. 

The  queer  status  of  Modern  Egypt,  and  its  bewildering 
mixture  of  three  continents  at  once,  is  most  clearly  visible 
in  the  metropolis  which  'Amr  founded.  East  and  west 
jostle  one  another  alternately  in  its  streets.  Electric  trams 
of  French  pattern  pull  up  the  hill  to  Saladin's  citadel,  where 
British  soldiers  are  quartered;  another  tram  runs  over  a 
Belgian  bridge  across  the  Nile  and  out  to  the  foot  of  the 
pyramids,  passing  Bedouin  on  camels,  and  being  passed 
by  American-made  motor-cars,  along  a  road  which  was 
made  for  the  Empress  of  the  French.  Go  down  to  the 
bazaars,  where  sandal  wood  and  morocco  slippers  scent 
the  air,  and  be  offered  a  patent  telescopic  walking  stick 
made  in  Germany;  or  buy  a  rug  of  Bokhara,  and  learn  that 
the  vendor  is  agent  for  a  famous  London  firm  of  furnishers 
whose  buyers  traverse  all  Asia  for  oriental  carpets.  The 
cofi^ee-coloured  Nubian  cook  provides  Yarmouth  bloaters 
from  the  cold  storage  for  breakfast,  and  buys  Australian 
meat  from  the  same.  The  palace  of  Gezira,  where  Ismail 
took  his  pleasure,  is  now  a  giant  hotel,  one  of  seven  such 
monsters,  and  the  hotel  which  Shepheard  founded  in  the 
open  fields  is  now  in  the  centre  of  Cairo.     Native  clerks  croon 


^Stewart  Edward  White,  "The  Land  of  Footprints"  (1913). 
'Stewart  Edward  White.  "The  Rediscovered  Country"  (1915). 


1"  Handbook  to  South  Africa." 


GEOGRAPHICAL  MANUAL  AND  NEW  ATLAS 


299 


their  accounts  aloud  to  the  chick-chick  accompaniment 
of  typewriters,  and  the  telephone  central  exchange  takes 
numbers  indifferently  in  Arabic,  French,  English,  Italian, 
Greek,  or  anything.  There  is  no  lack  of  variety  in  Cairo; 
there  is  so  much  that  it  becomes  monotonous.  It  is  civilized 
ahead  of  Parisian  fashion,  it  has  only  just  got  a  drainage 
system,  and  it  is  the  seat  of  Government. 

Take  the  city  of  the  Arabian  Nights,  batter  it  a  little, 
add  some  corners  of  Paris,  a  street  or  two  from  Marseilles, 
and  a  dash  of  the  select  parts  of  Ealing  (forgetting,  to  finish 
off  any  of  the  sidewalks),  tack  on  an  "art  nouveau  Arabe" 
garden  city  with  sand  instead  of  gardens,  run  up  ten-storey 
flats  in  the  European  business  quarter,  populate  it  with 
every  nation,  clique,  interest,  sect,  faction,  and  occupation 
under  the  sun,  and  you  will  realize  that  it  can  have  only  one 
effect  on  its  resident,  it  keeps  him  to  himself.  Cairo  is  too 
complex  to  understand,  and  the  Cairene  is  therefore  paro- 
chial.^ 

Mohammedan  Forms  of  Salutation. — ^The  Moham- 
medans are  extremely  formal  in  their  social  manners. 
Many  of  their  most  common  usages  are  founded  upon 
precepts  of  their  religion  and  distinguish  them  in  society 
from  all  other  people.  Among  these  is  their  custom  of 
greeting  each  other  with  the  salutation  of  "Peace  be  on 
you!"  to  which  the  proper  and  general  reply  is  "On  you  be 
peace,  and  the  mercy  of  God,  and  his  blessings!"  This 
salutation  is  never  to  be  addressed  by  a  Mohammedan  to  a 
person  of  another  religion,  nor  vice  versa. 

When  particular  friends  salute  each  other,  they  join 
their  right  hands,  and  then  each  kisses  his  own  hand,  or 
puts  it  to  his  lips  and  forehead,  or  raises  it  to  his  forehead 
only,  or  merely  places  it  on  his  breast,  without  kissing  it; 
if  after  a  long  absence,  and  on  some  other  occasions,  they 
embrace  each  other,  each  falling  upon  the  other's  neck, 
and  kissing  him  on  the  right  side  of  the  face  or  neck,  and 
then  on  the  left. 

Another  mode  of  salutation  is  very  commonly  practised 
among  the  lower  orders,  when  two  friends  or  acquaintances 
meet  after  a  journey:  joining  their  right  hands,  each  of  them 
compliments  the  other  on  his  safety,  and  expresses  his  wishes 
for  his  welfare  by  repeating  alternately  many  times,  the 
words  "Selamat"  and  "Teiyibeen"  ("I  congratulate  you  on 
your  safety";  and  "I  hope  you  are  well").  In  commencing 
this  ceremony,  which  is  often  continued  for  nearly  a  minute 
before  they  proceed  to  make  any  particular  inquiries,  they 
join  their  hands  in  the  same  manner  as  is  usually  practised 
by  us;  and  at  each  alternation  of  the  two  expressions  above 
mentioned,  they  change  the  position  of  the  hands.  In  re- 
peating the  second  word,  each  of  the  two  persons  turns  his 
fingers  over  the  thumb  of  the  other;  and  in  repeating  the 
first  word  again,  the  former  position  is  resumed. 

In  polite  society  various  other  formal  salutations  and 
compliments  follow  the  selam.  To  most  of  these  there  are 
particular  replies,  or  two  or  more  different  forms  of  reply 
may  be  used  in  some  cases;  but  to  return  any  that  custom 
has  not  prescribed  would  be  considered  as  a  proof  of  ignorance 
or  vulgarity.  When  a  person  asks  his  friend,  "How  is 
your  health .?"  the  latter  replies,  "Praise  be  to  God!"  and  it  is 
only  by  the  tone  of  voice  in  which  he  makes  this  answer 
that  the  inquirer  can  infer  whether  he  be  well  or  ill.^ 

SYNOPSIS  OF  AFRICA 
(See  Maps,  pp.  49-56) 

Extent.— Africa  is  the  second  largest  continent  on  the  globe;  it  is  more 
than  four  times  the  size  of  Europe.  Its  area  amounts  to  11,608,000  square 
miles;  its  length  is  4,970  miles  and  its  breadth  in  the  widest  part  is  4,700 
miles.  In  consequence  of  its  regular  shape,  Africa  has  a  relatively  short 
coast  line  (16,100  miles).  Though  Europe  is  a  much  smaller  continent, 
its  coast  line  is  longer  than  that  of  Africa. 

Africa  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  the  Mediterranean,  on  the  west  by  the 
Atlantic,  on  the  east  by  the  Red  Sea  and  the  Indian  Ocean,  and  on  the 
south  by  the  Southern  Ocean. 

Population. — About  140,000,000. 

^W.  Lawrence  Balls,  "Egypt  of  the  Egyptians"  C1915). 

^E.  W.  Lane,  "Manners  and  Customs  of  the  Modern  Egyptians"  (1895). 


Capes. — On  the  north:  Bon.  On  the  west:  Bojador,  Blanco,  Verde, 
Palmas,  Lopez,  and  Frio.  On  the  south:  Good  Hope,  and  Agulhas.  On 
the  east:  Guardafui,  Delgado,  and  Corrientes. 

Bays  and  Gulfs. — In  the  Mediterranean:  Gulf  of  Sidra  and  Gulf  of 
Gabes.  On  the  Atlantic:  Gulf  of  Guinea  (containing  the  Bight  of  Benin 
and  the  Bight  of  Biafra),  Walfisch  Bay,  and  Table  Bay.  On  the  Southern 
Ocean:  Mossel  Bay  and  Algoa  Bay.  On  the  east  the  chief  openings  are 
the  Red  Sea  (with  the  Gulfs  of  Suez  and  Aden)  and  Delagoa  Bay. 

Straits,  etc. — Strait  of  Gibraltar,  leading  from  the  Atlantic  to  the 
Mediterranean;  Bab  el  Mandeb,  between  the  Red  Sea  and  the  Gulf  of  Aden; 
and  the  Mozambique  Channel,  between  Mozambique  and  Madagascar. 

Islands.  On  the  west:  Madeira  (Portuguese),  the  Canary  Islands 
(Spanish),  Cape  Verde  Islands  (Portuguese),  Fernando  Po  ^(Spanish),  St. 
Helena  and  Ascension  (British).  St.  Helena  was  the  island  where  Napoleon 
lived  from  the  Battle  of  Waterloo  (1815)  till  his  death  in  1821.  On  the  east: 
Sokotra  (British),  Pemba  (British),  Zanzibar  (British),  Seychelles  (British), 
Comoro  Islands  (French),  Madagascar  (French),  Mauritius  (British),  Re- 
union (French). 

Build. — ^Africa  has  no  great  central  range  of  mountains;  there  are  no 
vast  watersheds.  Africa  is  essentially  a  continent  of  table-lands.  The 
greater  part  of  the  continent  consists  of  plateaus  varying  from  2,000  feet  to 
9,000  feet  in  height,  with  a  rim  of  mountain  ranges  parallel  with  the  coast. 
North  Africa  is  a  plateau  whose  mean  altitude  is  about  1,300  feet.  It  may 
be  divided  into  three  parts:  the  Sahara;  the  Sudan;  and  the  Berber  High- 
lands, which  include  the  Atlas  range.  The  Sahara  ("  Sea  of  Sand  ")  stretches 
right  across  the  continent  from  the  Atlantic  to  the  Red  Sea.  It  is  some- 
times, however,  said  to  cease  at  the  Valley  of  the  Nile.  The  South  African 
plateaus  are  considerably  higher  than  those  of  North  Africa.  The  table- 
lands of  South  Africa  are  separated  from  each  other  by  mountain  ranges, 
and  are  buttressed  by  lofty  sierras  running  round  the  e'dges,  not  far  from  the 
coast.  The  largest  and  highest  plateau  in  South  Africa  is  the  East  African 
Table-land,  which  stretches  from  the  lower  Zambezi  to  the  northern  boundary 
of  Abyssinia.  From  this  plateau  rise,  in  the  neighbourhood  of  the  equator, 
the  two  highest  summits  in  Africa — Kilimanjaro  (19,500  ft.)  and  Kenia 
(18,000  ft.).  .     .       •    . 

The  Central  Plateau  almost  coincides  with  the  Congo  basin.  The  South- 
ern Plateau  extends  from  the  watershed  of  the  Congo  basin  to  the  South 
Atlantic.  It  contains  the  basins  of  the  Zambezi  and  Orange  rivers.  This 
southern  part  of  this  plateau  descends  to  the  sea  by  three  terraces;  the 
highest  containing  the  Kalahari  Desert;  the  middle  one,  the  Great  Karroo; 
and  the  lowest,  the  coast-land  of  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope. 

Mountains. — The  chief  ranges  are  the  Atlas  (highest  point,  Jebel  Ajashi, 
14,800- ft.)  on  the  north;  the  Kong  Alountains  (highest  point.  Pic  des  Kom- 
mono,  4,757  ft.)  and  the  Kamerun  Mountains  (highest  point,  Mongo  ma 
Loba,  13,366  ft.)  on  the  west;  the  Drakenberg  Mountains  (highest  point, 
Montraux-Sources,  10,988  ft.)  on  the  southeast;  and  the  Abyssinian  Moun- 
tains (highest  point,  Ras  Dashan,  15,160  ft.).  In  the  southwest  of  the  Cape 
Province  is  the  famous  Table  Mountain  (3^82  ft.). 

Plains  and  Deserts. — Between  the  Gulf  of  Sidra  and  Cairo  lies  the 
lowest  plain  in  the  whole  of  Africa;  much  of  this  plain  is  below  the  level 
of  the  Mediterranean.  Inland  from  the  Gulf  of  Gabes  is  another  depressed 
plain.  The  chief  plains,  however,  are  elevated  plains  or  plateaus;  the 
two  most  extensive  being  the  deserts  of  Sahara  in  North  Africa  and  of 
Kalahari  in  South  Africa.  The  Kalahari  Desert  stretches  from  the  Orange 
River  to  about  20°S.  lat.;  it  is  a  dry  and  sandy  region  without  running 
water. 

Continental  Basins. — Africa  contains  two  large  areas  of  continental 
drainage,  one  in  the  north  and  one  in  the  south,  from  which  no  water  escapes 
directly  to  the  sea.  These  correspond  almost  exactly  to  the  deserts  of  Sa- 
hara and  Kalahari.  The  Sahara  has  its  Lake  Chad,  with  numerous  feeders, 
of  which  the  Shari  is  the  best  known;  near  the  Kalahari  is  Lake  N garni, 
fed  by  the  waters  of  the  Okavango  and  the  Kwito.  Lake  Ngami  is  now  a 
marsh,  and  the  evidence  of  travellers  shows  that  the  country  around  Ngami 
is  drying  up. 

Rivers.— The  rivers  are  unevenly  distributed.  The  divides  between 
their  head-waters  are  often  ill-defined;  in  their  middle  courses  the  rivers 
flow  sluggishly  over  the  wide  plains;  while  in  their  lower  courses  they 
enter  wild  gorges  and  descend  by  falls  and  rapids  into  the  sea.  Many  of 
the  rivers  have  dangerous  sand-banks  near  their  mouths.  The  nature  of 
the  river  system  largely  explains  why  Africa  has  so  long  remained  an  in- 
accessible continent. 

The  principal  rivers  are  the  Nile,  the  Congo,  the  Niger,  the  Zambezi, 
the  Orange,  and  the  Limpopo. 

The  Nile. — ^The  Nile  (3,670  miles  in  length)  drains  the  largest  area  of 
all  the  African  rivers.  It  is  formed  by  two  streams:  the  White  Nile 
(Arabic  Bahr  el  Abiad)  which  rises  on  the  high  eastern  table-land  where  it 
drains  Victoria  Nyanza  and  Albert  Nyanza,  and  the  Blue  Nile  (Arabic 
Bahr  el  Azrek)  which  rises  in  Abyssinia  and  unites  with  the  White  Nile  near 
Khartum.  Flowing  northward  it  is  joined  by  the  ^(iora  at  lat.  18°.  Owing 
to  the  great  evaporation  in  its  course  across  the  burning  desert,  the  Nile 
grows  smaller  and  smaller  as  it  nears  the  sea.  Between  the  junction  of  the 
Atbara  and  the  mouth  there  are  five  cataracts.  The  Nile  is  navigable  as 
far  as  Assouan.  The  delta  of  the  Nile  is  120  miles  wide  between  the  west 
mouth  at  Rosetta  and  the  east  mouth  at  Damietta.  The  river  rises  from 
the  end  of  June  to  October;  its  mean  rise  at  Cairo  is  27  feet. 

The  Congo. — The  Congo  (between  2,500  to  3,000  miles  in  length)  rises 
on  the  high  table-land  between  Lakes  Tanganyika  and  Nyasa,  and  in 
point  of  volume  is  the  first  river  of  Africa.  The  Congo  was  first  fully  dis- 
covered and  surveyed  by  Stanley  in  1877.  It  is  the  only  large  African 
river  which  has  a  true  estuary;  its  estuary  is  six  miles  wide. 

The  Niger. — The  Niger  (2,600  miles  in  length)  rises  near  the  Sierra  Leone 
frontier  and  flows  inland  almost  to  the  edge  of  the  desert;  then  sweeping 
round  it  flows  southeastward  and  is  joined  by  the  Binue  in  Nigeria.  About 
one  hundred  miles  from  its  mouth,  at  the  Bight  of  Benin,  its  delta  begins. 
This  delta  incloses  about  14,000  square  miles  of  low  alluvial  plain  covered 
with  forest  and  jungle  and  is  crossed  by  a  network  of  channels. 

The  Zambezi. — The  Zambezi  (2,200  miles  in  length)  flows  over  the  south- 


300 


GEOGRAPHICAL  MANUAL  AND  NEW  ATLAS 


ern  table-land,  and  is  separated  from  the  Congo  basin  by  the  swampy 
divide.  Its  middle  course  is  broken  by  the  Victoria  Falls  (about  350  feet 
high),  the  greatest  waterfall  in  the  world.  Below  and  almost  at  right 
angle  to  the  falls,  the  gorge  is  spanned  by  a  bridge  (completed  in  April, 
1905)  which  forms  a  link  in  the  Cape  to  Cairo  railway  scheme.  The  Zam- 
bezi empties  itself  through  a  delta  into  the  Mozambique  Channel. 

The  Orange. — ^The  Orange  (1,000  miles  in  length)  rises  in  Basutoland, 
and  after  being  joined  by  the  Vaal  flows  west  along  the  northern  boundary 
of  Cape  Province  to  the  Atlantic. 

The  Limpopo. — The  Limpopo  or  Crocodile  (about  1,000  miles  in  length) 
rises  in  the  Transvaal  and  flows  into  the  Indian  Ocean  through  Portuguese 
East  Africa.     It  forms  the  northern  boundary  of  the  Transvaal. 

Lakes. — ^The  chief  lakes  are:  Victoria  Nyanza,  discovered  by  Captain 
Speke  in  1858,  and  circumnavigated  in  80  days  by  Stanley  in  1875;  Albert 
Nyanza,  discovered  by  Sir  Samuel  Baker  in  1864;  Tanganyika,  discovered  by 
Captain  Burton  in  1858;  Nyasa,  discovered  by  Livingstone  in  1859;  Bang- 
weolo  or  Bemba,  first  reached  by  Livingstone  in  1868,  partially  surveyed  in 
1883  by  the  French  traveller,  Victor  Giraud,  and  first  circumnavigated  by 
Poulett  Weatherley  in  1896;  and  the  two  continental  lakes  (those  without 
an  outlet)  Chad  and  Ngami. 

Climate.- — The  greater  part  of  Africa  lies  within  the  Torrid  Zone,  and 
extreme  variations  of  temperature  are  not  experienced.  In  the  extreme 
north  and  south  the  climate  is  warm,  the  northern  countries  being  generally 
hotter  and  drier  than  those  in  the  south.  As  the  south  of  the  continent  is 
narrower  than  the  north,  the  influence  of  the  surrounding  ocean  is  more  felt. 
The  greatest  heat  is  found  in  the  eastern  Sahara.  In  Nubia  eggs  may  be 
baked  in  the  hot  sands.  The  rainfall  is  greatest  when  the  sun  is  vertical; 
hence  the  greatest  rainfall  is  at  the  equator. 

In  tropical  Africa  the  acclimatization  of  white  men  is  largely  dependent 
on  the  combating  of  tropical  diseases.  The  discovery  in  1899  of  the  species 
of  mosquito  which  propagates  malarial  fever  has  led  to  the  filHng  up  of  many 
swamps,  with  a  consequent  reduction  in  the  death  rate  in  many  districts 
that  were  notoriously  deadly  to  Europeans.  The  natives  likewise  succumb 
to  these  deadly  diseases,  one  of  the  most  fatal  being  that  known  as  sleeping 
sickness.  The  ravages  of  this  disease  in  certain  parts  of  tropical  West 
Africa  reached  alarming  proportion  between  1893  and  1907.  See  Climate 
Maf  of  Africa,  pp.  50,  51. 

Economic  Plants  of  Africa. — (i)  Useful  Palms:  Date  Palm  (Nile 
Valley  and  Saharan  oases),  doum  palm  (Upper  Egypt,  etc.),  oil  palm,  yield- 
ing palm-oil  and  palm-kernels  (Guinea  Coast  and  Congo  districts),  coco 
palm  (East  Coast,  Mauritius,  Senegal,  etc.),  wine  palm  (Guinea  Coast), 
raphia  palm  (Madagascar),  piassava  palm  (Congo  districts,  etc.),  deleb 
palm  (East  Africa,  etc.). 

(2)  Cultivated  Cereals:  Sorghum,  durra,  or  kafir  corn  (Sudan  southward), 
other  millets,  such  as  maize  (Egypt  to  South  Mncs),. wheat  (Egypt,  Algeria, 
Abyssinia,  British  South  Africa,  etc.),  barley  (Atlas  regions,  etc.),  oats 
(British  South  Africa,  etc.),  rice  (Madagascar.  Egypt,  parts  of  central 
Africa,  Senegal,  etc.). 

(3)  Other  food  plants:  Sugar  cane  (Mauritius,  Reunion,  Egypt,  Natal, 
etc.),  coffee  (South  Abyssinia,  Liberia,  British  Central  Africa,  Congo  dis- 
tricts, etc.),  cocoa  (Kamerun,  Congo  districts,  Madagascar,  etc.),  tea  (Natal, 
etc.),  ground-nut  (especially  Guinea  Coast),  vine,  for  wine  (Algeria  and 
Union  of  South  Africa),  beans  (Egypt,  Morocco,  etc.),  olives,  for  oil  (Tunis 
and  neighbouring  lands),  cloves  (Zanzibar),  chillies  (Zanzibar),  kola-nut 
(West  Tropical  Africa),  yam  (West  Tropical  Africa),  tapioca,  cassava,  manioc 
(Guinea  Coast,  islands  of  Indian  Ocean,  etc),  ginger  (West  Africa),  bananas 
and  plantains  (Guinea  Coast  and  other  parts  of  tropical  Africa,  also  Canary 
Islands),  chick-pea  (Morocco,  etc.),  pigeon-pea  (Congo  districts,  etc.), 
vanilla  (Mauritius,  Reunion,  Zanzibar,  Madagascar,  and  parts  of  mainland), 
shea  butter  (West  Africa),  sweet  potato  (various  parts  of  tropical  Africa), 
kaffir  bread  (South  Africa),  fruits  and  vegetables  (Algeria,  Egypt,  Union  of 
South  Africa). 

(4)  Useful  trees  (other  than  palms):  Cedar  (Atlas  regions),  baobab  (the 
savanna  land  of  Equatorial  Africa),  bamboo,  banyan,  and  other  species  of 
ficus  (Central  and  West  Africa),  carob-tree  (North  Coast),  African  mahog- 
any (Guinea  Coast),  ebony  (West  Africa,  Madagascar,  Mauritius,  etc.), 
camwood  (Guinea  Coast),  African  oak  or  teak  (West  Africa),  cork-oak 
(Algeria  and  Tunis),  stinkwood  (chiefly  Natal),  sneezewood  (South  Africa), 
yellow-wood  (South  Africa),  Australian  wattles  (introduced  in  the  Union 
of  South  Africa,  etc.). 

(0  Other  vegetable  ^-products:  Cotton  (Egypt,  West  Africa,  Madagascar, 
etc.),  tobacco  (Algeria,  Central  Africa,  Transvaal,  Madagascar,  etc.), 
indigo  (Equatorial  .^^frica),  rubber  (forests  of  Guinea  Coast  and  Congo  dis- 
tricts), gum-arabic  (Senegal,  Sudan,  etc.),  gum-copal  (especially  East  Africa), 
orchil  (Equatorial  Africa),  alfa  or  esparto  grass  (North  Coast  lands),  castor- 
beans  (Senegal,  etc.),  papyrus  (Nile  valley,  etc.),  flax  (Egypt  and  other 
northern  lands). 

Animal  Products. — The  African  elephant  is  hunted  for  the  sake  of  the 
ivory  tusks.  Elephants  roamed  over  the  whole  of  Africa  until  comparatively 
recent  times.  Civilization  has  gradually  driven  them  farther  and  farther 
into  the  forests  of  the  interior;  they  are  still  abundant  in  Central  Africa  and 
Uganda.  Two  kinds  of  African  ivory  are  recognized  in  commerce:  the  milk- 
white  soft  ivory  of  animals  that  feed  in  the  open  dry  woodlands  and  savannas, 
as  of  the  Upper  Nile  and  central  lakes,  and  the  hard  ivory  from  those  living 
in  damp  forests  and  marshy  grasslands,  as  of  the  Niger  and  Congo.  Soft 
ivory  is  less  glassy  and  does  not  crack  so  easily.  Ivory  is  also  obtained  from 
the  hippopotamus.  Ostrich  feathers,  hides,  skins,  and  horns  are  other 
animal  products  of  Africa. 

Minerals.— GoW  (Transvaal,  Gold  Coast,  Madagascar,  etc.),  silver 
(Transvaal,  etc.),  copper  (Cape  Province,  Southwest  Africa,  Madagascar, 
Algeria,  Congo  region,  etc.),  iron  (South  Africa,  Abyssinia,  Atlas  region, 
Madagascar),  zinc  (Algeria,  Tunis,  Transvaal,  etc.),  lead  (Tunis,  Transvaal, 
etc.),  tin  (Swaziland,  etc.),  coal  (South  Africa,  etc.),  diamonds  (Cape  Prov- 
ince, especially  Kimberley,  Orange  Free  State,  Transvaal),  salt  (Sahara, 
etc.),  phosphates  (Algeria,  Tunis,  etc.),  petroleum  (Algeria,  Angola,  Cape 
Province,  Natal,  etc.).  Also  antimony,  quicksilver,  plumbago,  nickel, 
manganese,  asbestos,  mica,  kaolin,  nitrates,  sulphur,  marble,  etc. 


Animals. — Africa  is  the  home  of  the  largest  living  quadrupeds.  The 
most  characteristic  animals  are  the  elephant,  one-humped  camel,  hippo- 
potamus, rhinoceros,  girafl^e,  okapi,  gnu,  antelope,  zebra,  quagga  or  wild 
ass,  and  baboon.  Among  the  carnivorous  animals  are  the  lion,  leopard, 
jackal,  hyena,  caracal,  and  civet-cat.  The  tiger  is  not  found  at  all.  The 
bear  is  found  only  in  the  Atlas  regions. 

Besides  the  swift  ostrich  that  scours  the  plains,  Africa  possesses  the  large 
secretary  bird,  the  ibis,  flamingo,  and  numerous  birds  of  briUiant  plumage, 
such  as  parrots,  kingfishers,  and  sunbirds. 

Of  insects,  the  locust  is  the  proverbial  scourge  of  Africa;  while  the 
ravages  of  white  ants  are  almost  incredible.  The  tsetse — a  fly  whose  bite  is 
fatal  to  cattle,  horses,  and  dogs — is  common  in  many  parts  of  South  and 
East  Africa,  and  is  one  of  the  greatest  obstacles  to  civilization.  A  closely 
related  species  {Glossina  morsitans)  is  the  carrier  of  the  particular  parasite 
which  produces  the  sleeping  sickness. 

Among  reptiles,  the  crocodile  is  much  larger  than  the  American  cayman; 
but  serpents  are  less  common  in  Africa  than  in  Asia  or  America. 

Partition  of  Africa. — During  the  last  quarter  of  the  nineteenth  century 
there  was  a  "scramble  for  Africa"  by  enterprising  European  powers,  par- 
ticularly Great  Britain,  France,  Germany,  and  Italy.  Protectorates  and 
spheres  of  influence  were  established  in  all  parts  of  Africa  hitherto  unat- 
tached by  any  European  country.  Large  areas  of  the  spheres  assigned  to 
difl^erent  powers  have  still  to  be  brought  under  European  control;  but  this 
work  is  advancing  rapidly. 

{Places  in  Italics  have  been  acquired  since  1880.) 


AREA 

EUROPEAN  DEPENDBNCIEfl 

CAPITAL 

(sq.  miles) 

POPULATION 

British 

Egypt 

Cairo 

400.000 

12,000,000 

Anglo-Egyttian  Sudan 
Somalilana 

Khartum 

1,000,000 

2,000,000 

Berbera 

68,000 

300,000 

East  Africa  ProUctOTatt 

Nairobi 

i8j,ooo 

4,000,000 

Uganda 

Entebbe 

223,000 

2,500,000 

Zanzibar 

Zanzibar 

1,020 

200,000 

Nyasaland 

Zomba 

300,000 

l,OCO,O0O 

British  West  Africa 

Bathurst 

451.700 

19,646,000 

Rhodesia 

Salisbury 

450,000 

1 ,750,000 

Beckuanaland  Protectorate^ 

275,000 

126,000 

Swaziland 

Mbabane 

6,678 

100,000 

Basutoland 

Maseru 

10,300 

350,000 

Union  of  South. Africa: 

Cape  Province 

Cape  Town 

277,000") 

Natal 
Transvaal 

Pietermaritzburg 
Pretoria 

35,400  ( 
1 10,400  ( 

5,100,000 

Orange  Free  State 

Bloemfontein 

50,40oJ 

Mauritius 

Port  Louis 

720 

370,000 

Seychelles 

Victoria 

ISO 

23,000 

Ascension 

Georgetown 

40 

ISO 

St.  Helena 

Jamestown 

47 

3,500 

3,842,355 

49,468,650 

French 

Algeria 

Algiers 

221,947 

5,563,828 

French  Morocco 

Fez                 -J 

Tunis 

Tunis              / 

French  West  Africa 

Dakar             ( 

French  Equatorial  Africa 

Brazzaville     > 

3,812,300 

39,948,300 

French  East  Africa: 

1 

Madagascar 
Somali  Coast 

lananarivo    \ 

Jibuti               J 

4,034,247 

4s.512.128 

Cerman^ 

Togoland 

Lome 

33.659 

1,000,000 

Kamerun 

Buea 

295,000 

3,500,000 

German  Southwest  Africa 

Windhoek 

322,348 

120,000 

German  East  Africa 

Dar-es-Saiam 

384,079 

7,546,000 

1,035,086 

12,265,000 

Portuguese 
Portuguese  Guinea 

Bolama 

14,000 

400,000 

Portuguese  West  Africa  ^Angola) 
Portuguese     East    Africa    (Mozam- 
bique^ 

Loaoda 

484,000 

4,119,000 

Mozambique  & 
Louren^o  Marques^ 

i       293,860 

3,120,000 

Cape  Verde  Islands 

Praia 

1,475 

150,000 

Sao  Thome  and  Principe  Islands 

Sao  Thome 

442 

45 .000 

793.777 

7,834,000 

Italian 

Eritrea 

Asmara 

45 ,800 

450,000 

Italian  Somaliland 

Mogadisho 

139,430 

450,006 

Tripoli  and  Cyrenaica 

Tripoli 

406,000 

723,000 

591,230 

1,623,000 

Spanish 

Spanish  Guinea 

Santa  Isabel 

12,000 

200,000 

Rio  dc  Oro  and  Adrar 

Villa  Cisnerot 

73.000 

12,000 

Fernando  Po 

Basile 

814 

21,000 

Spanish  Morocco 

Tetuan 

15,000 

100,814 

233.000 

Belgian 

Belgian  Congo 

Boma 

913,127 

15,000,000 

Grand  Totals     . 

11,310,636 

131.935.778 

'Headquarters  of  the  administration  are  in  Maf eking  in  the  Cape  Province.  Francistown 
is  the  chief  town  in  the  north,  and  Gaberones  in  the  south  of  the  Protectorate. 

*Thc  German  colonies  were  lost  by  Germany  in  the  Great  War. 

'Alternately.  For  dates  of  acquisition  and  other  particulars,  see  under  the  respective 
European  countries. 

The  only  independent  states  are  Abyssinia  and  Liberia. 


GEOGRAPHICAL  MANUAL  AND  NEW  ATLAS 


301 


ABYSSINIA 
(See  Map,  p.  SS) 

Abyssinia  (the  Ethiopia  of  ancient  days)  is  an  empire  which  occupies  a 
portion  of  the  highlands  of  northeast  Africa.  The  country  is  volcanic  and 
mountainous.  It  contains  the  sources  of  the  Blue  Nile  and  the  Atbara. 
There  are  two  seasons  in  the  year,  a  dry  winter  and  a  rainy  summer.  The 
Abyssinians  are  Christians,  and  their  kings  claim  descent  from  Menelek, 
the  son  of  Solomon  by  the  Queen  of  Sheba. 

Natural  Productions. — Abyssinia  contains  some  mineral  wealth;  iron 
and  coal  are  not  uncommon,  and  gold  is  washed  in  various  streams,  while 
salt,  saltpetre,  and  sulphur  are  also  procurable.  In  the  hotter  districts, 
sugar  cane,  coffee,  cotton,  rubber,  etc.,  flourish;  in  the  middle  zone,  maize, 
tvheat,  barley,  wild  oranges  and  other  fruit  trees,  tobacco,  potatoes,  etc., 
are  cultivated;  and  above  9,000  feet  are  excellent  pastures  with  some  corn 
cultivation.  Horses,  mules,  donkeys,  oxen,  goats,  and  sheep,  and  camels 
in  the  lowlands,  form  a  large  portion  of  the  wealth  of  the  people. 

Industries. — The  principal  pursuits  are  agriculture,  cattle  breeding, 
and  hunting.  The  chief  exports  are  coffee,  civet,  wax,  hides,  rubber,  ivory, 
and  gold. 

Capital. — Adis  Abeba,     Population,  about  50,000. 

LIBERIA 
(See  Map,  p.  55) 

Liberia  is  a  Negro  republic  on  the  coast  of  West  Africa,  lying  between  the 
French  colony  of  the  Ivory  Coast  on  the  east  and  Sierra  Leone  on  the  west, 
and  between  the  French  possessions  in  the  interior  and  the  sea.  Liberia 
was  founded  in  1820  by  the  American  Colonization  Society  for  the  settle- 
ment of  freed  slaves.  Its  independence  is  recognized  by  the  United  States 
and  the  European  powers. 

Natural  Productions. — ^The  development  of  Liberia  is  hindered  by  the 
laws  prohibiting  any  but  Liberian  subjects  from  holding  land.  Until  1909 
foreigners  were  forbidden  to  trade  in  the  interior  or  anywhere  except  at  the 
official  ports  of  entry.  The  chief  products  are  palm  oil,  coffee,  rubber,  and 
ivory.  Cotton  is  indigenous,  but  is  not  cultivated  to  any  extent.  There 
are  extensive  forests  in  the  interior,  and  much  mineral  wealth  exists. 

Ports. — ^There  are  fifteen  ports  of  entry  along  the  350  miles  of  coast, 
viz.:  Robertsport,  Monrovia,  Marshall,  Grand  Bassa,  River  Cess,  Greens- 
ville, Nanna  Kru,  Harper,  Half  Cavalla,  Jenne,  Webo,  Grand  Cess,  Garra- 
way,  NitFoo,  and  Batoo. 

Capital. — Monrovia.     Population  (including  Krutown)  6,000. 

Chief  Imports. — Cottons,  haberdashery,  salt,  rice,  provisions,  arms, 
ammunition,  tobacco,  hardware,  glass  and  earthenware,  rum,  gin,  timber, 
and  beads. 

Chief  Exports. — Coffee,  cocoa,  palm  kernels,  palm  oil,  ivory,  piassava, 
rubber,  and  camwood. 

Government. — The  constitution  is  on  the  model  of  that  of  the  United 
^States.  The  President  is  elected  for  four  years,  the  House  of  Representa- 
tives (14  members)  for  four  years,  and  the  Senate  (9  members)  for  six  years. 

EGYPT 
(See  Map,  p.  55) 

Egypt  is  a  British  protectorate,  by  proclamation  of  December  18,  1914. 
From  1879  to  188^  the  country  was  under  the  dual  control  of  Great  Britain 
and  France;  but  in  the  latter  year  Great  Britain  intervened  after  Arabi 
Pasha's  rebellion,  and  since  then  practically  governed  the  country  up  to 
the  time  of  the  overthrow  of  the  Turkish  suzerainty. 

The  total  area  of  Egypt  is  estimated  at  23  2,440,000  statute  acres,  of  which 
about  7,000,000  acres  are  formed  of  the  alluvium  brought  down  by  the  Nile 
from  the  Abyssinian  hills,  the  remainder  being  chiefly  limestone  desert. 

Irrigation. — Egypt  is  called  "  the  gift  of  the  Nile."  Without  the  Nile 
there  would  be  no  inhabitable  country  in  this  part  of  the  continent,  but 
thanks  to  that  famous  river  Egypt  is  one  of  the  most  prosperous  parts  of 
Africa.  Most  of  the  land  is  irrigated  by  means  of  canals,  which  convey 
water  from  the  Nile.  There  are  two  chief  methods  of  irrigation,  known  as 
perennial  irrigation  and  basin  irrigation.  The  perennial  system  consists 
•of  deep  canals  containing  water  all  the  year  round  and  enabling  two  or  more 
crops  to  be  grown.  The  basin  system  is  quite  different.  The  land  is  divided 
into  rectangular  areas  of  varying  size  and  surrounded  by  banks,  between 
which  the  waters  of  the  Nile  are  admitted  during  the  flood  season  (August), 
and  there  retained  for  about  forty  days,  when  it  is  run  off  and  seed  is  sown 
broadcast  on  the  land. 

For  irrigation  purposes  barrages  have  been  built  at  Esna  and  Siut,  and 
others  in  the  Nile  delta  have  been  restored  and  improved;  while  a  storage 
dam  has  been  constructed  at  Assouan  and  a  barrage  built  at  Zifta.  The 
increase  in  the  value  of  the  land  owing  to  these  labours  is  enormous, 
and  some  2,000,000  acres  have  been  added  to  the  cultivable  area. 

Natural  Productions. — (i)  Agriculture.  The  principal  products  are 
.cotton,  cereals,  and  sugar,  about  two-thirds  of  the  population  being  engaged 
in  agriculture.  The  fellahin,  or  small  cultivators,  receive  advances  from 
the  Agricultural  Bank,  the  loans  being  limited  to  fifty  per  cent  of  the  selling 
value  of  land  on  which  the  advance  is  made.  The  cultivated  area  can  never 
•extend  beyond  the  region  which  is  capable  of  being  watered  by  the 
Nile. 

Cattle,  buffaloes,  horses,  mules,  donkeys,  and  drome- 


and  a  certain  amount  of  pottery  is  made.     Cigarette  factories  centre  at 
Cairo  and  Alexandria;  irfiported  tobacco  is  mainly  employed. 

CHIEF  CITIES  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  EGYPT 


(2)  Live  stock. 
daries  are  raised. 

(3)  Minerals. 
manganese  ores 


POP.  IN 

thousands 

industries 

Alexandria 

• 

406 

(Chief  seaport.)     Cotton. 

Cairo 

740 

Cotton,     paper,    sugar,    silk,    saltpetre,    KUDpowder, 

leather. 

Damanhur 

47 

Cotton,  wool. 

Da  MI  ETTA 

36 

Fish,  rice. 

Ismailia 

10 

(Central  station  of  the  Suez  Canal.) 

Mansura 

45 

Linen,  cotton. 

Medinet  el 

Fa  YUM 

42 

Agriculture. 

Port  Said 

61 

(Coaling  station  at  north  end  of  Suez  CanaI.)Cottont 

Suez 

II 

(Port  at  south  end  of  Suez  Canal.) 

Siut 

44 

Pottery,  ivory  works,  ornamental  wood. 
(Noted  for  its  fairs  and  festivals.) 

Tanta 

59 

Zagazig 

39 

Cotton  and  grain  centre,  cotton  factories. 

Building  stone,  clays,  gypsum,  gold,  lead  and  zinc  ores, 
.  natron,  nitrate,  petroleum,  phosphate  of  lime,  salt,  and 
turquoise  are  produced  on  a  commercial  scale;  and  alum,  copper  ores,  emer- 
alds, granite,  iron  ores,  nickel,  ochres,  ornamental  stones,  and  sulphur  are 
known  to  exist  in  more  or  less  important  quantities. 

Manufactures.— There  are  some  cotton  mills  in  the  delta  for  the  manu- 
facture of  rough  calico;  and  in  Upper  Egypt  are  sugar,  rice,  and  flour  mills, 


Capital. — Cairo.     Population  740,000. 

Commerce. — Trade  is  chiefly  carried  on  with  the  following  countries: 
Great  Britain  (the  largest  share).  United  States,  British  Colonies  in  the  Far 
East,  Italy,  Greece,  France,  China,  and  Turkey. 

Chief  Imports. — Textiles,  metals  and  metal  goods,  coal,  timber,  hard- 
ware, cereals,  vegetables,  tobacco,  etc. 

Chief  Exports. — Cotton,  cigarettes,  sugar. 

Communications. — There  are  about  1,700  miles  of  state  railways  (ex- 
cluding the  auxiliary  railways  of  Upper  Egypt  and  the  Western  Oases 
railway);  there  are  816  miles  of  light  railways  owned  by  public  companies. 
There  are  4,563  miles  of  telegraphs,  with  12,000  miles  of  wire. 

Government. — From  1841  to  1914  the  governor  of  Egypt  bore  the  title 
of  Khedive.  On  the  establishment  of  the  formal  protectorate  the  ruler  bears 
the  title  of  Sultan.  There  is  a  Council  of  Ministers  appointed  by  the 
Sultan,  with  a  president  who  acts  as  prime  minister.  There  is  a  Legislative 
Council  consisting  of  the  ministers,  66  elected  members,  and  17  nominated 
members.  This  body  is  mainly  consultative,  the  legislative  power  resting 
with  the  Sultan  and  his  ministers. 

SUEZ  CANAL 

The  Suez  Canal  is  the  property  of  an  Egyptian  company,  authorized  by 
the  Viceroy  in  1856,  and  confirmed  in  1866,  the  concession  having  been 
granted  to  the  late  M.  da  Lesseps  for  99  years  from  November,  1869.  The 
canal  was  opened  in  1869.  The  length  of  the  canal  is  99  miles,  24  miles  of 
which  are  natural  lakes,  with  four  miles  of  approach  channels  for  the  harbours; 
its  width  is  37  metres  (121  feet  5  inches).  The  maximum  draught  of  water 
allowed  for  vessels  using  the  canal  is  30  feet.  The  canal  cost  $120,000,000 
to  construct  and  enlarge.  Port  Said  is  at  the  Mediterranean  end  of  the 
canal  and  Suez  at  the  Red  Sea  end. 

By  a  convention,  signed  on  October  29,  1888,  the  canal  was  exempted 
from  blockade,  and  vessels  of  all  nations,  whether  armed  or  not,  are  to  be 
allowed  to  pass  through  it  in  peace  or  war.  The  management  of  the  canal 
is  entrusted  to  a  council  of  32  administrators,  of  whom  ten  are  British  (three 
representing  the  British  Government  and  seven  the  ship-owning  interest). 

ANGLO-EGYPTIAN-SUDAN 
(See  Map.  p.  55) 

The  Sudan  has  been  jointly  occupied  by  British  and  Egyptian  forces 
since  its  reconquest  by  Lord  Kitchener  in  1898.  It  extends  from  the  south- 
ern boundary  of  Egypt  at  22°N.  lat.  to  the  northern  shore  of  the  Albert 
Nyanza  at  2°i9'N.  lat.,  and  reaches  from  the  French  Sahara  to  the  north- 
west boundary  of  Eritrea,  being  about  1,400  miles  from  north  to  south  and 
1,200  miles  from  east  to  west  at  its  extreme  limits. 

Products  and  Industries. — About  2,500,000  acres  are  under  cultivation. 
The  chief  crop  is  dura  (African  millet),  which  forms  the  staple  food  of  the 
Sudanese.  Wheat,  barley,  dates,  lentils,  beans,  onions,  and  melons  are 
also  grown,  and  ground-nuts  and  sesame  are  produced  for  oil,  while  an  ex- 
cellent quality  of  cotton  is  also  grown.  Timber,  gum,  and  rubber  are  ob- 
tained from  the  forests. 

The  live  stock  includes  camels,  horses,  cattle,  sheep,  goats,  and  asses, 
while  ostrich  farms  are  established  in  the  central  region. 

Gold  was  once  worked  in  large  quantities  and  the  mines  of  Um  Nabardi 
have  been  reopened.  Lignite,  iron,  and  copper  are  known  to  exist,  and  the 
last  two  are  worked  by  natives  in  the  Bahr-el-Ghazal  province. 

Chief  TowNS.-^A'/iartum,  the  capital  (population,  23,000);  Omdurman,  the 
old  Dervish  capital  (population,  60,000);  Kassala  (population,  10,000); 
Suakin  (population,  12,000);  El  Obeid  (population,  16,000);  and  Port  Sudan. 

Communications. — About  1,500  miles  of  railway  are  open  for  traffic. 
Since  the  opening  of  the  eastern  railway  the  Red  Sea  ports  of  Port  Sudan 
and  Suakin  receive  much  of  the  trade  which  formerly  passed  northward. 
South  of  Khartum,  communication  is  established  by  steamers  and  boats  on 
the  Blue  and  White  Niles,  Sobat  and  Bahr  el  Ghazal;  and  inland  chiefly 
by  camels  and  donkeys. 

BRITISH  EAST  AND  CENTRAL  AFRICA 
(See  Maps,  pp.  55,  56) 

The  Germans  obtained  a  footing  on  the  mainland  opposite  Zanzibar 
between  1880  and  1885.  In  1888  the  Imperial  British  East  Africa  Com- 
pany received  a  royal  charter,  having  been  granted  a  few  years  previously 
by  the  Sultan  of  Zanzibar  administrative  rights  over  his  mainland  pos- 
sessions. In  1890  the  respective  spheres  of  Great  Britain  and  Germany 
were  settled  by  agreement,  and  Zanzibar  became  a  British  protectorate. 
The  annexation  by  the  French  of  the  island  of  Madagascar  places  them  in  a 


302 


GEOGRAPHICAL  MANUAL  AND  NEW  ATLAS 


position  of  importance  on  the  East  Coast,  although  their  influence  does  not 
extend  to  the  mainland,  fhe  rivalry  of  European  powers  has  resulted  in 
the  division  of  the  territory  on  the  East  into  "spheres  of  influence,"  the  defi- 
nition of  whose  boundaries  has  given  rise  to  much  diplomatic  negotiation, 
and  is  not  yet  finally  completed. 

The  British  d<'pendencies  in  East  and  Central  Africa  consist  of  Somali- 
land,  East  Africa  Protectorate,  Uganda,  Zanzibar,  and  Nyasaland. 

SoMALiLAND. — The  Somaliland  Protectorate  forms  the  northeastern 
horn  of  the  African  continent.  The  chief  town  is  Berbera  (pop.  30,cxxd). 
The  imports  are  chiefly  rice,  dates,  sugar,  and  textiles;  the  exports,  hides 
and  skins,  gum  and  resins,  ghee  (clarified  butter),  cattle  and  sheep.  Trans- 
port is  by  camels;  there  are  no  porters. 

East  Africa  Protectorate. — The  East  Africa  Protectorate  includes  the 
whole  of  the  coast  from  the  Umba  to  the  Juba  River,  as  also  the  vast  terri- 
tories in  the  interior  bounded  in  part  by  international  conventional  lines. 
On  the  west  the  Protectorate  adjoins  that  of  Uganda.  A  great  portion  of 
this  vast  region  consists  of  pasture  lands  or  barren  wastes,  but  there  are  ex- 
tensive districts  of  great  fertility  on  the  coast,  as  well  as  in  the  interior. 
Mombasa  is  the  largest  town  (population,  30,000);  Nairobi  is  the  capital 
(population,  14,000).  Mombasa  possesses  possibly  the  finest  harbour  on 
the  east  coast  of  Africa. 

The  chief  products  are  ivory,  grain,  rubber,  fibre,  and  copra.  The  chief 
imports  are  piece-goods,  rice,  grain  and  flour,  building  materials,  European 
provisions,  etc.  The  importation  of  arms  and  ammunition  is  prohibited, 
except  under  the  most  stringent  regulations,  and  the  introduction  and  local 
manufacture  of  spirits  is  also  heavily  checked.  Communication  with  Eng- 
land is  by  the  Union  Castle  Line  via  Suez  Canal. 

Uganda. — The  Uganda  Protectorate  lies  between  the  Belgian  Congo  on 
the  west  and  the  East  Africa  Protectorate  on  the  east.  The  native  capital 
of  the  country  is  Mengo  Kampala,  but  the  headquarters  of  the  administra- 
tion is  at  Entebbe  on  the  shores  of  Lake  Victoria  Nyanza. 

The  z\\\e(  products  are  cotton,  cofl'ee,  skms,  cotton  seed,  rubber,  and  ivory. 
Iron  ore  abounds,  and  wheat  grows  well.  The  chief  imports  are  yarns  and 
textiles,  provisions,  hardware,  railway  materials,  agricultural  implements, 
and  machinery. 

The  so-called  Uganda  Railway  lies  wholly  in  the  East  Africa  Protectorate. 
It  runs  from  Mombasa,  on  the  coast,  to  Port  Florence,  on  the  northeast 
corner  of  the  Victoria  Nyanza,  a  distance  of  584  miles.  Motor  transport  is 
increasing  with  the  development  of  the  country. 

ZANziBAR.^The  Zanzibar  Protectorate  consists  of  the  island  of  Zanzibar 
and  the  island  of  Pemba.  The  capital  is  Zanzibar  (population,  35,000), 
which  has  a  fine  roadstead.  The  legal  status  of  slavery  was  abolished  in 
April,  1897,  and  domestic  slavery  in  1908. 

The  products  are  mainly  cloves  (92  per  cent  of  the  entire  clove  crop  of 
the  world),  ivory,  copra,  hides,  gum-copal,  rubber,  etc.  The  chief  imports 
are  piece-goods,  ivory,  copra,  rice,  groceries,  and  coal. 

There  is  direct  communication  with  the  United  Kingdom  by  the  Union 
Castle,  and  also  a  monthly  cargo  service  by  the  British  Steam  Navigation 
Company.  There  are  through  steamers  to  and  from  Europe  by  the  Messa- 
geries  Maritimes  and  the  Societa  Nazionale  de  Servizi  Marittimi,  and  a  three- 
weekly  service  to  and  from  Bombay  by  the  latter  company. 

Nyasaland. — The  Nyasaland  Protectorate  forms  the  eastern  portion  of 
British  Central  Africa.  The  chief  products  are  cotton,  tobacco,  chillies, 
coffee,  ground-nuts,  maize,  wheat,  rubber,  and  fibre.  The  cultivation  and 
export  of  cotton  and  tobacco  are  extensive.  Ivory  and  tea  are  also  exported. 
The  chief  imports  are  soft  goods,  provisions,  and  hardware.  The  chief 
towns  are  Zomba,  the  capital,  and  Blantyre  (population,  8,500). 

Communication  is  maintained  between  Port  Herald  and  Chinde,  situated 
in  Portuguese  territory  at  the  mouth  of  the  Zambezi,  by  the  African  Lakes 
Company's  steamers  and  the  British  Central  Africa  Co.;  and  between  Chinde 
and  Europe,  by  means  of  the  Union  Castle  Mail  S.  S.  Co.,  the  British  Indian 
Steam  Navigation  Co.,  and  Rennie's  line  via  NataL 

BRITISH  WEST  AFRICA 
(See  Map,  p.  55) 

The  West  Coast  of  Africa  has  been  eagerly  frequented  by  European 
traders  since  it  was  first  explored  by  the  Portuguese  in  the  latter  part  of  the 
fifteenth  century,  just  before  the  discovery  of  America  by  Columbus.  In 
the  seventeenth  century  all  the  chief  maritime  nations  of  Europe,  except  the 
Spaniards,  had  forts  or  factories  established  on  the  coast,  from  which  they 
supplied  slaves  to  their  plantations  in  the  West  Indies  and  on  the  mainland 
of  America.  The  importance  of  the  coast  was  much  diminished  at  the  com- 
mencement of  the  nineteenth  century,  when  the  slave  trade  was  suppressed, 
and  the  Dutch  and  the  Danes  relinquished  their  possessions;  but  a  healthier 
interest  in  the  West  Coast  has  since  arisen  in  the  development  of  a  legiti- 
mate trade  in  tropical  products. 

The  British  dependencies  consist  of  Gambia,  the  Gold  Coast  (including 
Ashanti  and  the  Northern  Territories),  Sierra  Leone,  and  Nigeria. 

Gambia. — Gambia  is  the  most  northerly  and  the  oldest  British  settle- 
ment on  the  coast  of  West  Africa.  The  colony  consists  of  St.  Mary's  Isl- 
and, British  Kombo,  and  various  other  islands  and  territories  on  the  banks 
of  the  river  Gambia.  The  area  of  the  colony  proper  is  four  square  miles, 
and  of  the  protectorate  4,500  square  miles.  Bathurst,  the  capital  (popu- 
lation, 9,000),  is  on  St.  Mary's  Island.  The  chief  products  are  ground-nuts 
(which  form  70  per  cent  of  the  total  exports),  beeswax,  palm  kernels,  hides, 
and  calabashes.  The  ground-nuts  are  sent  chiefly  to  Marseilles,  where  the 
oil  is  extracted  and  used  for  the  same  purpose  as  olive  oil.  Small  quantities 
of  cotton,  rice,  maize,  and  kous  (a  kind  of  millet)  are  produced  in  the  dis- 
tricts bordering  the  Gambia.  The  chief  import/  are  cotton  goods,  kola-nuts, 
rice,  spirits,  hardware,  soap,  sugar,  wine,  and  tobacco. 

Gold  Coast. — The  Gold  Coast  Colony  and  Protectorate  is  bounded  on 
the  east  by  Togoland  and  on  the  west  and  north  by  the  French  colonies 
of  the  Ivory  Coast  and  French  Sudan.  The  territories  in  the  hinterland 
to  the  north  of  Ashanti  were  made  a  separate  district  in  1897  under  the  name 
of  the  Northern  Territories.    The  dependency  of  Ashanti  lies  inland,  at  the 


back  of  the  central  portion  of  the  colony.  The  chief  products  are  palm  oil, 
palm  kernels,  rubber,  cocoa,  timber,  gold,  etc.  The  country  is  rich  as  re- 
gards both  minerals  and  agriculture.  The  chief  imports  are  textiles,  hard- 
ware, and  alcohol.     Trade  is  principally  with  the  United  Kingdom. 

The  chief  towns  are:  Akkra,  the  capital  (population,  20,000),  Kumassi 
(population,  19,000),  Cape  Coast  Castle  (population,  11,000),  Sekondi 
(population,  9,000). 

Sierra  Leone. — The  colony  of  Sierra  Leone  on  the  west  African  coast 
was  used  toward  the  end  of  the  eighteenth  century  as  an  asylum  for  the  many 
destitute  Negroes  then  in  Great  Britain.  Later  the  colony  was  used  as  a 
settlement  for  Africans  from  North  America  and  the  West  Indies,  and  large 
numbers  of  Africans  rescued  from  slave-ships  have  from  time  to  time  been 
liberated  and  settled  there. 

The  chief  products  are  palm  oil,  palm  kernels,  kola-nuts,  hides,  piassava, 
and  ginger.  The  chief  imports  are  cotton  goods,  coal,  hardware,  provisions, 
apparel,  and  tobacco.  Freetown,  the  capital  (population,  34,000),  has  the 
finest  and  most  important  harbour  in  West  Africa. 

Nigeria. — The  Colony  and  Protectorate  of  Nigeria  is  situated  between 
Dahomey  on  the  west  and  the  Kameruns  on  the  east.  The  Protectorate  is 
in  two  main  divisions,  the  Northern  Provinces  which  coincide  with  the 
former  protectorate  of  Northern  Nigeria,  and  the  Southern  Provinces, 
which  coincide  with  the  former  protectorate  of  Southern  Nigeria. 

The  country  is  very  fertile,  and  agriculture  is  the  chief  industry,  the 
crops  consisting  of  cotton,  ground-nuts,  maize,  rice,  guinea-corn,  yams, 
cassava,  and  tobacco.  The  exports  consist  of  palm  oil  and  kernels,  gum- 
copal,  rubber,  mahogany,  hides,  skins,  and  ground-nuts.  Tin  mining  is 
carried  on  in  the  Northern  provinces.  Coal  is  also  worked.  The  chief 
imports  are  cotton  goods,  hardware,  cutlery,  bicycles,  kerosene,  provisions, 
spirits,  tobacco,  soap,  haberdashery,  and  building  material.  Slave  dealing 
is  now  practically  non-existent.  The  principal  ports  are  Lagos,  the  capital 
(population  with  suburbs,  102,000),  Warri,  and  Forcados. 

RHODESIA 

(See  Map,  p.  56) 

In  1889  a  royal  charter  was  granted  to  the  British  South  Africa  Company, 
conferring  upon  it  large  administrative  powers  in  the  region  north  of  the 
Transvaal,  now  known  as  Rhodesia,  named  after  the  great  South  African 
administrator  Cecil  John  Rhodes  (1855-1902).  The  company  was  author- 
ized to  promote  trade  and  to  work  mineral  and  other  concessions  in  those 
regions.     Rhodesia  is  divided  into  two  portions  by  the  river  Zambezi. 

Northern  Rhodesia. — A  considerable  portion  of  Northern  Rhodesia 
was  first  opened  to  British  influence  by  Livingstone.  This  territory  is  partly 
occupied  by  native  tribes  living  under  their  own  chiefs,  but  large  tracts  are 
being  opened  up  for  European  settlement.  Nearly  1,000,000  acres  are 
under  settlement  by  whites,  who  are  chiefly  engaged  in  stock  raising.  There 
are  large  herds  of  native  cattle.  Game  is  also  abundant.  The  country  is 
well  wooded  and  well  watered.  Considerable  mineral  deposits,  especially 
copper,  have  been  found.  Indigenous  rubber  is  also  found  in  large 
areas. 

Southern  Rhodesia. — Southern  Rhodesia  includes  the  two  provinces 
of  Matabeleland  and  Mashonaland,  and  lies  between  the  northern  boundary 
of  the  Transvaal  on  the  south  and  the  Zambezi  on  the  north,  with  Portuguese 
East  Africa  on  the  east.  The  climate  is  well  suited  for  Europeans,  and  for 
the  cultivation  of  European  fruit  trees,  cereals,  and  vegetables,  besides 
tobacco,  and  the  indigenous  products  of  the  country.  Southern  Rhodesia 
is  rich  in  minerals,  and  abounds  in  traces  of  the  ancient  gold-workers.  Gold, 
silver,  copper,  coal,  lead,  diamonds,  asbestos,  chromite,  and  other  minerals 
are  produced  in  considerable  quantities. 

Salisbury  (white  population,  4,000)  is  the  seat  of  government,  and  is  situ- 
ated on  the  Mashonaland  plateau,  4,880  feet  above  sea  level.  Bulazvayo 
(white  population  5,300)  is  the  largest  town  in  Matabeleland,  and  is  4,469 
feet  above  sea  level. 

The  railway  running  northeastward  from  Cape  Town,  which  it  is  hoped 
will  become  the  "  Cape-to-Cairo"  line,  already  crosses  Rhodesia,  and  ex- 
tends well  into  the  Belgian  Congo. 

BECHUANALAND  PROTECTORATE 
(See  Map,  p.  56) 

The  Bechuanaland  Protectorate  extends  from  the  Molopo  River  in  the 
south  to  the  Zambezi  in  the  north,  and  is  bounded  on  the  east  by  the  Trans- 
vaal and  Matabeleland  and  on  the  west  by  Southwest  Africa.  The  country 
is  pastoral,  although  when  the  rainfall  is  adequate  crops  of  Kaffir  corn  and 
mealies  (maize)  are  raised.     Large  numbers  of  cattle  also  are  reared. 

The  railway  from  Kimberiey  to  Vryburg  and  Mafeking  crosses  the  pro- 
tectorate on  its  way  to  Rhodesia.  The  chief  European  centres  are  Gabe- 
rones,  Francistown,  and  Serowe.  The  headquarters  of  the  British  administra- 
tion are  at  Mafeking,  Cape  Province. 

SWAZILAND 
(See  Map,  p.  56) 

The  Swaziland  Protectorate  is  bounded  on  the  north  and  west  by  the 
Transvaal,  on  the  south  by  Natal,  and  on  the  east  by  Natal  and  Portuguese 
East  Africa.  In  i8cji  Swaziland  was  placed  under  the  administration  of,  but 
not  incorporated  with,  the  South  African  Republic;  the  British  Government 
now  controls  the  territory. 

The  agricultural  products  are  maize,  millet,  ground-riuts,  beans,  pumpkins, 
and  sweet  potatoes,  grown  only 'in  sufficient  quantities  for  local  supply. 
Tobacco  is  grown  in  parts,  and  experiments  in  cotton  growing  have  been 
successful.  Alluvial  tin  and  gold  are  mined.  Cattle-ranching  on  a  large 
scale  has  been  begun  by  several  companies.  Mbabane,  the  headquarters 
of  the  administration,  is  the  only  town  in  the  protectorate. 


GEOGRAPHICAL  MANUAL  AND  NEW  ATLAS 


303 


BASUTOLAND 
(See  Map,  p.  56) 

The  British  territory  of  Basutoland  lies  between  Natal,  Orange  Free 
State  Province,  and  Cape  Province.  Basutoland  is  one  of  the  best  grain- 
prpducing  districts  in  South  Africa,  while  the  abundant  grass  enables  im- 
mense herds  of  cattle  to  be  raised.  Most  of  the  country  is  mountainous 
and  rugged.  The  chief  exports  are  grain,  cattle,  horses,  and  wool;  the  im- 
ports are  mainly  hardware,  groceries, .  and  blankets.  Maseru  is  the  capital 
(population,  1,300). 

UNION  OF  SOUTH  AFRICA 
(See  Map,  p.  56) 

The  Cape  of  Good  Hope  was  discovered  in  i486  by  Bartholomew  Diaz, 
the  commander  of  one  of  the  many  expeditions  sent  out  by  successive 
kings  of  Portugal  to  discover  an  ocean  route  to  India.  Diaz  merely  doubled 
the  Cape  and  returned  home.  Eleven  years  later,  in  1497,  Vasco  da  Gama 
not  only  doubled  the  Cape  and  landed  in  what  is  now  Natal,  but  success- 
fully accomplished  the  voyage  to  India.  The  Portuguese,  however,  did  not 
make  any  permanent  settlement  at  the  Cape,  although  it  was  used  by  their 
vessels,  and  subsequently  also  by  those  of  England  and  Holland,  as  a  place 
of  call  in  going  to  and  from  the  East  Indies.  In  1652  the  Netherlands'  East 
India  Company  took  possession  of  the  shores  of  Table  Bay,  established  a 
fort,  and  occupied  the  adjacent  lands,  in  order  to  be  always  ready  with 
supplies  for  their  ships  passing.  In  1814  the  Cape  was  formally  ceded  to 
the  British  Crown. 

Communications. — On  the  establishment  of  the  Union  in  1910,  the  state 
railways  of  the  respective  colonies  were  merged  into  one  system,  the  South 
African  Railways,  under  the  control  of  the  Union  government.  The  total 
open  mileage  is  8,924  miles  (comprising  Cape  Province  ;3,964,  Orange  Free 
State  1,265,  Transvaal  2,492,  and  Natal  1,203),  of  which  8,404  miles  are 
3  feet  6  inches  gauge  and  520  miles  2  feet  gauge.  There  are  16,000  miles  of 
telegraph  line  and  about  5,000  miles  of  telephone  line. 

The  following  British  steamship  lines  call  at  the  Cape:  Aberdeen  Line, 
Bucknall  Steamship  Lines,  Clan  Line,  Harrison  Line,  Houston  Line,  Natal 
Line,  New  Zealand  Shipping  Company,  Shaw,  Savill  &  Albion  Line,  Union- 
Castle  Line,  and  White  Star  Line. 

Government. — By  the  South  Africa  Act,  1909,  the  self-governing  colonies 
of  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  Natal,  the  Transvaal,  and  the  Orange  River 
Colony  were  united  on  May  31,  1910,  in  a  legislative  Union  under  one  govern- 
ment under  the  name  of  the  Union  of  South  Africa,  those  colonies  becoming 
provinces  of  the  Union  under  the  names  of  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  Natal, 
the  Transvaal,  and  the  Orange  Free  State  respectively.  The  governor- 
general  of  the  Union  is  appointed  by  the  king.  There  is  an  Executive  Council 
to  advise  the  governor-general  in  the  government  of  the  Union.  The  legis- 
lature consists  of  two  houses,  a  Senate  and  a  House  of  Assembly.  Pretoria  is 
the  seat  of  the  government;  Cape  Town  is  the  seat  of  the  legislature. 

Cape  of  Good  Hope. — The  Province  of  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  or  Cape 
Province,  as  it  is  more  commonly  called,  occupies  the  extreme  southern 
portion  of  Africa.  The  natural  products  are  wheat  and  other  cereals,  wool, 
and  extensive  vineyards.  The  breeding  of  horses,  cattle,  sheep,  and  ostriches 
is  carried  on.  The  chief  minerals  worked  are  copper,  coal,  and  gold.  The  prin- 
cipal diamond  fields  are  centered  at  Kimberley.  The  c\\iti exports  are  gold,  dia- 
monds, wool,  ostrich  feathers,  mohair,  hides  and  skins,  copper  ore,  and  aloes. 
The  chief  trade  is  with  the  United  Kingdom;  among  foreign  countries  the 
greatest  supply  of  imports  comes  from  the  United  States.  Before  the 
Great  War  Germany  came  next.  The  imports  consist  chiefly  of  food  and 
drink,  machinery,  textiles,  hardware,  iron  and  steel,  apparel,  agricultural 
implements,  electrical  fittings,  chemicals,  drugs,  arms  and  ammunition. 

Cape  Town  is  the  capital  (population,  67,000  with  suburbs,  150,000). 
Cape  Town  is  5,979  miles  from  Southampton,  England;  transit,  sixteen  days. 

Natal. — The  Province  of  Natal  derives  its  name  from  the  fact  of  its 
discovery  on  Christmas  Day,  1497,  by  the  celebrated  Portuguese  navigator, 
Vasco  da  Gama.  The  first  European  settlement  was  formed  in  1824  by  a 
small  party  of  Englishmen,  who  came  by  sea  and  established  themselves 
on  the  coast  where  Durban  now  stands.  Natal  was  then  a  part  of  the  Zulu 
kingdom.  Between  1835  and  1837  another  settlement  was  formed  by  a 
large  body  of  Dutch  Boers,  who  came  with  their  wagons  overland  from  Cape 
Colony  and  settled  in  the  northern  districts  where  to  this  day  the  Boers 
preponderate.  In  1843  Natal  was  proclaimed  as  British  and  annexed  to 
Cape  Colony.  In  1856  it  was  made  a  separate  colony,  and  in  1893  acquired 
a  responsible  government. 

The  race  question  in  Natal  is  complicated  by  the  presence  of  large  num- 
bers of  East  Indian  subjects  of  the  Crown,  brought  over  during  the  latter 
half  of  the  nineteenth  century  to  supply  the  deficiency  of  local  labour. 

The  chief  products  are  wool,  fruit,  cereals,  wattle  bark,  coal  (a  rapidly 
growing  industry),  iron,  gold,  and  sugar.  Pietermaritzburg  is  the  capital 
(population,  30,000).     The  city  stands  about  54  miles  inland  from  Durban. 

Transvaal.— The  Transvaal  was  formed  as  the  South  African  Republic 
by  parties  of  Dutch  Boers  from  the  English  colonies,  who  "trekked"  into 
the  interior  of  the  continent  and  wrested  the  land  across  the  Vaal  River 
from  the  native  chiefs.  The  discovery  of  the  gold  fields  within  its  borders 
led  to  the  settlement  of  large  numbers  of  foreigners,  and  eventually  to 
hostilities  with  the  British  Government.  A  war  of  nearly  three  years'  dura- 
tion (1899-1902)  was  fought  with  great  tenacity,  and  its  close  was  marked 
by  the  inclusion  of  the  South  African  Republic  within  the  British  Empire, 
"responsible  government"  being  granted  almost  immediately. 

The  Transvaal  offers  great  facilities  for  agriculture  and  stock-raising. 
Coal  of  fair  quality  is  found.  Gold  mining,  however,  is  the  chief  source  of 
wealth.  The  c\\\ei  exports  are  gold,  cattle,  hides,  wool,  grain,  and  ostrich 
feathers.  Pretoria  is  the  capital  (population,  49,000).  The  principal  town 
is  Johannesburg,  the  centre  of  the  Witwatersrand  goldfields;  population, 
237,000  (white  120,000,  coloured  117,000). 

Orange  Free  State. — The  Orange  Free  State  was  founded,  in  much  the 
same  way  as  the  Transvaal,  by  Boer  emigrants  from  Cape  Colony,  and 


its  independence  was  granted  in  1854.     Its  subsequent  history  is  identical 
with  that  of  the  Transvaal. 

The  country  is  not  well  suited  for  agriculture,  but  good  grazing  is  aflPorded 
by  the  rolling  plains,  and  stock  and  sheep  farming  are  extensively  carried  on. 
Coal  is  abundant  in  the  north  of  the  province.  Bloemfontein  is  the  capital; 
population,  27,000  (white  15,000,  coloured  12,000). 

CHIEF  CITIES  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  THE  UNION 


CITT 

POP.  IN 

thousands 

industries 

Cape  Province 

Cape  Town* 

67 

Wool,  wine. 

East  London 

21 

Wool,  ostrich  plumes. 

Graham's  Town 

u 

Ostrich  farming. 

Kimberley 

30 

Centre  of  diamond  industry. 

King  William's  Town 

9 

Sweets  and  jams,  candles,  soap,  matches,  wool, 
leather  and  hides. 

Paarl 

II 

Wine,  brandy,  wagons,  carriages,  granite. 

Port  Elizabeth 

31 

Jam  and  confectionery  works,  oil.  cantlle  and  explo- 
sive works,  saw-milis,  flour-mills,  tanneries. 

Natal 

Pietermaritzburg* 

30 

Brickmaking,  tanning,  and  brewing. 

Durban 

69t 

(Principal  seaport  of  Natal.)      Railway  works. 

Transvaal 

Pretoria* 

49 

Wool,  hides,  cattle,  grain. 

Johannesburg 

237 

Gold-mining,  brewing,  printing.'fiour-mills,  iron  and 
brass  founding,  tobacco. 

Orange  Free  Stale 

Bloemfontein* 

27 

Agricultural  centre. 

Harrismith 

7 

Wool,  hides. 

Jagersfontein 

9 

Diamonds. 

•Capital  of  state. 


tWith  suburbs,  90. 


FRENCH  DEPENDENCIES 
(See  Maps,  pp.  55,  56) 

The  French  possessions  in  Africa  are  considerable.  In  the  north  are 
Algeria  and  Tunis;  while  Morocco  is  now  predominantly  French.  Among 
the  chief  products  of  Morocco  are  cereals,  hemp,  oil,  and  such  fruits  as  the 
fig,  almonds,  pomegranate,  lemon,  orange,  olive,  and  date. 

The  French  have  extended  their  rule  southward  over  the  greater  part  of 
the  western  Sahara  and  much  of  the  Sudanese  savanna  lands,  reaching  the 
Guinea  coast  at  several  points;  in  the  Congo  region  the  French  dominions 
extend  south  of  the  equator. 

Madagascar  was  conquered  by  the  French  in  1895,  and  made  a  French 
colony  in  the  following  year.  Cattle  herding  and  agriculture  are  the  chief 
occupations.  The  island  has  rich  deposits  of  gold,  copper,  iron,  and  lead,  and 
extensive  forests  of  valuable  timber.  The  exports  of  Madagascar  consist 
of  rice,  cattle,  hides,  gum,  rubber,  wax,  sugar,  cotton,  raffia,  and  coffee. 
The  capital  is  Tananarivo  (population,  95,000).     Tamatave  is  the  chief  port. 

PORTUGUESE  DEPENDENCIES 
(See  Maps,  pp.  55,  56) 

The  Portuguese  were  the  pioneers  of  European  civilization  in  Africa. 
To-day  their  possessions  in  West  Africa  consist  of  Angola  and  Kabinda; 
the  chief  town  Loanda  (population,  20,000)  is  one  of  the  few  good  ports  on 
the  west  African  coast.     A  small  portion  of  the  Guinea  coast  is  Portuguese. 

Portuguese  East  Africa  consists  of  the  two  districts  of  Louren^o  Marques 
and  Mozambique,  which  are  separated  from  one  another  by  the  river 
Zambezi,  and  the  smaller  districts  of  Inhambane,  Gaza,  and  Tete.  The  chief 
products  are  ore,  sugar,  ivory,  rubber,  and  wax.  The  chief  ports  are 
Mozambique  (population,  8,000),  Quilimane  (population,  6,000),  Ckinde 
(population,  2,000),  Beira  (population,  4,000),  and  Lourenfo  Marques  (popu- 
lation, 10,000). 

ITALIAN  DEPENDENCIES 

(See  Map,  p.  55) 

Italian  enterprise  in  Africa  falls  within  our  own  times.  On  the  Red  Sea 
the  colony  of  Eritrea  consists  of  a  triangular  portion  of  sandy  lowland,  with  a 
coast-line  of  about  700  miles.  The  capital  is  Asmara,  near  which  are  gold 
mines.  The  chief  port  is  Massaua,  which  has  a  good  harbour;  pearl  fishing 
is  carried  on  here.  Salt  is  the  principal  product,  and  is  of  great  value  as 
being  the  monetary  currency  of  southern  Abyssinia. 

Italian  Somaliland  extends  along  the  east  coast  from  British  Somaliland 
to  the  course  of  the  Juba.  Cattle  rearing  is  the  chief  occupation.  Moga- 
disho  is  the  headquarters  of  the  administration. 

The  territories  of  Tripoli  and  Cyrenaica  were  acquired  in  1912  by  conquest 
and  cession  from  the  Ottoman  Empire.  The  chief  products  are  esparto  fibre, 
hides  and  skins,  ostrich  feathers,  and  sponges.  About  one-fourth  of  the 
trade  is  with  the  Sudan  by  caravans.  The  capital  is  Tripoli  (population., 
30,000). 

SPANISH  DEPENDENCIES  ^ 

(See  Map,  p.  55) 

The  Spanish  colonies,  exclusive  of  the  Canary  Islands  and  Ceuta,  etc., 
which  form  an  integral  part  of  the  kingdom,  consist  of  certain  settlements 
and  islands  of  western  Africa. 

Fernando  Po  in  the  Bight  of  Biafra  is  a  mountainous  island  with  forests  of 
oil-palm,  ebony,  mahogany,  and  oak.  Its  chief  products  are  sugar,  cotton, 
indigo,  cocoa,  coffee,  tobacco,  vanilla,  and  kola-nut.     The  capital  is  Basile. 

Spanish  Guinea,  or  the  Muni  River  Settlements,  is  on  the  coast  between 
Kamerun  and  French  Congo.  Cocoa,  cofl^ee,  and  bananas  are  cultivated, 
and  palm  oil,  palm  kernels,  rubber,  and  other  forest  produce  is  exported. 

Rio  de  Oro  and  Adrar,  on  the  northwest  coast  of  Africa,  is  part  of  the 
waterless  Sahara,  sparsely  populated  by  wandering  Arabs.  Cattle,  sheep, 
and  camels  are  bred  where  vegetation  permits.  There  are  valuable  fish- 
eries off'  the  coast. 


304 


GEOGRAPHICAL  MANUAL  AND  NEW  ATLAS 


The  Spanish  "presidios,"  or  fortified  settlements,  on  the  Moroccan  sea- 
board are  no  longer  used  as  convict  settlements.  The  Spanish  zone  in 
Morocco  was  defined  in  the  Franco-Spanish  treaty  of  Madrid  (November 
27,  19 1 2).  Tangier  and  its  district  (about  140  square  miles)  is  excluded 
from  the  Spanish  zone  and  is  internationalized. 

BELGIAN  CONGO 

(See  Maps,  pp.  55,  56) 

The  Congo  Free  State,  as  it  was  formerly  called,  was  founded  in  1882  by 
King  Leopold  IL  of  Belgium  and  bequeathed  to  the  Belgian  Government, 


passing  into  the  hands  of  the  latter  in  1908.  The  transfer  was  not  recognized 
by  Great  Britainuntil  1913,  on  account  of  forced  labour  and  other  irregu- 
larities existing  under  the  former  regime. 

The  exports  from  the  Belgian  Congo  consist  chiefl>  of  rubber,  palm 
kernels,  palm  oil,  and  ivory.  The  coffee  plant  and  cotton  grow  wild,  and 
coffee,  cacao,  and  tobacco  have  been  planted  with  success.  The  area  is 
estimated  at  about  900,000  square  miles;  the  native  population  at  about 
15,000,000.  A  terrible  disease,  called  "sleeping  sickness,"  has  of  late  years 
made  increasing  ravages  upon  the  native  population  and  threatens  to  de- 
populate large  districts,  especially  along  the  banks  of  the  Congo  River 
and  its  principal  tributaries. 


ASIA 

(See  Maps,  pp.  57-70) 


The  Cradle  of  Mankind. — Asia  is  generally  regarded 
as  the  cradle  of  the  human  race.  It  is  the  birthplace  of  the 
great  religions  of  the  world — the  Jewish,  the  Hindu,  the 
Buddhist,  the  Zoroastrian,  the  Christian,  and  the  Moham- 
medan. Next  to  Egypt  Asia  possesses  the  oldest  historical 
monuments  in  the  world.  The  Old  Testament  contains  the 
earliest  historical  records  which  we  have  of  any  nation  in 
the  form  of  distinct  narrative.  The  period  at  which  Moses 
wrote  was  probably  1,500  or  1,600  years  before  Christ.  In 
China  authentic  history  goes  back  to  about  1,000  B.  C, 
with  a  long  preceding  period  of  which  the  names  of  dynasties 
are  preserved  without  chronological  arrangement.  In  re- 
gard to  the  history  of  the  ancient  kingdoms  of  Assyria, 
Babylonia,  Media,  and  Persia,  much  light  has  been  obtained 
from  the  decipherment  of  cuneiform  inscriptions.  The 
Persians,  the  Romans,  the  Arabians,  and  the  Mongols  each 
in  turn  have  dominated  a  large  part  of  Asia. 

The  discovery  by  the  Portuguese  of  the  passage  to  India 
by  way  of  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope  led  to  their  establishment 
on  the  coast  of  the  peninsula  in  1498.  The  Portuguese  were 
speedily .  followed  by  the  Spanish,  Dutch,  French,  and  Brit- 
ish. The  struggle  between  the  two  last  powers  for  suprem- 
acy in  India  was  completed  by  the  conquest  of  the  prin- 
cipal French  settlements  (1760-1765). 

The  forms  of  government  in  Asia  at  the  present  time  range 
from  the  primitive  rule  of  the  nomad  sheik  to  the  republic  of 
China.  India  has  been  brought  by  Great  Britain  directly 
under  European  influence,  while  Japan  and  to  a  lesser  ex- 
tent China  are  also  modelling  their  institutions  on  those 
of  the  West.  - 

Races  of  Asia. — ^The  inhabitants  of  Asia  belong  mostly 
to  two  great  races:  the  Mongolian  or  Yellow  type,  and  the 
Caucasic  or  Fair  type.  The  Mongolian  type  is  the  most 
numerously  represented,  and  includes  two-thirds  of  the 
whole  population  of  the  continent.  The  Mongolians  may  be 
divided  into  two  groups:  (i)  those  speaking  polysyllabic 
languages,  including  the  various  Finno-Tatar  and  Turki- 
Tatar  races  of  north  and  central  Asia,  the  true  Mongolians, 
and  the  Manchus,  all  of  whom  may  be  grouped  as  Ural- 
Altai  Mongols,  and  are  to  be  distinguished  from  the  Koreans 
and  the  Japanese.  (2)  Those  speaking  the  so-called  mono- 
syllabic languages,  including  Chinese,  Tibetans,  Burmese, 
Siamese,  and  Annamese,  and  various  hill  tribes  of  the 
Himalayas. 

The  Fair  type  is  represented  in  Asia  by  the  Semitic  peoples 
of  Syria  and  Arabia,  the  numerous  tribes  of  the  Caucasus, 
the  Slavonic  people  of  Asiatic  Russia,  and  the  Aryan  in- 
habitants of  Persia  and  northern  India. 

The  Black  type  is  represented  irf  the  south  by  the  Dravid- 
ians  of  southern  India  and  Ceylon,  and  by  the  Negritos  of  the 
Malay  Peninsula  and  Archipelago. 


MODERN  JERUSALEM 

For  many  centuries  Jerusalem  has  been  what  it  will  long 
remain — -the  Holy  City.  To  the  Jew  it  is  the  city  of  David 
and  Solomon,  to  the  Christian  the  city  where  our  Lord  was 
crucified,  to  the  Mohammedan  also  a  city  hallowed  by  many 
traditions,  and  by  the  memory  of  its  conquest  by  Omar 
and  Saladin.  The  city  may  be  still  described  in  the  words  of 
the  Psalmist:  "Jerusalem  is  builded  as  a  city  that  is  com- 
pact together;  whither  the  tribes  go  up"  (Psalm  cxxii,  3). 

The  location  of  the  city  has  been  changed,  or  rather  it 
occupies  but  a  part  of  the  ground  covered  by  the  Jerusalem 
of  Herod  and  his  immediate  successors.  The  old  city,  in- 
cluding the  Mosque  area,  covers  only  209H  acres.  At  the 
time  of  its  greatest  importance  it  must  have  embraced 
within  its  walls  nearly  three  times  as  much  territory,  and, 
judging  from  the  estimates  of  its  population  at  that  time, 
the  houses  must  have  been  even  more  closely  built  than  now. 
That  they  are  close  enough  at  present  no  one  who  has  ex- 
amined them  will  question,  and  yet  there  are  several  quite 
good-sized  pieces  of  vacant  land.  The  houses  are  generally 
poor  and  patched,  and  have  a  mottled  and  ancient  appear- 
ance. The  mottled  aspect  is  due  to  the  fact  that  the  stones 
composing  the  walls  have  done  previous  duty  in  buildings  or 
walls  that  have  fallen  before  the  besieger.  The  ancient 
look  is  genuine;  they  are  old;  some  of  them  were  quarried 
thousands  of  years  ago.  Many  of  the  interior  walls  are 
supported  by  props  stretching  overhead  across  the  narrow 
streets  and  braced  against  some  stronger  wall.  They  have 
an  ominous  "bulge,"  which  means  that  some  of  these  days 
they  are  going  to  spill  out  over  the  street  in  spite  of  their 
supports.  The  wonder  is  how  some  of  them  resist  the  law  of 
gravitation  even  now.  There  are  old  arches  in  every  part 
of  the  city  which  have  some  mysterious  way  of  keeping  up, 
when  from  all  appearance  they  ought  to  fall  immediately. 
The  crowds  pass  and  repass,  however,  unconscious  of  their 
danger.' 

Many  scenes  in  modern  Jerusalem  rise  before  me  in 
recalling  the  times  when  I  lived  within  the  walls,  writes 
Colonel  Conder,  and  passed  so  many  days  in  the  Temple 
enclosure,  or  in  that  grim  church,  defiled  with  blood,  which 
some  among  us  are  glad  to  think  of  as  not  marking  the  new 
sepulchre  without  the  city  where  the  Prince  of  Peace  was 
laid.     But  two  scenes  especially  come  back  to  mind. 

The  first  is  that  of  the  sleeping  town  before  the  gates 
were  opened  to  admit  the  peasant  women  and  their  donkey- 
loads  of  cakes  and  vegetables.  In  the  purple  gloom  the 
domes  are  beginning  to  shine,  wet  with  the  heavy  dew,  as 
the  light  spreads  behind  Olivet  "as  far  as  Hebron" — to  quote 
the  Mishnah.  The  silence  is  broken  suddenly  by  the  musical 
cry  of  the  Muedhdhin^  on  the  minaret  of  a  mosque — a  long, 
rolling,  and  tremulous  note,  echoing  all  over  Jerusalem,  as 
he  "testifies  there  is  no  God  but  God,"  and  calls  to  the  faith- 
ful that  "prayer  is  better  than  sleep."  Thefsimple  dignity 
of  Islam  contrasts  with  the  superstition,  the  hurried  services, 
the  tawdry  magnificence  of  degraded  Eastern  churches,  and 


'E.  S.  Wallace.  "Jerusalem  the  Holy"  '1898). 
'Muezzin,  a  Mohammedan  crier  of  the  hour  of  prayer. 


GEOGRAPHICAL  MANUAL  AND  NEW  ATLAS 


305 


we  understand  how  it  was  that  the  reformed  faith  of  Mu- 
hammad conquered  Asia. 

The  second  scene  is  that  of  the  summer  noon,  which 
presents  to  us  an  epitome  of  the  long  history  of  the  Holy  City. 
The  great  Herodian  tower  of  the  upper  city  glares  with 
tawny  stone  against  the  blue  sky.  The  rough  cobbles  of 
the  slippery  market-place  are  crowded  with  chattering 
peasants.  A  few  pious  Moslems,  unconscious  of  the  world, 
are  praying  with  their  faces  toward  Mecca  on  the  steps  of 
the  Protestant  bishop's  palace,  where  the  town  dogs  also  lie 
in  summer,  but  go  down  to  the  covered  bazaar  when  the 
winter  rains  and  snow  begin.  The  Armenian  patriarch  is 
being  escorted,  from  St.  James  on  Sion  to  the  Holy  Sepulchre, 
by  a  modest  procession.  A  Moslem  bier  passes  by,  and  men 
crowd  round  it  to  lend  their  shoulders  for  a  few  steps  as  a 
pious  act.  The  little  Pharisee,  with  his  lovelocks  and  dirty 
gaberdine — or  resplendent  in  his  fur  cap  on  the  Sabbath, 
just  as  Rembrandt  drew  his  fathers — is  jostled  in  the  narrow 
street  of  David,  yet  holds  his  fingers  on  the  pulses  of  the  city 
life.  Above  the  cries  of  the  water-seller  and  the  chinking 
of  the  brass  sherbet-cups,  the  screams  of  women  and  the 
jangling  of  the  metal  plates  that  serve  for  bells  in  churches, 
rises  one  recurrent  note  from  the  blind  beggar  who  wanders 
through  the  streets,  forever  calling  aloud  to  the  "everlasting 
God."  We  might  almost  expect  to  see  a  Templar  ride  by, 
with  his  white  gown  and  blood-red  cross  over  the  mail 
coat,  or  the  page  of  some  Frankish  noble  in  stripes  of  yellow 
and  crimson.  But  instead  we  witness  the  long  procession 
of  half-naked  Dervish  fanatics,  with  banners,  on  their  way 
to  the  Haram,  and  then  to  the  "tomb  of  Moses"  west  of 
Jericho.  They  bear  spears  and  swords,  and  are  preceded 
by  jesters  with  fox-tails  or  by  a  convict  who  has  been  tarred 
and  covered  with  cotton  wool — ancient  survivals  of  pagan 
Saturnalia.  The  Jew,  the  Greek,  the  Copt,  the  Georgian, 
the  Armenian,  the  Arab,  and  the  Turk  mingle  with  the 
modern  European  and  with  the  Franciscan  monk  from  Italy 
in  the  narrow  lane;  and  black-veiled  ladies,  with  white 
Damascene  asses,  are  led  to  the  shops,  or  to  the  lower  fruit- 
market  which  glows  with  colour,  its  green  and  gold  con- 
trasting with  the  violet  or  rich  brown  robes  of  the  merchants. 
The  whole  history  of  Jerusalem  is  represented  by  its  crowd 
to-day.* 

RIDING  DOWN  EAGLES  ON  THE  PAMIRS 

We  are  now  in  what  is  known  as  the  Syrt  country,  writes 
Colonel  Younghusband.  There  was  no  particular  road,  but  the 
tracks  of  animals.  We  had  brought  a  Kirghiz  with  us  to 
show  us  the  way,  but  he  now  refused  to  do  so,  and  eventu- 
ally left  us  stranded  in  the  midst  of  a  series  of  bare,  low  hills 
and  sterile  plains,  without  apparently  any  water,  or  any 
inhabitants,  or  any  special  road.  We  knew,  too,  that  what 
people  we  should  meet  had  not  a  good  reputation,  and 
were  said  to  rob  and  murder  travellers  occasionally,  and 
matters  looked  unpleasant.  We  pushed  on,  however,  in 
the  general  direction  of  Kashgar,  and  toward  evening,  after 
a  very  hard  march,  reached  an  encampment  of  six  tents. 
The  owner  of  the  one  we  applied  to  was  very  surly,  but  even- 
tually agreed  to  give  us  accommodation  for  the  night. 

As  we  entered  the  tent,  I  was  startled  on  seeing  a  huge, 
fierce-looking  eagle  tied  by  the  leg  just  by  the  door.  From 
all  appearances,  it  would  require  very  little  provocation  to 
cause  it  to  fly  at  one,  and  I  was  relieved  when  I  found  my- 
self safely  past  it.  It  was  one  of  the  eagles  which  the  people 
of  the  part  keep  for  hawking  purposes,  and  with  these  they 
secure  even  small  deer.  I  never  saw  them  at  this  sport, 
but  I  recollect  some  years  afterward,  on  the  Pamirs,  seeing 
a  Kirghiz  catch  an  eagle  for  this  purpose  by  riding  it  down. 
When  I  first  saw  the  man  starting  off  to  gallop  down  an  eagle, 
I  thought  he  must  be  mad.  We  had  seen  two  eagles  on  the 
ground  in  the  distance,  and  as  soon  as  the  Kirghiz  caught 
sight  of  them  he  set  off  wildly  after  them.     They,  of  course, 

>Col.  C.R.  Conder,  "The  City  of  Jerasalem"  (1909). 


rose  on  seeing  him,  but  he  went  careering  down  the  valley 
after  one  of  them  till  gradually  the  bird  sank  down  to  the 
ground.  It  was,  in  fact,  gorged  with  the  flesh  of  the  carcase 
It  had  been  feeding  on,  and  could  no  longer  fly.  The  Kir- 
ghiz dismounted,  seized  hold  of  the  bird,  bound  his  waist- 
cloth  round  and  round  the  body  and  wings  till  he  had  made 
it  up  into  a  neat  parcel,  and  then  tucked  it  under  his  arm, 
mounted,  and  rode  back  to  me.  He  said  that,  if  it  turned 
out  to  be  a  good  one  fos.  hawking,  he  might  get  two  hundred 
rupees  [about  $66]  for  ft.' 

A  ROBBER'S  STRONGHOLD  IN  CENTRAL  ASIA 

We  retraced  our  steps  to  the  junction  of  the  Shimshal 
River,  and  ascended  the  valley  through  which  it  flows.  Up 
this  valley,  at  five  miles  from  its  junction  with  the  Oprang, 
is  a  Kanjuti  outpost  called  Darwaza,  or  "the  gate."  It  was 
from  this  place  that  the  raiders  started  on  their  expeditions, 
and  as  we  ascended  the  wild,  narrow  mountain  valley  in 
which  it  is  situated,  we  wondered  what  sort  of  reception  we 
should  meet  with  from  these  robber  bands. 

Rounding  a  spur,  we  saw  in  the  distance  a  tower  erected 
on  the  top  of  a  clifF,  and  approaching  nearer  we  saw  that 
the  whole  line  of  the  cliff",  where  it  was  at  all  accessible,  was 
covered  by  a  loop-hole  wall,  at  the  upper  end  of  which  was  a 
second  tower.  The  cliffy  formed  the  bank  of  a  deep  ravine, 
which  cut  transversely  across  the  main  valley.  Looking 
up  the  valley  on  the  right  was  the  unfordable  Shimshal 
River;  on  the  left  were  precipitous  mountains,  and  in  front 
this  deep  ravine.  The  only  possible  way  up  the  valley  was 
by  a  difficult  zigzag  path  up  the  side  of  this  ravine,  and  that 
was  guarded  by  the  two  towers.  Some  smoke  was  curling 
up  from  these  towers,  so  we  knew  that  they  were  tenanted, 
and  the  exciting  moment  had  now  arrived  when  we  should 
have  to  beard  these  raiders  in  their  very  den. 

I  carefully  reconnoitred  the  position  with  my  field-glasses, 
so  as  to  be  able  to  decide  on  our  best  plan  of  action  in  case 
of  a  hostile  reception.  The  path  zigzagged  down  one  side 
of  the  ravine,  which  was  about  two  hundred  feet  deep,  and  up 
the  other,  and  passed  immediately  under  the  wall  and  through 
a  gateway  in  the  tower.  It  would  have  been  impossible  to 
effect  an  entrance  if  the  Kanjutis  chose  to  be  hostile,  for 
even  if  they  did  not  fire  at  us,  they  could  have  annihilated 
us  by  hurling  down  stones.  I  thought,  therefore,  that  my 
best  plan  would  be  not  to  commit  my  whole  party  to  such  a 
risk,  but  to  go  on  with  an  interpreter,  and  leave  the  Gurkhas 
on  the  top  of  the  cliffy  on  our  side  of  the  ravine,  to  cover  the 
retreat  in  case  the  Kanjutis  proved  hostile.     . 

We  had  descended  to  the  bottom  of  the  ravine,  and 
climbed  halfway  up  the  opposite  bank.  The  door  through 
the  tower  was  still  open,  and  no  one  could  be  seen  about, 
when  suddenly  the  door  was  banged,  the  wall  was  manned 
by  wild-looking  Kanjutis,  shouting  and  waving  us  back, 
and  pointing  their  matchlocks  at  us.  We  were  not  fifty 
feet  from  them,  and  I  expected  at  any  moment  to  have 
bullets  and  stones  whizzing  about  our  ears;  so  I  halted  and 
beckoned  to  them,  holding  up  one  finger  and  signing  to  them 
in  this  way  to  send  one  man  down  to  us.  Gradually  the 
hubbub  ceased;  they  still  kept  their  matchlocks  pointed  at 
us,  but  the  door  was  opened  and  two  men  came  down  to  us. 
We  had  a  long  parley  together,  and  I  told  them  who  I  was, 
that  I  was  coming  to  visit  their  chief,  and  that  Captain  Du- 
rand  had  already  spoken  to  Safder  Ali  about  my  coming. 
They  said  they  had  heard  of  this,  but  they  wished  to  make 
quite  sure  that  I  had  not  an  army  with  me,  so  I  sent  them 
to  count  for  themselves  exactly  how  many  men  I  had.  The 
Gurkhas  then  joined  me,  and  we  passed  through  the  tower 
together;  but  just  at  the  entrance,  which  was  lined  with  Kan- 
jutis in  a  double  row,  a  man  rushed  at  my  pony  and  seized 
the  bridle.  I  thought  for  a  moment  there  was  treachery. 
The  Gurkhas  sprang  forward,  and  in  half  a  second  there 
would  have  been  a  scrimmage,  when  the  man  let  go,  and 
laughed,  and  said  he  had  only  intended  it  as  a  joke.  .  .  . 
We  stood  together  for  a  long  time  round  the  fire,  a  curious 


IF.  E.  Younghusband,  "The  Heart  of  a  Continent"  (1896). 


3o6 


GEOGRAPHICAL  MANUAL  AND  NEW  ATLAS 


group — rough,  hard,  determined-looking  Kanjutis,  in  long, 
loose  woollen  robes,  round  cloth  caps,  long  curls  hanging 
down  their  ears,  matchlocks  slung  over  their  backs,  and 
swords  bound  to  their  sides;  the  timid,  red-faced  Kirghiz; 
the  Tatar-featured  Ladakis;  the  patient,  long-suffering  Bal- 
tis;  the  sturdy,  jovial  little  Gurkhas;  the  grave  Pathan,  and 
a  solitary  Englishman,  met  together  here,  in  the  very  heart 
of  the  Himalayas,  in  the  robbers'  stronghold.  It  is  on  think- 
ing over  occasions  like  this  that  one  realizes  the  extraordinary 
influence  of  the  European  in  Asia,  and  marvels  at  his  power 
of  rolling  on  one  race  upon  another  to  serve  his  purpose. 
An  Asiatic  and  a  European  fight,  the  former  is  beaten,  and 
he  immediately  joins  the  European  to  subdue  some  other 
Asiatic' 

THE  WILD  YAK  OF  TIBET 

An  exceptionally  large  herd  of  yaks  was  grazing  at  the 
foot  of  the  rocks  on  our  right,  recounts  Sven  Hedin.  Islam 
rode  toward  them  and  took  a  shot  at  them.  Thereupon 
the  herd  divided,  the  greater  part  fleeing  up  the  mountains, 
while  the  others,  nearly  fifty  of  them  in  a  tightly  packed 
drove,  made  straight  toward  me  and  Emin  Mirza. 

We  were  alone  and  without  weapons,  and  felt  we  were 
in  a  pretty  tight  fix,  for  the  animals  seemed  to  be  charging 
directly  down  upon  us.  The  leader  of  the  herd  was  a  well- 
shaped  bull;  after  him  a  little  calf  and  five  old  bulls  walloped 
along  as  hard  as  they  could  put  feet  to  ground;  while  the 
rear  was  brought  up  by  Islam  on  horseback.  The  yaks 
were  enveloped  in  a  perfect  cloud  of  dust.  We  could  dis- 
tinctly hear  the  cracking  of  their  hoofs,  and  were  blindly 
conscious  that  in  another  second  or  two  we  should  be  crushed 
under  the  avalanche  of  their  irresistible  onrush.  It  appeared, 
however,  that  they  had  not  yet  observed  us;  for  no  sooner 
did  the  leader  become  aware  of  us,  which  he  did  at  about  a 
hundred  paces  distance,  than  he  swerved  aside,  and  was 
instantly  followed  by  the  entire  battalion.  This  gave  Islam 
his  opportunity.  He  hastily  dismounted  and  placed  himself 
in  ambush,  and  fired  at  a  venture  right  in  the  middle  of  the 
troop.  The  bullet  struck  a  bull  in  the  foreleg;  then  the 
animal,  mad  with  fury,  charged  straight  upon  the  sports- 
man. Islam  flung  himself  into  the  saddle,  and  set  off  as 
fast  as  his  enfeebled  horse  was  able  to  gallop.  The  yak, 
however,  although  running  on  only  three  legs,  caught  him 
up  after  two  or  three  minutes'  chase;  but  just  as  he  was  on  the 
point  of  tossing  horse  and  rider  on  his  horns,  Islam,  who  saw 
the  danger  he  was  in,  turned  in  his  saddle  and  took  aim.  But 
he  was  so  excited  he  could  not  aim  with  the  cool  deliberation 
that  so  perilous  a  moment  demanded.  However,  the  yak 
was  so  close  to  him  that  it  was  scarcely  possible  to  miss; 
luckily,  the  bullet  penetrated  in  the  region  of  the  heart,  and 
thus  put  an  end  to  the  contest. 

The  yak  was  a  bull  about  eight  years  old.  The  tongue 
and  meat  were  especially  welcome,  since  our  supplies  of 
rice  and  flour  were  fast  running  out.  If  Islam's  last  shot 
had  failed  he  would  infallibly  have  been  lost.  The  chase 
of  the  wild  yak  is  perilous,  and  it  does  not  always  have  such 
a  happy  ending  as  this.^ 

BOMBAY,  A  CITY  OF  CONTRASTS 

The  first  sight  of  India  is  amazing,  entrancing,  stupefy- 
ing. Of  other  countries  you  become  aware  gradually:  Italy 
leads  up  to  the  Levant,  and  Egypt  passes  you  on  insensibly 
to  the  desert.  Landed  in  Bombay,  you  have  strayed  into 
a  most  elaborate  dream,  infinite  in  variety,  spinning  with 
complexity,  a  gallery  of  strange  faces,  a  buzz  of  strange 
voices,  a  rainbow  of  strange  colours,  a  garden  of  strange 
growths,  a  book  of  strange  questions,  a  pantheon  of  strange 
gods.  Different  beasts  and  birds  in  the  street,  different 
clothes  to  wear,  different  meal-times,  and  different  food — 


IF.  E.  Younghusband,  "The  Heart  of  a  Continent"  (1896). 
*Svcn  Hedin,  "Through  Asia"  (1899). 


the  very  commonest  things  are  altered.     You  begin  a  new 
life  in  a  new  world. 

It  takes  time  to  come  to  yourself.  At  first  everything 
is  so  noticeable  that  you  notice  nothing.  You  pin  your  eyes 
to  the  little  fawn-coloured,  satin-skinned,  humped  oxen  in 
the  carts,  to  the  blue  crows  that  dance  and  spar  in  the 
gutters.  They  are  the  very  commonest  things  in  India, 
but  just  because  they  are  common  bullocks — yet  with  humps! 
— common  crows — yet  blue! — their  fascination  is  enthralling. 
The  white  ducks  you  wear  all  day  are  like  a  girl's  first  court 
dress,  and  you  sit  down  to  breakfast  at  eleven  off  a  fish 
called  pomphlet  with  the  sensation  of  a  Gulliver. 

When  things  begin  to  come  sorted  and  sifted,  Bombay 
reveals  itself  as  a  city  of  monstrous  contrasts.  Along  the 
sea-front  one  splendid  public  building  follows  another — 
variegated  stone  fa9ades  with  arch  and  colonnade,  cupola 
and  pinnacle  and  statuary.  At  their  feet  huddle  flimsy 
huts  of  matting,  thatched  with  leaves,  which  a  day's  rain 
would  reduce  to  mud  and  pulp.  You  sit  in  a  marble-paved 
club,  vast  and  airy  as  a  Roman  atrium,  and  look  out  over 
gardens  of  heavy  red  and  violet  flowers  toward  choking  alleys 
where  half-naked  idolaters  herd  by  families  together  in 
open-fronted  rooms,  and  filth  runs  down  gullies  to  fester 
in  the  sunken  street.  In  this  quarter  you  may  see  the 
weaver  twirling  his  green  and  amber  wool  on  a  hand-loom 
— a  skeleton  so  simple  and  fragile  that  a  kick  would  make 
sticks  of  it;  go  to  the  street  corner,  and  you  see  black  smoke 
belch  from  a  hundred  roaring  mills,  whose  competition  cuts 
the  throat  of  all  the  world.  In  the  large  open  spaces  Parsis 
bowl  each  other  under-hand  full-pitches  and  cry,  "tank 
you,  tank  you,"  after  the  ball;  by  the  rail  squats  a  Hindu, 
who  would  like,  if  only  the  law  would  let  him,  to  marry 
babies  and  burn  widows. 

Yet,  for  all  its  incongruities,  Bombay  never  will  have  you 
forget  that  it  is  a  great  city.  If  it  had  no  mills  it  would  be 
renowned  for  its  port;  if  it  had  neither  it  would  be  famous  for 
its  beauty.  Its  physical  configuration  is  something  like  that 
of  New  York.  Bombay  lies  at  the  southern  end  of  a  long 
narrow  island;  its  oldest  part,  the  Fort,  is  toward  the  south- 
ernmost extremity.  Here  are  the  landing-piers,  the  public 
buildings,  the  newspapers,  the  principal  business  centres. 
Next  comes  the  native  city;  and  the  fashionable  quarter 
for  residence  once  lay  northward  where  the  Byculla  Club, 
the  best  in  Bombay,  still  marks  its  site.  But  flowing  business, 
as  in  New  York,  has  risen  and  surged  over  the  city;  it  has 
washed  the  native  quarter  northward,  and  the  Club  now 
stands  an  almost  solitary  landmark  among  cotton-mill  chim- 
neys and  teeming  native  tenements.  The  Europeans,  with 
the  ever-multiplying  class  of  rich  natives,  now  live  further 
westward  on  the  Ridge  or  on  Malabar  Hill,  which,  turning 
south  to  face  the  old  town,  forms  the  western  horn  of  Back 
Bay.  From  the  narrowness  of  the  original  city,  and  the  four 
miles'  drive  between  it  and  the  Ridge,  it  follows  that  rents 
are  high  and  land  continually  more  valuable;  and  from  thav 
follows  that  the  native  town  is  not  one-  or  two-storeyed  as 
elsewhere  in  India,  but  laid  out  in  great  tenement  blocks, 
which  lend  themselves  to  picturesqueness  and  to  plague. 

So  that  in  the  drive  from  the  Apollo  Bunder  to  Malabar 
Point,  all  India  is  unfolded  in  one  panorama.  First  the  busi- 
ness houses  and  the  great  buildings— those  the  richest,  these 
the  stateliest  in  India,  and  challenging  comparison  with  al- 
most any  city  in  the  world.  Every  variation  of  design  is 
theirs,  but  they  find  a  link  of  uniformity  in  the  red-brown 
colours  common  to  most,  and  in  the  oriental  profusion  of 
ornament.     .     .     . 

Then  suddenly  the  magician  turns  his  ring  and  new  has 
become  old,  plain  is  coloured,  solid  is  tumbled  down,  the 
West  has  been  swallowed  up  utterly  by  the  East.  Cross 
but  one  street  and  you  are  plunged  in  the  native  town.  In 
your  nostrils  is  the  smell  of  the  East,  dear  and  never  to  be 
forgotten;  rapturously  you  snuff  that  blending  of  incense 
and  spices  and  garlic,  and  sugar  and  goats  arid  dung.  The 
jutting  houses  close  in  over  you.  The  decoration  of  Bombay 
henceforth  is  its  people.  The  windows  are  frames  for  wo- 
men, the  streets  become  wedges  of  men.  Under  the  quamt 
wooden  sun-hoods  that  push  out  over  the  serried  windows  of 


GEOGRAPHICAL  MANUAL  AND  NEW  ATLAS 


307 


the  lodging-houses,  along  the  rickety,  paintless  balconies 
and  verandahs,  all  over  the  tottering  roofs — only  the  shab- 
biness  of  the  dust  and  dirty  plaster  relieves  the  gorgeousness 
of  one  of  the  most  astounding  collections  of  human  animals 
in  the  world.  Forty  languages,  it  is  said,  are  habitually 
spoken  in  its  bazaars.  That,  to  him  who  understands  no 
word  of  any  of  them,  is  more  curious  than  interesting.  But 
then  every  race  has  its  own  costume;  so  that  the  streets  of 
Bombay  are  a  tulip-garden  of  vermilion  turbans  and  crimson, 
orange,  and  flame  colour,  of  men  in  blue  and  brown  and 
emerald  waistcoats,  women  in  cherry-coloured  satin  drawers, 
or  mantles,  drawn  from  the  head  across  the  bosom  to  the 
hip,  of  blazing  purple  or  green  that  shines  like  a  grasshopper. 
You  must  go  to  India  to  see  such  dyes.  They  are  the  very 
children  of  the  sun,  and  seem  to  shine  with  an  unreflected 
radiance  of  their  own.  If  you  check  your  eye  and  ask  your 
mind  for  the  master-colour  in  the  crowd,  it  is  white — white 
bordered  with  brown  or  fawn  or  amber  legs.  But  when  you 
forget  that  and  let  the  eye  go  again,  the  scarlets  and  yellows 
and  shining  greens — each  hue  alive  and  quivering  passion- 
ately like  the  tropical  sun  at  midday — fill  and  dazzle  it  anew; 
in  the  gilding  light  the  very  arms  and  legs  show  like  bronze 
or  amber  or  the  bloom  on  ripe  damsons.  You  are  walking 
in  a  flaring  sunset,  and  come  out  of  it  blinking.     .     .     . 

For  Bombay  is  indeed  a  queen  among  cities.  Drive 
down  from  the  Ridge  by  the  white,  flooding  moonlight, 
beneath  fleshy  green  leaves  as  huge  and  flowers  as  languor- 
ously gorgeous  as  in  any  fairy  tale— beneath  hundred- 
fingered  fronds  of  palm  and  wax-foliaged  banyans  that  feel 
for  earth  with  roots  hanging  from  their  branches;  past  tall, 
broad-shouldered  architecture  rising  above  these.  Western 
in  its  design.  Eastern  in  the  profusion  of  its  embellishment; 
looking  always  out  to  the  blue-veiled  bay  with  the  golden 
lights  on  its  horns.  Then  think  of  the  factory  smoke,  the 
numberless  bales  of  cotton,  the  hives  of  coolies,  the  panting 
steamers  in  the  harbour,  the  grim-eyed  batteries,  and  the 
white  warships.  Bombay  is  a  beautiful  queen  in  silver 
armour  and  a  girdle  of  gold.' 

THE  TAJ  MAHAL  AT  AGRA 

The  jewel  of  India — the  Koh-i-noor  of  its  beauty — is 
the  Taj,  the  tomb  built  by  the  Emperor  Shah  Jehan,  the 
grandson  of  Akbar,  for  his  wife,  whom  he  loved  with  an 
idolatrous  affection,  and  on  her  deathbed  promised  to  rear 
to  her  memory  such  a  mausoleum  as  had  never  been  erected 
before. 

To  carry  out  his  purpose  he  gathered  architects  from  all 
countries,  who  rivalled  each  other  in  the  extravagance  and 
costliness  of  their  designs.  The  result  was  a  structure  which 
cost  fabulous  sums  of  money  (the  whole  empire  being  placed 
under  contribution  for  it,  as  were  the  Jews  for  the  Temple  of 
Solomon),  and  ernployed  twenty  thousand  workmen  for 
seventeen  years.  The  building  thus  erected  is  one  of  the 
most  famous  in  the  world — like  the  Alhambra  or  St.  Peter's — 
and  of  which  enthusiastic  travellers  are  apt  to  say  that  it  is 
worth  going  around  the  world  to  see.  This  would  almost 
discourage  the  attempt  to  describe  it,  but  I  will  try  and  give 
some  faint  idea  of  its  marvellous  beauty. 

It  stands  on  the  banks  of  the  Jumna,  a  mile  below  the 
Fort  at  Agra.  As  you  approach  it,  it  is  not  exposed  abruptly 
to'view,  but  is  surrounded  by  a  garden.  You  enter  under  a 
lofty  gateway,  and  before  you  is  an  avenue  of  cypresses  a 
third  of  a  mile  long,  whose  dark  foliage  is  a  setting  for  a  form 
of  dazzling  whiteness  at  the  end.  That  is  the  Taj.  It  stands 
not  on  the  level  of  your  eye,  but  on  a  double  terrace;  the 
first,  of  red  sandstone,  twenty  feet  high,  and  a  thousand 
feet  broad;  at  the  extremities  of  which  stand  two  mosques, 
of  the  same  dark  stone,  facing  each  other.  Midway  between 
rises  the  second  terrace,  of  marble,  fifteen  feet  high,  and 
three  hundred  feet  square,  on  the  corners  of  which  stand  four 
marble  minarets.  In  the  centre  of  all,  thus  "reared  in  air," 
stands  the  Taj.  It  is  built  of  marble — no  other  material 
than  this  of  pure  and  stainless  white  were  fit  for  a  purpose  so 


sacred.  It  is  a  hundred  and  fifty  feet  square  (or  rather  it 
is  eight-sided,  since  the  corners  are  truncated),  and  sur- 
mounted by  a  dome,  which  rises  nearly  two  hundred  feet 
above  the  pavement  below. 

These  figures  rather  belittle  tne  Taj,  or  at  least  disappoint 
those  who  looked  for  great  size.  There  are  many  larger 
buildings  in  the  world.  But  that  which  distinguishes  it 
from  all  others,  and  gives  it  a  rare  and  ideal  beauty,  is  the 
union  of  majesty  and  grace.  This  is  the  peculiar  effect  of 
Saracenic  architecture.  The  slender  columns,  the  springing 
arches,  the  swelling  domes,  the  tall  minarets,  all  combine 
to  give  an  impression  of  airy  lightness,  which  is  not  destroyed 
even  when  the  foundations  are  laid  with  massive  solidity. 
But  it  is  in  the  finish  of  their  structures  that  they  excelled  all 
the  world.  Bishop  Heber  said  truly:  "They  built  like  Titans 
and  finished  like  jewellers."  This  union  of  two  opposite 
features  makes  the  beauty  of  the  Taj.  While  its  walls  are 
thick  and  strong,  they  are  pierced  by  high  arched  windows 
which  relieve  their  heaviness.  Vines  and  arabesques  running 
over  the  stone  work  give  it  the  lightness  of  foliage,  of  trees 
blossoming  with  flowers.  In  the  interior  there  is  an  extreme 
and  almost  feminine  grace,  as  if  here  the  strength  of  man 
would  pay  homage  to  the  delicacy  of  woman.  Enclosing 
the  sacred  spot  is  a  screen  of  marble,  carved  into  a  kind  of  fret- 
work, and  so  pure  and  white  that  light  shines  through  it  as 
through  alabaster,  falling  softly  on  that  which  is  within. 
The  Emperor,  bereaved  of  his^wife,  lavished  riches  on  her  very 
dust,  casting  precious  stones  upon  her  tomb,  as  if  he  were 
placing  a  string  of  pearls  around  her  neck.  It  is  overrun 
with  vines  and  flowers,  cut  in  stone,  and  set  with  onyx  and 
jasper  and  lapis  lazuli,  carnelians  and  turquoises,  and  chal- 
cedonies and  sapphires 

The  Taj  is  not  a  mosque,  it  is  a  tomb — a  monument  to 
the  dead.  And  that  gives  it  a  tender  interest,  which  spirit- 
ualizes the  cold  marble,  and  makes  it  more  than  a  building — 
a  poem  and  a  dream.' 

DISPOSAL  OF  THE  DEAD  IN  INDIA 

Almost  every  conceivable  form  of  disposing  of  the  dead  is 
practised  in  India.  Generally  speakimg,  the  Hindus  burn 
their  dead,  the  Mohammedans  inter  their  dead,  while  the 
Parsis  expose  their  dead  to  be  devoured  by  the  vultures. 
The  Khasi  tribe  in  the  Himalayas  preserve  in  honey  those 
who  die  in  the  rainy  season,  and  cremate  them  when  the 
weather  clears.  Some  tribes  in  Bengal  and  Assam  smoke  the 
bodies  of  their  priests  and  chiefs,  and  keep  them  in  the  house 
for  a  time  before  disposing  of  them.  Some  ascetic  communi- 
ties bury  their  dead  in  salt.  In  Tibet  bodies  are  exposed  to 
birds  and  beasts  of  prey. 

When  the  Hindus  gave  up  the  custom  of  earth  burial,  and 
adopted  the  present  plan  of  burning  the  corpses  on  pyres, 
they  still  retained  traces  of  the  more  primitive  method. 

They  prescribed  burial  for  the  bodies  of  persons  dying  in 
a  state  of  taboo,  like  ascetics,  lepers,  women  dying  in  child- 
birth, and  young  children.  These  last  are  in  North  India 
very  generally  buried  under  the  threshold,  possibly  with  the 
hope  that  they  may  be  reincarnated  in  the  family.  So  the 
primitive  rite  of  providing  a  funeral  feast,  at  which  in  its 
earliest  form  the  corpse  was  consumed  by  the  survivors  by 
way  of  a  sacrament,  was  modified  into  the  modern  Sraddha, 
at  which  food  is  presented  to  the  dead  and  the  sainted  an- 
cestors of  the  family.  Among  the  existing  jungle  tribes  the 
primitive  practice  still  prevails. 

The  Berads  of  Poona  simply  leave  their  dead  in  the  forest, 
"to  become  spirits."  Others  bury  the  corpse  in  a  rude  way 
in  the  jungle,  and  pile  a  few  stones  to  mark  the  grave;  others 
perform  a  farce  of  cremation,  merely  singeing  the  face  and 
feet  of  the  corpse  and  exposing  it  m  the  forest.  But  the 
rule  is  subject  to  constant  modification.  Thus,  among 
the  tribes  of  the  Hindu'^Kush  cremation  used  to  be  the  com- 
mon form,  the  ashes  being  collected  in  rude  wooden  boxes  or 
in  earthen  jars  and  buried.     Now  Mohammedan  influence 


■G.  W.  Steevens,  "In  Indii"  (1899). 


iH.  M.  Field,  "From  Egypt  to  Japan"  (1877). 


3o8 


GEOGRAPHICAL  MANUAL  AND  NEW  ATLAS 


has  taught  them  to  bury  the  corpse,  and  the  same  change  of 
practice  has,  of  course,  occurred  among  the  lower  Hindu  tribes 
who  have  in  recent  times  adopted  Islam  or  Christianity. 

The  rule  against  cremation  of  the  unmarried  dead  can  be 
removed  by  a  sort  of  post-mortem  marriage.  The  natives 
of  South  Malabar  marry  a  dead  girl  to  a  cocoa-palm  or  to  a 
young  Brahman,  and  when  this  is  done  the  death  rites  are 
performed  in  the  normal  way. 

One  of  the  leading  motives  of  the  death  rite  is  to  propitiate 
the  ghost,  which  becomes  offended  at  any  ill-treatment  of  the 
corpse.  Hence  probably  arose  the  custom  of  shelf  or  niche 
burial,  in  which,  after  the  grave  is  dug,  a  chamber  is  exca- 
vated on  one  side,  into  which  the  corpse  is  placed  so  that  it 
may  not  be  crushed  by  the  overlying  soil.  This  is  the  rule 
among  some  of  the  ascetic  classes  and  certain  vagrant  races 
of  the  Deccan.  It  has  also  been  adopted  by  the  Mussulmans. 
The  transition  from  this  to  dome  or  vault  burial  can  be  easily 
traced. 

Of  another  form  of  burial,  that  in  a  crouched  or  sitting 
position,  India  supplies  many  examples.  It  has  been  sup- 
posed to  symbolize  the  pre-natal  position  in  the  womb,  or 
more  probably  it  is  a  survival  of  the  binding  of  the  corpse  to 
prevent  the  ghost  from  "walking."  In  later  times  it  seems 
to  have  been  regarded  as  honorific,  the  chief  being  buried  in 
the  posture  he  occupies  at  the  tribal  fire,  or  the  ascetic  teacher 
as  he  addresses  his  pupils. 

We  find  also  various  devices  to  prevent  the  ghost  from 
"walking"  after  death.  Such  are  the  plan  of  binding  the 
corpse  on  its  way  to  the  pyre;  or  removing  it  by  a  special  door 
so  that  it  may  not  be  able  to  find  its  way  home;  or  burying 
the  dead  face  downwards,  or  filling  the  grave  with  thorns, 
all  based  upon  the  same  idea.  Others,  again,  bury  the  dead 
for  a  time,  and  when  corruption  has  done  its  work,  remove 
the  bones  to  a  tribal  ossuary.  Here  the  theory  may  be 
that  the  bones  must  be  purified  to  form  [a  home  for  the 
ghost.^ 

THE  INDIAN  SNAKE-CHARMER 

The  snake  is  regarded  as  sacred  by  many  tribes  in  India, 
and  snake  worship  is  widely  practised,  especially  in  Kashmir 
and  Malabar.  The  snake-charmer  is  a  familiar  figure  in 
every  Indian  bazaar. 

The  greatest  requisite  of  the  snake-charmer  is  nerve,  and 
this  must  be  backed  by  a  thorough  knowledge  of  the  ser- 
pents' habits.  No  hypnotism  is  employed,  nor  has  music 
the  slightest  influence  upon  a  snake's  actions.  The  Hindu 
carries  his  poisonous  reptiles  in  baskets,  and,  as  he  prepares  to 
perform,  squats  down  m  front  of  these  and  begins  a  crooning 
refrain  upon  a  reed.  With  a  bamboo  stick  the  performer 
removes  the  covers  from  the  baskets.  The  cobras  rear  into 
view  with  dilated  hoods,  and  the  Hindu  sways  his  body  from 
side  to  side,  with  quickening  strains  upon  his  flute.  The 
deadly  cobras  begin  swinging  to  the  music  and  the  celebrated 
snake  dance  is  on. 

The  actual  conditions  are  these:  The  shrill  notes  of  the 
reed  appeal  only  to  the  imagination  of  the  spectators.  The 
cobra's  natural  attitude  of  defense  is  a  graceful,  rearing  pose, 
with  hood  widely  spread.  From  this  position  the  snakes 
follow  the  swaying  motions  of  the  Hindu's  body  as  they  alter 
their  aim  in  an  endeavour  to  strike.  The  snake-charmer  keeps 
just  far  enough  away  from  his  serpentine  troop  to  render  his 
bare  legs  safe  from  their  fangs. 

The  wily  fakir  knows  very  well  that  if  his  snakes  become 
accustomed  to  teasing  they  will  "dance"  with  less  energy. 
He  consequently  keeps  a  fresh  supply  of  undisturbed  speci- 
mens on  hand. 

Some  of  the  more  daring  Hindu  snake-charmers  immunize 
themselves  against  the  action  of  snake  venom  by  taking  a 
course  of  diluted  injections,  gradually  increased  in  strength 
until  the  desired  condition  is  attained.  These  men  recklessly 
handle  their  snakes.  The  more  clumsy  fakir,  who  gives  a  less 
finished  exhibition,  is  not  taking  any  chances.  He  extracts 
the  fangs  from  his  poisonous  snakes,  so  mutilating  the  ani- 
mals' mouths  in  the  process  that  they  have  no  desire  to  bite. 


The  Hindu  of  this  type  ostentatiously  handles  a  few  harm- 
less snakes,  mostly  small  pythons.' 

TEA  GARDENS  OF  INDIA 

Tea  demands  an  even  and  warm  temperature,  and  grows 
best  on  sloping  land  with  a  system  of  natural  drainage.  It 
is  owing  to  this  that  the  lower  slopes  of  the  Himalayas  offer 
so  fine  a  field  for  its  cultivation. 

The  plant  is  raised  from  seed,  which  in  size  and  appear- 
ance resembles  the  hazel-nut.  The  seeds  are  sown  in  care- 
fully-made beds  in  December  and  January,  and  require  to 
be  kept  shaded  at  first.  The  planting  out  of  the  seedlings 
begins  in  April. 

The  site  of  a  tea-garden  should  be  well-drained  and  ele- 
vated, so  that  no  water  lodges  about  the  roots  of  the  plants. 
The  slopes  of  low  hills  rising  above  the  marshy  valleys  are 
the  favourite  places  in  Assam. 

On  the  hill-summit  may  be  seen  the  neat  bungalow  of  the 
planter,  lower  down  the  huts  of  the  coolies,  while  the  tea- 
bushes  are  studded  in  rows  with  mathematical  precision  all 
round  the  sides. 

The  best  soil  is  virgin  forest,  rich  in  vegetable  mould.  Care 
is  taken  that  this  fertile  earth  is  not  washed  away  by  the 
tropical  rains.  The  plants  are  about  four  feet  apart,  and  for 
two  years  require  weeding,  and  then  pruning.  The  clip- 
pings are  buried  about  the  roots  for  manure.  They  come 
into  bearing  in  the  third  year,  and  the  yield  increases  till  the 
tenth  year. 

The  produce  consists  of  the  "flushes"  or  successive  shoots 
of  young  leaves  and  buds:  from  five  to  seven  flushes  appear 
in  the  season  from  March  to  November. 

The  bushes  are  picked  by  women  and  children,  who 
carry  the  baskets  of  leaves  to  the  factory.  The  leaves  are 
spread  lightly  on  trays  or  mats  for  a  night,  to  wither. 

They  are  then  "rolled"  by  coolies  or  by  machinery,  the 
object  being  to  twist  the  leaves  up  tight  that  they  may  fer- 
ment. The  fermenting  is  then  arrested  by  drying,  with  the 
help  of  a  fire,  and  sometimes  of  special  machinery. 

The  tea  is  now  sorted  in  sieves  according  to  size  and  qual- 
ity, from  the  Fine  Flowery  Pekoe  to  the  common  Broken 
Congou,  and  packed  in  the  well-known  lead-lined  tea- 
chests.- 

BENARES,  THE  SACRED  CITY 

From  the  Hindu  point  of  view,  Benares  has  flourished 
exceedingly  under  British  rule.  Its  temples  and  shrines  have 
multiplied,  and  the  strong  arm  of  the  law  now  prevents  the 
desecration  and  destruction  to  which  they  were  subject  in 
Mohammedan  times.  The  railways  have  largely  increased 
the  numbers  of  pilgrims  who  throng  the  ghats  and  holy  places, 
and  have  thus  added  to  the  offerings  which  enrich  the  Brah- 
min priesthood. 

British  influence  has  undoubtedly  made  for  order,  de- 
cency, cleanliness,  and  general  sanitation  in  the  city.  But  its 
effect  on  the  foundations  of  Hindu  beliefs  is  not  very  evident 
in  Benares,  the  Rome  of  Hinduism,  unless  the  spirit  of  ex- 
clusiveness  which  has  sprung  up  of  late  years  should  be  re- 
garded as  a  sign  of  the  Brahmins'  alarm  at  the  increasing  in- 
fluence of  Christianity.  When  Sherring  wrote  his  "Sacred 
City  of  the  Hindus,"  in  the  middle  of  the  last  century,  he  was 
allowed  access  to  the  most  sacred  places,  which  are  now  en- 
tirely closed  to  Europeans,  even  to  the  few  who  claim  ad- 
mission within  the  pale  of  the  Hindu  religion. 

Benares  has  not  ceased  to  be  one  of  the  great  centres  of 
the  intellectual  life  of  India,  held  in  love  and  veneration  by 
all  Hindus;  but  the  orthodox  Brahmin  looks  askance  at  the 
efforts  of  Hindu  propagandists,  like  Swami  Vivekananda, 
who  would  strengthen  resistance  to  outside  influences  by  en- 
larging the  borders  of  Hinduism. 


'W.  Croolce,  "Things  Indian"  (1906). 


»R.  L.  Ditniars,  in  the  National  GfOgraphic  Mufaiint  (19II). 
•Sir  W.  W.  Hunter,  "The  Indian  Empire"  (1886). 


GEOGRAPHICAL  MANUAL  AND  NEW  ATLAS 


309 


The  Hindu  monasteries  of  Benares  are  still  resorted  to 
by  students  from  all  parts  of  India,  for  the  education  im- 
parted by  Brahmin  Pandits,  totally  ignorant  of  moderii  re- 
search and  regarding  as  worthless  all  knowledge  not  contained 
in  Hindu  sacred  literature.  On  the  other  hand,  there  is  the 
extraordinary  spectacle  of  a  college  for  Hindus,  supported 
both  by  Indians  and  Europeans,  with  English  men  and  wo- 
men expounding  Hindu  philosophy  and  religion  to  Hindus, 
and  seeking  to  re-state  the  ancient  Vedic  wisdom  on  a  basis 
of  modern  science.     .     .     . 

The  strength  of  Hinduism  has  always  lain,  not  in  its  exclu- 
siveness,  but  in  its  extraordinary  power  of  adaptation  and 
assimilation.  It  is  waste  of  energy  for  Christians  to  inveigh 
merely  against  Hindu  superstition,  idolatry,  and  caste.  It 
is  rather  by  sympathetic  study  of  Hinduism  in  all  its  aspects 
that  we  shall  learn  to  reach  the  hearts  of  the  people,  as  our 
Teacher  did  on  the  shores  of  GaUIee.^ 

THE  FREE  WOMEN  OF  BURMA 

While  the  Burmese  man  has,  by  force  of  the  combined 
influences  of  Buddhism  and  climate,  become  either  an 
indolent,  harmless  monk,  or  an  easy-going  amiable,  pleasure- 
loving  countryman,  the  Burmese  woman,  influenced  in  a  far 
less  degree  by  religion,  untrammelled  by  convention,  and 
gifted  with  freedom  of  action  from  her  earliest  youth,  has 
developed  into  an  individual  of  marked  intelligence  and 
strong  character. 

The  women  are  the  traders  of  the  country;  with  them 
large  contracts  are  often  made  by  Government  ofiicials. 
They  keep  the  stalls  in  the  bazaars,  and  they  aid  their  hus- 
bands in  the  sale  of  the  paddy  harvest.  Denied  education 
in  the  past,  Burmese  girls  are  now  beginning  to  avail  them- 
selves eagerly  of  the  Government  schools  for  women  estab- 
lished by  the' English. 

Marriage  in  Burma. — Marriage  is  in  Burma  an  ab- 
solutely free  contract,  in  which  the  position,  the  obligations, 
and  the  rights  of  the  two  contracting  parties  are  equal.  This 
is  particularly  shown  in  the  disposition  of  property. 

All  property  belonging  to  a  woman  before  marriage  be- 
longs to  her  absolutely,  but  all  bequests  made  at  the  time  of 
marriage,  or  profits  arising  from  the  investment  of  property 
of  either  husband  or  wife,  or  the  earnings  made  by  business 
or  labour,  constitute  "joint  property."  Neither  husband 
nor  wife  has  the  absolute  control  of  the  joint  property,  which 
cannot  be  dealt  with  nor  alienated  without  the  consent  of 
the  other.  Even  if  the  wife  earn  nothing  she  is  considered 
to  fulfil  her  part  of  the  partnership  by  bearing  the  children 
and  attending  to  the  house,  and  she  still  keeps  her  control 
over  the  joint  property. 

Marriages  in  Burma  are  love  matches,  and  are  contracted 
while  the  parties  are  often  mere  boy  and  girl.  If  the  hus- 
band is  unable  to  provide  a  home  for  his  wife,  the  parents 
of  either  the  bride  or  bridegroom  find  room  for  the  couple. 
The  Burmese  are  kindly  and  affectionate  in  their  domestic 
life,^and  children  are  adored,  so  that  marriage,  though  only 
a  civil  contract  and  easily  broken,  is  perhaps  happier  than 
in  countries  where  the  wife  is  absolutely  in  the  power  of  the 
husband.  Should,  however,  a  married  couple  desire  to 
separate,  divorce  is  easily  obtained.  Each  party  then  takes 
his  or  her  separate  property,  and  the  joint  property  is  equally 
divided.  The  father  takes  the  male  children,  and  the  mother 
the  female.  Each  party  is  then  free  to  marry  again,  and  no 
disgrace  nor  scandal  has  been  incurred. 

But  though  absolutely  free  and  independent,  the  women 
of  Burma  do  not  resign  their  privilege  to  charm.  To  look 
pretty,  to  be  gay,  attractive  and  debonaire  is  their  avowed 
aim,  and  I  know  few  things  in  humanity  more  charming 
than  a  group  of  Burmese  girls,  clad  in  rainbow-tinted  tameins 
and  white  jackets,  with  sweet-scented  flowers  stuck  jauntily 
in  the  heavy  coils  of  their  black  tresses,  laughing,  chatting, 

'E.  B.  Havell,  "Beoarn,  The  Sacred  City"  (1915). 


and  even  smoking  big  white  cheroots  as  they  mount  the 
pagoda  steps,  to  pay  their  offering  of  prayer  and  praise  to 
the  Great  Teacher  of  pity,  unselfishness,  and  purity  of 
Hfe.» 

ELEPHANTS  AT  WORK  IN  BURMA 

The  elephant  is  indispensable  to  lumbermen  in  Burma, 
and  to  see  these  sagacious  animals  working  with  almost 
human  intelligence  is  an  instructive  and  unforgetable  ex- 
perience. On  each  of  my  four  visits  to  Burma  I  never  came 
away  without  going  to  the  timber  yards  on  the  outskirts  of 
Rangoon  to  see  the  elephants  "a-piling  teak."  No  labour 
unionist  is  more  punctilious  than  the  elephant  in  regard  to 
hours;  for  when  the  whistle  blows  for  work  to  cease,  no  amount 
of  coaxing  or  coercion  can  make  the  animal  do  another 
stroke- — he  simply  quits. 

It  is  a  novel  and  interesting  sight  to  watch  elephants 
working  in  the  lumber  yards,  for  they  do  it  all.  A  Burman 
sits  on  the  animal's  neck  with  a  sharp  steel  prod  in  his  hand, 
and  directs  the  beast  by  touching  him  on  different  spots  on 
his  head  and  by  the  use  of  quaint  expressions  which  are 
understood  by  the  man  and  the  elephant  only.  Elephants 
handle  all  the  logs  and  the  lumber  as  intelligently  and  with 
much  greater  ease  and  rapidity  than  could  be  done  by  a 
gang  of  men.  MacGregor  &  Co.,  one  of  the  largest  lumber- 
ing firms,  employ  about  two  hundred  elephants  in  the  forests, 
at  their  saw-mills  and  in  their  lumber  yards  at  Rangoon. 
Strangers  always  go  down  to  see  the  elephants  at  work. 
It  is  the  most  interesting  sight  in  Burma. 

When  the  cross  timbers  that  hold  the  rafts  together  are 
cut  the  elephants  go  down  to  the  waterside  one  by  one, 
separate  logs  weighing  two  tons  or  more  from  the  rest  of  the 
raft  by  the  use  of  their  trunks  and  tusks,  and  carry  or  drag 
them  up  into  the  yard  and  place  them  upon  piles  at  the 
entrance  to  the  saw-mill.  Sometimes  they  haul  the  logs 
with  chains  attached  to  a  harness  adjusted  to  their  necks 
and  breasts.  Sometimes  they  push  them  with  their  trunks 
and  feet.  The  ease  with  which  they  handle  the  enormous 
logs  is  remarkable,  and  the  intelligence  they  show  is  even 
more  so.  The  native  sitting  on  the  animal's  neck  has  only 
to  whisper  in  its  ear  what  is  wanted,  and  the  job  is  done  with 
neatness  and  dispatch.^ 

CHINESE  REVERSALS  OF  WESTERN  CUSTOMS 

Many  of  the  customs  of  the  Orient  are  so  contrary  to  our 
own  that  they  are  a  source  of  great  interest  to  the  observant 
traveller.  Dr.  K.  J.  Junor  cites  a  number  of  such  instances 
in  his  illuminating  article  on  China  in  the  National  Geo- 
graphic Magazine  (1910). 

A  Chinaman  mounts  a  horse  from  the  right  side,  and  with 
the  right  foot,  and  holds  the  reins  in  the  right  hand^ — all 
because  he  can  more  easily  and  safely  maintain  his  dignity, 
in  the  doing  of  these  things,  by  using  the  stronger  hand. 
When  mounted  he  rides  slowly  and  sedately;  never  more 
than  at  a  walk.  He  stands  his  horse  in  the  stable  with  his 
face  outward,  because  it  is  more  dignified  to  approach  a 
beast  to  his  face. 

The  guest  of  honour  is  placed  on  the  left  in  China,  be- 
cause in  this  position  alone  can  the  host  gracefully  and  in  a 
dignified  manner  perform  toward  him  those  ceremonial 
offices  of  propriety  required  on  such  occasions.  In  that 
position  he  can  pick  out  with  his  chop-sticks  any  little  tidbit, 
and  either  place  it  on  the  table  before  his  guest  or  place  it  di- 
rectly in  his  guest's  mouth.  If  his  guest  were  on  his  right 
side  this  could  not  be  done. 

At  a  wedding  the  groom  is  the  centre  of  interest.  The 
bride  is  noticed  only  as  a  matter  of  curiosity.  Her  feet  arc 
of  the  first  interest,  because  a  woman's  beauty,  to  the  China- 
man, is  in  her  feet,  not  in  her  face. 


iCMrs.)  Ernest  Hart,  in  "India"  (British  Empire  Series,  1899). 
'W.  E.  Curtis,  "Egypt,  Burma,  and  British  Malaysia  (1905). 


3IO 


GEOGRAPHICAL  MANUAL  AND  NEW  ATLAS 


The  Chinaman,  when  puzzled,  scratches  Iiis  foot  instead 
of  his  head.  Many  other  instances  of  reversals  of  western 
customs  can  be  given,  the  reasons  for  which,  however,  are 
not  so  easily  discoverable.  They  are  due  to  custom  and 
environment.  Their  beds  have  no  mattresses  and  their 
furniture  no  upholstery,  but  the  carving  and  inlaying  are 
beautiful.  Their  pillows  are  hard  blocks  of  wood  or  little 
boxes  in  which  the  traveller  carries  his  toilet  articles  and 
money.  They  have  no  stoves,  and,  in  many  sections,  to 
keep  warm  at  night  the  beds  are  the  tops  of  brick  ovens. 
Where  there  are  no  ovens  they  are  so  solid  with  clothes  they 
can  hardly  move.  They  carry  in  the  hand  little  stoves  in 
the  shape  of  baskets  containing  charcoal. 

Women  wear  pants,  while  the  men  wear  long  gowns 
down  to  their  feet.  The  vest  is  worn  outside  the  coat,  and 
the  soles  of  their  shoes  are  white  and  not  black. 

They  pay  their  doctors  to  keep  them  well,  and  punish 
them,  if  they  can,  if  they  get  worse  or  die. 

Fruit  left  to  ripen  is  considered  unwholesome  as  being 
too  near  to  decay,  and  yet  they  eat  things  a  thousand  times 
more  dangerous.  They  eat  the  beaks  of  birds,  the  fins 
and  brains  of  fishes,  the  entrails  of  animals,  and  consider 
that  the  claws  of  tigers,  boiled  to  a  jelly,  impart  strength. 
The  flesh  of  snakes  gives  cunning. 

Eggs  are  appreciated  according  to  their  age.  Those 
loo  years  old,  black  with  age  from  being  preserved  in  ashes, 
are  great  dainties  but  not  uncommon. 

Pawnshops  are  in  rich,  not  in  poor  neighbourhoods,  and 
are  only  patronized  by  the  well-to-do. 

In  mathematics  their  decimal  fractions  are  our  vulgar 
fractions  and  vice  versa.  Their  denominator  is  our  numera- 
'  tor,  etc. 

They  row  a  boat  standing  up,  facing  the  bow,  and  haul 
the  boat  on  shore  by  the  stern  instead  of  the  bow.  They 
tow  by  the  masthead  instead  of  the  bow. 

The  superior  man  will  play  battledore  and  shuttlecock, 
while  old  men  stand  sedately  by  and  look  on. 

The  woman  in  sewing  pushes  the  needle  from  her,  while 
the  carpenter  draws  his  plane  and  saw  toward  him  in  working, 
the  teeth  of  their  saw  being  set  in  the  reverse  order  of  ours. 

Vegetables,  eggs,  wood,  etc.,  are  sold  by  weight.  In  this 
they  are  far  in  advance  of  our  absurd  and  unjust  custom. 

Men  only  have  the  honour  of  a  funeral  granted  to  them; 
women,  having  no  souls,  are  not  of  sufficient  importance. 
Their  mourning  colour  is  white.  Mourners  at  a  funeral 
are  all  hired. 

Attitude  Toward  Foreigners. — To  the  Chinaman  the 
foreigner  is  a  boor  and  a  barbarian.  It  seems  a  hopeless 
task  to  teach  him  politeness.  He  looks  upon-  us  as  crea- 
tures of  yesterday.  To  him  China  is  the  Middle  Kingdom 
— not  only  the  centre,  but  the  major  part  of  the  earth. 

The  Chinaman  wonders  why  the  foreigner  leaves  his 
country  at  all.  Is  it  too  small  for  him  to  make  his  living, 
or  has  he  come  to  observe  the  superior  people?  If  so,  he  is 
to  be  commended.  But,  alas!  what  a  boor  he  is.  What 
tight  and  uncomfortable  clothes  he  wears,  like  the  skins  of 
beasts.  How  vulgarly  he  eats,  and  especially  what  quan- 
tities of  flesh  he  devours.  No  wonder  he  is  blood-thirsty 
and  loves  to  fight — he  has  taken  on  the  disposition  of  the 
beast.  During  the  Boxer  trouble,  in  the  travelling  Punch 
and  Judy  shows  used  to  stir  the  people,  all  foreigners  were 
represented  on  the  stage  by  the  figure  of  a  pig.  Although 
fully  convinced  of  our  cleverness,  he  yet  looks  upon  us  as 
we  do  upon  a  trick  dog.  He  is  finally  forced  to  the  con- 
clusion that  he  must  adopt  these  methods  which  have  made 
the  foreigners  so  powerful. 

Ancestral  Worship. — The  underlying  reason  for  the 
dislike  of  foreigners  must  be  sought  in  the  Chinese  ancestral 
worship  and  fear  of  devils. 

They  believe  that  every  man  has  three  spirits.  These 
three  spirits,  in  the  case  of  Chinese  who  are  properly  cared 
for  at  death,  have  each  a  distinct  place  of  residence.  A 
fourth  order  of  spirits  also  exists,  consisting  of  the  spirits 


of  the  uncared  for  and  unburied  dead.  These  latter  are 
wandering  spirits,  ghosts,  or  devils. 

The  first  of  these  spirits,  when  a  man  dies,  goes  into  the 
spirit  world.  Once  a  year  all  such  spirits  are  liberated  for  a 
month  to  revisit  their  old  homes.  During  this  month 
tables  covered  with  viands  of  every  description  are  placed 
on  the  street  before  the  door.  It  is  hoped  that  these  spirits, 
seeing  this  provision,  may  be  induced  to  bring  prosperity 
to  the  family.  They  believe  these  spirits  partake  of  the 
viands. 

The  second  spirit  does  not  go  into  the  spirit  world,  but 
takes  up  his  residence  in  the  bones.  When  the  time  for 
burial  arrives,  which  may  be  months  after  death,  a  live  fowl 
is  carried  before  the  coffin  to  convey  the  spirit  to  the  grave, 
and  paper  representing  money  is  scattered  all  along  the  road 
"to  buy  the  way"  from  the  devils  or  spirits  of  the  unburied 
dead,  who  are  everywhere.  At  the  end  of  five  years  the  body 
is  taken  up,  the  bones  cleaned,  and  replaced  in  an  earthen 
vessel.     This  is  the  proper  burial. 

Every  year  the  relatives  go  to  the  grave  to  offer  provi- 
sions and  pay  reverence  to  this  "grave  spirit."  This  is  why 
all  Chinamen  desire  to  be  buried  by  their  relatives  and  in 
China,  else  their  spirits  may  become  wandering  devils. 
For  the  same  reason  they  make  every  endeavour  to  have  the 
bones  of  their  relations  transported  to  China  if  they  die 
abroad.  Prosperity  and  health  are  only  secured  to  the  sur- 
vivors by  the  proper  observance  of  these  ceremonial  offices. 

To  the  third  order  of  spirits  belongs  particularly  ances- 
tral worship.  By  elaborate  ceremonies  the  third  spirit  is 
induced  to  enter  what  is  called  an  ancestral  tablet  prepared 
by  the  family  on  the  approach  of  death.  This  tablet  is  the 
sacred  symbol  of  the  ancient  religion  of  China,  which  Con- 
fucius found  existing  in  his  day,  600  years  before  the  time 
of  Christ.  This  tablet,  containing  the  spirit  of  the  father, 
is  set  upon  the  principal  table  in  the  house  or  is  sent  to  a 
Confucian  temple.  In  either  case  all  the  family  pay  their 
devotions  before  it.  This  is  ancestral  worship  or  filial  piety. 
The  Chinese  are  also  firm  believers  in  the  transmigration  of 
souls. 

The  fourth  order  are  the  spirits  of  the  unburied  dead. 
They  are  those  which  have  no  friends,  no  graves,  no  tablet, 
and  which  have  never  been  conducted  to  the  place  of  spirits. 
They  are  an  innumerable  host,  wandering  spirits,  ghosts  or 
devils.  They  are  everywhere — in  caves,  in  mountains,  and 
in  valleys.  They  wander  through  the  country  roads  and 
in  the  city  streets.  They  are  in  stones  and  trees  and  houses. 
They  pass  through  the  air  only  a  few  feet  above  the  ground. 
For  this  reason  houses  in  China  are  only  permitted  to  be 
one  or  two  stories  high.  Pagoda  temples  and  pawnshops 
are  exceptions  by  special  permission  and  payment.  Here 
is  found  largely  the  objection  to  railways,  telegraphs,  and  the 
high  houses  of  foreigners.  These  things  bring  actual  terror 
to  the  Chinese,  for  they  interfere  with  the  flight  of  devils. 
Calamities  of  every  kind  hang  over  the  neighbourhood  through 
these  offended  devils. 

Spirits  cannot  turn  a  corner  safely;  hence  all  public 
highways  and  waterways  and  city  streets  are  never  built 
straight,  but  twist  and  turn.  It  is  hoped  by  this  arrange- 
ment that  the  devils  may  get  confused  and  lost.  For  this 
reason  doors  and  windows  are  not  placed  opposite  each  other, 
and  outside  windows  are  rare,  to  prevent  devils  entering. 
As  many  intricacies  as  possible  are  introduced.  The  very 
straightness,  therefore,  of  railways,  telegraph  lines  and  all 
roads  built  by  foreigners  is  a  menace. 

In  the  above  conditions  lies  one  of  the  great  secret  causes 
of  hatred  toward  foreigners;  for,  though  the  Chinese  may 
actually  build  these  roads  and  houses  for  the  sake  of  the 
money  they  earn,  yet  they  do  so  in  fear,  unless  they  can  find 
a  satisfactory  way  of  counteracting  their  malign  influence. 
The  hatred,  however,  always  abides. 

THE  WHIP  HAND  IN  MANCHURIA 

When  the  war  with  Russia  ended,  Japan  succeeded 
Russia  in  the  control  of  what  is  now  the  South  Manchurian 
Railway,  running  from  Dairen  (formerly  Dalny)  to  Chang- 
chun, 438  miles,  through  the  very  heart  of  the  country;  and 


GEOGRAPHICAL  MANUAL  AND  NEW  ATLAS 


3" 


she  also  obtained  from  China  the  right  "to  maintain  and 
work  the  military  Hne  constructed  between  Antung  and 
Mukden  and" — as  if  of  secondary  importance — "to  im- 
prove the  said  Hne  so  as  to  make  it  fit  for  thS  conveyance  of 
commercial  and  industrial  goods  of  all  nations."  The  stipu- 
lation with  regard  to  the  South  Manchurian  Railway  was 
that  China  should  have  the  right  to  buy  it  back  in  1938, 
and  with  regard  to  the  Antung-Mukden  line,  in  1932,  by 
paying  the  total  cost — "all  capital  and  all  moneys  owed  on 
account  of  the  line  and  interest."  And  just  here  Japan  is 
playing  a  wily  game. 

That  Japan  (,in  the  event  of  no  other  method  of  getting 
control  of  Manchuria  appearing)  hopes  to  make  the  railroads 
too  expensive  for  the  hard-pressed  Peking  government  to 
buy  back  is  self-evident.  She  is  looking  far  ahead,  as  those 
interested  in  the  continuance  of  the  Open  Door  policy  must 
also  look  far  ahead.  The  real  Open  Door  question  is  not  a 
matter  of  the  last  four  or  five  years  or  of  the  next  four  or 
five  years,  but  whether  after  a  comparatively  short  time  the 
Door  is  to  be  permanently  closed  as  in  Korea.  If  it  be  said 
that  Japan  is  only  human  in  laying  many  plans  to  gain 
so  rich  an  empire,  let  it  also  be  said  that  other  nations  are 
only  human  if  they  wish  to  protect  their  own  interests.    .    .    . 

In  Japan  proper  the  government-owned  railway  stations 
are  severe  and  inexpensive  structures  in  which  not  one  yen 
is  wasted  for  display  and  but  little  for  convenience.  .  .  . 
But  when  it  comes  to  the  South  Manchurian  Railway,  also 
under  the  control  of  the  Japanese  government  (five  sixths 
of  the  investment  held  by  the  government  and  one  sixth  by 
individual  Japanese),  one  finds  an  entirely  different  policy 
in  force.  Handsome  stations,  built  to  accommodate  traffic 
for  fifty  years  to  come,  have  been  erected.  In  Darien,  "vir- 
tually the  property  of  the  railway  company,"  the  system  has 
built  a  magnificent  modern  city — street  railways,  water- 
works, electric  light  plants,  macadamized  roads,  and  beau- 
tiful public  parks.  More  than  this,  the  railway  company, 
not  content  with  the  best  of  equipment  for  every  phase  of 
legitimate  railway  work,  including  handsome  stations  and 
railway  offices,  such  as  Japan  proper  never  sees,  has  also 
erected  hotels  which,  for  the  Orient,  may  well  be  styled 
sumptuous,  in  five  leading  cities  of  Manchuria.  Compara- 
tively few  travellers  go  to  Mukden,  and  yet  the  hotel  which 
the  South  Manchurian  Railway  has  erected  there,  for  ex- 
ample, is  perhaps  not  excelled  in  point  of  furnishing  and 
equipment  anywhere  in  the  Far  East. 

In  buying  back  the  railroads,  therefore,  China  will  be 
expected  not  only  to  pay  for  the  railways  themselves  but 
for  all  the  irrelevant  enterprises — hotels,  parks,  cities — in 
which  the  railway  companies  have  embarked;  for  lines  "im- 
proved" beyond  recognition,  and  for  lines  built  not  even  with 
a  view  to  ultimate  profit,  but  for  their  strategic  importance 
to  a  rival  and  possibly  antagonist  nation!  As  an  English- 
man said  to  me:  "It's  much  the  same  as  if  I,  a  poor  man, 
should  rent  you  a  $1,000  house,  agreeing  to  stand  the  ex- 
pense of  some  improvements  when  taking  it  back,  and  you 
should  spend  $10,000  in  improving  my  $1,000  house — and 
largely  to  suit  your  own  peculiar  business  and  purposes."  .  .   . 

That  Japan,  then,  holds  the  whip  hand  in  Manchuria, 
and  expects  to  continue  to  hold  it,  is  very  clear.  With 
China  as  yet  too  weak  to  protect  herself,  Japan  is  virtually 
master  of  the  situation.     .     .     . 

The  truth  is  that  the  ink  was  hardly  dry  on  the  early 
treaties  before  the  discriminations  began.  The  military 
railroads,  which  Japan  was  in  honour  bound  to  all  the  world 
to  use  only  for  war  purposes,  were  used  for  transporting 
Japanese  goods  before  the  military  restrictions  with  re^rd 
to  the  admission  of  other  foreign  goods  were  removed.  The 
Chinese  merchant  and  his  patrons  were  famishing  for  cotton 
"piece  goods"  and  other  manufactured  products,  and  the 
Japanese  goods  coming  over  were  quickly  taken  up  and  a 
market  for  these  particular  "chops"  or  "trade-marks"  (the 
Chinaman  relies  largely  on  the  chop)  was  established.  By 
the  time  European  and  American  goods  came  back,  their 
market  in  many  cases  had  already  been  taken  away.  In 
some  cases,  too,  their  trade-mark  rights  had  been  virtually 


ruined  by  the  closeness  of  Japanese  imitation.  Even  on  my 
recent  tour,  among  consuls  of  three  nations,  at  Manchurian 
points,  I  did  not  find  one  who  did  not  mention  some  recent 
case  of  trade-mark  infringement. 

Then  came  the  period  of  freight  discriminations  and  re- 
bates, when  the  Japanese  (principally  the  Mitsui  Bussan 
Kaisha,  the  one  great  octopus  of  Japanese  business  and  com- 
merce) secured  freight  rates  that  practically  stifled  foreign 
business  competitors. 

Meanwhile,  too,  the  relations  between  the  Japanese 
government  and  the  Mitsui  Bussan  Kaisha  are  so  close  that 
competitors  are  virtually  in  the  plight  of  having  to  ship 
goods  over  a  line  owned  by  a  rival — without  any  higher 
tribunal  to  guarantee  equality  of  treatment.     .     .     . 

More  flagrant  still  is  another  violation  of  international 
treaty  rights.  Under  Chinese  regulations  foreign  merchants 
are  not  allowed  to  do  business  in  the  Manchurian  interior 
away  from  the  twenty-four  open  marts,  but  it  has  been  shown 
that  several  thousand  Japanese  are  now  stationed  within 
the  prohibited  area,  and  Japan's  reply  to  the  Chinese  Vice- 
roy's protest  is  that  he  should  have  objected  sooner  and  that 
it  is  now  too  late.  Meanwhile,  many  Chinese  merchants 
both  in  the  interior  and  along  the  South  Manchurian  Rail- 
way, themselves  paying  the  regular  likin  and  consumption 
taxes,  are  finding  themselves  unable  to  compete  with  the 
Japanese,  who  refuse  to  pay  these  taxes.  Thus  Japan 
is  gradually  rooting  out  the  natives  who  stand  in  her  way, 
and,  day  by  day,  tightening  her  grip  on  the  country.  She 
is  advancing  step  by  step  as  she  did  m  Korea. 

On  the  whole,  the  Mikado's  subjects  seem  already  to 
count  themselves  virtual  masters  of  the  country.  Inside 
their  railway  areas  and  concessions  they  have  their  owrt 
government;  in  the  majority  of  cases  while  in  Manchuria  I 
found  it  more  convenient  to  use  the  Japanese  telegraph  or 
the  Japanese  postal  system  than  the  Chinese;  and  where  I 
stopped  at  the  little  towns  along  the  line  it  was  a  Japanese 
officer  who  came  to  inquire  my  name  and  nationality.    .    .    . 

Those  who  apologize  for  Japanese  aggressiveness  in 
Manchuria,  those  who  excuse  or  sympathize  with  her  evident 
purpose  to  make  Manchuria  walk  the  way  of  Korea,  have 
but  one  argument  for  their  position — the  pitiably  abused 
and  threadbare  plea  that  the  Japanese  have  won  the  coun- 
try by  the  blood  they  shed  in  the  war  with  Russia.  The 
best  answer  to  this  is  also  a  quotation  from  the  distinguished 
and  witty  Chinaman  just  mentioned.  "The  Japanese," 
said  he,  "claimed  they  were  fighting  Russia  because  she  was 
preparing  to  rob  China  of  Manchuria;  now  they  themselves 
out-Russia  Russia.  It  is  much  as  if  I  should  knock  a  man 
down,  saying,  'That  man  was  about  to  take  your  watch,' 
and  then  take  the  watch  myself!" 

The  aptness  of  the  simile  is  evident.  My  sympathy, 
and  the  sympathy  of  every  other  American  acquaintance 
of  mine  as  far  as  I  can  now  recall,  was  with  Japan  in  her 
struggle  because  of  our  hot  indignation  over  Russian  ag- 
gressiveness. But  if  Japan  had  said,  "I  am  fighting  to  put 
Russia  out  only  that  I  may  myself  develop  every  identical 
policy  of  aggrandizement  that  she  has  inaugurated,"  it  is 
very  easy  to  see  with  what  difi^erent  feelings  we  should  have 
regarded  the  conflict. 

Moreover,  Japan's  legitimate  fruits  of  victory  do  not  ex- 
tend to  the  control  or  possession  of  Manchuria.  As  one  of 
the  ablest  Englishmen  met  on  my  tour  in  the  Far  East 
pointed  out,  Japan's  purposes  in  inaugurating  the  war  were 
four:  (i)  to  get  a  preponderating  influence  in  Korea;  (2) 
to  get  the  control  of  the  Tsushima  Straits,  which  a  pre- 
ponderating influence  in  Korea  would  give  her;  (3)  to  drive 
Russia  from  her  ever-menacing  position  at  Port  Arthur; 
and  (4)  to  arrest  (as  she  alleged)  the  increasing  influence  and 
power  of  Russia  in  Manchuria. 

All  these  things  she  has  gained.  Furthermore,  she  now 
has  actual  possession  of  Korea.  The  menace  of  a  great  Rus- 
sian navy  has  been  swept  away.  Again,  she  has  become 
(with  the  consent  of  England)  the  commanding  naval  power 
in  the  eastern  Pacific;  and  she  has  gained  an  influence  in 
South  Manchuria  at  least  equal  to  that  which  Russia  had 
previous  to  the  war.^ 


IQarence  Poe,  "Where  Half  the  World  is  Waking  Up"  (1911). 


312 


GEOGRAPHICAL  MANUAL  AND  NEW  ATLAS 


INDUSTRIAL  JAPAN 

There  are  two  distinct  and  essentially  different  kinds  of 
industries  in  Japan;  namely,  those  which  are  of  native  or 
Chinese  origin  and  which  are  still  carried  on  to  a  very  large 
extent  in  Japanese  style,  and  those  which  have  been  intro- 
duced from  Western  countries  and  are  carried  on  upon  the 
factory  system.  With  the  former  of  these  there  is  no  com- 
petition in  the  markets  of  the  world,  and  they  must  win 
their  way  through  their  own  inherent  merits. 

The  production  of  the  ceramic  and  cloisonne  ware  of 
the  Japanese,  of  their  silk  fabrics,  their  pictures  and  their 
carvmgs,  and  in  short,  their  art  productions  of  all  kinds,  must 
be  carried  on  in  what  is  essentially  the  domestic  system  of 
industry  if  they  are  to  retain  their  excellence.  Each  work- 
man is  an  artist  to  a  greater  or  less  degree,  and  he  revolts 
against  being  converted  into  a  machine  or  the  mere  attend- 
ant of  a  machine.  He  requires  work  which,  in  itself,  gives 
him  pleasure  and  on  which  he  can  imprint  his  own  person- 
ality. There  is  indeed  a  danger,  as  I  have  already  pointed 
out,  that  the  artistic  capabilities  of  the  Japanese  may  be 
crushed  out  by  the  use  of  machinery,  and  that  they  will 
be  brought  face  to  face  with  all  the  problems,  industrial, 
physical,  and  social,  which  lie  heavily  on  the  hearts  of  all 
thoughtful  men  who  have  observed  the  conditions  of  modern 
industrial  nations.  While  all  that  is  admitted,  it  must  also 
be  recognized  that  mechanical  and  industrial  development 
in  the  production  of  goods  to  satisfy  many  of  the  ordinary 
wants  of  life  is  a  stage  in  the  necessary  evolution  through 
which  nations  must  pass  before  they  arrive  at  a  state  of 
equilibrium  in  which  they  will  endeavour  to  live  and  not 
simply  struggle  for  the  means  of  life. 

The  industries  in  Japan  which  will  have  a  direct  effect 
on  her  foreign  policy  are  those  conducted  on  the  factory 
system  and  the  products  of  which  come  into  direct  competi- 
tion with  those  of  other  countries.  The  one  which  mean- 
time appeals  most  to  British  manufacturers  is  that  of  cot- 
ton, which,  as  we  have  seen,  has  made  great  strides  in 
Japan  during  recent  years.  Not  only  are  the  products  of 
Japanese  mills  able  to  supply  the  greater  part  of  the  wants 
of  the  people  of  the  country,  but  the  surplus  now  forms 
a  very  important  item  in  the  trade  with  Korea  and 
China.     ... 

Although  the  development  of  Japanese  industries  has  in 
some  cases  increased  the  competition  with  British  and  other 
foreign  goods,  it  has  at  the  same  time  given  a  great  impetus 
to  the  manufacture  of  others,  especially  the  machinery  re- 
quired in  industries  and  in  all  the  accessories  of  modern 
Western  life.  A  glance  at  the  list  of  imports  shows  that  the 
Japanese  are  now  users  to  a  greater  or  less  extent  of  almost  all 
classes  of  foreign  goods;  so  that  an  increased  demand  for  these 
has  arisen,  which  counterbalances  the  loss  in  special  depart- 
ments in  which  they  now  produce  not  only  for  themselves 
but  also  for  their  neighbours  in  the  Far  East. 

Expansion  in  the  Orient. — The  direct  economic  in- 
fluence of  Japanese  industrial  development  on  the  countries 
in  the  Far  East  will,  no  doubt,  be  to  disturb  the  conditions 
which  have  existed  for  generations;  but  by  itself  it  is  not 
likely  to  be  very  great  for  a  considerable  time,  for,  after  all, 
the  best  market  will  be  the  home  market;  still  as  a  factor  in 
the  evolution  which  is  going  on  it  cannot  be  neglected.  Jap- 
anese products  are  finding  their  way  into  all  the  countries 
in  the  Far  East,  are  gradually  changing  the  social  customs 
of  the  people  and  leading  them  to  the  use  of  Western  appli- 
ances and  methods,  and  thus  again  affecting  economic  con- 
ditions in  other  departments.  But  probably  most  important 
of  all  is  the  indirect  and  the  educational  influence  of  the 
Japanese  in  China  and  Korea;  for  this  is  certain  to  tell  before 
long  on  large  numbers  of  the  people,  who  will  be  stirred  up 
to  attempt  manufactures  on  their  own  account.  If  the 
Chinese  were  undertaking  modern  industries  with  the  same 
energy  as  the  Japanese,  they  might  become  the  greatest 
manufacturing  nation  in  the  world,  but  they  are  slow  to 
move,  not  because  they  are  either  stupid  or  lazy,  but  be- 
cause they  have  a  philosophy  of  life  which  keeps  them  out 


of  the  competitive  struggle.  It  will  be  interesting  to  note 
how  far  they  are  drawn  into  that  struggle,  or  whether  their 
philosophy  will  be  sufficient  to  enable  them  to  take  advan- 
tage of  Western  methods  without  allowing  these  to  dominate 
social  and  even  political  conditions.' 

Japanese  Labour  and  Competition. — ^Japanese  in- 
dustries are  women's  industries — there  being  seven  times 
as  large  a  proportion  of  women  to  men  as  in  European  and 
American  manufacturing.  These  women  workers  are  mostly 
from  the  country.  Their  purpose  is  only  to  work  two  or 
three  years  before  getting  married  and  thousands  of  them, 
called  home  to  marry  the  husbands  their  parents  have 
selected,  or  else  giving  way  physically  under  strain,  quit  work 
before  their  contracts  expire.  There  are  almost  no  factory 
labourers  who  look  on  the  work  as  a  life  business. 

Not  only  in  the  mills,  but  in  numerous  other  lines  of 
work,  have  I  seen  illustrations  of  the  primitive  stage  of 
Japan's  industrial  efficiency.  As  a  concrete  illustration  I 
wish  I  might  pass  to  each  reader  the  box  of  Kobe-made 
matches  on  the  table  before  me  (for  match-making  of  this 
sort  is  an  important  industry  here,  as  well  as  the  sort  con- 
ducted through  matrimonial  middlemen  without  waiting 
for  the  aid  or  consent  of  either  of  the  parties  involved). 
I  have  never  in  my  life  seen  such  a  box  of  matches  in  Amer- 
ica. Not  in  a  hundred  boxes  at  home  would  you  find  so 
many  splinters  without  heads,  so  many  defective  matches. 
And  in  turning  out  the  boxes  themselves,  I  am  told  that  it 
takes  five  or  six  hands  to  equal  the  product  of  one  skilled 
foreign  labourer.  "It  takes  two  or  three  Japanese  servants 
to  do  the  work  of  one  white  servant"  is  the  general  verdict 
of  housekeepers,  while  it  has  also  been  brought  to  my  atten- 
tion that  in  shops  two  or  three  clerks  are  required  to  do  the 
work  of  one  at  home.  A  Japanese  newspaper  man  (his 
paper  is  printed  in  English)  tells  me  that  linotype  composi- 
tors set  only  half  as  many  ems  per  hour  as  in  America. 
In  short,  the  general  verdict  as  I  have  found  it  is  indicated 
by  what  I  have  written,  and  the  most  enthusiastic  advocate 
of  Japanese  cheap  labour,  the  captain  of  the  steamer  on 
which  I  came  from  America,  rather  spoiled  his  enthusiasm 
for  getting  his  ship  coaled  at  Nagasaki  for  75  cents  a  ton, 
by  acknowledging  that  if  it  rained  he  should  have  to  keep 
his  ship  waiting  a  day  to  get  sufficient  hands.     .     .     . 

I  am  convinced  that  the  people  as  a  whole  are  more  than 
ordinarily  averse  to  steady,  hard,  uninterrupted  toil.  "We 
have  a  streak  of  the  Malay  in  us,"  as  a  Japanese  professor 
said  to  me,  "and  we  like  to  idle  now  and  then.  The  truth  is 
our  people  are  not  workers;  they  are  artists,  and  artists 
must  not  be  hurried."  Certainly  in  the  hurried  production 
of  the  factory  the  Japanese  artistic  taste  seems  to  break 
down  almost  beyond  redemption,  and  the  people  seem  un- 
able to  carry  their  habits  of  neatness  and  carefulness  into 
the  new  environment  of  European  machinery.  "Take  the 
Tokyo  street  cars,"  said  an  ex-cabinet  officer  to  me;  "the 
wheels  are  seldom  or  never  cleaned  or  oiled,  and  are  half 
eaten  by  rust."  The  railroads  are  but  poorly  kept  up;  the 
telephones  exhaust  your  patience;  while  in  the  case  of  tele- 
graphing, your  exasperation  is  likely  to  lose  itself  in  amazed 
amusement.  A  few  days  ago,  for  example,  I  sent  a  tele- 
gram from  Osaka  to  Kobe,  took  my  'rickshaw  across  town, 
waited  for  a  slow  train  to  start,  and  then  reached  Kobe  and 
the  street  destination  of  my  message  before  it  did. 

In  considering  the  failure  of  Japanese  labour  to  bring 
forth  a  satisfactory  output,  however,  one  thing  more  should 
be  said,  and  that  is  that  we  should  not  put  the  blame  wholly 
on  the  wage-earner.  Not  a  small  proportion  of  the  respon- 
sibility lies  at  the  door  of  inexpert  managers.  The  family 
system  of  production  has  not  only  been  the  rule  for  genera- 
tions with  that  minority  of  the  people  not  engaged  in  farm- 
ing, but  it  is  still  the  dominant  type  of  Japanese  industry, 
and  it  will  take  time  even  to  provide  opportunities  for 
training  a  sufficient  corps  of  superintendents  in  the  larger 
lines  of  production. 


»Henry  Dyet  "Dai  Nippon"  {1904). 


GEOGRAPHICAL  MANUAL  AND  NEW  ATLAS 


313 


In  further  illustration  of  my  argument  that  cheap  labour 
is  not  proving  so  abnormally  profitable,  I  may  question 
whether  Japanese  factories  have  paid  as  good  dividends,  in 
proportion  to  prevailing  rates  of  interest  on  money,  as  fac- 
tories in  England  and  America.  Baron  Shibusawa,  the  dean 
of  Japanese  financiers  and  one  of  the  pioneers  in  cotton  manu- 
facturing, is  my  authority  for  the  statement  that  12  per 
cent  would  be  a  rather  high  estimate  of  the  average  rate  of 
dividend,  while  figures  furnished  by  the  Department  of 
Finance  show  that  for  ten  years  the  average  rate  of  interest 
on  loans  has  been  n.25  per  cent. 

The  fact  that  Western  ideas  as  to  Japan's  recent  indus- 
trial advance  have  been  greatly  exaggerated  may  also  be 
demonstrated  just  here.  While  the  latest  government 
figures  show  that  in  twelve  years  the  number  of  female  fac- 
tory operatives  increased  from  261,218  to  400,925  and  male 
factory  operatives  from  173,614  to  248,251,  it  is  plain  that  a 
manufacturingpopulationof  649,000  in  acountry  of  50,000,000 
souls  is  small,  and  the  actual  progress  has  not  been  so  great 
as  the  relative  figures  would  indicate.  Moreover,  many 
so-called  "factories  '  employ  less  than  ten  persons  and  would 
not  be  called  factories  at  all  in  England  or  America.  The 
absence  of  iron  deposits  is  a  great  handicap,  the  one  steel 
foundry  being  operated  by  the  government  at  a  heavy  loss, 
and  in  cotton  manufacturing,  where  "cheap  labour"  is  sup- 
posed to  be  most  advantageous,  no  very  remarkable  advance 
has  been  made  in  the  last  decade.  From  1899  to  1909 
English  manufacturers  so  increased  their  trade  that  in  the 
latter  year  they  imported  $222  worth  of  raw  cotton  for  every 
^100  worth  imported  ten  years  before,  while  Japan  in  1909 
imported  only  ^177  worth  for  each  $100  worth  a  decade 
previous — though  of  course  she  made  this  cotton  into  higher 
grade  products. 

It  must  also  be  remembered  that  the  wages  of  labour  in 

iapan  are  steadily  increasing  and  will  continue  to  increase. 
Ictfe  significant  than  the  fact  of  the  low  cost  per  day,  to 
which  I  have  already  given  attention,  is  the  fact  that  these 
wages  represent  an  average  increase  per  trade  of  40  per  cent 
above  the  wages  eight  years  previous.     .     .     . 

Of  no  small  significance  in  any  study  of  Japanese  indus- 
try must  also  be  the  fact  that  there  are  in  Japan  proper  a 
full  half  million  fewer  women  than  men  (1910  figures:  men, 
25,639,581;  women,  25,112,338)  a  condition  the  reverse  of 
that  obtaining  in  almost  every  other  country.  Now  the 
young  Japanese  are  a  very  home-loving  folk,  and  even  if 
they  were  not,  almost  all  Shinto  parents,  realizing  the  para- 
mount importance  of  having  descendants  to  worship  their 
spirits,  favour  and  arrange  early  marriages  for  their  sons. 
And  what  with  this  competition  for  wives,  the  undiminished 
demand  for  female  servants,  and  a  half  million  fewer  women 
than  men  to  draw  from,  the  outlook  for  any  great  expan- 
sion of  manufacturing  based  on  woman  labour  is  not  very 
bright.     .     .     . 

Yet  another  reason  why  wages  must  continue  to  advance 
is  the  steady  increase  in  cost  of  living,  due  partly  to  the 
higher  standard  developed  through  education  and  contact 
with  Western  civilization,  but  perhaps  even  more  largely  to 
the  fearful  burden  of  taxation  under  which  the  people  are 
staggering.  A  usual  estimate  of  the  tax  rate  is  30  per  cent 
of  one's  income.     . 

It  is  my  opinion  that  the  Japanese  will  steadily  develop 
industrial  efficiency,  but  that  in  the  future  no  more  than  in 
the  present  will  Japan  menace  European  and  American 
industry  (unless  she  is  permitted  to  take  unfair  advantages 
in  Manchuria,  etc.),  for  just  in  proportion  as  efficiency  in- 
creases, just  in  the  same  proportion,  broadly  speaking,  wages 
and  standards  of  living  will  advance.  The  three — efficiency, 
wages,  cost  of  living — seem  destined  to  go  hand  in  hand,  and 
this  has  certainly  been  the  experience  thus  far.  And  what- 
ever loss  we  may  suffer  by  reason  of  Japan  gradually  sup- 
planting us  in  certain  cruder  forms  of  production  should  be 
abundantly  compensated  for  in  the  better  market  for  our 
own  higher-grade  goods  that  we  shall  find  among  a  people 
of  increasing  wealth  and  steadily  advancing  standards  of 
living.' 


•Clarence  Po«,  "Where  Half  the  World  It  Waking  Up"  (1911). 


SYNOPSIS  OF  ASIA 

(See  Maps,  pp.  57-70) 

Extent. — Asia  is  the  largest  as  well  as  the  most  elevated  of  the  conti- 
nents; it  covers  the  greater  part  of  the  Eastern  Hemisphere  north  of  the  equa- 
tor. Its  area  is  about  17,040,000  square  miles,  a  third  part  of  the  land  sur- 
face of  the  globe,  and  nearly  five  times  that  of  Europe.  The  distance 
from  the  Suez  Canal  to  Bering  Strait  is  6,700  miles,  more  than  a  quarter 
of  the  circumference  of  the  earth. 

Asia  is  bounded  on  the  west  by  Europe,  on  the  south  by  the  Indian 
Ocean,  on  the  east  by  the  Pacific,  and  on  the  north  by  the  Arctic.  The 
Suez  Canal  across  the  Isthmus  of  Suez  separates  Asia  from  Africa. 

Population. — About  850,000,000. 

Peninsulas. — On  the  south:  Arabia,  India,  and  Farther  India.  On 
the  east:  Tchuktchis,  Kamchatka,  and  Korea  or  Chosen.  On  the  west: 
Asia  Minor.     On  the  north:  Taimyr. 

Capes. — On  the  south:  Ras  d  Hadd,  the  most  easterly  point  of  Arabia; 
Comorin,  the  most  southerly  point  of  India;  Negrais,  west  of  ILower 
Burma;  Romania,  the  most  southerly  point  of  the  Malay  Peninsula; 
Cambodia,  south  of  Cochin  China.  On  the  east:  East  Cape,  the  most 
easterly  point  of  Tchuktchis  Peninsula  and  of  the  continent  of  Asia;  Lo- 
paika,  the  most  southerly  point  of  Kamchatka  Peninsula.  On  the  west: 
Baba,  on  the  west  of  Asia  Minor.  On  the  north:  Chelyuskin,  extreme  north 
point  of  Asia. 

Seas,  Bays,  Gulfs. — On  the  south:  China  Sea,  east  and  south  of  China; 
Gulf  of  Siam,  south  of  Siam;  Bay  of  Bengal,  between  India  and  Burma; 
Arabian  Sea,  between  India  and  Arabia;  Persian  Gulf,  between  Arabia  and 
Persia.  On  the  east:  Bering  Sea,  between  Aleutian  Islands  and  Bering 
Strait;  Sea  of  Okhotsk,  between  Kamchatka  and  eastern  Siberia;  Sea  of  Japan, 
between  Japan  and  Korea  (Chosen);  Yellow  Sea,  between  China  and  Korea; 
Gulf  of  Chihli  or  Pechili,  northwest  part  of  Yellow  Sea.  On  the  west: 
Mediterranean  Sea,  west  of  Asia  Minor;  Red  Sea,  between  Arabia  and  Africa. 
On  the  north:  Gulf  of  Ob,  northwest  of  Siberia.  ' 

Straits. — On  the  south:  Palk  Strait,  between  Ceylon  and  India;  Strait  of 
Malacca,  between  Malay  Peninsula  and  Sumatra;  Formosa  Strait,  between 
China  and  Formosa.  On  the  east:  Bering  Strait,  between  Asia  and  America; 
Korea  Strait,  joining  Sea  of  Japan  to  Yellow  Sea;  Kurile  Strait,  between 
Kamchatka  and  Kurile  Islands;  Perouse  Strait,  between  Sakhalin  and  Yezo; 
Tsugaru  Strait,  between  Yezo  and  Honshu  islands,  Japan.  On  the  west: 
Strait  o( Bab  el  Mandeb,  uniting  Red  Sea  and  Indian  Ocean;  Strait  of  Ormui, 
between  Persian  Gulf  and  Gulf  of  Oman;  Dardanelles,  between  Europe  and 
Asia  Minor. 

Islands. — The  Laccadives  and  Maldives  in  the  Arabian  Sea;  Ceylon  in 
the  Indian  Ocean;  the  Andamans  and  Nicobars  in  the  Bay  of  Bengal;  Pcnang, 
Singapore,  and  other  islands  of  the  Malay  Archipelago;  Hongkong;  For- 
mosa (or  Taiwan);  Hainan;  the  Japanese  Islands;  Sakhalin;  Kurile 
Islands;  Aleutian  Islands,  south  of  Behrmg  Sea.  The  Philippine  Islands, 
belonging  to  the  United  States,  are  geographically  a  part  of  Asia. 
In  the  Arctic  Ocean  are  the  island  groups  of  New  Siberia  and  Bear  Islands. 
In  the  Mediterranean,  Cyprus,  Rhodes,  and  other  Asiatic  islands  of  the 
Archipelago. 

Build. — Asia  is  a  continent  of  the  most  striking  contrasts.  It  comprises 
the  greatest  heights  and  the  deepest  depressions  on  the  globe;  the  most 
elevated  plateaus,  and  the  lowest  plains.  The  "centre  of  gravity  of  the 
continent"  is  to  be  found  in  the  mountain-knot  formed  by  the  junction 
of  the  Himalayas  and  the  Mustagh  Range.  From  this  central  knot  radiate, 
like  the  spokes  of  a  wheel,  three  vast  table-lands  (the  Highland  of  Pamir, 
called  "the  Roof  of  the  World,"  the  Plateau  of  Tibet,  and  the  Plateau  of 
Iran)  and  three  vast  plains  (the  Lowland  of  Turan,  the  Tarim  Depression, 
and  the  Indo-Gangetic  Valley). 

The  coast-line  of  Asia  is  about  51,000  miles  in  length.  Yet  in  spite  of 
the  magnitude  of  its  peninsulas,  Asia  has  comparatively  a  shorter  coast- 
line than  all  the  other  continents  with  the  exception  of  Africa. 

Mountains. — The  mountains  of  Asia  run  mainly  from  southwest  to 
northeast.  They  are  remarkable  for  the  number  of  their  parallel  ranges. 
From  the  central  knot  formed  by  the  Himalayas  and  the  Mustagh  four 
ranges  run  to  the  east;  one  to  the  west;  and  one  to  the  south.  The  four 
ranges  to  the  east  are  the  Himalayas — literally,  "Abode  of  Snow"  (highest 
summits:  Mt.  Everest,  29,002  feet;  Kanchanjanga,  28,146  feet;  Dhaulagiri, 
26,826  feet;  and  Caurisankar,  23,447  feet);  the  Mustagh  or  Karakoram 
(highest  summits:  Godwin-Austen,  28,250  feet;  Dapsang,  28,103  feet);  the 
Kuenlun,  a  series  of  mountain  ranges  along  the  northern  edge  of  the  great 
Tibetan  plateau;  and  the  Tien  Shan,  separating  Russian  Turkestan  from 
Chinese  Turkestan  (highest  summit:  Khan  Tengri,  24,010  feet). 

The  range  to  the  west  is  the  Hindu  Kush  in  Afghanistan  (highest  summit: 
Tirach  Mir,  25,400  feet).  The  range  to  the  south  is  the  Sulaiman  Moun- 
tains, between  Afghanistan  and  the  Punjab  (highest  summits:  Kaisargarh, 
IM16  feet;  Takht-i-Sulaiman,  i.  e.,  "throne  of  Solomon,"  11,070  feet). 

Other  important  ranges  are  the  Altai  Mountains,  between  West  Mongolia 
and  Zungaria  and  in  South  Tomsk  (highest  summits,  11,000-12,000  feet); 
the  Great  Khingan  and  the  Little  Khingan  Mountains,  on  the  eastern  edge  of 
the  Desert  of  Gobi;  the  Armenian  Mountains  (highest  summit:  Ararat, 
with  two  peaks,  the  highest  about  17,000  feet — on  which  the  Ark  is  said  to 
have  rested  after  the  Deluge);  the  Taurus  Mountains,  in  the  southeast  of 
Asia  Minor;  the  Lebanon  Mountains  in  Syria  (highest  summit:  Dhor  el 
Khodib,  10,060  feet);  and  the  Western  and  Eastern  Ghats,  bordering  the  coasts 
of  the  Indian  Peninsula.  "' 

Plains. — The  Chinese  Lowland,  on  the  Pacific;  the  Lowland  of  Farther 
India,  well-watered  but  in  some  parts  marshy;  the  Plain  of  Hindustan, 
watered  by  the  Ganges,  the  Brahmaputra,  and  the  Indus;  the  Syro-Arabian 
Lowland,  including  the  valley  of  the  Tigris  and  Euphrates;  the  Plain  of 
Turkestan  or  Turanian  Lowland,  the  deep  depression  in  which  the  Caspian, 
the  Aral  Sea,  and  Lake  Balkash  lie,  most  of  which  is  desert;  the  Siberian 
Plain;  and  the  Plain  of  Pegu  in  Lower  Burma. 

Deserts. — Asia  is  crossed  by  a  belt  of  deserts  from  the  southwest  to  the 
northeast.  The  chief  divisions  of  the  belt  are:  the  Syrian  Desert,  east  of 
the  valley  of  the  Jordan;  the  Desert  of  Mesopotamia,  between  the  Euphrates 


314 


GEOGRAPHICAL  MANUAL  AND  NEW  ATLAS 


and  the  Tigris;  tlie  Great  Arabian  Desert,  in  the  south  of  Arabia;  the  Great 
Salt  Steppe,  in  Persia;  the  Deserts  of  Makran  and  Seistan,  in  the  southwest 
of  Afghanistan;  the  Thar,  in  northern  India;  and  the  Desert  of  Gobi  or  Shamo, 
in  central  Asia. 

Rivers. — The  rivers  of  Asia  are  the  largest  in  the  Old  World.  The 
longer  streams  rise  in  the  great  central  plateau,  and  flow  north,  east, 
and  south  to  the  sea.  There  is  also  a  vast  continental  basin,  no  water  from 
which  ever  reaches  the  sea.  There  are  two  remarkable  features  of  the  river 
system:  (i)  the  rivers  flow  in  all  directions  from  the  core  of  the  continent; 
and  (2)  the  presence  of  twin  streams,  the  chief  of  which  are  the  Tigris  and 
Euphrates;  the  Ob  and  Irtysh;  the  Ganges  and  Brahmaputra;  the  Amu 
Darya  and  the  Syr-Daria;  the  Hwangho  and  the  Yangtze. 

CHIEF  RIVERS  OF  ASIA 


POLITICAL  DIVISIONS  OF  ASIA 
(See  Map,  p.  57) 


RIVER 

LENGTH  (miles) 

COUNTRY 

MOUTH 

Yangtze 

3,000 

China 

Pacific 

2,860 

Siberia 

Arctic 

Amur 

2,700 

China 

Sakhalin  Gulf 

Mekong 

2.600 

Indo-Chlna 

China  Sea 

Yenisei 

2,500 

Mongolia  &  Siberia 

Arctic 

Hwangho  or  Yellow 

River 

2,300 

China 

GulfofChihli 

Irtysh 

2,300 

Siberia 

River  Ob 

Ob 

2,260 

Siberia 

Gulf  of  Ob 

Indus 

2,000 

India 

Arabian  Sea 

Brahmaputra 

1,800 

India 

Bay  of  Bengal 
Martaban  Gulf 

Satween 

1,750 

Burma 

Euphrates 

1,600 

Armenia  &  Mesopotamia 

Persian  Gulf 

Ganges 

1,557 

India 

Bay  of  Bengal 

Amu  Darya 

1,450 

Turkestan 

Aral  Sea 

Svr- Darya 

1,300 

Russian  Turkestan 

Aral  Sea 

Olenek 

1,200 

Siberia 

Arctic 

Kolyma 

1,110 

Siberia 

Arctic 

Si  or  Si-kiang,  i.  e.  "West 

River" 

1,000 

China 

China  Sea 

Godavari 

900 

India 

Bay  of  Bengal 

Lakes. — Aral  Sea,  in  Turkestan;  Baikal  (largest  fresh-water  lake  in  the 
Old  World)  and  Balkash,  in  Siberia;  Zaisan,  in  Asiatic  Russia;  Tengri  Nor, 
in  Tibet;  Tungting  and  Poyang,  in  China;  Urmia,  in  Persia;  Fan,  in  Ar- 
menia; Dead  Sea  and  Sea  of  Galilee,  in  Syria. 

Climate. — Asia  has  every  variety  of  climate;  for  it  not  only  stretches 
from  the  equator  to  within  12°  of  the  North  Pole,  but  it  rises  from  85  feet 
below  the  level  of  the  sea  to  29,002  feet  above  it.  The  tempering  influence 
of  the  ocean  is  less  and  the  range  of  temperature  is  greater  than  in  corres- 
ponding latitudes  of  Europe. 

The  rainfall  of  the  eastern  Himalayas  is  the  greatest  in  the  world,  amount- 
ing in  the  Khasi  Hills  in  Assam  to  610  inches  (50  feet  10  inches)  annually. 
The  following  are  averages  of  annual  rainfall:  Singapore,  97  inches;  Hong- 
kong, 79  inches;  Java,  150  inches;  Cape  Comorin,  28  inches;  Bombay,  162 
inches;  Coromandel  Coast  of  India,  24  inches;  Ganges  Valley,  55  inches; 
Baku,  on  the  Caspian,  13  inches;  Vladivostok,  35  inches.  A  comparatively 
rainless  belt  extends  through  Arabia,  South  Persia,  Turkestan,  and  the 
Desert  of  Gobi.     See  Climate  Map  of  Asia,  pp.  58,  59. 

Vegetable  Products. — Rice  is  the  staple  industry  on  all  the  well-watered 
/*■  plains  of  southern  Asia.     Great  quantities  of  wheat  are  grown  in  northwest 

India;  and  flax,  hemp,  and  jute,  both  for  their  fibre  and  oil  seeds,  in  every 
favourable  district  of  India. 

The  tea  tree  flourishes  in  Assam,  Ceylon,  China,  and  Japan;  the  coffee 
shrub  in  India,  Ceylon,  Arabia,  etc.;  cinnamon  in  Ceylon  and  the  Malay 
Peninsula;  the  mulberry  tree  in  Asia  Minor,  India,  Persia,  China,  etc.;  the 
olive,  date,  and  pineapple  in  the  dry  countries  of  the  southwest;  ginseng  in 
Manchuria;  the  camphor  tree  in  China  and  Japan.  Poppy  fields,  yielding 
opium,  abound  in  Asia  Minor,  Persia,  India,  and  China.  Indigo  fields  are 
common  in  India  and  Japan. 

Teak,  oak,  and  many  other  varieties  of  forest  trees,  yielding  ornamental 
timber  for  veneering  furniture,  abound  in  India  and  Farther  India.  The 
banyan,  mango,  deodar,  coco,  areca,  and  many  other  palms  are  common  in 
the  southeast. 

Trees  producing  india-rubber  and  gutta-percha,  and  also  those  from  which 
various  gums  are  obtained,  abound  in  southern  and  eastern  Asia.  The  vine 
comes  to  no  perfection  in  monsoon  countries,  because  of  the  great  excess  of 
summer  rains. 

Asia  is  also  the  home  of  the  sugar-cane  and  cotton.  In  the  Malay  Peninsula 
cloves  and  other  spices  abound.     See  Maps,  pp.  60,  61. 

Minerals. — Gold,  silver,  platinum,  iron,  copper,  lead,  and  graphite  are 
found  in  the  Ural  and  Altai  mountains;  gold,  copper,  and  graphite  are  also 
worked  in  India;  quicksilver,  and  zinc  in  Tibet,  China,  and  Japan;  coal  in 
Asia  Minor,  India,  China,  and  Japan;  salt  in  central  A.ia;  petroleum  in 
the  Caspian  districts  and  in  Burma;  diamonds  in  India  and  Siberia;  ja^- 
jAiVf J- in  Ceylon;  ruiiW  in  Burma.     See  Economic  Map  of  Asia,  p.  61. 

Animals. — Northern  Asia  is  noted  for  its  fur  animals;  southern  Asia 
for  its  wild  animals,  poisonous  reptiles,  and  brilliant  insects.  The  char- 
acteristic animals  are — the  elephant,  tiger,  and  buffalo  in  India;  the  camel 
in   the   southwest;   the  yak  in  Tibet;   the  horse  and  wild  ass,  sheep  and 

foat  in  the  table-lands;  the  sable,  marten,  and  other  fur^bearing  animals  in 
iberia. 
Europe  and  America  are  indebted  to  Asia  for  their  domestic  animals, 
as  well  as  for  their  domestic  poultry,  except  the  turkey.  The  horse  reaches 
the  highest  perfection  in  Arabia  and  in  the  arid  regions  of  western  Asia. 
Ponies,  on  the  other  hand,  thrive  better  in  the  hilly  tracts  and  the  wetter 
regions  of  the  east.  Asses  and  mules  are  abundant  practically  throughout 
the  continent.  The  humped  oxen  and  buffaloes  are  the  common  beasts  of 
draught  in  India  and  elsewhere.  A  hybrid  between  the  buffalo  and  the 
Tibetan  yak,  called  the  zo,  is  raised  in  Tibet  and  the  Himalayas.  Sheep 
are  abundant  in  the  more  temperate  parts,  while  goats  are  universal;  both 
of  these  animals  are  utilized  as  beasts  of  burden  in  Tibet.  The  reindeer 
of  northern  Siberia  are  used  for  saddle  as  well  as  for  draught. 


COUNTRY 

AREA 

(sq.  miles) 

population 

Asiatic  Russia  (with  Bokhara  and  Khiva) 

Turkey  in  Asia 

6,405.121 
597,1 10 

96,500 
82,000 
635.135 
198,900 
4,278.143 
258,806 

1,900,000 

25.500 
1,770 

27,700 

14,200 
390 
300 

31,000 
4,000 

50,000 
3.600 

250.000 
20,000 
54.000 

738,000 

200 
309,979 

1,470 

4 

7.450 

25,645,000 
17,684,000 

300,000 

500,000 

9,000.000 

7,562,000 

320,618,000 

69,737,000 

315,000.000 

4,100,000 

700.000 

Independent  States 
Hejaz 

Persia 

SlAM ... 

China* 

Japanese  Empire 

British  Dependencies 
Indian  Empire           

Straits  Settlements 

Other  Malay  States  Gohore,  Kedah,  etc.) 

800,000 
440,000 
160,000 
204,000 
30,000 
650,000 

275.000 

S, 000.000 

250.000 

4,000,000 

37.979,000 
277.700 

North  Borneo   

Brunei .      , 

Cyprus      .... 

Within  British  Sphere  of  Influence 

Nepal 

Dutch  Dependencies 
Dutch  East  Indies 

French  Dependencies 
French  India  (Pondicherry,  Chandemasorc,  etc.)  .... 

Portuguese  Dependencies 
Portuguese  India  (Goa,  Daman,  Diu.) 

605,000 

300,000 

Total 

15.991,278 

848,496.700 

The  figures  for  China  proper  ("the  i8  provinces")  are;  area,  1,532,789  square  miles;  popu- 
lation, 310,895,000. 

ASIATIC  RUSSIA 
(See  Map,  p.  57) 

Asiatic  Russia  consists  of  Russian  Central  Asia  and  Siberia,  besides  the 
dependencies  of  Bokhara  and  Khiva  Some  authorities  include  Trans- 
caucasia in  Asiatic  Russia;  other  seven  extend  the  boundary  to  the  Manych 
depression  on  the  north  of  the  Caucasus.  For  Caucasia,  see  under  Rtissia 
in  Europe,  p.  275. 

Russian  Central  Asia. — ^This  comprises  the  Steppes,  Russian  Tur- 
kestan, and  the  Transcaspian  province;  area,  1,366,833  square  miles;  popu- 
lation, 10,107,000.  The  extremes  o(  climate  are  severe;  the  rainfall  is  very 
slight.  The  climate  is  milder  than  that  of  Siberia.  In  the  valleys  grain, 
cotton,  tobacco,  fruits,  and  mulberries  (for  the  extensive  silkworm  culture) 
are  produced.  Tashkend  is  the  capital  (population,  272,300),  where  the 
wares  of  Bokhara  (silks  and  cottons),  Persia  (pearls,  precious  stones,  and 
weapons),  and  India  (woven  goods,  spices,  works  of  art,  etc.)  are  exchanged 
for  European  products  imported  from  Russia. 

Siberia. — Siberia  extends  from  the  Ural  Mountains  to  the  Pacific; 
area,  4,831,882  square  miles;  population,  8,719,000.  The  climate  is  marked 
by  long  and  severe  winters  and  by  short,  hot  summers.  Agriculture  can  be 
carried  on  only  in  the  south,  where  grains,  potatoes,  onions,  melons,  etc., 
are  produced.  In  central  and  eastern  Siberia  are  extensive  forests  of  cedars, 
pines,  firs,  larches,  and  aspens.  Domestic  animals  are  numerously  bred. 
The  mineral  wealth  is  great;  it  includes  gold,  silver,  copper,  lead,  graphite, 
and  extensive  deposits  of  coal  and  iron.  The  Trans-Siberian  railway  has 
led  to  considerable  immigration  and  trade.  Siberia  has  been  a  great  penal 
colony  ever  since  its  conquest  by  the  Russians;  but  on  the  founding  of  the 
Republic  in  1917  all  political  exiles  were  set  free. 

Tomsk  (population,  117,000)  is  the  western  capital,  and  Irkutsk  (popu- 
lation, 130,000)  the  eastern  capital. 

Bokhara. — Bokhara  is  a  vassal  state  of  Russia,  and  has  an  area  of  85,000 
square  miles,  with  a  population  of  1,250,000.  The  chief  products  are  rice, 
wheat,  fruit,  hemp,  cotton,  and  silk.  The  imports  are  principally  manu- 
factured goods  and  sugar.     Bokhara  is  the  capital  (population,  75,000). 

Khiva. — The  vassal  state  of  Khiva  lies  between  Bokhara  and  Russian 
Transcaspia;  area,  26,cxx5  square  miles;  population,  800,000,  of  whom  about 
half  are  nomads.  The  country  is  very  fertile.  Khiva  is  the  capital  (popu- 
lation, 10,000). 

CHIEF  TOWNS  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  ASIATIC  RUSSIA' 


TOWN 

pop.  in 

thousands 

principal  industries 

Siberia 

Irkutsk 

130 

Iron,  glass,  pottery,  cereals,  potatoes,  distilleries. 

Tomsk 

117 

Leather,  cattle,  metals,  furs,  carriages. 

Vladivostok 

91 

(Chief  seaport  and  naval  station  on  the   Pacific.)      Me- 
chanical and  naval  works,  steam  saw-mills,  flour-mills. 

Krasnoyarsk 

87 

Gold,  brick,  soap,  leather,  iron. 

Chita 

79 

Agricultural  products. 

Russian     Central 

Asia 

Tashkend 

272 

(Chief  commercial  centre.) 

Omsk 

136 

Saw-mills,  tanneries. 

Kokand 

119 

Cotton,  silk. 

Samarkand 

98 

Cotton,  silk,  wheat,  rice,  horses,  fruits,  cutlery. 

Andizhan 

82 

Cotton  factories. 

»For  towns  in  Transcaucasiot  see  under  Russia  in  Europe,  p.  275. 


GEOGRAPHICAL  MANUAL  AND  NEW  ATLAS 


315 


TURKEY  IN  ASIA 
(See  Map,  p.  57) 

Turkey  in  Asia  consists  of  Asia  Minor,  Armenia  and  Kurdistan,  Meso- 
potamia, Syria,  and  part  of  Arabia.  A  considerable  part  of  Asiatic  Turkey 
iias  been  occupied  by  Great  Britain  and  Russia  during  the  Great  War;  while 
in  Arabia  the  Hejaz  has  proclaimed  its  independence,  and  the  other  prov- 
inces hold  only  nominal  allegiance  to  the  Ottoman  Empire. 

The  climate  varies,  though  it  is  principally  warm.  The  winter  and 
summer  mean  temperature  at  Smyrna  is  48^°F.  and  78.8°F.;  Jerusalem, 
49.5°F.  and  73.7°F.;  Bagdad,  49.5°F.  and  93°F. 

Asia  Minor. — The  land  is  very  fertile,  but  the  Turks  cling  to  antiquated 
methods  of  agriculture.  The  chief  products  are  grain,  fruits  (raisins,  figs, 
olives,  pomegranates,  etc.),  tobacco,  poppies  for  opium,  grape-vines,  cotton, 
madder,  hemp,  flax,  roses,  and  numerous  medicinal  herbs.  Horses,  camels, 
mules,  asses,  and  cattle  are  raised.  The  Greek  population  gives  more 
attention  to  sheep  and  goats,  including  the  Angora  or  mohair  goat.  Silk 
worms  are  reared;  bee-keeping  flourishes  on  the  islands;  large  quantities  of 
sponges  are  fished  off  the  coasts.  Minerals  are  abundant  but  are  not  much 
worked.  Silver,  copper,  iron,  coal,  and  salt  are  found.  Eskishehr  is  famous 
for  its  meerschaum. 

The  chief  port  is  Smyrna,  the  "flower  of  the  Levant,"  where  the  ships  of 
the  West  meet  the  caravans  of  the  East. 

Armenia  and  Kurdistan. — This  mountainous  region  is  of  great  histor- 
ical interest  as  being  the  original  seat  of  one  of  the  oldest  civilized  peoples 
in  the  world.  Armenia  is  intersected  by  the  Euphrates.  The  c\\\f:i  products 
are  wheat,  barley,  hemp,  cotton,  tobacco,  and  grapes;  in  some  of  the  valleys 
peaches,  walnuts,  apricots,  and  mulberries  are  grown.  The  Armenians 
are  Christians,  and  have  been  subjected  to  atrocious  persecutions  at  the 
hands  of  their  Turkish  rulers  (see  under  Turkey  in  Europe,  p.  289).  Kur- 
distan, i.  e.,  "Land  of  the  Kurds,"  contains  extensive  forests,  and  numerous 
pastures.  Cattle,  sheep,  and  goats  are  raised,  while  the  valleys  yield  rice, 
totton,  flax,  and  fruits. 

Mesopotamia. — Mesopotamia  is  populated  principally  by  Arabs,  Kurds, 
and  Armenians.  The  country  is  drained  by  the  Euphrates  and  Tigris,  but 
is  capable  of  much  more  irrigation  and  cultivation  than  exists  at  present. 
Sir  William  Willcocks  projected  a  vast  scheme  of  irrigation  soon  after  the 
change  o{  regime  at  Constantinople  in  1908;  but  the  carrying  out  of  the  work 
has  been  greatly  hampered  by  lack  of  funds.  One  section  of  the  scheme  was 
completed  by  the  inauguration  of  the  Hindie  Barrage  in  December,  1913. 
More  land  is  thus  being  brought  under  cultivation.  The  extension  of  the 
Bagdad  Railway  will  still  further  help  to  develop  the  country. 

Syria. — Syria  is  a  long  strip  of  mountainous  country  which  stretches  in 
an  almost  straight  line  from  the  Sinai  Peninsula  to  the  Gulf  of  Iskanderun. 
Its  coast  is  called  the  Levant.  Palestine  or  the  Holy  Land  is  a  small  dis- 
trict in  the  south,  and  is  little  larger  than  Belgium.  The  total  area  of  this 
cradle  of  Christianity  is  about  11,000  square  miles;  its  population  is  about 
700,000,  of  whom  150,000  are  Jews  and  the  remainder  principally  Moham- 
medans. Aleppo,  in  northern  Syria,  stands  at  the  meeting-point  of  several 
trade  routes,  and  is  the  chief  caravan  station  between  the  Euphrates  and 
Iskanderun  (or  Alexandretta).  Damascus  is  the  chief  city  in  Syria,  and  a 
great  centre  of  the  caravan  trade.  It  was  called  "the  Eye  of  the  East." 
Here  Paul  was  converted  to  Christianity.  Damascus  gives  its  name  to 
a  kind  of  cloth — damask.     Its  port  is  Beirut. 

Jerusalem  stands  on  a  rocky  plateau,  and  commands  the  water-parting 
of  the  Mediterranean  and  Dead  Sea  basins.  It  has  a  more  wonderful 
history  than  any  other  city  in  the  world.  Bethlehem,  where  Christ  was  born, 
is  a  village  a  few  miles  south  of  Jerusalem.  Jaffa  is  the  port  of  Jerusalem. 
Nazareth,  'at  the  foot  of  Mount  Tabor,  is  the  chief  city  of  Galilee.  Tiberias 
is  a  small  place  on  the  Lake  of  Tiberias  or  "Sea  of  Galilee."  Gaza  is  one 
of  the  oldest  cities  in  the  world:  it  is  at  least  4,000  years  old,  and  is  still  a 
place  of  some  importance.     See  Map  oi  Modern  Palestine,  p.  63. 

Arabia. — ^Arabia,  the  most  westerly  of  the  three  great  peninsulas  of  Asia, 
has  produced  one  of  the  most  vigorous  races  that  ever  appeared  on  the 
globe,  a  race  that  at  one  time  spread  its  dominion  from  Spain  and  Morocco 
on  the  Atlantic  to  the  Eastern  Archipelago  in  the  Pacific.  It  has  always 
been  an  isolated  region,  a  land  apart.  Its  hot  climate  and  its  barren  soil 
have  attracted  no  settlers,  and  its  waterless  deserts  have  repelled  invaders; 
while  it  has  poured  out  horde  after  horde  of  warriors  who  carried  the  religion 
of  Islam  with  fire  and  sword  into  the  richest  countries  of  Asia,  Africa,  and 
Europe.  The  Arab  Empire  was  at  one  time  larger  than  that  of  Rome  at 
its  greatest  extent.  Even  now,  by  their  religion  (the  Mohammedan)  and 
their  institutions,  the  Arabs  give  law  and  custom  to  one-eighth  of  the  human 
race. 

The  inhabitants  are  broadly  divided  into  two  classes:  AM  Hadr,  the 
dwellers  in  the  towns,  and  Ahl  Bedoo,  the  dwellers  in  the  open;  hence  the 
name  Bedouins.  The  Bedouin  is  accustomed  from  infancy  to  lie  on  the 
hard  ground,  to  endure  the  rays  of  an  almost  vertical  sun,  to  go  without 
sleep  or  food  for  days,  to  taste  no  strong  drinks.  He  is  the  very  soul  of 
hospitality;  "the  guest  is  sacred  in  his  camping-ground,  and  the  foe  himself 
is  welcome  once  he  has  touched  the  tent-roof." 

Arabia  has  no  roads,  no  rivers,  no  canals,  no  lakes.  The  peninsula  is 
crossed  everywhere  by  well-marked  caravan  routes,  the  direction  of  which  is 
determined  by  the  number  of  wells  and  reservoirs  along  their  course.  All 
trade-routes  converge  on  Mecca  and  Medina. 

Aden. — Aden,  on  the  south  of  Yemen,  together  with  the  islands  of  Perim, 
Kuria  Muria,  and  Socotra,  is  a  British  possession,  politically  attached  to  the 
province  of  Bombay,  India.  Aden  is  a  coaling  station  for  the  British  navy, 
and  is  strongly  fortified. 

Chief  Exports  of  Turkey  in  Asia. — Horses,  camel's  hair,  cotton, 
silk,  tobacco,  madder,  figs,  ftisins,  olives,  gallnuts,  wine,  opium,  wax, 
gums,  mastic,  sponges,  mohair,  meerschaum,  leather  goods,  carpets,  and 
shawls. 

Chief  Imports. — European  manufactures,  including  linen  and  other 
fabrics,  metal  goods  (especially  weapons  and  gold  and  silver  wire),  hard- 
ware, porcelain,  glass,  clocks,  instruments,  tools;  also  hides  and  skins,  pearls, 
precious  stones,  salt,  iron,  and  colonial  produce. 


CHIEF  CITIES  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  TURKEY  IN  ASIA 


POP.  IN 

CITY 

THOUSANDS 

principal  industries 

Aleppo 

250 

Textiles,  wax,  skins,  soap,  tobacco,  gold,  silver,  and  filigree 

work. 

Bagdad 

225 

Leather,  silks,  cottons,  woollens,  carpets. 

Basra 

80 

Exports  dates,  horses,  wool,  attar  of  roses.  {Centre  of 
traffic  between  Turkish,  Persian,  and  Indian  dominions.) 

Beirut 

150 

(Chief  seaport  town  in  Syria.)     Silk,  Oriental  books. 

BiTLIS 

40 

Tobacco,  wine,  cloth  weaving. 

Brussa 

IIO 

Satins,  silk  stuffs,  carpets,  gauze. 

Damascus 

250 

Silks,  coarse  cloths,  firearms,  swords,  and  jewellery. 

DlARBEKR 

38 

Iron,  copperware,  leather,  silk,  and  other  textiles. 

Erzerum 

80 

Copper  and  iron.     (Chief  halting-place  for  Persian  pilgrims 

on  way  to  Mecca.) 

Gaza 

40 

Pottery  and  black  earthenware. 

Hama 

60 

Silk,  woollen,  and  cotton  goods. 

HOMS 

70 

Silk,  fruit,  and  cereals. 

,  affa  (or  JToffa) 

45 

(Seaport.)     Fruit,  especially  "Jaffa  oranges.'* 

erusalem 

8S 

Olive  oil,  mother-of-pearl  goods. 

Caisariye 

54 

(Most  important  trade  centre  in  Eastern  Asia  Minor.) 
Fruit,  especially  vines. 

Kerbbla 

65 

(Place  of  pilgrimage.) 

KONIA 

45 

Carpet  weaving,  cotton,  and  silk. 

Mosul 

80 

Cotton  stuffs;  formerly  noted  for  its  muslins. 

RODOSTO 

42 

Cereals  and  silk  cocoons  (produced  in  district). 

SiVAS 

65 

Cotton  cloth,  woollen  socks. 

Smyrna 

375 

(Seaport.)     Carpets,  textiles,  pottery. 

Trebizond 

55 

(Seaport.)     Exports  silk,  wool,  tobacco,  wax,  oil,  etc. 

KINGDOM  OF  HEJAZ 
(See  Map,  p.  64) 

The  Kingdom  of  Hejaz  attained  its  independence  in  November,  1916, 
during  the  course  of  the  Great  War.  In  virtue  of  its  possession  of  Mecca 
and  Medina,  the  Holy  Places  of  Islam,  the  new  kingdom  may  be  regarded 
as  the  most  important  territory  in  Arabia.  Hejaz  was  the  chief  centre  of 
Ottoman  influence  in  Arabia;  its  possession  gave  to  the  Turkish  Sultan  his 
best  title  to  the  Caliphate  of  Islam,  to  the  name  of  "Commander  of  the 
Faithful."  By  means  of  the  Hejaz  Railway  the  Turks  were  enabled  to 
maintain  garrisons  in  the  ports  and  the  chief  towns  of  the  interior.  The 
Grand  Sherif  of  Mecca,  the  hereditary  Keeper  of  the  Holy  Places,  wielded 
great  influence  throughout  the  Mohammedan  world;  and  as  the  presence  of 
the  Turks  and  their  maladministration  was  always  resented,  the  Grand 
Sherif  headed  a  revolt,  captured  the  Turkish  garrisons,  and  proclaimed  its 
independence,  assuming  the  title  of  King  of  Hejaz. 

Mecca  (population,  80,000)  is  the  birthplace  of  Mohammed  and  con- 
tains the  Caaba — a  small  cubical  building  which  contains  the  famous  black 
stone  fabled  to  have  come  down  from  Paradise  whiter  than  milk,  but  to 
have  become  black  by  the  sins  of  those  who  have  touched  it.  The  Caaba 
is  the  chief  object  of  pilgrimage  among  Mohammedans.  The  fair  at  Mecca 
is  the  largest  in  the  East.  Medina  (population,  40,000)  is  the  second  Holy 
City  in  Hejaz;  it  contains  Mohammed's  tomb.  Jedda,  on  the  Red  Sea, 
is  the  seaport  for  Mecca.  Horses,  dates,  and  spices  (incense,  myrrh,  manna, 
and  balm)  are  the  chief  exports. 

A  railroad  has  recently  been  constructed  from  Aleppo  to  Medina,  running 
through  Damascus.  It  is  planned  to  extend  the  line  to  Mecca  for  the 
accommodation  of  pilgrims. 

OMAN 

(See  Map,  p.  64) 

Oman  is  an  independent  state  in  southeastern  Arabia,  with  a  coast-line 
of  about  1,500  miles.  It  is  ruled  by  a  Sultan.  The  population  is  chiefly 
Arab,  but  includes  a  number  of  Indians,  Persians,  Baluchis,  and  Negroes. 
Much  of  the  country  is  desert;  dates  are  the  chief  product.  The  principal 
imports  are  rice,  arms,  wheat,  cofl^ee,  cotton  and  silk  goods. 

Muscat  (population,  24,000)  is  the  capital.  It  was  for  a  long  time  the 
centre  of  the  gun-running  traffic,  which,  in  spite  of  the  watchfulness  of 
British  warships,  placed  a  number  of  modern  rifles  in  the  hands  of  the  tribes 
of  the  northwest  frontier  of  India. 

PERSIA 
•  (See  Map,  p.  65) 

Persia,  called  by  the  natives  Iran,  is  mostly  an  arid  table-land,  encircled, 
except  on  the  east,  by  mountains.  The  central  and  eastern  portion  is  a 
vast  salt  desert.  There  are  only  eight  miles  of  railway  open,  and  travelling 
is  mostly  by  caravans,  and  transport  by  pack  animals;  the  cost  of  carriage 
is,  therefore,  very  heavy. 

The  chief  products  are  cereals,  cotton,  gums,  dried  fruits,  silk,  tobacco, 
and  opium.  The  minerals  (little  worked)  are  salt,  iron,  coal,  copper,  lead, 
sulphur,  etc.,  with  turquoises.  Oil-fields  in  southern  Persia  have  been  suc- 
cessfully worked  by  an  English  company  since  1902. 

The  only  important  manufacture  is  that  of  woollen  carpets  (mostly  a 
domestic  industry),  but  shawls,  silks,  and  cotton  fabrics  are  also  produced. 
Sheep  and  goats  are  numerous,  and  good  wool  is  obtained. 

Chief  Exports. — Dried  fruits,  raw  cotton,  pearls,  opium,  rice,  wool, 
fish,  hides  and  skins,  carpets,  and  silk  cocoons. 

Chief  Imports. — Cotton  piece-goods,  sugar,  tea,  cotton  yarn,  metal 
wares,  gold  and  silver,  petroleum,  and  indigo. 

The  sea-borne  trade  passes  chiefly  through  the  ports  of  Bushice,  Bender- 
abbas,  and  Mohammerah,  and  via  Bagdad. 

Government. — Prior  to  1906  Persia  was  an  absolute  monarchy  under 
the  Shah.  Owing  to  increasing  popular  discontent  with  a  corrupt  adminis- 
tration and  an  extravagant  Court,  a  nationalist  movement  wrested  a  con- 
stitution from  the  Shah  in  August,  1906.  The  Shah  was  deposed  by  the 
National  Council,  and  his  son,  aged  eleven  years,  appointed  to  succeed  him. 


3i6 


GEOGRAPHICAL  MANUAL  AND  NEW  ATLAS 


CHIEF  CITIES  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  PERSIA 


CITY 

POP.  IN 
THOUSANDS 

1 

\                          PRINCIPAL   INDUSTRIES 

Barfurush 

SO 

Rice,  cotton,  sugar  cane.      (Great  emporium  of  trade  be- 
tween Persia  and  Russia.) 

Benderabbas 

lO 

(Trading  port  on  Persian  Gulf.) 

BUSBIRB 

I2-20 

(Seaport;  terminus  of  the  Indo-European  telegraph;  chief 
station  in  the   Persian  gulf  of  the   British   Indian  Steam 

Navigation    Company;    considerable    trade   with    India, 

Java,    Arabia.)     Exports    wool,    carpets,    horses,    grain, 

rosewater,  etc. 

Ispahan 

80 

Trinkets,      firearms,      sword-blades,      glass,      earthenware, 
artistic  brassware,  textiles. 

Kerman 

70 

Silks,  shawls,  woollens,  etc. 

Meshed 

70 

Velvets,  sword-blades,  turquoise  jewellery,  silk  and  cotton 

Resht 

41 

goods. 
(Chief  market  for  silks.) 

Sriraz 

32 

Roses,  wine,  inlaid  works. 

Tabriz 

180 

Silks,  cottons,  carpets,  leather  and  leather  goods. 

Teheran 

250 

Carpets,  silks,  cottons,  articles  of  iron. 

Yeid 

55 

Velvet  and  silk  manufactures. 

Capital. — Teheran.     Population,  280,000. 

SIAM 
(See  Map,  p.  67) 

The  Kingdom  of  Siam  is  a  buffer  State  between  British  Burma  and 
French  Indo-China,  and  its  integrity  is  guaranteed  by  the  British  and 
French  governments  by  the  Anglo-French  Agreement  of  April,  1904.  The 
upper  part  of  Siam  is  mountainous,  the  lower  flat. 

The  chief  products  are  rice  and  teak.  There  is  a  large  number  of  rice 
mills,  mostly  in  or  near  Bangkok.  The  teak  industry  in  the  great  forests  of 
north  Siam  is  mainly  in  British  hands.  Hides  and  marine  products  are  also 
exported.  The  only  important  minerals  are  tin,  wolframite,  rubies,  and 
sapphires.  The  chief  import/  are  cotton  goods  and  yarn,  silk  goods,  provisions, 
kerosene,  sugar,  gunny  bags,  opium,  machinery,  metals  and  metal  wares. 
About  1,100  miles  of  railroad  are  open  for  traffic.  There  are  3,000  miles 
of  telegraph  lines. 

The  king  is  an  absolute  monarch,  and  appoints  his  successor.  Buddhism 
is  the  state  religion.     Bangkok  (population,  629,000)  is  the  capital. 

CHINESE  REPUBLIC 
(See  Map,  p.  70) 

China  is  the  most  populous,  and,  excluding  Siberia,  the  largest  country 
in  Asia.  China  proper  (or  the  Eighteen  Provinces)  is  the  most  compact 
nationality  in  the  world.  The  Chinese  dependencies  consist  of  Manchuria, 
Mongolia,  Sinkiang,  and  Tibet.  The  foreign  population  of  China  is  esti- 
mated at  154,000,  including  78,000  Japanese,  51,000  Russians,  and  10,000 
British. 

Climate. — ^The  climate  varies  greatly,  owing  to  the  extent  of  the  country 
and  to  its  build.  Peking  has  a  mean  annual  temperature  of  SoT.,  Canton 
of  70°F.  The  southern  coast  districts  are  affected  by  the  southwest  mon- 
soon.    The  interior  of  the  country  suffers  greatly  from  drought. 

Natural  Productions. — Agriculture  is  the  principal  industry.  In  the 
north  cotton,  wheat,  millet,  and  leguminous  plants  are  cultivated.  In  the 
south,  especially  near  the  Canton  River,  rice,  tea,  and  sugar  grow,  and  the 
silk-worm  is  raised  on  a  large  scale.  Opium  poppies  are  cultivated  in  west- 
ern China,  although  considerable  efl^orts  have  recently  been  made  to  sup- 
press this  particular  industry.  The  coal-fields  are  extensive,  and  have  been 
worked  on  a  small  scale  for  many  centuries.  The  development  of  the 
mines  all  over  the  country  is  proceeding. 

Manufactures.- — Silk  is  the  chief  textile  woven;  there  are  also  manufac- 
tures of  cotton,  although  large  quantities  of  cotton-cloth  are  imported. 
Paper  and  fine  porcelain  are  made,  principally  by  primitive  processes. 
Flour  and  rice  mills  have  a  considerable  output.  The  manufacture  of 
paper  lanterns  is  a  characteristic  industry;  as  also  are  wood  and  ivory  carv- 
ing, lacquered  and  gilt  wares,  and  inlaid  metal  work. 

Chinese  industry  is  chiefly  in  the  hands  of  small  craftsmen,  and  the 
products  are  marked  by  excellent  workmanship.  In  their  own  country 
the  Chinese  do  not  readily  combine  for  the  purpose  of  manufacture  on  a 
large  scale. 

CHIEF  CITIES  OF  CHINA 


AMovt 

Anking* 

Antung 

/    CANTON*t 
CHANCSHA*t 
CHEFOot 

Chbngtu* 

CHlNKlANCt 

Chungking 

J^^  FoOCHOw't 

*  HANGCHOW*t 
X  .HANKOWt 
HARBINf 
ICHANcf 

Kaifeng* 

^   ,KlUNGCHOW*t 
KoNGMOONt 
KWEILIN* 
KWEIYANO* 


PROVINCE 

POP.  IN 

Fukien 

114 

Anhwei 

40 

Shengkingt 

161 

Kwangtung 

900 

Hunan 

250 

Shantung 

54 

Szechwan 

450 

Kiangsu 

184 

Szechwan 

598 

Fukien 

624 

Chekiang 

350 

Hupeh 

826 

Kirint 

35 

Hupeh 

55 

Hon  an 

200 

Kwangtung 

43 

Kwangtung 

62 

Kwangsi 

80 

Kweichow 

100 

Lanchowfu" 
Nanchang* 

Nanking*! 

NANNINCf 
NEWCHWANCt 

NiNGPot 

Peking* 
Shanghai 
ShasiI 
SoocHowt 

SwATOWf 

TaivOanfu* 
f  Ti  entsin 

'T8INAN*t 
WENCHOWt 

Wuchang* 
WucHowf 

WUHO 

Yunnanfu* 


Kansu 

500 

Kiangsi 

300 

Kiangsu 

267 

Kiangsi 

37 

Shengkingt 

61 

Chekiang 

3  SO 

Chihii 

821 

Kiangsu 

651 

Hupeh 

90 

Kiangsu 

500 

Kwangtung 

66 

Shansi 

230 

Chihii 

800 

Shantung 

40 

Chekiang 

100 

Hupeh 

500 

Kwangsi 

59 

Anhwei 

122 

Yiinnan 

45 

s,  veg(  .       . 

Chief  Imports. — Cotton  goods,  opium,  metals,  rice,  cigarettes,  fish,  coal. 


•Capital  of  province.     tTreaty  port.     tManchuria. 


Capital — Peking.     Population,  821,000. 

Treaty  Ports. — ^The  treaty  ports,  and  other  ports  opened  by  China  to 
foreigners,  number  64;  the  chief  ports  are  indicated  in  the  above  table. 
About  19,000  Europeans  reside  in  the  treaty  ports.  Shanghai  is  the  prin- 
cipal foreign  centre,  with  a  foreign  population  of  over  11,000. 

Coinage. — The  coinage  used  by  the  Chinese  is  the  cash,  made  of  copper 
and  zinc,  17  of  which  are  equal  to  one  American  cent.  The  tael  or  Hang, 
as  the  Chinese  call  it,  is  a  silver  standard,  the  weight  and  the  fineness  of 
which  differ  in  different  towns,  but  the  Haikwan  tael  is  that  in  which  duties 
are  paid  to  the  Maritime  Customs,  and  this  is  a  weight  of  585.3  grains  of 
pure  silver  1,000  fine,  the  value  of  which  is  about  66  cents.  Several  at- 
tempts have  been  made  in  recent  years  to  reform  the  currency.  The  latest 
of  these,  put  forward  by  Imperial  decree  in  May,  1910,  ordered  that  the 
yuan  or  silver  dollar  should  be  the  standard,  and  that  after  twelve  nionths 
all  payments  to  the  Government  must  be  made  on  this  basis.  A 
decree  establishing  a  uniform  system  of  weights  and  measures  was  issued  in 

1907-  "  ...  .  . 

Commerce. — Trade  is  principally  carried  on  with  the  followmg  countries: 
British  Empire  (42  per  cent),  Japan  (24  per  cent).  United  States  (9  per 
cent),  Russia  (6  per  cent),  Germany,  France,  and  Italy.  In  addition  to 
overseas  trade  China  has  an  extensive  coast  and  river  trade,  in  which  under 
special  regulations  steamers  under  foreign  flags  are  allowed  to  participate. 

Chief  Exports. — Raw  and  manufactured  silk,  beans  and  bean  cake, 
tea,  cotton,  hides,  vegetable  oils,  tin,  sesamum  seed. 

Chief  Imports.- 
and  woollen  goods. 

Communications. — About  6,500  miles  of  railroads  are  open,  inclusive 
of  the  Manchurian  lines,  while  2,5CX3  miles  more  are  projected  or  under 
construction.  The  internal  trade  of  China  is  chiefly  carried  on  by  means 
of  numerous  canals  and  navigable  rivers.  The  roads  are  numerous  but 
badly  kept.  The  inadequate  means  of  transport  largely  accounts  for  the 
slow  development  of  industrial  China. 

Telegraphs  are  being  rapidly  constructed,  and  Peking  is  in  communi- 
cation overland  with  Europe  and  Tibet.  There  are  37,000  miles  of  land 
lines  and  51,000  miles  of  aerial  lines. 

Manchuria. — Manchuria  lies  to  the  north  of  China  proper,  and  has 
a  total  area  of  about  360,000  square  miles,  with  a  population  estimated 
at  11,000,000.  The  capital  is  Mukden  (population,  250,000),  a  station  on 
the  Manchurian  railroad  and  connected  with  the  Russian  system.  In- 
digo, opium,  cotton,  tobacco,  and  various  cereals  are  grown,  and  there  is 
great  mineral  wealth. 

Mongolia. — Mongolia  has  a  total  area  of  1,076,000  square  miles  and  a 
population  estimated  at  about  3,000,000.  Outer  Mongolia  is  now,  by  a 
treaty  of  1915,  an  autonomous  state  under  Chinese  suzerainty.  The  chief 
industry  is  cattle  and  sheep  raising  and  the  provision  of  transport  animals. 
The  principal  exports  are  wool,  hides  and  skins,  furs,  horns,  etc.  The  chief 
town  is  Urga  (population,  38,000). 

Sinkiang. — The  province  of  Sinkiang  consists  of  Chinese  Turkestan, 
Kulja,  and  Hi  or  Kashgaria,  and  comprises  all  Chinese  dependencies  lying 
between  Mongolia  and  Tibet.  In  the  river  districts  cereals,  fruits,  and 
vegetables  are  grown.  Other  natural  products  are  wool,  cotton,  and  silk. 
Jade  is  worked,  and  in  some  districts  gold  is  obtained.  The  inhabitants 
of  Sinkiang  are  of  various  races  collectively  known  as  Turki.  Tihwafu 
(population,  50,000)  is  the  capital.  Other  towns  are  Kashgar,  Yarkand, 
Khotan,  and  Aksu. 

Tibet. — Tibet  is  a  plateau,  seldom  lower  than  10,000  feet,  on  the  northern 
frontier  of  India.  On  account  of  the  mountainous  character  of  the  coun- 
try and  the  Tibetan  objection  to  the  presence  of  strangers,  wide  regions 
are  still  unexplored.  The  prevailing  religion  is  Lamaism,  a  corrupt  form  of 
Buddhism,  noteworthy  for  its  ritualistic  practices,  including  the  use  of 
prayer  wheels,  rosaries,  bells,  etc.  At  the  head  of  the  hierarchy  is  the  Grand 
(or  Dalai)  Lama,  who  is  also  head  of  the  government.  There  is  a  large 
trade  with  China  and  India.  The  chief  products  are  wool,  borax,  salt,  and 
musk.     Z/iaj-a- (population,  25,000)  is  the  capital;  it  is  a  sacred  city. 

Leased  Districts. — Various  districts  have  been  "leased"  to  other 
powers:  Weihaiwei  and  Kowloon  to  Great  Britain;  Port  Arthur  and  Dairen 
(Talienwan)  to  Russia,  though  Japan  took  these  in  1905  and  the  Liaotung 
Peninsula  was  leased  to  Japan  in  December,  1905.  Kiaochow  was  leased 
to  Germany  in  1898,  but  was  lost  in  the  Great  War  to  the  Allies  and  oc- 
cupied by  Japan,  pending  the  termination  of  the  war.  Kwangchow  (or 
Kwangchow-wan)  was  leased  to  France  in  1898. 

Government. — A  Republic  was  established  in  February,  1912,  follow- 
ing a  revolution  which  resulted  in  the  abdication  of  the  Manchu  dynasty. 
Both  Houses  of  Parliament  are  elected  by  a  system  of  limited  franchise. 
The  President  is  elected  by  Parliament,  and  is  assisted  by  a  premier  and 
a  cabinet. 

Religions. — ^The  three  chief  established  religions  are  Confucianism, 
Buddhism,  and  Taotism,  the  Buddhists  preponderating.  The  worship  of 
ancestors  is  everywhere  practised.  Roman  Catholics  have  over  1,790,000 
professed  followers  in  China,  and  Protestants  over  526,000. 

JAPANESE  EMPIRE 
(See  Map,  p.  69) 

Japan,  called  by  the  Japanese  Nippon  or  Nihon,  consists  of  four  large  and 
many  small  islands,  said  to  number  in  all  more  than  4,220.  The  principal 
islands  are  Honshu  (or  Hondo),  the  largest  island  of  Japan,  Shikoku,  Kiushu, 
and  Yezo  (or  Hokkaido).  The  Kurih  Islands  have  belonged  to  Japan  since 
1875.  The  islands  of  Japan  are  volcanic,  and  eighteen  of  the  summits  are 
still  active.  Fujiyama  or  Fujisan  (12,370  feet  high  is  the  loftiest  and  most 
sacred  mountain  of  Japan;  it  has  been  dormant  since  1707.  Japan  is  also 
liable  to  frequent  and  sometimes  disastrous  earthquakes. 

Climate. — The  climate  on  the  whole  is  10  degrees  colder  than  that  of  the 
corresponding  latitudes  of  Europe  or  north  Africa.  The  summer  is  hot, 
damp,  and  cloudy;  the  winter,  cold,  bright,  and  dry.  The  mean  temperature 
of  Tokyo  in  January  is  36°F.  and  in  August  (the  hottest  month)  79°F. 


GEOGRAPHICAL  MANUAL  AND  NEW  ATLAS 


317 


Sudden  cyclonic  storms  known  as  typhoons  are  of  common  occurrence,  es- 
pecially from  June  to  October. 

Natural  Productions. — On  account  of  the  mountainous  nature  of  the 
country,  not  more  than  one-sixth  of  its  area  is  available  for  cultivation. 
The  soil  teems  with  every  kind  of  agricultural  produce.  Ricf,  cereals, 
tea,  sugar,  tobacco,  potatoes,  and  fruit  are  produced.  The  land  is  largely 
held  by  peasant  proprietors,  and  more  than  60  per  cent  of  the  population 
are  engaged  in  agriculture.  The  coasts  are  extremely  rich  in  fish.  There 
are  extensive  forests  containing  the  camphor  tree,  paper  mulberry,  vege- 
table wax-tree,  the  lacquer-tree,  which  furnished  the  celebrated  "lacquer" 
of  Japan;  also  other  valuable  timber  trees. 

The  chief  mineral  resources  are  copper,  iron,  sulphu  ,  lead,  antimony, 
and  zinc.  There  is  a  good  supply  of  coal  of  moderate  quality.  Gold,  silver, 
agate,  cornelian,  and  rock  crystal  are  also  found. 

Manufactures. — European  methods  of  manufacture  are  being  increas- 
ingly introduced,  and  manufacturing  is  now  being  developed  in  a  very 
marked  manner,  its  growth  being  reflected  in  the  commerce.  The  chief 
manufactures  are  silk  and  cotton,  cotton  yarn,  rnatches,  paper,  glass,  lacquer 
ware,  leather  work,  porcelain,  and  bronze;  shipbuilding  is  an  important 
industry  in  the  yards. 

CHIEF  CITIES  OF  JAPAN 


CITY 

POP.  IN 
THOUSANDS 

city 

POP.  IN 
THOUSANDS 

FuKOOKA        

Hakodate*        

Hiroshima 

Kanazawa 

Kobe*     

KuRE 

Kyoto     , 

Moji 

Nagasaki* 

Naooya  

Okayama      

97 
100 
167 
130 
^      498 
128 

C    S39 

72 

161 

389 

87 

lOsAKA* 

Otaru        

Sapporo          

Sasebo      

Sendai 

Shimonoseki*      .... 
ToKusaiMA*         .... 

fToKYO          

Wakayama* 

Yokohama*    

YoKOSUKA        

1,460 

93 

97 

95 

104 

72 

7 

2,245 

78 

0     429 

85 

•Seaport 

Capital. — Tokyo  (formerly  called  Yeddo  or  Yedd).    Population,  2,245,796. 

Commerce. — The  chief  im^ortj  are  raw  cotton  from  India,  United  States, 
Egypt,  and  China;  flour  from  the  United  States;  and  piece  goods,  metals, 
manures,  woollens,  wool,  drugs,  rails,  locomotives,  and  machinery  from 
Europe  and  the  United  States.  Sugar  is  largely  imported  from  the  Dutch 
East  Indies  and  Formosa;  indigo  from  Germany  and  British  India;  kerosene 
oil  from  the  United  States  and  the  Dutch  Indies;  beans,  peas,  and  pulse 
from  China  and  Korea,  and  rice,  principally  from  British  India,  French 
India,  Korea,  Siam,  and  China. 

The  chief  exports  are  silk,  cotton  yarns,  rice,  tea,  fish,  copper,  matches, 
coal,  camphor,  straw  plaits,  porcelain,  earthenware,  lacquer  ware,  and 
marine  products.  Foreign  jurisdiction  in  the  treaty  ports  was  abolished 
in  1899,  and  in  return  the  country  was  thrown  open  to  European  traders, 
instead  of  only  the  treaty  ports. 

Coinage. — A  gold  standard  was  adopted  in  1897,  the  unit  of  value  being 
the  yen  =0.75  gramme  of  pure  gold.  The  yen  is  the  equivalent  of  $0,498 
United  States  coinage,  and  is  divided  into  100  sen  or  cents. 

Communications. — There  are  over  6,600  miles  of  railroad  open,  be- 
sides more  than  1,000  miles  in  Korea  and  320  miles  in  Formosa,  while 
the  South  Manchurian  Railway  in  China  is  under  Japanese  control.  There 
are  25,000  miles  of  telegraph  lines. 

Government. — Prior  to  1889  Japan  was  an  absolute  monarchy,  but  in 
that  year  a  constitution  was  promulgated.  Executive  power  is  vested  in 
the  Emperor,  with  the  advice  of  his  ministers.  The  Diet  consists  of  a  House 
of  Peers  and  a  House  of  Representatives.  The  House  of  Peers  numbers 
about  370,  including  life  members  and  those  elected  for  seven  years.  The 
House  of  Representatives  consists  of  379  members,  elected  for  four  years. 
Elected  and  nominated  members  of  both  Houses  are  paid  2,000  yen  (about 
4i,ooo)  for  each  session,  with  travelling  expenses. 

Korea. — Korea  or  Chosen  is  the  peninsula  lying  between  the  Yellow 
Sea  and  the  Sea  of  Japan.  Until  1894  China  was  the  suzerain  of  Korea,^ 
but  on  the  conclusion  of  the  war  in  1895,  China  relinquished  her  suzerainty, 
and  the  independence  of  Korea  was  acknowledged.  Then  began  the  strug- 
gle with  Russia,  which  culminated  in  the  Russo-Japanese  War,  and  by  the 
peace  treaty  between  Russia  and  Japan,  1905,  the  paramount  interest  ot 
the  latter  country  in  Korea  was  acknowledged.  Five  years  later,  in  August, 
1910,  Korea  was  formally  annexed  by  Japan. 

Rice,  millet,  cotton,  hemp,  and  tobacco  are  grown  in  the  fertile  districts 
skirting  the  sea.  Ginseng,  a  medicinal  root  much  affected  by  the  Chinese, 
is  largely  grown  under  government  supervision,  and,  being  a  government 
monopoly,  forms  a  rich  source  of  revenue.  Gold,  copper,  iron,  and  other 
minerals  are  found.  The  chief  exports  are  beans,  rice,  live  stock,  hides, 
ginseng,  wheat,  barley,  iron  ores,  and  raw  cotton.  Manufactures  are  as 
yet  in  a  primitive  condition,  the  principal  being  hemp  cloth,  brass  ware, 
and  an  excellent  quality  of  paper  resembling  the  Japanese  article,  but  stouter. 
Seoul  (population,  217,000)  is  the  capital. 

Formosa. — The  island  of  Formosa  {Taiwan)  lies  off  the  Chinese  coast. 
It  was  ceded  by  China  to  Japan  in  1895,  following  the  China-Japanese 
War.  The  chief  products  are  coal,  tea,  sugar,  rice,  and  camphor.  Taihoku 
(population,  103,000)  is  the  capital. 

Sakhalin. — The  southern  half  of  the  island  of  Sakhalin  was  ceded  by 
Russia  at  the  end  of  the  war  in  1905,  and  has  been  named  Karafuto.  There 
are  extensive  forests,  and  its  fisheries  are  valuable. 

Pescadores. — The  Pescadores  (called  by  the  Japanese  Hoko  or  Hokoto) 
is  an  island  group  between  Formosa  and  China;  area,  85  square  miles;  popu- 
lation, 55,000. 

KwANTUNG. — Kwantung  (or  Kwanto),  the  southern  portion  of  the 
Liaotung  Periinsula  in  Manchuria,  was  originally  leased  by  Russia  to  China, 
and  was  similarly  leased  to  Japan  after  the  Russo-Japanese  War.     Dairen 


(formerly  Dalny),  the  capital,  has  a  population  of  69,000  and  provides 
Japan  with  a  mainland  port,  ice  free  all  the  year  round.  Port  Arthur,  which 
was  captured  in  the  war  with  China  (1895)  and  again  successfully  besieged 
in  the  Russo-Japanese  War  (1904-5),  is  also  an  ice-free  port.  The  climate 
of  Kwantung  is  mild,  and  grain  is  cultivated  with  success.  Coal  and  salt 
are  worked. 

Kwantung  should  be  carefully  distinguished  from  the  Chinese  prov- 
ince of  Kwangtung,  which  lies  many  miles  to  the  south  of  the  Liaotung 
Peninsula. 


INDIAN.  EMPIRE 
(See  Maps,  pp.  66,  67) 

The  Indian  Empire  comprises  the  great  peninsula  of  Asia  between  the 
Arabian  Sea  and  the  Bay  of  Bengal,  also  the  strip  of  territory  bounding  that 
bay  on  the  east.  Its  area  is  greater  than  that  of  the  continent  of  Europe 
without  Russia.  "British  India"  means  all  territories  governed  by  the 
Crown  through  the  governor-general  of  India;  while  "India"  means  British 
India,  together  with  the  various  native  states  under  British  suzerainty. 
This  is  the  sense  in  which  the  terms  "British  India"  and  "India"  are  used 
in  British  ofiicial  publications. 

Climate. — About  half  the  country  is  within  the  tropics,  but  the  greatest 
extremes  of  heat  and  cold  are  in  the  northwest.  In  the  Himalayas  the 
climate  is  moist  and  cold.  In  northern  India  it  is  dry,  and  the  winters  are 
rather  cold.  In  tropical  southern  India  the  climate  is  more  equable.  Cal- 
cutta, Bombay,  and  Madras  all  have  an  equable  climate,  owing  to  proximity 
to  the  sea.  The  hot  season  begins  about  the  middle  of  March  and  from  then 
until  the  bursting  of  the  monsoon  there  is  a  steady  rise  of  temperature,  in- 
duced by  the  fiery  rays  of  the  sun  upon  the  parched  earth.  At  Jacobabad 
in  Upper  Sind  the  thermometer  sometimes  reaches  I25°F.  in  the  shade. 

India  depends  for  its  fertility  upon  the  monsoon  rains.  The  southwest 
monsoon  brings  moisture  from  the  ocean  south  of  the  equator,  and  reaches 
the  west  coast  early  in  June  and  the  northern  provinces  late  in  June.  The 
mountains  arrest  these  currents  and  precipitate  rainfall,  which  averages 
60  inches  in  the  sub-Himalayan  region,  39  inches  in  the  Indo-Gangetic 
plain,  and  30  inches  in  the  Deccan,  but  is  small  in  Sind  and  Rajputana. 
Madras  benefits  by  the  northeast  monsoon  in  the  autumn. 

Population. — ^The  population  of  India  at  the  last  census  was  over 
315,000,000 — more  than  three  times  the  population  of  the  United 
States  and  seven  times  that  of  the  United  Kingdom.  Yet  India  is  not 
over-populated,  fortwo-tFiirds  of  the  people  live  on  one-quarter  of  the 
area.  ~ 

Caste. — Owing  to  the  operation  of  the  caste  system  India  is  broken 
up  into  a  large  number  of  mutually  exclusive  aggregates,  the  members  of 
which  are  forbidden  by  an  inexorable  social  law  to  marry  outside  the  group 
to  which  they  themselves  belong.  A  caste  may  be  defined  as  a  collection 
of  families,  or  groups  of  families,  bearing  a  common  name,  which  is  usually 
associated  with  a  specific  occupation.  The  census  of  1901  enumerated 
2,378  castes  and  tribes.  The  boundary  of  a  caste  may  be  said  to  be  fixed 
by  the  rule  restricting  intermarriage,  but  its  social  status  depends  on  the 
occupation  of  its  members  and  their  habits  ii)  respect  of  diet. 

There  are  four  great  divisions  of  the  Hindu  caste  system:  (l)  The  Brah- 
man, or  sacred  caste;  (2)  the  Kshatriya,  the  warrior  or  princely  caste;  (3) 
the  Vaisya,  or  mercantile  and  agricultural  caste;  (4)  the  Sudra,  or  artisan 
and  labouring  caste.  It  is  sometimes  stated  in  books  that  outcastes  are 
called  Pariahs.  This  is  not  correct;  for  the  Pariah  is  a  member  of  a  low 
caste  of  Hindus  in  southern  India,  and  there  are  a  number  of  castes  still 
lower  than  that  of  the  Pariah.  Caste  does  not  prevail  in  Burma,  for  the 
Burmese  are  principally  Buddhists  among  whom  caste  is  not  countenanced. 

Marriage. — Marriage  is  almost  universal,  owing  to  religious  obligations. 
The  movement  against  infant  marriage  and  enforced  widowhood  is  gaining 
ground.     At  the  last  census  there  were  over  26,400,000  widows  in  India. 

Natural  Productions. — ^The  majority  of  the  population  are  engaged 
in  agriculture,  nearly  two  hundred  millions  being  either  engaged  in  tilling 
the  soil  or  dependent  upon  those  so  engaged.  Great  irrigation  works  have 
been  carried  out  over  an  area  exceeding  42,000,000  acres.  The  chief  crops 
are  rice,  wheat,  millet,  pulse,  and  other  food  grains,  oil-seeds,  tea,  cotton, 
sugar  cane,  indigo,  tobacco,  and  coffee.  The  cultivation  of  opium  is  a  gov- 
ernment monopoly;  but  the  area  under  cultivation  is  contracting  as  the  result 
of  an  agreement  with  China  to  restrict  the  export. 

Special  attention  is  paid  to  forests,  and  huge  tracts  have  been  reserved 
in  recent  years.     The  forest  area  exceeds  80,000,000  acres. 

The  country  is  rich  in  coal,  especially  in  Bengal.  Iron  also  is  abundant 
but  is  little  worked.  Gold  is  mined  chiefly  in  Mysore.  Crude  petroleum 
is  produced  chiefly  in  Burma.  Manganese,  saltpetre,  salt,  mica,  wolfram, 
and  monazite  are  produced.  There  is  a  fluctuatingoutput  of  rubies  and 
jade. 

Manufactures.— -In  India  the  ancient  village  handicrafts  still  survive, 
though  they  sufl^er  more  and  more  from  the  cornpetition  of  machine-made 
goods.  Cotton-weaving  is  by  far  the  most  important  hand  industry. 
Power  mills  have  grown  Jup  under  European  auspices,  but  are  now  largely 
owned  by  natives.  There  are  at  present  255  cotton  mills  at  work  in  India, 
mostly  in  Bombay  and  Ahmadabad,  containing  6,600,000  spindles  and 
103,000  looms.  There  is  a  tendency  to  produce  finer  yarns,  and  to  pay 
more  attention  to  weaving.  The  70  jute  mills,  mostly  situated  in  or  near 
Calcutta,  contain  796,000  spindles  and  38,000  looms.  There  are  also  woollen 
and  paper  mills,  breweries,  and  various  other  factories. 

Political  Divisions. — ^The  provinces  are:  Madras  (officially.  Presi- 
dency of  Fort  St.  George),  Bombay,  Bengal,  the  United  Provinces  of  Agra 
and  Oudh,  the  Punjab,  Central  Provinces  and  Berar,  Assam,  the  Province 
of  Bihar  and  Orissa,  North-West  Frontier  Province,  Ajmer-Merwara, 
Andaman  and  Nicobar  Islands,  and  Burma. 

The  Province  of  Delhi  was  constituted  in  1912  on  the  creation  of  the  new 
capital.  It  consists  of  a  small  enclave  in  the  Punjab,  with  an  area  of  557 
square  miles,  and  a  population  of  about  400,000.  The  province  is  under  a 
chief  commissioner. 


3i8 


GEOGRAPHICAL  MANUAL  AND  NEW  ATLAS 


CHIEF  CITIES  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  INDIA 


pop  in 

CITY 

PROVINCE 

thousands 

principal  industries 

Agra 

United  Provinces 

185 

Cotton,  boots,  flour. 

Ahmadabad 

Oonrtbay 

217 

Cotton,  gold  and  silver  thread, 
silk  brocades,  pottery,  paper, 
shoes. 

AjMER 

Ajmer-Merwara 

86 

Oil-making,  cotton. 

Allahabad 

United  Provinces 

172 

Market  for  cotton,  sugar,  indigo, 
etc.,  of  district. 

Ambala 

Punjab 

80 

(Military  station.)  Centre  for 
cotton  and  grain  trade  of  dis- 
trict. 

Amritsar 

Lahore 

153 

Shawls,  silks,  and  cottons. 

Bangalore 

Mysore* 

189 

Silks,  cottons,  carpets,  gold  and 
silver  lace. 

Bareilly 

United  Provinces 

129 

Sword-cutlery,  perfumery,  furni- 
ture, upholstery,  gold  and  silver 
l-„_ 

Baroda 

Baroda* 

99 

lace. 

Market  for  district  trade  (grain, 
cotton,  oil-seeds). 

Benarbs 

United  Provinces 

204 

(Holy  City  of  the  Hindus.)  Silk 
brocades,  shawls,  jewellery,  gold 
and  silver  thread,  brasswork, 
lacquered  toys. 

Bhagalpur 

Bengal 

74 

Indigo  works. 

Bombay 

Bombay 

979 

Dyeing,  tanning,  metal  working, 
cottons,  furniture. 

Calcutta 

Bengal 

1,222 

(Former  capital  of  British  India; 
important  shipping  centre.)  Cot- 
ton, jute. 

Calicut 

Madras 

78 

Coffee  cleaning,  coir  pressing,  tim- 
ber cutting,  cottons,  tile,  oil 
works. 

Cawnpore 

United  Provinces 

179 

Leather  and  cotton  goods. 

Dacca 

Dacca 

109 

Rice  and  muslins. 

Delhi 

Delhi 

233 

Ivory-carving,  jewellery,  muslins, 
glazed  pottery,  embroidery, 
shawls,  gold  and  silver  filigree 
work,  miniature  painting  on 
ivory. 

Hyderabad 

Hyderabad* 

501 

General  trade,  cotton. 

Hyderabad 

Bombay 

68 

Silk,  gold  and  silvtr  embroidery, 
lacquered  ware,  pottery,  cotton 
ginning. 

Jaipur 

Jaipur* 

137 

Metal  working,  marble. 

JUBBULPORE 

Central    Provinces    & 

Berar 

lOI 

Cottons,  carpets. 

Karachi 

Bombay 

152 

Iron  works,  cotton  cloth,  silk 
scarfs,  and  carpets. 

Lahore 

Punjab 

229 

Silk  goods,  metal  works,  carpets, 
cotton,  flour,  oil,  soaps,  leather 
goods. 

LUCKNOW 

United  Provinces 

260 

Muslins,  embroidery,  brass  and 
copper  ware,  gold  and  silver 
brocade. 

Madras 

Madras 

S19 

Cotton  mills,  cement  works,  iron 
foundries,  cigars. 

Madura 

Madras 

134 

Cigars,  brass  ware,  cotton  cloth. 

Mandalay 

Burma 

138 

General  trade. 

Mkerut 

United  Provinces 

116 

(Centre  of  cotton  trade.) 

MORADABAD 

United  Provinces 

81 

Metal  work,  cottons. 

MULTAN 

Punjab 

99 

Carpets,  shoes,  glazed  pottery, 
enamel  work,  silk  and  cotton 
goods. 

Mysore 

Mysore* 

71 

Carpets,  silks,  jewellery. 

Nagpur 

Central  Provinces 

lOI 

Copper,  brass,  cotton,  woollen 
goods. 

Patna 

Bihar  &  Orissa 

136 

Rice,  opium. 

Peshawar 

North-West  Frontier 

98 

Scarfs,    knives,    small    arms,    wax- 

Province 

cloth. 

POONA 

Bbmbay 

159 

Brass  ornaments,  copper,  ivory, 
jewellery,  silk  and  cotton  fabrics, 
paper. 

Ramfur 

United  Provinces 

74 

Pottery,  damask,  sword-blades, 
jewellery. 

Rangoon 

Burma 

293 

(Capital  of  Burma.)  Rice,  saw- 
mills, petroleum,  wood  and 
ivory  carving,  silver  work. 

Rawalpindi 

Punjab 

86 

(Arsenal.) 

Shahjahanpur 

United  Provinces 

73 

Sugar  works. 

Srinagar 

Kashmir* 

126 

Shawls,      paper,     leather,     carpets, 
firearms,    attar    of    roses,     wood 
carving,  copper  and  silver  ware, 
.    boat-building. 

Sorat 

Bombay 

"5 

Silks  and  cottons. 

Trichinopoly 

Madras 

124 

Cigars,  gold  and  silver  jewellery, 
hardware. 

•Native  State. 

Capital.^ — Delhi.     Population,  232,837. 

Chief  Ports. — Calcutta,  Bombay,  Rangoon,  ^Madras,  Karachi,  Tuti- 
corin. 

Commerce. — Among  the  countries  constituting  the  British  Empire, 
India  comes  second  to  the  United  Kingdom  itself  in  the  volume  of  its  sea- 
borne trade,  which  almost  equals  that  of  Canada  and  Australia  combined. 
Two-thirds  of  the  exports  consist  of  food,  tobacco,  and  raw  materials,  while 
the  bulk  of  the  imports  consists  of  manufactured  articles.  Trade  is  carried 
on  with  the  following  countries:  United  Kingdom  (60  per  cent  of  imports 
and  38  per  cent  of  exports),  United  States  (6  per  cent  of  imports  and  11 
per  cent  of  exports),  Japan,  France,  Italy,  Russia,  China,  and  Belgium. 

Chief  Exports. — Jute,  cotton,  tea,  rice,  lac,  dyes,  seeds,  hides  and 
skins,  wheat  and  flour,  leather,  raw  wool,  opium,  rubber,  oils,  oil-cake,  raw 
hemp,  coffee,  spices,  manganese  ore,  barley  and  other  cereals. 

Chief  Imports. — Cotton  goods,  cotton  yarn,  sugar,  iron  and  steel,  ma- 
chinery, railway  material,  mineral  oil,  silk  goods,  hardware,  provisions, 
liquors,  spices,  chemicals,  paper,  apparel,  matches,  automobiles,  bicycles, 
instruments,  salt,  fruits,  vegetables,  drugs  and  medicines,  raw  silk,  building 
materials,  glass,  haberdashery,  etc. 

Communications. — There  are  over  36,000  miles  of  railways,  mostly  owned 
by  the  State.     There  are  over  330,000  miles  of  telegraph  wires. 

Coinage. — ^The  principal  com  in  use  is  the  silver  rupee,  containing  165 
grains  of  fine  silver  and  15  grains  of  alloy,  and  weighing  in  all  180  grains 
troy.     The  rupee  is  equal  to  ^0.324  in  United  States  coinage,  and  \s.  \d. 


in  English  money.  The  British  sovereign  is  legal  tender  in  India  at  the 
ratio  of  15  rupees  to  the  sovereign.  The  rupee  is  divided  into  16  annas, 
the  anna  being  equal  to  2  U.  S.  cents  or  id.  The  anna  is  subdivided  into 
twelve  pies,  or  4  pice. 

Government. — See  under  United  Kingdom,  p.  255. 

Native  States. — The  Native  or  Feudatory  States  comprise  about  two- 
fifths  of  the  area  and  two-ninths  of  the  population  of  India.  Their  ad- 
ministration, with  a  few  minor  exceptions,  is  not  under  the  direct  control 
of  British  officials,  but  is  subject  in  varying  degrees  to  the  supreme  govern- 
ment. The  Native  chiefs  are  entitled  to  British  protection,  but  have  no 
power  of  making  war  and  peace,  or  of  sending  ambassadors  to  one  another 
or  to  foreign  states;  the  military  force  they  maintain  is  strictly  limited;  no 
European  is  allowed  to  reside  at  any  of  their  courts  without  special  sanction; 
and  in  case  of  misrule  the  supreme  government  can  dethrone  or  suspend  the 
chief.  Generally  speaking,  the  Native  States  are  governed  by  their  own 
princes,  ministers,  and  councils,  with  the  advice  of  a  political  officer  of  the 
supreme  government. 

The  principal  Native  States  are  Hyderabad  (the  premier  State  in  India;  area,  82,698  square 
miles),  Mysore,  Baroda,  Bhopal,  Gwalior,  Indore,  Jammu  and  Kashmir,  Kalat,  Kolhapur, 
Mcwar  (Udaipur),  Travancore,  Bahawalpur,  Bharatpur,  Bikaner,  Bundi,  Cochin,  Jaipur, 
Karauli,  Kota,  Kutch,  Marwar  (Jodhpur),  Patiala,  Rewa,  Tonk,  Alwar,  Jaisalmer,  Khair- 
pur,  Orchha,  Sikkim,  Sirohi,  Cooch  Behar,  Tippera,  Bhaunagar,  Chamba,  Junagarh,  Manipur, 
Nawanagar,  Palanpur,  Panna,  and  Tchri-Garhwal. 

British  Rule  in  India. — Of  British  rule  in  India  Colonel  Roosevelt  says: 
"In  India  we  encounter  the  most  colossal  example  history  affords  of  the 
successful  administration  by  men  of  European  blood  of  a  thickly  populated 
region  in  another  continent.  It  is  the  greatest  feat  of  the  kind  that  has  been 
performed  since  the  break  up  of  the  Roman  Empire.  Indeed,  it  is  a  greater 
feat  than  was  performed  under  the  Roman  Empire.  Unquestionably  mis- 
takes have  been  made;  it  would  indicate  qualities  literally  superhuman  if  so 
gigantic  a  task  had  been  accomplished  without  mistakes.  It  is  easy  enough 
to  point  out  shortcomings,  but  the  fact  remains  that  the  successful  admin- 
istration of  the  Indian  Empire  by  the  English  has  been  one  of  the  most  not- 
able and  the  most  admirable  achievements  of  the  white  race  during  the  past 
two  centuries.  On  the  whole  it  has  been  for  the  immeasurable  benefit  of 
the  nations  of  India  themselves. 

"Suffering  has  been  caused  in  particular  cases  and  at  particular  times 
to  these  natives;  much  more  often,  I  believe,  by  well-intentioned  ignorance 
or  bad  judgment  than  by  any  moral  obliquity.  But  on  the  whole  there 
has  been  a  far  more  resolute  effort  to  secure  fair  treatment  for  the  humble 
and  the  oppressed  during  the  days  of  English  rule  in  India  than  during  any 
other  period  of  recorded  India  history.  England  does  not  draw  a  penny 
from  India  for  English  purposes;  she  spends  for  India  the  revenues  raised 
in  India,  and  they  are  spent  for  the  benefit  of  the  Indians  themselves.     .     .     . 

"The  mass  of  the  people  has  been  and  are  far  better  off  than  ever  before, 
and  far  better  off  than  they  would  now  be  if  English  control  were  now  with- 
drawn from  India;  the  whole  Peninsula  would  become  a  chaos  of  bloodshed 
and  violence." 

Ex-President  W.  H.  Taft  bears  similar  testimony:  "When  I  think  of 
what  England  has  done  in  India  for  the  happiness  of  those  people;  how  she 
found  those  many  millions  torn  by  internecine  strife,  disrupted  with  constant 
wars,  unable  to  continue  agriculture  or  the  arts  of  peace,  with  inferior  roads, 
tyranny  and  oppression,  and  when  I  think  what  the  government  of  Great 
Britain  is  now  doing  for  these  alien  races,  the  debt  the  world  owes  England 
ought  to  be  acknowledged  in  no  grudging  manner." 

CEYLON 
(See  Map,  p.  66) 

Ceylon  is  a  British  crown  colony  situated  southeast  of  the  Indian  peninsula. 
Its  greatest  length  from  north  to  south  is  270  miles;  its  greatest  width  140 
miles.  The  climate  varies  with  the  altitude;  but  on  the  whole,  though  trop- 
ical, it  is  healthful,  except  in  the  low-lying  jungle.  The  coolest  months  are 
December  and  January;  the  hottest  are  April  and  May. 

The  staple  products  are  agricultural.  The  most  important  for  home 
consumption  is  rice  in  its  two  forms  of  paddy  and  dry  grain.  Besides  rice 
and  other  grain,  the  chief  crops  are:  tea,  coffee,  coconut,  rubber,  cinnamon, 
cocoa,  and  tobacco.     Cattle,  sheep,  goats,  pigs,  and  horses  are  raised. 

Among  the  more  important  native  industries  are  gold,  silver,  ivory,  and 
tortoiseshell  work,  pottery,  mats,  fans,  and  woodcarving.  Ceylon  is  fa- 
mous for  precious  stones,  especially  cat's-eyes,  rubies,  etc.;  the  pearl  fishery 
yields  a  large  revenue.  The  manufacture  oi salt  is  a  government  monopoly. 
Ebony  is  also  produced  and  exported.  There  are  over  700  miles  of  railway 
open,  and  6,560  miles  of  telegraph  wire.  Colombo  (population,  251,000)  is 
the  capital  and  chief  port. 

STRAITS  SETTLEMENTS 
(See  Map,  p.  67) 

The  whole  of  the  Malay  Peninsula,  from  the  southern  boundary  of  Siam 
to  the  Strait  of  Singapore,  is  within  the  British  sphere,  the  administrative 
groups  being  the  Straits  Settlements  (Singapore,  Penang,  Malacca,  Labuan, 
Cocos  Islands,  and  Christmas  Island),  the  Federated  Malay  States  (Perak, 
Selangor,  Negri  Sembilan,  and  Pahang),  the  Feudatory  Malay  States  (Kelan- 
tan,  Trengganu,  Kedah,  and  Perlis  or  Palit)  and  the  Protected  State  of 
Johore. 

The  climate  is  almost  uniform  throughout  the  year,  and  foliage  is  per- 
ennial. The  rainfall  in  Singapore  amounts  to  85.8  inches,  in  Penang  89.5, 
and  in  Malacca  84  inches. 

The  chief  products  are  gutta-percha,  gambier,  pepper,  rubber,  horns,  hides, 
canes,  shells,  sago,  tapioca,  spices,  dye-stuffs,  copra,  rattans,  coffee,  gums, 
tin,  preserved  pineapples,  etc.  The  chief  imports  are  rice,  cotton  piece 
goods,  opium,  petroleum,  and  coal.  Singapore  (population,  139,000)  is 
the  most  important  port  of  call  for  vessels  to  and  from  the  Far  East.  It  is 
of  great  strategic  value  as  a  naval  base.  Georgetown  is  the  chief  town  and 
seaport  of  Penang. 


GEOGRAPHICAL  MANUAL  AND  NEW  ATLAS 


319 


HONGKONG 
(See  Map,  p.  76) 

Hongkong  is  a  British  crown  colony  situated  ofF  the  southeast  coast  of 
China  at  the  mouth  of  the  Canton  River.  British  Kowloon  on  the  main- 
land also  forms  part  of  the  colony.  The  island  of  Hongkong  is  mountain- 
ous, the  highest  point  being  Victoria  Peak  (2,820  feet  high).  The  Peak 
district  is  a  favourite  place  of  residence,  and  is  reserved  for  Europeans.  The 
climate  is  comparatively  cool  and  dry  during  the  winter  months.  The  hot 
season  lasts  from  May  to  October.  Hongkong  is  the  centre  of  a  vast  trade 
in  many  kinds  of  produce,  chiefly  sugar,  opium,  flour,oil,  amber,  cotton,  ivory, 
betel,  sandalwood,  rice,  tea,  woollens,  silks,  salt,  etc.  Victoria  (population 
l6l,ocx>)  is  the  capital.     The  harbour  is  one  of  the  finest  in  the  world. 

AFGHANISTAN 
(See  Map,  p.  65) 

Afghanistan  is  a  "buflfer  state"  on  the  northwest  frontier  of  India.  It 
is  called  by  the  natives  Khorassan.  Its  foreign  relations  are  exclusively 
with  Great  Britain.  The  chief  products  are  silks,  carpets,  shawls,  chintZj 
fruits,  furs  and  madder.     Kabul  (population  60,000)  is  the  capital. 

BHUTAN 
(See  Map,  p.  57) 

Bhutan  is  on  the  southeast  of  the  Himalayas.  Part  of  the  state  was 
annexed  to  India  in  1863;  the  remainder  is  within  the  British  sphere  of 
influence.  Rice  and  other  grains,  cattle,  jute,  etc.,  are  produced.  Punaka 
(population  5,000)  is  the  capital. 


NEPAL 
(See  Map,  p.  57) 

Nepal  lies  between  India  and  Tibet;  it  contains  Mt.  Everest.  The  state 
is  under  British  control  as  regards  its  foreign  relations.  Grain,  jute,  cattle, 
etc.,  are  exported;  cotton  goods  and  yarn,  metals,  sugar,  salt,  spices,  etc., 
are  imported.     Katmandu  (population  50,000)  is  the  capital. 

DUTCH  EAST  INDIES 
(See  Map,  p.  57) 

The  Dutch  possessions  in  the  East  Indies  include  (i)  Java,  with  Madura; 
and  (2)  what  are  called  the  Outposts,  viz.,  Sumatra,  part  of  Borneo,  Celebes, 
the  Moluccas,  part  of  New  Guinea,  and  the  Sunda  and  other  islands. 

Java. — Java  is  the  chief  seat  of  Dutch  power  in  the  Orient.  The  chief 
products  are  sugar,  rice,  coffee,  tea,  tapioca,  quinine,  and  cinchona  bark, 
teak,  and  rubber.     Batavia  (population,  139,000)  is  the  capital. 

FRENCH  INDO-CHINA 
(See  Map,  p.  67) 

French  Indo-China  consists  of  the  colony  of  Cochin-China  and  the 
protectorates  of  Cambodia,  Annam,  Tonkin,  and  Laos,  together  with  the 
leased  territory  of  Kwangchow-wan.  The  chief  products  are  rice,  pepper, 
cotton,  tea,  sugar,  silk,  salt,  copra,  hides,  etc.  Hanoi  (population  115,000) 
in  Tonkin  is  the  capital,  Saigon  (population  68,000)  is  the  chief  city  of 
Cochin-China. 


AUSTRALASIA  AND  POLYNESIA 


The  Antipodes. — Australia  is  antipodean  in  character 
as  well  as  in  position.  Though  nearly  as  large  as  Europe, 
it  has  only  one  river  of  any  size  or  importance.  The  coun- 
try is  full  of  other  peculiarities:  trees  shed  their  bark,  not 
their  leaves;  cherries  have  their  stones  outside;  flowers  have 
commonly  no  perfume;  quadrupeds  run  on  two  feet;  mammals 
lay  eggs;  and  most  birds  have  no  song. 

When  the  first  European  settlers  visited  the  country  they 
found  no  grain  to  eat,  no  domestic  animals  to  give  milk  or 
to  draw  burdens,  and  not  the  smallest  trace  of  civilization. 
The  discovery  of  gold  in  1851  caused  a  great  rush  of  immi- 
grants, and  started  the  country  on  that  career  of  prosperity 
which  has  since  been  almost  uninterrupted. 

Convicts  were  long  sent  to  Australia  from  the  mother 
country,  but  transportation  to  New  South  Wales  practically 
ceased  in  1840,  and  the  last  convict  vessel  to  Western  Aus- 
tralia arrived  in  1868.  About  70,000  convicts  were  landed  in 
Australia,  besides  almost  as  many  in  Tasmania. 

Australian  Aborig  nes. — ^The  natives  of  Australia,  or 
blackfellows  as  they  are  called,  are  considered  among  the 
lowest  as  regards  intelligence  in  the  whole  human  family. 
They  are  of  poor  muscular  development,  and  have  a  chocolate 
brown  or  black  skin,  with  coarse,  wavy  and  abundant  hair 
and  beard.  They  are  ignorant  even  of  the  use  of  the  bow 
and  arrow,  though  in  their  unique  weapon,  the  boomerang, 
they  possess  an  effective  substitute.  In  the  settled  parts 
of  the  country  they  are  inoffensive  and  rapidly  dying  out. 
They  have  no  fixed  dwelling;  in  the  summer  they,  live  prin- 
cipally in  the  open-air,  and  in  stormy  weather  they  shelter 
themselves  with  bark  erections  of  the  rudest  construction. 
They  wear  little  or  no  clothing.  They  are  occasionally 
employed  by  the  settlers  in  light  kinds  of  work,  and  as  horse- 
breakers;  but  they  dislike  continuous  occupation  and  soon 
give  it  up. 

Most  travellers  agree  in  regard  to  the  low  intellectual 
development  of  the  Australians.  However,  they  have  suf- 
ficiently complex  social  customs,  an  extensive  folk-lore,  and 
their  children  have  been  known,  in  the  missionary  schools, 
to  learn  to  read  and  write  more  quickly  than  European 
children;  arithmetic  only  appearing  to  be  outside  the  limits 
of  their  intelligence.     It  should  be  remarked  in  regard  to 


all  Australian  dialects  that  they  have  special  words  only 
for  the  figures  one  and  two,  occasionally  for  three  and  four; 
but  most  frequently  "two  and  one"  is  used  for  "three,"  and 
"two  and  two"  for  "four."' 

Native  Tracks  up  Trees. — One  of  the  most  curious 
sights  in  the  bush  is  that  of  the  ancient  tracks  of  aborigines 
up  the  trees,  which  have  been  climbed  by  them  to  obtain 
opossums  or  wild  honey.  These  tracks  are  a  series  of 
small  notches  made  each  by  three  blows  of  the  tomahawk, 
to  admit  the  great  toes,  and  thus  act  as  a  ladder  to  the  black- 
fellow. 

The  tracks,  which  are  to  be  seen  everywhere  in  Australia, 
lead  to  the  most  astonishing  heights,  up  bare  perpendicular 
smooth-barked  gum-trees.  Knowing  bushmen  can  distin- 
guish the  ancient  ones  made  by  the  stone  tomahawk  before 
the  blacks  obtained  iron  from  the  English.  Many  are  to 
be  seen  on  old  dead  barkless  tree-trunks,  and  now  that  the 
blacks  are  gone  they  remind  one  of  fossil  foot-prints  of  ex- 
tinct animals. 

Marvellous  as  this  power  of  climbing  with  so  little  sup- 
port is,  it  can  be  done  by  whites,  and  I  was  assured  in  New 
South  Wales,  when  on  the  Hawkesbury  River,  that  there 
was  a  white  man  in  the  neighbourhood  who  could  beat  any 
black  at  this  sort  of  climbing,  doing  it  in  exactly  the  same 
way,  and  being  often  employed  by  my  informant  in  collect- 
ing wild  honey  for  him  at  so  much  a  nest.  In  the  same  way 
there  are  said  to  be  whites  who  can  throw  the  boomerang 
better  than  any  blacks.  In  fact,  a  white  man,  when  he 
brings  his  superior  faculties  to  bear  on  the  matter,  can 
always-  beat  a  savage  in  his  own  field,  except  perhaps  at 
tracking.^ 

Melbourne. — Melbourne,  in  extent,  wealth,  and  popula- 
tion, is  the  chief  city  not  only  of  Victoria  but  of  Australia. 
With  the  suburbs  it  contains  684,000  souls.  The  city  has 
grown  with  great  rapidity. 

Till  1835  the  foot  of  no  white  man  had  trodden  on  the 
ground  on  which  Melbourne  now  stands,  unless  it  was  the 
foot  of  Buckley,  the  escaped  convict,  who  lived  for  thirty 
years  with  a  tribe  of  native  savages. 

Melbourne   is   not   a   city  beautiful  to  the  eye  with  the 

ij.  Deniker,  "The  Races  of  Man"  (1900). 

•H.  N.  Moseley,  "Notei  by  a  Naturalist"  (1892). 


320 


GEOGRAPHICAL  MANUAL  AND  NEW  ATLAS 


charms  of  the  landscape  around  it,  as  are  Edinburgh  and 
Bath  and  as  Sydney,  Hobart,  and  Dunedin.  Though  it 
stands  on  a  river — a  winding,  rapid  Uttle  river  with  varied 
banks — the  Yarra-Yarra  by  name,  it  seems  to  have  but 
little  to  do  with  the  city.  .  .  .  Nor  is  Melbourne  made 
graceful  by  neighbouring  hills. 

Still  the  internal  appearance  of  the  city  is  grand,  the 
streets  are  wide,  and  large  spaces  are  devoted  to  public 
gardens.  The  streets  are  all  straight  and  at  right  angles, 
after  the  pattern  of  Philadelphia.  The  finest  public  build- 
ings are  the  post-office,  the  town-hall,  and  the  government 
house.  The  city  has  also  its  public  library,  university, 
and  benevolent  asylums.' 

HOT  LAKES  AND  SPRINGS  OF  NEW  ZEALAND 

The  hot  lakes  of  the  North  Island  'have  called  forth  un- 
bounded admiration  from  visitors  for  the  wild  beauty  of  the 
scenery,  the  delicate  tints  of  the  natural  crystal  basins,  and 
the  refreshing  luxury  of  the  warm  baths.  The  beautiful 
terraces  of  silica  were  utterly  wrecked  in  1886  by  the  same 
volcanic  power  to  which  they  owed  their  origin.  Froude 
gives  a  graphic  description  of  this  phenomenon  in  his 
"Oceana."  He  thus  describes  his  first  glimpse  of  the  boiling 
springs: 

Once  more  in  the  clear  country,  we  saw  in  the  distance 
a  blue,  singular  range  of  mountains,  while  immediately  under- 
neath us,  a  thousand  feet  down,  stretched  a  long,  greenish 
lake  with  an  island  in  the  middle  of  it,  and  a  cluster  of  white 
houses  six  miles  off  standing  on  the  shore.  The  lake  was 
Rotorua;  the  white  houses  were  Ohinemutu,  the  end  of  our 
immediate  journey.  As  we  drew  nearer  to  our  destination 
both  Ohinemutu  and  the  district  touching  it  seemed  to  be  on 
fire.  Columns  of  what  appeared  to  be  smoke  were  rising 
out  of  the  Ti-tree  bush,  from  the  lake  shore,  and  from  the 
ditches  by  the  roadside.  We  should  have  found  the  lake 
itself  lukewarm  if  we  could  have  dipped  our  hands  in  the 
water.  At  length  we  reached  the  foot  of  a  steep  bit  of  road, 
ascended  it,  and  found  ourselves  at  the  door  of  our  hotel, 
lodging-house,  boarding-house — ^whatever  we  please  to  call 
iti  There  were  two  in  the  place,  as  at  Cambridge,  which  of 
course  were  rivals.  Stables,  stores,  and  shops,  were  sprinkled 
about  miscellaneously,  and  all  round  lay  a  primitive  Maori 
village,  consisting  of  perhaps  a  hundred  or  a  hundred  and 
fifty  families,  descendants  of  the  warrior  tribes  who  within 
living  memory  had  fought  fierce  and  bloody  battles  on  these 
waters,  and  had  cooked  their  prisoners  at  these  natural  fire- 
places. 

The  smoke  which  we  had  seen  was  steam  rising  from  boiling 
springs — alkaline,  siliceous,  sulphuretted,  and  violently 
acid — not  confined,  too,  exactly  to  the  same  spot,  but  burst- 
ing out  where  they  please  through  the  crust  of  the  soil. 
You  walk  one  day  over  firm  ground,  where  the  next  you  find 
a  bubbling  hole,  into  which  if  you  unwarily  step,  your  foot 
will  be  of  no  further  service  to  you.  These  springs  extend 
for  many  miles;  they  are  in  the  island  on  the  lake;  they  must 
be  under  the  lake  itself  to  account  for  its  temperature. 
Across  the  water  among  the  trees  a  few  miles  off,  a  tall 
column  of  steam  ascends,  as  if  from  an  engine.  It  arises 
from  a  gorge  where  a  sulphurous  and  foul-smelling  liquid, 
black  as  Cocytus  or  Acheron,  bubbles  and  boils  and  spouts 
its  filthy  mud  eternally.  I  have  no  taste  for  horrors,  and 
did  not  visit  this  foul  place,  which  they  call  Tikiteri.  A 
Scotchman,  they  say,  went  to  look  at  it,  gazed  breathless 
for  a  moment  or  two,  and  when  he  found  his  voice  exclaimed, 
"By  God,  I  will  never  swear  again."  Indeed  the  condition 
of  things  all  about  suggests  the  alarming  nearness  of  the 
burning  regions.* 

THE  MAORIS 

The  Maoris  are  the  native  inhabitants  of  New  Zealand, 
and  are  of  Polynesian  origin.     They  are  not  the  true  aborig- 


ines, but  are  thought  to  have  displaced  an  earlier  Melanesian 
or  Papuan  race.  At  the  present  time  they  do  not  number 
more  than  50,000,  most  of  whom  are  located  in  the  North 
Island.  A  great  many  of  the  Maoris  have  been  converted 
to  Christianity.  In  many  instances  they  have  acquired 
considerable  property,  and  in  the  neighbourhood  of  the 
settlements  they  are  adopting  European  dress  and  habits. 
The  Maoris  of  to-day  are  law-abiding,  peaceable,  but  indolent. 

The  Maori  warrior,  before  the  English  landed  in  New 
Zealand,  was  brave,  honourable,  and  chivalrous;  like  Achilles, 
he  hated  liars  "as  the  gates  of  Hell" ;  fire-water  had  not  taught 
him  the  delights  of  getting  drunk;  and  the  fragments  which 
survive  of  his  poetry  touch  all  the  notes  of  imaginative  hu- 
manity— the  lover's  passion,  the  grief  for  the  dead,  the  fierce 
delight  of  battle,  the  calm  enjoyment  of  a  sunlit  landscape, 
or  the  sense  of  a  spiritual  presence  in  storm  or  earthquake, 
or  the  star-spangled  midnight  sky.  The  germ  of  every 
feeling  is  to  be  found  there  which  has  been  developed  in 
Europe  into  the  finest  literature  and  art;  but  the  Maori 
man  and  Maori  woman,  as  we  had  seen  them,  did  not  seem 
to  have  derived  much  benefit  from  the  introduction  of  "the 
blessings  of  civilization." 

Their  interest  now  is  in  animal  sloth  and  animal  indul- 
gence, and  they  have  no  other;  the  man  as  if  he  had  nothing 
else  left  to  work  for  or  to  care  for;  the  woman  counting  it  an 
honour  to  bear  a  half-caste  child.  It  is  with  the  wild  races 
of  human  beings  as  with  wild  animals,  and  birds,  and  trees, 
and  plants.  Those  only  will  survive  who  can  domesticate 
themselves  into  servants  of  the  modern  forms  of  social 
development.  The  lion  and  the  leopard,  the  eagle  and  the 
hawk,  every  creature  of  earth  or  air,  which  is  wildly  free, 
dies  off  or  disappears;  the  sheep,  the  ox,  the  horse,  the  ass 
accepts  his  bondage  and  thrives  and  multiplies.  So  it  is 
with  man.  The  Negro  submits  to  the  conditions,  becomes 
useful,  and  rises  to  a  higher  level.  The  Red  Indian  and 
the  Maori  pine  away  as  in  a  cage,  sink  first  into  apathy  and 
moral  degradation,  and  then  vanish.' 

THE  PAPUANS 

(See  Map.  p.  74) 

The  great  mass  of  the  population  of  Papua^  belongs  to  a 
race  which  is  termed  the  Papuan.  On  the  east  coast  the 
race  is  to  some  extent  mixed,  apparently  with  Polynesians; 
and  on  the  north  a  similar  mixture  has  taken  place  with 
Malays  and  people  from  the  neighbouring  islands.  The 
purer  Papuan  stock  occupies  the  remainder  of  the  island. 

Describing  the  typical  Papuan,  Mr.  A.  R.  Wallace,  by 
whom  the  question  was  carefully  investigated,  thus  writes: 
"The  colour  of  the  body  is  a  deep  sooty-brown  or  black, 
sometimes  approaching,  but  never  quite  equalling  the  jet 
black  of  some  Negro  races.  It  varies  in  tint,  however,  and 
is  sometimes  of  a  dusky  brown.  The  hair  is  very  peculiar, 
being  harsh,  dry,  and  frizzly,  growing  in  little  tufts  or  curls, 
which  in  youth  are  very  short  and  compact,  but  afterward 
grow  out  to  a  considerable  length,  forming  the  compact 
frizzled  mop  which  is  the  Papuan's  pride  and  glory.  The 
face  is  adorned  with  a  beard  of  the  same  frizzly  nature 
as  the  hair  of  the  head.  The  arms,  legs,  and  breast  are  also 
more  or  less  clothed  with  hair  of  a  similar  nature."  .  .  . 
The  legs  are  long  and  slender  as  in  the  Australian  aboriginal; 
"the  face  is  somewhat  flattish,  the  brows  very  prominent; 
the  nose  is  large,  rather  arched  and  high,  the  base  thick, 
the  nostrils  broad,  with  the  aperture  hidden,  owing  to  the 
tip  of  the  nose  being  elongated;  the  mouth  is  large,  the  lips 
thick  and  protuberant." 

It  is  difficult  to  judge  of  the  intellectual  character  of  these 
people,  as  they  are  yet  so  little  known.  There  is_  reason  to 
believe,    however,   that   they   are   not   deficient   in    mental 


'Anthony  TroUope,  "Australia  and  New  Zealand"  (1873.) 
'J.  A.  Froude,  "Oceana"  (1886). 


ij.  A,  Froude,  "Oceana"  (1886). 

»  Papua  or  British  Nevj  Guinea  is  a  British  possession  attached  to  the  Commonwealth  of 
Australia. 


GEOGRAPHICAL  MANUAL  AND  NEW  ATLAS 


321 


capacity.  Although  they  wear  little  or  no  clothing,  they 
pay  great  attention  to  personal  appearance,  especially  in 
regard  to  the  hair.  Besides  tattooing  and  painting  the  skin, 
they  use  ornaments  for  the  nose,  ears,  and  neck,  and  the 
teeth  with  some  tribes  are  filed  to  a  point.  Their  houses, 
constructed  of  bamboo,  are  often  raised  upon  stakes,  and 
even  built  in  lofty  trees.  Not  only  the  houses,  but  all 
their  domestic  utensils  and  weapons  are  decorated  with 
carvings,  as  is  also  the  case  with  their  "prahus"  or  canoes, 
which  are  hollowed  out  of  the  trunks  of  trees.  Their  wea- 
pons are  bows  and  arrows,  spears,  knives,  and  axes,  the  two 
latter  being  formed  of  stone.  With  regard  to  diet  they  are 
not  nice;  they  eat  the  flesh  of  the  wild  pig,  kangaroo,  ciiscus, 
cassowary,  lizards,  fish,  and  some  kinds  of  large  insects,  as 
well  as  that  of  their  domesticated  animals,  the  pig,  dog, 
and  fowls.  They  know  how  to  till  the  soil;  and  for  vegetable 
food  they  have  sweet-potatoes,  yams,  bananas,  and  sugar 
cane,  to  which  may  be  added  sago,  coconuts,  bread-fruit, 
mangoes,  and  other  fruits  which  grow  wild.  Cannibalism 
has  been  attributed  to  them;  but  while  it  is  certain  that 
some  tribes  are  addicted  to  the  horrible  practice,  it  has  not 
been  proved  that  the  whole  race  is  equally  guilty.  In  point 
of  moral  character  different  reports  have  been  given  of  the 
Papuans.  Some  represent  them  as  fierce,  vindictive,  and 
treacherous,  and  often  cruel  even  to  their  own  children; 
others  give  them  a  very  much  better  character.  The  prac- 
tice of  hunting  men  for  their  heads  they  share  in  common 
with  other  uncivilized  races  of  the  Malay  Archipelago.  The 
skulls  are  kept  as  trophies  and  proofs  of  bravery.' 

DRINKING  KAVA  WITH  THE  FIJIANS 

What  vodka  is  to  the  Russian,  or  toddy  to  the  East  Indian, 
kava  (or  kaava)  is  to  the  Polynesian.  Kava  is  a  solution  in 
water  of  the  chewed  root  of  a  species  of  pepper  {Piper  methys- 
ticum),  and  its  mode  of  preparation  is  graphically  described 
by  the  naturalist  Moseley  who  visited  the  Fiji  Islands  in 
1874. 

Great  satisfaction  must  be  derived  by  Polynesians  from 
the  use  of  kaava,  or  it  would  not  have  been  so  universally 
upheld  as  a  drink  amongst  them,  nor  would  its  use  have 
become  associated  as  it  is  with  an  elaborate  ceremonial. 

Usually,  when  the  party  with  which  I  travelled  in  the 
large  island  of  Fiji  entered  a  village,  the  chief  of  the  village 
made  a  request,  as  an  offer  of  hospitality,  that  we  would 
drink  kaava  with  him;  and  we  sat  on  his  right  and  left  hand 
at  the  head  of  the  circle,  or  rather  long  loop,  formed  by  those 
present  on  such  occasions.  At  the  bottoms  of  the  two  sides 
of  the  loop  were  seated  the  servants,  or  a  few  of  the  lower 
orders  of  the  village,  who  crawled  in  crouching  and  cringing, 
expressing  their  humility  before  the  chief  in  the  most  osten- 
tatious manner,  looking  indeed,  sometimes,  as  if  they  were 
really  half  afraid  to  come  at  all. 

The  kaava  is  prepared  at  the  opposite  end  of  the  loop 
from  that  at  which  the  chief  sits.  Young  men  with  good 
teeth  are  chosen  to  do  the  chewing,  and  they  pay  great  re- 
gard to  cleanliness,  rinsing  their  mouths  and  hands  care- 
fully with  water  before  they  commence  their  task.  There 
is  a  considerable  amount  of  knack  to  be  acquired  in  the 
chewing  of  the  kaava  root.  If  it  is  well  chewed  very  little 
saliva  should  be  mixed  with  it,  and  it  should  be  produced 
from  the  mouth  in  an  almost  dry  round  mass  about  as  large 
as  the  mouth  can  contain. 

The  masses  produced  by  several  chewers  are  mixed  with 
water  and  the  infusion  is  strained,  as  has  been  often  described. 
The  bowl  is  placed  in  front  of  the  chief.  It  is  a  four-legged 
wooden  bowl  cut  out  of  a  single  block.  It  has  a  string  of 
coconut  fibre  fastened  to  it  underneath  to  a  loop  cut  in 
the  wood.  By  this  string  the  bowl,  when  not  is  use,  is  hung 
up  against  the  vail  in  the  chief's  house.  When  the  prepared 
bowl  is  placed  before  the  chief  it  must  always  be  so  turned 
that  the  string  is  directed  away  from  him.  The  chief  is 
served  first  in  his  own  private  coconut  shell.  Then  the 
others  present,  in  order  of  their  rank  and  position  of  their 


seats,  receive  shells  full.  We  were  always  served  immedi- 
ately after  the  chief.  It  is  the  correct  thing  to  drink  off  the 
coconut-shell  full  at  a  draught,  and  then  spin  the  cup  on  its 
pointed  end  on  the  mat  in  front  of  one  and  say  "Amava," 
or  a  word  sounding  closely  like  this,  meaning,  I  was  told, 
"it  is  emptied";  in  fact,  "no  heel  taps."  After  the  chief  has 
drunk,  the  company  all  clap  their  hands  in  token  of  respect. 
A  considerable  quantity  of  kaava,  of  a  strength  such  as 
that  of  the  infusion  ordinarily  drunk  at  Fiji,  must  be  taken 
in  order  to  produce  intoxication;  but  I  have  known  a  single 
coconut-shell  of  strong  Fijian  kaava  make  an  Englishman, 
unaccustomed  to  the  drink,  feel  a  little  dizzy  and  shaky  about 
the  legs.  There  is  a  very  great  difference  in  the  strength  of 
kaava,  depending  very  much  on  whether  the  portion  of  the 
root  employed  is  young  or  old,  and  of  course  on  the  amount 
of  water  employed.' 

SYNOPSIS  OF  AUSTRALASIA  AND  POLYNESIA 
(See  Maps,  pp.  71-74) 

COMMONWEALTH  OF  AUSTRALIA 

Australia  is  the  largest  island  and  the  smallest  of  the  continents.  It 
lies  entirely  within  the  southern  hemisphere.  The  area  of  the  Common- 
wealth of  Australia  is  2,974,581  square  miles,  and  the  population  4,465,800 
(with  full-blooded,  civilized,  aboriginals  4,485,000).  The  coast-line  is 
approximately  8,805  niiles;  the  greatest  distance  from  east  to  west  is  2,400 
miles,  and  from  north  to  south  1,971  miles. 

From  a  physical  standpoint  the  continent  of  Australia  is  divisible  into 
an  eastern  and  a  western  area,  the  former  containing  a  regular  coast-line 
with  a  good  harbourage,  roadsteads,  rivers,  and  inland  waterways,  and  a 
greater  development  of  fauna  and  flora;  the  latter  a  broken  coast-line  with 
estuaries  rather  than  rivers,  and  but  little  inland  water  communication. 
The  whole  continent  is,  roughly  speaking,  a  vast,  irregular,  and  undulating 
plateau,  sometimes  below  the  level  of  the  sea,  surrounded  by  a  mountainous 
coast-line  with  frequent  intervals  of  low  and  sandy  shore  on  the  north,  west, 
and  south.  A  large  part  of  the  interior,  particularly  in  the  west,  consists  of 
sandy  and  stony  desert,  covered  with  spinifex,  and  containing  numerous 
salt-marshes,  though  reaches  of  grassland  occur  here  and  there. 

The  Commonwealth  of  Australia  consists  of  the  following  states  and 
territories:  New  South  Wales,  Victoria,  South  Australia,  Queensland, 
Western  Australia,  Tasmania,  the  Northern  Territory,  Papua,  and  the  Fed- 
eral District. 

C\fEi.— Cape  York,  the  most  northerly  point;  North-West  Cape;  Cape 
Leeuwin,  in  the  southwest;  Cape  fVilson,  the  most  southerly  point;  and 
Cape  Sandy,  in  the  east. 

Bays,  Gulfs,  Straits,  etc. — On  the  north:  Timor  Sea,  Arafura  Sea, 
Gulf  of  Carpentaria,  and  Torres  Strait  between  Australia  and  New  Guinea. 
On  the  West:  Shark  Bay.  On  the  South:  Great  Australian  Bight,  Spencer 
Gulf,  Port  Philip  Bay,  and  Bass  Strait  between  the  mainland  and  Tasmania, 
On  the  east:  Botany  Bay  and  Port  Jackson. 

Mountains. — Australian  Alps  (highest  summits,  Mount  Kosciusko, 
7,328  feet,  and  Mount  Townsend,  7,260  feet),  Blue  Mountains,  Liverpool 
Range,  and  Netv  England  Range  are  difl^erent  parts  of  the  eastern  highlands 
known  as  the  Great  Dividing  Range  running  parallel  with  the  east  coast. 
Tasmania  is  an  isolated  part  of  the  eastern  highlands. 

Rivers. — The  Murray  in  the  southeast  is  the  only  river  of  importance; 
it  is  navigable  for  small  steamers  only  in  the  rainy  season.  Its  tributaries 
are  the  Murrumbidgee,  Lachlan,  and  Darling.  On  the  east  coast  are  the 
Hawkesbury,  Hunter,  Clarence,  Richmond,  Brisbane,  Mary,  Burnett, 
and  Burdekin;  on  the  west,  the  Swan,  Murchison,  Gascoyne,  Ashburton, 
Fortescue,  De  Grey,  and  Fitzroy;  on  the  north,  Drysdale,  Ord,  Victoria, 
and  Daly;  and  the  Roper,  the  Flinders,  and  Mitchell,  which  debouch  into 
the  Gulf  of  Carpentaria. 

Lakes. — The  lakes  are  expanses  of  brackish  waters  that  spread  or  con- 
tract during  rain  or  drought.  In  droughty  season  they  are  merely  swamps 
and  mud-flats.  Lake  Torrens  in  South  Australia  is  the  largest  of  these 
depressions.     To  the  north  is  Lake  Eyre,  and  to  the  west  Lake  Gairdner. 

Climate. — The  climate  is  variable;  long  droughts  sometime  occur  caus- 
ing the  death  of  thousands  of  sheep;  while  on  the  eastern  slope  there  are 
often  disastrous  floods.  The  seasons  are  the  reverse  of  ours.  In  the  sum- 
mer months  (November,  December,  and  January)  all  parts  of  Australia 
are  hot,  but  not  unhealthful.  Sydney  has  a  mean  temperature  of  7o°F, 
in  January  and  50°F.  in  July;  Melbourne  has  66°F.  and  so°F.;  and  Bris- 
bane, 77°F.  and  57°F. 

Vegetation. — The  most  characteristic  trees  are  the  eucalypti  (gum  trees) 
and  acacias.  The  difl^erent  species  of  eucalyptus — red  gum,  blue  gum,  stringy 
bark,  iron  bark,  etc. — are  greatly  valued  for  their  timber.  A  feature  pecu- 
liar to  Australia  is  scrub  or  bush.  No  grains  or  fruits  are  native  to  Australia; 
but  those  imported  by  the  colonists  (the  vine,  orange,  peach,  fig,  etc.,  and 
such  grains  as  wheat  and  maize)  flourish  in  a  manner  that  far  surpasses 
European  grains  and  fruits. 

Minerals. — .Australia  is  rich  in  minerals,  especially  gold,  copper,  iron, 
tin,  coal,  and  lead.  Gold  ranks  with  wheat  and  wool  as  one  of  the  chief 
productions  of  the  country.  The  chief  gold  fields  are  in  Victoria  (notably 
at  Ballarat  and  Bendigo);  in  Queensland  (near  Charters  Towers);  in  West- 
ern Australia  (near  Coolgardie  and  Kalgoorlie).  More  than  half  the  total 
Australian  supply  of  gold  comes  from  Western  Australia. 

Animals. — Almost  all  the  animals  are  marsupials,  that  is,  the  female  is 
provided  with  a  kind  of  bag  or  pouch  in  which  the  young  are  carried  by 


'W.  Wilkins,  "Australasia"  (l8 


iH.  N.  Moseley,  "Notes  by  a  Naturalist"  (1892). 


322 


GEOGRAPHICAL  MANUAL  AND  NEW  ATLAS 


the  mother  until  they  are  able  to  shift  for  themselves.  The  largest  marsupial 
is  the  kangaroo.  Among  the  carnivora  is  the  native  dog  or  dingo.  The 
oddest  animal  is  the  duckbill  or  platypus,  a  small  aquatic  mammal  having  a 
bill  like  that  of  a  duck,  thick  brown  fur,  and  webbed  feet.  The  wombat 
is  a  marsupial  resembling  a  small  bear.  The  bandicoot  is  a  small  rat-like 
marsupial.  None  of  the  native  animals  are  of  service  to  man;  but  the  im- 
ported domestic  animals  thrive  exceedingly. 

The  birds  are  distinguished  by  beautiful  plumage;  but  they  are  songless. 
The  emu  and  cassowary — birds  of  the  ostrich  type — are  characteristic  of 
Australia.     Insects  are  numerous;  most  of  the  snakes  are  poisonous. 

Manufactures. — Australian  manufactures  are  in  their  infancy.  They 
are  principally  concerned  with  the  production  of  articles  of  food,  clothing, 
or  housing  (including  furniture),  and  are  mostly  carried  on  with  domestic 
materials  for  the  needs  of  the  home  population. 

STATES,  CITIES,  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  AUSTRALIA 

(See  Map,  p.  71) 


STATES  AND  INDUSTRIES 


New  South  Wales. — Agriculture,  sheep 
farming,  dairy  farming;  horse,  cattle,  and 
pig  raising;  frozen  meat;  mining  (coal,  cop- 
per, gold,  silver,  lead,  zinc), 

Victoria. — Agriculture,  dairy  farming,  live 
stock  raising,  wool,  mining  (gold,  tin,  cop- 
per, coal,  antimony),  frozen  meat,  flour  and 
biscuit  manufactures. 

South  Australia. — Agriculture,  especially 
wheat  (the  "granary  of  Australasia");  fruit- 
growing (oranges,  olives,  grapes,  lemons, 
etc.);  fruit  drying;  wool,  mining  (copper, 
gold,  silver,  lead,  manganese),  live  stock 
raising,  wine  manufacture. 

Queensland. — Agriculture,  live  stock  raising, 
wool,  frozen  meat,  mining  (gold,  silver,  cop- 
per, tin,  coal),  forestry. 

Western  Australia. — Agriculture,  live  stock 
raising,  forestry,  wool,  frozen  meat,  vine- 
growing,  mining  (gold,  coal,  copper,  tin), 
pearl  fishing. 

Tasmania. — Agriculture,  live  stock  raising, 
fruit,  forestry,  wool,  mining  (gold,  silver,  tin, 
lead,  copper). 

Northern  Territory. — Pearl  fishing,  meat 
freezing,  horse  breeding. 

Papua. — Pearl  fishing,  gold  mining,  petroleum, 
tobacco,  sugar. 

Federal  District. 


CHIEF  CITIES  or  TOWNS 


Sydney*  (763,000).  Newcastle  (59.000)  , 
Broken  Hill  (28,000),  Parramatta  (13.000), 
Granville  (11,000),  Goulburn  (10,000). 

Melbourne  (684,000),  Ballarat  (42,000), 
Bendigo  (38,000),  Geelong  (35,000), 
Castlemaine  (7,000). 

Adelaide  (205,000),  Port  Adelaide  (24,000), 
Port  Pirie  (10,000),  Port  Augusta. 


Brisbane  (162,000),  Rockhampton  (21,000), 
TownsviUe  (17,000),  Toowoomba  (24,000), 
Ipswich  (18,000),  Charters  Towers  (17,000. 

Perth  (107,000),  F"remantle  (21,000),  Boul- 
der (11,000),  Kalgoorlie  (9,000),  Albany 
(4,000),  Coolgardie  (2,000). 

Hobart  (40,000),  Launceston  (25,000). 


Darwin  (formerly  Palmersion). 

Port  Moresby,  Samarai,  Daru,  Bonagal. 

Canberra.^ 


*The  capital  is  given  first. 

\Canl>erra,  purchased  in  191 2  from  the  state  of  New  South  Wales,  is  to  be  laid  out  as  the 
capital  of  the  Commonwealth.     Meanwhile  Melbourne  is  the  seat  of  government. 

Commerce. — Since  the  establishment  of  the  Commonwealth,  customs 
duties  are  uniform,  and  trade  between  the  different  states  is  free.  The 
Customs  Tariff  Act  of  1914  gives  preference  to  goods  produced  in  and 
shipped  from  the  United  Kingdom  as  against  the  goods  of  other  countries. 
The  chief  trade  is  with  the  United  Kingdom.  Among  foreign  countries 
United  States  ranks  first;  Japan  comes  next. 

Chief  Exports. — Wool,  wheat,  gold,  lead,  copper,  meat,  butter,  flour, 
leather,  hides  and  skins,  zinc  concentrates;  tin,  silver,  timber,  coal,  live  stock, 
and  pearl  shell. 

Chief  Imports. — Metal  manufactures,  cotton  and  linen  piece  goods, 
apparel;  drugs,  chemicals,  and  fertilizers;  machines  and  machinery;  woollens, 
silk  piece  goods,  provisions,  paper,  timber,  sacks  and  bags,  oils,  tobacco, 
jewellery,  arms,  and  explosives,  and  agricultural  implements. 

Communications. — On  account  of  the  lack  of  navigable  rivers,  the 
railways  provide  the  chief  means  for  the  development  of  the  country. 
Most  of  the  railways  are  owned  by  the  Government.  There  are  over  20,000 
miles  of  railroad  opened.  A  trans-Australian  railway  from  Port  Augusta 
in  South  Australia  to  Kalgoorlie  in  Western  Australia  is  under  construction; 
while  a  trans-continental  railway  from  north  to  south  is  contemplated. 

There  are  more  than  100,000  miles  of  telegraph  wires. 

Government. — The  government  is  that  of  a  Federal  Commonwealth 
within  the  British  Empire,  the  executive  power  being  vested  in  the  Sovereign 
(through  the  governor-general),  assisted  by  a  Federal  Executive  Council. 
The  Commonwealth  was  inaugurated  on  January  i,  1901. 

The  Federal  Parliament  consists  of  a  Senate  and  a  House  of  Representa- 
tives. The  Senate  contains  36  members,  six  from  each  of  the  original 
states,  elected  for  six  years  by  universal  suffrage.  The  House  of  Representa- 
tives, similarly  elected  for  a  maximum  of  three  years,  contains  members 
proportionate  to  the  population,  with  a  minimum  of  five  representatives 
for  each  state.  Universal  adult  (male  and  female)  suffrage  obtains  through- 
out the  Commonwealth. 

New  South  Wales. — New  South  Wales  was  first  colonized  as  a  British 
possession  in  1788,  and  after  progressive  settlement  a  partly  elective  legis- 
lature was  established  in  1843.  In  1855  "responsible  government"  was 
granted,  the  present  constitution  being  founded  on  the  Consolidating 
Act  of  1902. 

Victoria. — ^Victoria  was  originally  known  as  the  Port  Phillip  District 
of  New  South  Wales,  and  was  erected  into  a  separate  colony  in  1851,  with 
a  partially  elective  legislature.  In  1855  responsible  government  was 
conferred. 

South  Australia. — South  Australia  was  proclaimed  a  British  province 
in  1836,  and  in  1851  a  partially  elective  legislature  was  established.  The 
present  Constitution  rests  upon  an  Act  of  1856. 

Queensland. — Queensland  was  constituted  a  separate  colony  with 
responsible  government  in  1859,  having  previously  formed  part  of  New 
South  Wales. 

Western  Australia. — Western  Australia  was  first  settled  by  the  Brit- 
ish in  1820,  and  in  1870  it  was  granted  a  partially  elective  legislature.  The 
present  constitution  rests  upon  Acts  of  1899  and  191 1. 


Tasmania. — Tasmania,  or  Van  Diemen's  Land  as  it  was  called  up  to 
1853,  was  first  settled  by  the  British  in  1803  as  an  appendage  to  New  South 
Wales,  from  which  it  was  separated  in  1825.  In  1851  a  partly  elective  legis- 
lature was  inaugurated,  and  in  1856  responsible  government  was  added. 

NEW  ZEALAND 

The  British  dominion  of  New  Zealand  is  distant  about  1,200  miles  south- 
east of  the  mainland  of  Australia,  and  consists  of  three  main  islands  in  the 
South  Pacific  Ocean,  known  as  the  North,  South,  and  Stewart  Islands, 
with  several  groups  of  smaller  islands  lying  at  some  distance  from  the 
principal  group.     Area  105,000  square  miles;  population  1,050,000. 

Capes. — North  Cape,  Cape  Farewell,  Cape  Palliser,  East  Cape,  South- 
west Cape. 

Bays,  Gulfs,  and  Straits. — In  North  Island:  Hauraki  Gulf,  Bay  of 
Plenty,  Hawke  Bay.  In  South  Island:  Tasman  Bay,  Pegasus  Bay,  Otago 
Harbour.  Cook  Strait  divides  the  North  and  South  Islands.  Foveaux 
Strait  divides  the  South  Island  and  Stewart  Island. 

Mountains. — ^The  Southern  Alps  traverse  the  west  side  of  the  South 
Island  (highest  summit.  Mount  Cook  12,349  feet),  and  slope  down  on  the 
east  to  the  Canterbury  Plain.  The  highest  summits  in  the  North  Island 
are  Ruapehu  (9,700  feet),  Tongariro  (7,000  feet),  and  Mount  Egmont 
(8,270  feet). 

Rivers. — ^The  principal  rivers  in  the  North  Island  are  the  Waikato  and 
Wanganui;  in  the  South  Island  are  the  JVairau  in  the  north,  the  fVaitaki 
and  Clutha  in  the  south,  and  the  BulUr  on  the  northwest. 

Lakes. — Taupo  is  a  large  central  lake  in  the  North  Island.  The  volcanic 
region  has  a  chain  of  hot  lakes  and  springs  which  deposit  silica.  The 
celebrated  "pink  terraces"  of  Rotomahana,  formed  by  the  deposit  of  silica 
tinted  with  oxide  of  iron,  were  destroyed  by  volcanic  action  in  1886,  but  are 
again  in  process  of  formation.  The  South  Island  has  many  Alpine  lakes  of 
great  depth. 

Cli.mate. — ^The  extremes  of  daily  temperature  vary  throughout  the  year 
only  by  an  average  of  20°;  London  is  7°  colder  than  the  North  Island  and 
4°  colder  than  the  South  Island.  The  mean  annual  temperature  of  the  whole 
Dominion  for  the  different  seasons  is: — Spring,  55°;  summer,  63°;  autumn, 
57°;  and  winter,  48°F. 

Vegetation. — Pines  are  abundant;  the  kauri  pine  is  the  most  valuable 
tree  in  the  islands.  There  are  no  native  grains  or  fruits;  those  now  culti- 
vated were  introduced  by  the  colonists. 

Minerals. — Gold  and  coal  are  abundant;  manganese,  silver,  and  anti- 
mony are  also  profitably  mined. 

Animals. — ^l"he  fauna  of  New  Zealand  is  very  peculiar,  due  to  the  long 
separation  of  the  islands  from  the  neighbouring  land-masses.  Wingless 
birds  are  characteristic;  the  largest  of  these,  the  moa,  is  now  extinct.  A 
bird  of  this  type  is  the  apteryx  or  kiwi,  a  wingless  running  bird  with  short 
legs,  a  snipe-like  bill,  and  long  brown  hair-like  feathers.  In  the  mountainous 
districts  of  the  South  Island  is  found  the  kea,  a  parrot-like  bird  which  has 
acquired  the  habit  of  killing  shee^  by  alighting  on  the  animal's  back  and 
digging  its  beak  through  the  skin  and  flesh  till  it  reaches  the  fat  about  the 
kidneys.  There  are  n^o  marsupials,  no  wild  carnivora,  no  snakes,  and  only 
one  poisonous  insect,  the  kapito,  a  small  spider  found  on  certain  beaches. 

Industries. — New  Zealand  is  a  pastoral  rather  than  an  agricultural 
country,  but  sufficient  wheat  and  oats  are  grown  for  domestic  requirements. 
Much  live  stock  is  raised,  the  pastures  of  the  South  Island  producing  the 
celebrated  sheep  of  the  Canterbury  Plain.  Coal  mining  and  gold  mining 
(both  alluvial  and  quartz)  are  important  industries  in  many  districts.  Rope 
and  twine  are  manufactured  from  native  flax. 

CHIEF  TOWNS  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  NEW  ZEALAND 


TOWN 

POP.  IN 
THOUSANDS 

PRINCIPAL    INDUSTRIES 

Auckland 
Christchurch 

119* 

8o» 

Glass,    paper,    rope,   brick   making,    sugar   refineries, 

shipbuilding. 
Iron    works,    agricultural    impltments,    meat    refrig- 

DUNEDIN 

64* 

erating  works. 
Woollen  factories,  railway  shops,   meat    refrigerating 

Invercargill 

16' 

works. 
(Agricultural  district.)      Foundries,    breweries,    wool- 

Napier 

12* 

len  mills,  timber  works. 
(Great     agricultural     and     grazing     district.)      Wool, 

Palmerston  North 

TlMARU 

Wanganui 
Wellington 

II 

II 

meat. 

Agriculture. 

Wool,  flour,  frozen  meat,  opals. 
Wool,  grain,  dairy  produce,  refrigerating  works. 
Foundries,      refrigerating       works,      woollens,     soap, 
candles,  wax-matches,  boots,  rope,  pottery. 

*With  suburbs. 

Capital. — Wellington,  in  the  North  Island;  population  75,000. 

Commerce. — ^^Ihe  chief  trade  is  with  the  United  Kingdom  and  Australia. 
Among  the  foreign  countries  United  States  ranks  first. 

Chief  Exports. — Wool,  frozen  meat,  butter  and  cheese,  hides  and 
skins,  gold,  tallow,  kauri  gum,  coal,  and  timber. 

Chief  Imports. — Clothing,  iron  and  steel  goods,  machinery,  sugar> 
oils,  tea,  fruit,  manures,  tobacco  and  cigars,  bags  and  sacks,  paper,  printed 
books,  and  stationery. 

Communications. — ^There  are  about  3,cxx>  miles  of  government  railway 
lines  open.  There  are  13,500  miles  of  telegraph  line,  with  58,000  miles 
of  wire. 

Government. — ^The  west  coast  of  the  South  Island  was  discovered  by 
Abel  Jansen  Tasman,  the  Dutch  navigator,  in  1642.  The  islands  were 
visited  by  Captain  Cook,  in  1769,  and  later  in  1773,  1774,  and  1777.  The 
first  settlement  of  Europeans  was  made  in  1814,  but  no  colonization  took 
place  until  1825.  In  1840  British  sovereignty  was  proclaimed,  and  in  1841 
New  Zealand  was  erected  into  a  separate  colony  distinct  from  New  South 
Wales.     The  executive  authority  is  vested  in  a  governor  appointed   by 


GEOGRAPHICAL  MANUAL  AND  NEW  ATLAS 


32J 


the   Crown,  aided   by   a   council  of  ministers,  with   a  legislature  of  two 
houses. 

Dependencies. — The  dependencies  of  New  Zealand  include  the  Antip- 
odes Group,  Auckland  Islands,  Bounty  Islands,  Campbell  Island — all 
uninhabited.  Chatham  Islands  support  large  flocks  of  sheep  and  some 
cattle.  Cook  Islands  produce  oranges,  bananas,  and  other  tropical  fruits, 
copra,  coffee,  pearl-shell,  and  hats.  Rarotonga  is  the  chief  island.  The 
Kermadec  Group,  the  Three  Kings  (discovered  by  Tasman  on  the  Feast 
of  the  Epiphany),  with  some  uninhabited  islets,  also  belong  to  New 
Zealand. 


FIJI  ISLANDS 

The  Fiji  Islands  form  a  British  crown  colony  in  the  South  Pacific,  about 
T,200  miles  from  Auckland,  N.  Z.  There  are  about  250  islands  in  all,  of 
which  some  are  merely  uninhabited  islets  and  rocks.  The  two  principal 
islands  are  Viti  Levu  ("Great  Fiji")  and  Vanua  Levu  ("Great  Land"). 
The  climate  is  remarkably  healthful  for  Europeans.  The  chief  products 
are  the  bread-fruit  tree,  banana,  peanuts,  yams,  coconut,  sugar  cane,  rice, 
maize,  copra,  rubber,  beche-de-mer,  and  cotton.  Suva  is  the  capital 
(population  5,100). 


POLAR   REGIONS 

(See  Map,  p.  119) 


Arctic  Exploration.^ — The  Frozen  North  has  lured 
many  voyagers,  and  many  to  their  doom;  but  among  the 
famous  names  that  shine  out  in  the  history  of  polar  explora- 
tion none  is  more  inspiring  than  that  of  Sir  John  Franklin. 
Glorious,  but  pathetic,  is  the  story  of  that  ill-fated  expedi- 
tion, with  its  tale  of  sufferings  nobly  borne. 

Arctic  exploration  had  been  somewhat  at  a  standstill 
since  the  days  when  Henry  Hudson  had  perished  amid  the 
ice  and  snows  of  the  Far  North.  The  primary  object  of 
these  earlier  expeditions  was  to  find  a  northwest  passage  to 
India.  Unsuccessful  attempts  were  made  by  Sir  John  Ross, 
by  Parry,  the  "Champion  of  the  North,"  and  by  others. 
Franklin  explored  the  north  coast  of  Canada  in  the  neigh- 
bourhood of  the  mouths  of  the  Coppermine  River  which 
Hearne  saw,  and  of  the  Mackenzie  River  which  Mackenzie 
discovered  in  1879. 

Loss  OF  Franklin. — Owing  to  these  combined  efforts 
and  to  further  work  from  the  land  side  by  Franklin's  suc- 
cessors, almost  the  entire  north  coast  of  Canada  from  the 
neighbourhood  of  King  William  Island  to  Bering  Strait  be- 
came known  before  1845.  In  that  year  the  British  ad- 
miralty made  its  final  effort  to  find  the  northwest  passage. 
Franklin  volunteered  for  the  command,  and,  when  it  was 
objected  that  he  was  sixty  years  old,  he  replied  indignantly 
"No!  no!  only  fifty-nine."  This  was  Franklin's  last  voyage; 
for  he  and  all  his  crew  perished  on  or  near  King  William 
Island  (1847-1848).  Relief  parties  swept  the  region  for  news 
of  those  who  were  lost,  till  at  length  skeleton  after  skeleton 
told  its  dreary  tale. 

"Not   here!    The  white  North   has   thy   bones;   and   thou, 
Heroic  sailor-soul. 

Art  passing  on  thine  happier  voyage  now 
Toward  no  earthly  pole." — Tennyson. 

One  of  the  searchers.  Sir  Robert  McClure,  made  the  north- 
west passage  from  Bering  Strait  by  sea  along  the  south  of 
Melville  Island,  but  lost  his  ship  on  the  way  (1854). 

Extensive  explorations  of  Ellesmere  Land  and  the  Green- 
land coast  were  made  by  Greeley,  who  was  sent  out  by  the 
United  States  Government  in  1881  to  establish  the  American 
circumpolar  station  at  Lady  Franklin  Bay. 

Nansen  and  the  Fram. — In  1893  the  Norwegian  scientist 
and  explorer  Fridtjof  Nansen  started  out  on  his  famous 
voyage  in  the  Fram  (i.  e.,  "Forward"),  a  vessel  of  immense 
strength,  pointed  at  bow  and  stern  and  having  sloping  sides, 
so  that  the  ice-floes  should  tend  not  to  crush  but  merely  to 
slip  beneath  and  lift  her.  Nansen's  intention  was  to  get 
the  Fram  fixed  in  the  ice  to  the  north  of  Eastern  Siberia, 
and  let  her  drift  with  the  current  which  he  believed  sets 
across  the  polar  regions.  During  the  winter  of  1 894-1 895 
Nansen  with  one  companion  (Johansen)  set  out  on  foot, 
and  after  many  hardships  penetrated  to  within  225  miles 


of  the  terrestrial  pole.  A  vein  of  poetry  runs  through  the 
published  records  of  his  travels.  Here  is  an  extract  from 
his  diary: 

The  wind  is  howling  shrilly  over  the  barren  ice-plains; 
there  are  33  degrees  of  cold,  and  summer,  with  its  flowers,  is 
far,  far  away.  I  would  give  a  year  of  my  life  to  hold  them  in 
my  embrace;  they  loom  so  far  off  in  the  distance,  as  if  I 
should  never  come  back  to  them. 

But  the  northern  lights,  with  their  eternally  shifting 
loveliness,  flame  over  the  heavens  each  day  and  each  night. 
Look  at  them;  drink  oblivion  and  drink  hope  from  them: 
they  are  even  as  the  aspiring  soul  of  man.  Restless  as  it, 
they  will  wreathe  the  whole  vault  of  heaven  with  their 
glittering,  fleeting  light,  surpassing  all  else  in  their  wild 
loveliness,  fairer  than  even  the  blush  of  dawn;  but,  whirling 
idly  through  empty  space,  they  bear  no  message  of  a  coming 
day.  The  sailor  steers  his  course  by  a  star.  Could  you  but 
concentrate  yourselves,  you  too,  O  northern  lights,  might 
lend  your  aid  to  guide  the  wildered  wanderer!  But  dance 
on,  and  let  me  enjoy  you;  stretch  a  bridge  across  the  gulf 
between  the  present  and  the  time  to  come,  and  let  me  dream 
far,  far  ahead  into  the  future."-  _ 

Greenland. — Meanwhile  the  Greenland  coasts  were  being 
well  explored.  Nansen  had  traversed  south  Greenland 
from  east  to  west  (1888);  Peary  crossed  north  Greenland 
and  rounded  its  northernmost  point  from  the  west  (1901); 
and  a  Danish  expedition  under  Erichsen,  coming  from  the 
east,  explored  the  last  unknown  strip  of  the  coast  (1906- 
1908).  Thus  a  continental  table-land  10,000  feet  above  the 
sea,  almost  as  high  as  Tibet  and  as  barren  as  Victoria  Land, 
was  dragged  out  of  darkness  irfto  light. 

The  Duke  of  the  Abruzzi  made  an  attempt  in  1900  to  reach 
the  pole,  and  got  within  206  miles  of  the  coveted  goal.  These 
attempts  on  the  part  of  European  explorers  were  made  prin- 
cipally from  the  Asiatic  side.  Charles  Hall  and  some  other 
Americans  made  their  attempts  from  the  side  of  Smith  Sound 
between  the  continent  of  Greenland  and  Ellesmere  Land  on 
the  west  of  Greenland.  Nares,  Beaumont,  and  other  English 
explorers  followed  in  their  train. 

Crocker  Land  a  Mirage. — About  120  miles  northwest  of 
Cape  Thomas  Hubbard,  Peary  sighted  a  supposed  land  which 
he  named  Crocker  Land.  Its  existence  was  a  prolific  source 
of  dispute  among  geographers  and  scientists,  till  the  matter 
was  finally  set  at  rest  by  Donald  B.  MacMillan,  who  returned 
from  a  four  years'  expedition  in  August,  1917. 

Peary  was  deceived  by  a  mirage,  said  MacMillan,  due  to 
layers  of  air  at  different  densities  suspended  close  to  the  ice. 
Peary  sighted  this  supposed  land  from  a  clifli^  1,400  feet  high. 
We  mounted  the  same  cliflF,  and  for  four  days  were  deceived. 
Finally  when  the  sun  shifted  it  was  no  longer  there.  It  was 
but  a  mirage,  but  so  clear  that  you  could  see  green  hills 
covered  with  vegetation,  rising  high  above  the  water.  We 
sailed  right  over  the  supposed  Crocker  Land.  .  .  .  Don't 
think,  however,  that  Peary  was  faking.  It  would  deceive  any 
man,  no  matter  who  he  was. 


^Dr.  F.  Nansen,  "Farthest  North"  (1897). 


324 


GEOGRAPHICAL  MANUAL  AND  NEW  ATLAS 


Peary  Reaches  the  North  Pole. — ^The  prize  of  three 
centuries  of  heroic  striving  was  won  at  last  by  the  American 
explorer.  Commander  Robert  E.  Peary,  who  for  years  had 
waged  a  persistent  and  scientific  attack  on  the  North  Pole, 
and  who  finally  planted  the  Stars  and  Stripes  there  on  April 
6,  1906. 

The  last  march  northward  ended  at  ten  o'clock  on  the 
forenoon  of  April  6.  I  had  now  made  the  five  marches 
planned  from  the  point  at  which  Bartlett  turned  back,  and 
my  reckoning  showed  that  we  were  in  the  immediate  neigh- 
bourhood of  the  goal  of  all  our  striving.  After  the  usual 
arrangements  for  going  into  camp,  at  approximate  local 
noon,  of  the  Columbia  meridian,  I  made  the  first  observa- 
tion at  our  polar  camp.     It  indicated  our  position  as  89°57'. 

We  were  now  at  the  end  of  the  last  long  march  of  the 
upward  journey.  Yet  with  the  Pole  actually  in  sight  I  was 
too  weary  to  take  the  last  few  steps.  The  accumulated 
weariness  of  all  those  days  and  nights  of  forced  marches 
and  insufficient  sleep,  constant  peril  and  anxiety,  seemed 
to  roll  across  me  all  at  once.  I  was  actually  too  exhausted 
to  realize  at  the  moment  that  my  life's  purpose  had  been 
achieved.  As  soon  as  our  igloos  had  been  completed  and 
we  had  eaten  our  dinner  and  double-rationed  the  dogs,  I 
turned  in  for  a  few  hours  of  absolutely  necessary  sleep, 
Henson  and  the  Eskimos  having  unloaded  the  sledges  and 
got  them  in  readiness  for  such  repairs  as  were  necessary. 
But,  weary  though  I  was,  I  could  not  sleep  long.  It  was, 
therefore,  only  a  few  hours  later  when  I  woke.  The  first 
thing  I  did  after  awaking  was  to  write  these  words  in  my 
diary:  "The  Pole  at  last.  The  prize  of  three  centuries. 
My  dream  and  goal  for  twenty  years.  Mine  at  last!  I 
cannot  bring  myself  to  realize  it.  It  seems  all  so  simple  and 
commonplace." 

Everything  was  m  readiness  for  an  observation  at  6 
p.  M.,  Columbia  meridian  time,  in  case  the  sky  should  be 
clear,  but  at  that  hour  it  was,  unfortunately,  still  overcast. 
But  as  there  were  indications  that  it  would  clear  before  long, 
two  of  the  Eskimos  and  myself  made  ready  a  light  sledge 
carrying  only  the  instruments,  a  tin  of  pemmican,  and  one 
or  two  skins;  and  drawn  by  a  double  team  of  dogs,  we  pushed 
on  an  estimated  distance  of  ten  miles.  While  we  travelled, 
the  sky  cleared,  and  at  the  end  of  the  journey,  I  was  able 
to  get  a  satisfactory  series  of  observations  at  Columbia 
meridian  midnight.  These  observations  indicated  that  our 
position  was  then  beyond  the  Pole. 

."•Nearly  everything  in  the  circumstances  which  then  sur- 
rounded us  seemed  too  strange  to  be  thoroughly  realized; 
but  one  of  the  strangest  of  those  circumstances  seemed  to 
me  to  be  the  fact  that,  in  a  march  of  only  a  few  hours,  I 
had  passed  from  the  western  to  the  eastern  hemisphere 
and  had  verified  my  position  at  the  summit  of  the  world. 
It  was  hard  to  realize  that,  in  the  first  miles  of  this  brief 
march,  we  had  been  travelling  due  north,  while,  on  the  last 
few  miles  of  the  same  march,  we  had  been  travelling  south, 
although  we  had  all  the  time  been  travelhng  precisely  in 
the  same  direction.  It  would  be  difficult  to  imagine  a 
better  illustration  of  the  fact  that  most  things  are  relative. 
Again,  please  consider  the  uncommon  circumstance  that,  in 
order  to  return  to  our  camp,  it  now  became  necessary  to 
turn  and  go  north  again  for  a  few  miles  and  then  to  go  directly 
south,  all  the  time  travelling  in  the  same  direction. 

As  we  passed  back  along  that  trail  which  none  had  ever 
seen  before  or  would  ever  see  again,  certain  reflections  in- 
truded themselves  which,  I  think,  may  fairly  be  called  unique' 
East,  west,  and  north  had  disappeared  for  us.  Only  one 
direction  remained  and  that  was  south.  Every  breeze 
which  could  possibly  blow  upon  us,  no  matter  from  what 
point  of  the  horizon,  must  be  a  south  wind.  Where  we 
were,  one  day  and  one  night  constituted  a  year,  a  hundred 
such  days  and  nights  constituted  a  century.  Had  we  stood 
in  that  spot  during  the  six  months  of  the  arctic  winter  night, 
we  should  have  seen  every  star  of  the  northern  hemisphere 
circling  the  sky  at  the  same  distance  from  the  horizon,  with 
Polaris  (the  North  Star)  practically  in  the  zenith.^ 


Antarctic  Exploration. — The  Antarctic  regions  are  of 
opposite  character  to  the  Arctic  regions.  In  the  Arctic 
there  exists  a  polar  basin  surrounded  by  an  almost  complete 
ring  of  continental  land  formed  by  the  northern  parts  of 
Europe,  Asia,  and  America;  in  the  Antarctic  there  is  on  the 
contrary  a  vast  continental  land  mass  surrounded  by  the 
ocean.  Attempts  to  conquer  the  South  Pole  had  been  baffled 
by  what  seemed  to  be  an  unsurmountable  ice-barrier.  The 
first  navigator  known  to  have  sailed  within  the  Antarctic  circle 
was  Captain  James  Cook  (i 728-1 779). 

Wilkes. — In  1840  two  expeditions,  one  French  and  the 
other  American,  reached  the  southern  seas.  The  French 
expedition  under  d'Urville  found  traces  of  what  they  be- 
lieved to  be  a  continuous  coast  from  136°  to  142°  E.,  to  which 
they  gave  the  name  of  Adelie  Land.  The  United  States 
expedition  under  Wilkes  cruised  westward  along  the  ice- 
barrier  toward  Enderby  Land  nearly  on  the  Antarctic  circle. 
Wilkes's  discovery  of  an  Antarctic  continent  was  made  on 
January  19,  1840,  one  day  before  d'Urville  sighted  Adelie 
Land  about  four  hundred  miles  farther  west.  The  discovery 
was  long  doubted,  and  one  of  the  charges  against  Wilkes  at 
his  court-martial  was  that  he  had  fabricated  this  particular 
discovery;  but  the  later  explorations  of  Shackleton  and  Maw- 
son  (Yorkshiremen  both)  have  fully  corroborated  Wilkes. 

Ross. — Sir  James  Ross  in  1841-1842  reached  the  highest 
south  latitude  that  was  attained  in  the  nineteenth  century, 
discovering  Victoria  Land  with  its  twin  volcanoes  Erebus 
(13,370  feet)  and  Terror. 

Scott  and  Shackleton. — Captain  Robert  Scott  of  the 
British  navy  started  overland  from  near  Mount  Erebus  in 
1902;  and  Lieutenant  (afterward  Sir)  Ernest  Shackleton 
adopted  the  same  base  and  similar  methods,  and  reached  a 
point  88°  23'  S.  lat.,  that  is  to  say  97  miles  from  the  South 
Pole  (1908-1909).  He  found  the  whole  region  was  a  table- 
land rising  to  upward  of  10,000  feet  above  the, sea  and  with- 
out any  living  thing.  Had  the  supply  of  food  not  given  out, 
Shackleton  would  undoubtedly  have  reached  the  Pole. 

South  Magnetic  Pole. — One  of  the  main  achievements 
of  the  Shackleton  expedition  was  the  attainment  of  the  South 
Magnetic  Pole  by  Professor  David,  Dr.  (afterward  Sir) 
Douglas  Mawson,  and  Dr.  Mackay.  Its  position  was  deter- 
mined as  72°25'S.,  155°  16'  E.,  at  an  altitude  of  7,260  feet. 

It  is  of  interest  to  note  that  Sir  James  Ross,  serving  under 
his  uncle  Sir  John  Ross,  was  the  first  to  take  magnetic  ob- 
servations at  the  North  Magnetic  Pole,  in  1831,  and  that 
Mawson,  serving  under  Shackleton,  was  the  first  to  take 
magnetic  observations  at  the  South  Magnetic  Pole,  in  1909.' 

Amundsen  and  Scott  Reach  South  Pole.— A  year  or 
two  later  Amundsen  and  Scott  made  a  race  for  the  South 
Pole.  Amundsen  gained  the  coveted  distinction  on  Decem- 
ber 14,  1911.  Five  weeks  later  the  Englishman  Scott 
reached  the  Pole  (January  18,  1912).  But  the  glory  of  the 
achievement  was  mingled  with  the  news  of  Scott's  tragic 
death  on  the  return  journey.  He  encountered  terrible 
blizzards;  provisions  ran  short,  and  progress  was  slow,  one 
of  the  number.  Captain  Oates,  suffering  agonies  from  frost- 
bite. On  March  17,  Oates  left  the  tent  in  a  raging  blizzard 
to  meet  certain  death,  hoping  thereby  to  give  his  comrades 
a  better  chance.  But  his  gallant  sacrifice  proved  unavailing. 
Scott  with  his  two  remaining  companions  slowly  and  pain- 
fully struggled  on  a  little  longer,  and  on  March  20  pitched 
their  tent  for  the  last  time  within  eleven  miles  of  one  of  their 
depots;  but  further  effort  was  impossible.     Scott's  last  mes- 


>R.  E.  Peary,  "The  North  Pole"  (1910). 


IW.  S.  Bruce,  "Polar  Exploration"  (1911). 


i 


GEOGRAPHICAL  MANUAL  AND  NEW  ATLAS 


32s 


sage  was  dated  March  25,  191 2.  Here  the  bodies  were  found 
by  a  search  party  on  November  12th,  and  here  the  heroes 
were  buried  in  their  tent. 

Sir  Douglas  Mawson. — The  Australasian  Antarctic  ex- 
pedition (igii-1914)  led  by  Mawson  made  important  scien- 
tific discoveries,  and  defined  about  1,000  miles  of  the  coast 
line  of  the  Antarctic  continent.  Like  the  Scott  expedition, 
the  Mawson  enterprise  was  not  devoid  of  tragedy,  but  for- 
tunately its  leader  was  spared. 

In  company  with  Lieutenant  Ninnis  and  Dr.  Mertz,  Maw- 
son set  out  to  explore  a  long  stretch  of  coast  when,  on  Decem- 
ber 4,  1912,  Ninnis  with  a  dog-sledge  carrying  nearly  all  the 
provisions  fell  into  a  deep  crevasse  and  was  instantly  killed. 
The  two  survivors  pushed  on;  the  six  starving  dogs  were 
successively  slain  for  food,  and  on  January  7th  Mertz  suc- 
cumbed. Mawson  struggled  on  alone  through  the  blinding 
blizzard,  and  after  thirty-two  days  of  the  most  terrible  hard- 
ships he  escaped  from  the  very  jaws  of  death  and  reached 
his  base  on  February  8th.  The  Aurora  had  left  only  a  few 
hours  earlier.  The  vessel  had  already  waited  too  long,  and 
return  was  impossible;  so  for  another  year  the  explorer  and 
a  small  party  had  to  remain  in  the  inhospitable  wastes  of 
Adelie  Land.  Polar  adventure  knows  no  more  stirring  ex- 
perience than  the  following: 

January  17th  was  another  day  of  overcast  weather  and 
falling  snow.  Delay  meant  a  reduction  in  the  ration  which 
was  low  enough  already,  so  there  was  nothing  to  do  but  go 
on. 

When  I  got  away  at  8  a.  M.  I  found  that  the  pulling  was 
easier  than  it  had  been  on  the  previous  day.  Nevertheless 
I  covered  only  two  miles  and  had  to  consider  myself  fortu- 
nate in  not  winding  up  the  whole  story  then  and  there.  This 
is  what  happened,  following  the  account  in  my  diary: 

"Going  up  a  long,  fairly  steep  slope,  deeply  covered  with 
soft  snow,  broke  through  lid  of  crevasse  but  caught  myself 
at  thighs,  got  out,  turned  fifty  yards  to  the  north,  then  at- 
tempted to  cross  trend  of  crevasse,  there  being  no  indication 
of  it;  a  few  moments  later  found  myself  dangling  fourteen 
feet  below  on  end  of  rope  in  crevasse — sledge  creeping  to 
mouth — had  time  to  say  to  myself,  'so  this  is  the  end,'  ex- 
pecting the  sledge  every  moment  to  crash  on  my  head  and 
all  to  go  to  the  unseen  bottom — then  thought  of  the  food  un- 
eaten on  the  sledge;  but  as  the  sledge  pulled  up  without 
letting  me  down,  thought  of  Providence  giving  me  another 
chance."  The  chance  was  very  small  considering  my  weak 
condition.  The  width  of  the  crevasse  was  about  six  feet,  so 
I  hung  freely  in  space,  turning  slowly  round. 

A  great  effort  brought  a  knot  in  the  rope  within  my  grasp, 
and,  after  a  moment's  rest,  I  was  able  to  draw  myself  up 
and  reach  another,  and,  at  length,  hauled  myself  on  to  the 


overhanging  snow-lid  into  which  the  rope  had  cut.  Then, 
when  I  was  carefully  climbing  out  on  to  the  surface,  a  fur- 
ther section  of  the  lid  gave  way,  precipitating  me  once  more 
to  the  full  length  of  the  rope. 

Exhausted,  weak,  and  chilled  (for  my  hands  were  bare 
and  pounds  of  snow  had  got  inside  my  clothing)  I  hung  with 
the  firm  conviction  that  all  was  over  except  the  passing. 
Below  was  a  black  chasm;  it  would  be  but  the  work  of  a 
moment  to  slip  from  the  harness,  then  all  the  pain  and  toil 
would  be  over.  It  was  a  rare  situation,  a  rare  temptation — 
a  chance  to  quit  small  things  for  great — to  pass  from  the 
petty  exploration  of  a  planet  to  the  contemplation  of  vaster 
worlds  beyond.  But  there  was  all  eternity  for  the  last  and, 
at  its  longest,  the  present  would  be  but  short.  I  felt  better 
for  the  thought. 

My  strength  was  fast  ebbing;  in  a  few  minutes  it  would  be 
too  late.  It  was  the  occasion  for  a  supreme  attempt.  New 
power  seemed  to  come  as  I  addressed  myself  to  one  last 
tremendous  effort.  The  struggle  occupied  some  time,  but 
by  a  miracle  I  rose  slowly  to  the  surface.  This  time  I 
emerged  feet  first,  still  holding  on  to  the  rope,  and  pushed 
myself  out,  extended  at  full  length,  on  the  snow — on  solid 
ground.  Then  came  the  reaction,  and  I  could  do  nothing 
for  quite  an  hour. 

The  tent  was  erected  in  slow  stages  and  I  then  had  a  little 
food.  Later  on  I  lay  in  the  sleeping-bag,  thinking  things 
over.  It  was  a  time  when  the  mood  of  the  Persian  philos- 
opher appealed  to  me: 

Unborn  To-morrow  and  dead  Yesterday, 
Why  fret  about  them  if  To-day  be  sweet? 

I  was  confronted  with  this  problem:  whether  it  was 
better  to  enjoy  life  for  a  few  days,  sleeping  and  eating  my 
fill  until  the  provisions  gave  out,  or  to  "plug  on"  again  in 
hunger  with  the  prospect  of  plunging  at  any  moment  into 
eternity  without  the  great  luxury  and  pleasure  of  the  food. 
And  then  an  idea  presented  itself  which  greatly  improved 
my  prospects.  It  was  to  construct  a  ladder  from  alpine 
rope;  one  end  of  which  was  to  be  secured  to  the  bow  of  the 
sledge  and  the  other  carried  over  my  left  shoulder  and 
loosely  attached  to  the  sledge  harness.  Thus,  if  I  fell  into 
a  crevasse  again,  it  would  be  easy  for  me,  even  though 
weakened  by  starvation,  to  scramble  out  again  by  the  ladder, 
provided  the  sledge  was  not  also  engulfed. 

Notwithstanding  the  possibilities  of  the  rope  ladder, 
I  could  not  sleep  properly  at  all;  my  nerves  had  been  so  over- 
taxed.    All  night  considerable  wind  and  drift  continued. 

On  the  19th  it  was  overcast  and  light  snow  was  falling. 
I  resolved  "to  go  ahead  and  leave  the  rest  to  Providence." 

As  they  wallowed  through  the  deep  snow  my  feet  and 
legs  kept  breaking  through  into  space.  Then  I  went  right 
under,  but  the  sledge  was  held  back  and  the  ladder  "proved 
trumps."  A  few  minutes  later  I  was  down  again,  but  I 
emerged  again  without  much  exertion,  half-smothered  with 
snow.  Faintness  overcame  me  and  I  stopped  to  camp, 
though  only  a  short  distance  had  been  covered.^ 


CENTRAL  AMERICA  AND  WEST  INDIES 

(See  Maps,  pp.  92,  93,  113) 


Central  America. — ^The  six  small  republics  of  Centrdl 
America — Guatemala,  Salvador,  Honduras,  Nicaragua,  Costa 
Rica,  and  Panama — with  the  British  crown  colony  of  British 
Honduras,  form  a  kind  of  land-bridge  between  North  and 
South  America.  The  whole  country  is  a  fertile  plateau  which 
descends  to  the  oceans  on  either  side  by  a  series  of  terraces. 
In  this  region  all  kinds  of  tropical  plants  flourish;  for  Nature 
has  been  lavish  in  her  products.  There  hunger  is  easily 
satisfied;  life  is  mainly  out-of-doors;  and  human  habitations 
are  low  and  of  unstable  character. 

Through  the  courage  and  enterprise  of  Americans,  un- 
healthful  tracts  have  been  made  healthful,  and  the  conquest 
of  tropical  disease  stands  to  the  abiding  credit  of  the  men  and 
of  their  nation.  Central  America  is  now  of  peculiar  interest 
to  Americans,  for  a  strip  of  United   States  territory  runs 


through  the  centre  of  Panama,  marking  the  greatest  engineer- 
ing achievement  of  the  century — the  Panama  Canal. 

American  Conquest  of  the  Tropics. — In  all  of  the 
centuries  from  the  discovery  of  America  down  to  a  com- 
paratively few  years  ago,  the  hundreds  of  miles  of  coast  from 
Colon  to  Belize  and  from  Panama  City  to  Salina  Cruz  have 
remained  practically  uninhabited.  There  are  unmistakable 
signs  that  thousands  of  years  ago  other  races  thrived  and 
reared  great  cities  and  splendid  palaces  in  the  fertile  valleys 
along  both  coasts,  but  it  is  certain  that  their  conquerors 
were  unable  to  master  the  problems  of  sanitation  and  were 
compelled  to  take  refuge  on  the  high  plateaus  where  now 
stand  the  capitals  and  cities  of  their  descendants. 


iSir  Douglas  Mawson,  "The  Home  of  the  Blizzard'*  (1914). 


326 


GEOGRAPHICAL  MANUAL  AND  NEW  ATLAS 


No  words  can  describe  the  horrors  and  dangers  of  the  few 
squalid  villages  which  once  lay  on  the  water  edge  of  these 
jungles.  Nature  had  infested  these  wastes  with  most  of  the 
enemies  of  mankind,  but  the  ignorance  and  indifference  of 
those  who  clustered  there  added  new  and  more  deadly  men- 
aces. The  normal  death-rate  of  a  typical  Central  American 
seaport,  in  the  years  prior  to  the  advent  of  the  banana  in- 
dustry, was  not  less  than  150  annually  out  of  a  population  of 
1,000!  This  is  fully  ten  times  what  it  is  now.  It  was  almost 
sure  death  for  an  unacclimated  foreigner  to  remain  a  week  in 
these  unsanitary  surroundings.  The  wealthy  citizen  of 
Costa  Rica  or  Guatemala  who  wished  to  go  to  London,  Paris, 
or  New  York  on  business  or  pleasure  approached  the  Pacific 
port  from  which  he  was  to  sail  in  fear  and  trembling,  and 
thousands  who  longed  to  make  such  trips  could  not  be  in- 
duced to  take  the  risk. 

In  1 871  there  was  not  a  mile  of  railroad  in  all  of  Central 
America,  with  the  exception  of  a  short  line  having  its  terminal 
at  Puerto  Cortez,  Honduras.  There  were  no  dependable  foot 
or  wagon  roads  from  its  capitals  to  either  coast.  In  1871 
there  was  no  steamship  service  from  the  United  States  or 
from  any  port  of  the  world  to  any  port  in  Central  America. 
There  probably  was  no  inhabited  spot  on  earth  more  isolated. 
These  republics  were  cut  off  not  only  by  the  sea,  but  also  by 
barriers  of  pestilential  lands,  which  the  natives  dreaded  to 
cross  and  which  the  outside  world  could  not  enter. 

To-day  these  former  wildernesses  constitute  one  of  the 
most  productive  agricultural  sections  of  the  globe.  To-day 
the  ships  from  all  the  world  enter  the  beautiful  harbours  of 
Central  America  and  land  their  passengers  in  ports  which  are 
as  sanitary  as  those  of  Massachusetts.  To-day  most  re- 
publics in  Central  America  are  served  with  well-managed 
and  modernly  equipped  railway  lines.  The  day  is  near  at 
hand  when  one  will  be  able  to  travel  by  rail  from  New  York 
or  San  Francisco  to  Panama  City  in  safety  and  luxury. 

Who  performed  these  miracles? 

They  were  wrought  by  American  citizens  who  had  the 
imagination,  the  courage,  and  the  ability  to  attack  and  con- 
quer the  countless  dangers  and  problems  of  the  tropical 
wilderness,  and  who  did  this  through  the  organization 
of  enterprises  which  helped  lay  the  foundations  of  the  United 
Pruit  Company.' 

A  Visit  to  the  Canal  Zone.— Colon  is  the  leading  port 
of  entry  in  the  tropics  for  the  United  Fruit  Company.  From 
two  to  half  a  dozen  and  sometimes  more  of  its  ships  can  be 
found  at  the  docks  of  Colon.  The  Company  has  under  con- 
struction a  system  of  extensive  and  modern  docks  and  build- 
ings in  Cristobal,  a  contiguous  part  of  Colon,  but  in  the  ter- 
ritory of  the  administration  of  the  Canal  Zone.  The  cities 
of  Colon  and  Panama  proper  are  under  the  jurisdiction  of 
the  Republic  of  Panama,  with  certain  restrictions  mutually 
agreed  on  and  observed. 

There  is  much  which  is  attractive  in  Colon  and  Panama 
City  and  along  the  Canal  Zone,  and  the  visitor  can  spend 
many  days  with  profit  along  the  Isthmus  now  spanned  by 
the  great  Canal.  The  city  of  Panama  is  distinct  in  type  from 
any  town  in  Central  America  or  along  the  north  coast  of 
South  America.  Panama  City  is  an  architectural  expression 
of  the  Spaniard  in  South  America.  The  Republic  of  Panama 
is  now  a  part  of  Central  America,  but  it  must  be  kept  in  mind 
that  Colon  and  Panama  City  were  founded  and  reared  by  men 
whose  traditions  and  arts  were  those  of  South  America. 
Spanish  blood  and  Spanish  temperament  dominated  in  the  ■ 
construction  of  these  cities,  and  Panama  City  in  particular 
stands  as  an  interesting  and  pleasing  type  of  urban  con- 
struction for  which  the  architecture  of  Castile  is  responsible, 
and  which  is  blended  only  faintly  with  the  conceptions  of  the 
native  Indian  races.  The  Indian  dominates  in  all  other  parts 
of  Central  America  and  Mexico,  and  in  many  sections  of 
South  America,  but  Panama  City  typifies  the  pleasing  at- 
tempt of  Spanish  art  to  master  the  architectural  requirements 
of  the  tropics.' 


<F.  U.  Adami,  "Conquest  of  the  Tropic«''Cl9l4}' 


SYNOPSIS  OF  CENTRAL  AMERICA 
(See  Map,  p.  113) 

Central  America  is  a  mountainous  isthmus  separating  the  Caribtean  Sea 
from  the  Pacific,  narrowing  and  becoming  lower  at  its  junction  with  South 
America.  The  greatest  altitudes  are  on  the  Pacific  coast,  where  there  are 
many  active  and  extinct  volcanoes.  The  principal  lowlands  are  in  Yucatan 
peninsula  and  the  alluvial  plains  on  the  Atlantic  coast.  The  largest  lake  is 
Lake  Nicaragua,  from  the  floor  of  which  rises  an  active  volcano;  it  is  drained 
by  the  San  Juan  to  the  Atlantic.  The  temperature  varies  with  the  altitude, 
the  climate  among  the  hills  being  well  adapted  for  Europeans. 

Central  America  consists  of  the  six  republics  of  Guatemala,  Salvador, 
Honduras,  Nicaragua,  Costa  Rica,  and  Panama  (until  1903  part  of  Colom- 
bia); while  on  the  east  of  Guatemala  is  British  Honduras,  a  colony  of  Great 
Britain. 

GUATEMALA 

Guatemala,  the  most  northerly  of  the  Central  American  states,  has  an 
area  of  ^7,424  square  miles  and  a  population  of  2,000,000.  The  republic  is 
divided  mto  23  departments  and  is  traversed  from  west  to  east  by  a  mountain 
chain,  containing  several  volcanic  summits  rising  to  13,000  feet  above  the  sea; 
earthquakes  are  frequent.  The  country  is  well  watered  by  numerous  rivers; 
the  climate  is  hot  and  unhealthful  near  the  coast,  but  more  temperate  and 
salubrious  in  the  higher  regions. 

The  chief  -products  are  coffee,  bananas,  sugar,  timber,  rubber,  and  hides. 
Minerals  are  found,  but  are  little  worked.  About  450  miles  of  railway  are 
open.  There  are  3,750  miles  of  telegraph  line  in  operation.  {New)  Guate- 
mala (pop.  125,000)  is  the  capital.  The  chief  por</  are  Champerico  and  San 
Jose  on  the  Pacific;  Livingston  and  Puerto  Barrios  on  the  Caribbean. 

SALVADOR 

Salvador  extends  along  the  Pacific  coast  for  170  miles,  with  a  general 
breadth  of  43  miles;  area  7,225  square  miles;  population  l,i6i,ocx>.  The 
republic  is  divided  into  fourteen  departments.  The  chief  products  are  coffee, 
indigo,  tobacco,  sugar,  silver  balsam  (known  as  balsam  of  Peru),  rice,  hides, 
cedar,  and  fustic  (a  valuable  dyewood).  San  Salvador  (liop.  56, 800)  is  the 
capital.  A  British  railway  about  100  miles  in  length  connects  Acajutla 
with  the  capital  and  Santa  Ana  (pop.  48,000),  the  coffee  centre,  and  another 
line  (40  miles)  runs  from  the  port  o( La  Union  to  San  Miguel.  Earthquakes 
are  frequent,  and  the  capital  (now  rebuilt)  was  entirely  destroyed  by  one  in 
1873;  but  the  country  has  of  late  years  experienced  comparative  immunity. 

HONDURAS 

Honduras,  the  middle  state  of  Central  America,  has  an  area  of  44,275 
square  miles,  with  a  population  of  553,000.     It  has  a  coast-line  of  nearly 

foo  miles  on  the  Caribbean  Sea,  but  only  about  40  miles  on  the  Gulf  of 
onseca.  Honduras  is  traversed  by  the  Cordilleras.  The  soil  is  very 
fertile.  The  chief  products  are  mahogany,  cattle,  fruit,  cotton,  tobacco, 
sugar,  rubber,  rice,  indigo,  coffee,  hides  and  skins,  sarsaparilla,  fustic,  cedar, 
and  Lima  wool.  The  mineral  wealth  is  great;  while  the  forests  are  practically 
inexhaustible,  but  there  is  a  lack  of  communications  and  transport.  Tegu- 
cigalpa (pop.  29,000)  is  the  capital.  The  chief  ports  are  Amapala  on  the 
Pacific,  and  Trujillo,  Puerto  Cortes,  Omoa,  Roaidn,  and  La  Ceiba  on  the 
Caribbean  Sea. 

NICARAGUA 

Nicaragua  is  the  largest  state  of  Central  America,  with  a  long  seaboard 
on  both  the  Atlantic  and  the  Pacific;  area  51,660  square  miles;  population 
600,000,  of  whom  about  three-quarters  are  mixed  blood  and  the  rest  Indians, 
besides  the  Mosquitos,  who  are  mostly  in  a  savage  state.  The  chief  pro- 
ducts are  coffee,  bananas,  rubber,  gold,  hides,  and  cattle.  German  capital 
is  largely  invested  in  coffee  estates.  There  are  172  miles  of  railway  open,  and 
1,600  miles  of  telegraph.  Managua  (pop.  35,000)  is  the  capital.  Other 
towns  are  Leon  (65,000),  Granada  (20,000),  and  Matagalpa  (16,000). 

COSTA  RICA 

Costa  Rica  lies  between  Nicaragua  and  the  Republic  of  Panama;  area 
23,000  square  miles;  population  420,000.  The  chief  products  are  bananas, 
coffee,  gold,  and  silver,  hardwoods,  cacao,  rubber,  hides,  and  skins.  About 
400  miles  of  railroad  are  open,  and  about  1,700  miles  of  telegraph.  San 
Jose  (pop.  35,000)  is  the  capital.  The  chief  ports  are  Linton,  on  the  Atlantic, 
through  which  the  whole  of  the  important  banana  trade  with  the  United 
States  and  England  is  done,  as  well  as  the  greater  part  of  the  other  exports 
and  imports,  and  Puntarenas  on  the  Pacific. 

PANAMA 
(See  Map,  pp.  I14-I15) 

Panama  formed  one  of  the  nine  departments  of  Colombia,  but  revolted 
in  1903  and  established  a  separate  government.  The  area  of  the  republic 
is  31,890  square  miles;  the  population  is  about  400,000.  A  railway  47  miles 
in  length  connects  the  two  oceans.  The  isthmus,  which  long  presented  a 
barrier  to  trade,  is  now  intersected  by  the  Panama  Canal.  A  strip  of  ter- 
ritory 10  miles  wide  known  as  the  Canal  Zone  was  granted  to  the  United 
States  for  the  purposes  of  the  Panama  Canal;  it  does  not  include  the  cities 
of  Panama  and  Colon.  Panama  (pop.  60,000),  on  the  Pacific  coast,  is  the 
capital.  Colon  (pop.  26,000)  is  the  chief  city  on  the  Atlantic  coast.  The 
chief  product  is  the  banana.  Tobacco  and  sugar  are  growing  in  importance. 
Cattle-raising  is  carried  on,  and  hides  are  exported.     See  p.  xxxi. 

BRITISH  HONDURAS 

British  Honduras  in  Central  America  is  174  miles  in  length  and  68  miles 
in  breadth.  It  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  the  Yucatan  peninsula,  on  the 
west  and  south  by  Guatemala,  and  on  the  east  by  the  Caribbean  Sea.    Its 


GEOGRAPHICAL  MANUAL  AND  NEW  ATLAS 


327 


area  is  about  8,598  square  miles  with  a  population  of  41,000.  The  climate 
generally  is  clamp  and  hot,  but  not  unhealthful.  The  country  consists  chiefly 
of  forest,  with  savannas  and  so-called  "  pine-ridges,"  which  are  open  sandy 
plains  covered  with  a  wiry  grass  and  dotted  with  pine  trees,  affording  fair 
runs  for  cattle.  The  ground  is  level  and  swampy  along  the  coast-line.  The 
chief  products  are  mahogany,  logwood,  and  other  natural  woods,  sugar,  rub- 
ber, cacao,  and  fruit.  Coco  trees  grow  wild  in  the  bush.  The  country  is 
governed  as  a  British  crown  colony.     Beli::^  (pop.,  11,000)  is  the  capital. 

WEST  INDIES 
(See  Maps,  pp.  92,  93) 

The  West  Indies,  so  named  in  1492  by  Columbus,  who  believed  the  islands 
to  form  the  western  limits  of  India,  are  a  number  of  islands  and  islets  which 
separate  the  Atlantic  from  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  and  the  Caribbean  Sea.  The 
archipelago  is  divisible  into  three  main  groups:  (i)  Greater  Antilles,  which 
contain  the  largest  islands,  Cuba  and  Haiti  (comprising  the  republics  of  Haiti 
and  Dominican  Republic)  being  independent;  Jamaica  and  its  dependencies, 
British;  and  Porto  Rico,  a  dependency  of  the  United  States.  (2)  Bahamas, 
which  are  entirely  British.  (3)  Lesser  Antilles,  which  are  divided  among 
the  United  Kingdom,  France  {Guadeloupe,  Martinique,  and  part  of  St. 
Martin),  the  Netherlands  (Cura<;ao,  Buen  Ayre,  Aruba,  St.  Eustatius,  Saba, 
and  part  of  St.  Martin),  Venezuela,  and  the  United  States  {Porto  Rico  and 
the  Firgin  Islands).  The  total  area  of  the  archipelago  is  neariy  100,000 
square  miles,  of  which  72,000  square  miles  are  independent,  12,300  British, 
3,890  United  States,  1,350  French,  430  Netherlands,  and  90  Venezuelan. 

The  staple  product  is  sugar,  though  owing  to  the  competition  of  European 
beet  sugar  and  to  other  causes  it  is  not  so  great  a  source  of  wealth  as  formerly. 
Molasses  and  rum,  spices,  arrowroot,  and  forest  products  are  also  profitable. 
The  trade  of  the  archipelago  is  principally  with  the  United  States.  For 
Cuba,  Haiti,  and  Dominican  Republic,  see  below. 

BRITISH  WEST  INDIES 


Greater  Antilles: 

Jamaica 

Cayman  Islands      .     .     .     . 
Bahamas: 

Bahamas        

Turks  and  Caicos    .     .     .     , 
Lesser  Antilles: 

Barbados        

Leeward  Islands 

Antigua 

Barbuda 

St.  Christopher  or  St.  Kitts 

Nevis 

Anguilla 

Dominica        

Montserrat 

Virgin  Islands     .... 
IVind:vard  Islands: 

Grenada 

St.  Lucia 

St.  Vincent 


Trinidad  and  Tobago: 
Trinidad  .... 
Tobago       .... 

Various  Islets  .     .     . 


Kingston 
Georgetown 

Nassau 
Grand  Turlc 

Bridgetown 

St.  John's 


Basseterre 
Charlestown 


Roseau 
Plymouth 
Road  1  own 

St.  George's 
Port  Castries 
Kingstown 


Port  of  Spain 
Scarborough 


AREA 
(sq.  miles) 


4,400 
170 


166 


75 
68 
50 
35 
300 
33 
SS 


134 
233 
150 


1.750 
114 
31 


POPULATION 


855,600 
5,600 

56,000 
5,700 

196,000 

31,500 

750 
26,000 
13,000 

4,000 
34.QOO 
12.200 

5.600 

67,000 
48,700 
42,000 


309,500 
20,750 


Totals 


CUBA 

(See  Map,  p.  95) 

Cuba,  the  "Pearl  of  the  Antilles,"  has  an  area  of  44,178  square  miles  and 
a  population  of  2,272,000.  It  is  the  largest  island  of  the  West  Indies,  and  is 
nearly  as  large  as  Pennsylvania.  About  two-thirds  of  the  inhabitants  are  of 
Spanish  descent.  Cuba  is  mountainous  in  the  east,  hilly  in  the  centre, 
and  generally  level  in  the  west  and  southwest.  The  coasts  are  rocky;  but 
there  are  many  fine  harbours.  The  chief  products  of  the  island  are  sugar 
and  tobacco.  Timber  and  fruits  also  are  increasingly  exported,  and  there 
are  valuable  iron,  manganese,  and  copper  mines. 

The  principal  mining  districts  are  in  Oriente  province,  where  the  Sierra 
Maestra  was  for  centuries  the  largest  copper-producing  centre  in  the  world. 
Of  non-metallic  minerals  petroleum  and  asphalt  are  found,  and  the  former 
is  exploited  to  some  extent. 

The  only  manufactures  of  any  importance  are  connected  with  the  tobacco 
and  sugar  cane  industries,  cigars  and  cigarettes  being  made  in  great  quan- 
tities in  the  capital,  and  sugar,  rum,  and  whisky  in  the  neighbourhood  of  the 
plantations.  Almost  all  the  imports  are  manufactures.  The  chief  trade  is 
with  the  United  States. 

There  are  2,500  miles  of  railway,  and  over  5,000  miles  of  telegraph. 
Havana  (pop.,  297,000) — called  in  Spanish,  San  Cristobal  de  la  Habaiia — 
is  the  capital  and  largest  city  of  Cuba.  It  lies  almost  due  south  of  Key 
West,  Florida,  from  which  it  is  distant  93  miles.  Havana  is  the  chief  com- 
mercial centre  of  the  West  Indies.  Other  towns  are  Santiago  (45,000), 
Matanzas  (37,000),  Cienfuegos  (30,000),  Camaguey  (29,000),  Cardenas  (24,000). 
The  Isle  of  Pines  {Isla  de  Pinos)  also  belongs  to  Cuba. 

HAITI 
(See  Map,  p.  93) 

The  republic  of  Haiti  is  the  western  or  French  portion  of  the  island  of 
Haiti,  which  next  to  Cuba  is  the  largest  of  the  West  India  Islands.  The 
area  of  the  republic  is  10,000  square  miles;  the  population,  2,029,000.  The 
mountains  are  thickly  wooded,  and  capable  of  cultivation  almost  to  their 
summits.  Its  harbours,  especially  Port-au-Prince,  offer  great  facilities  to 
foreign  commerce.  The  chief  products  are  coffee,  cotton,  cocoa,  sugar,  log- 
wood, gums,  and  honey.  Its  chief  trade  is  carried  on  with  the  United 
States,  the  British  Empire,  France,  and  Germany.  Its  commercial  pros- 
perity has  been  almost  annihilated  by  repeated  revolutions.  Port-au- 
Prince  (pop.,  100,000)  is  the  capital. 

DOMINICAN  REPUBLIC 
(See  Map,  p.  93) 

The  Dominican  Republic,  or  Santo  Domingo,  is  the  oldest  European 
settlement  in  America,  having  been  founded  in  1496  by  Bartolomeo  Colum- 
bus, who  named  it  Hispaniola.  The  republic  has  an  area  of  18,755  square 
miles,  with  a  population  of  about  700,000.  Sugar  and  cocoa  are  the  most 
important  crops;  the  other  products  are  coffee,  tobacco,  mahogany  and  other 
woods,  wax,  honey,  bananas,  hides,  fustic,  logwood,  and  turtle-shell.  The 
bulk  of  the  trade  is  in  the  hands  of  United  States.  There  are  150  miles  of 
railway.  Santo  Domingo  (pop.,  25,000)  is  the  capital.  The  country  is  in  a 
very  backward  condition,  and  its  natural  resources  are  undeveloped.  The 
customs  duties  are  the  main  source  of  revenue,  and  are  controlled  by  the 
United  States  Government. 

For  United  States  possessions  in  the  West  Indies,  see  under  United  States, 
p.  340. 


SOUTH  AMERICA 

(See  Maps,  pp.  122-128) 


Its  Darkened  Past. — South  America  everywhere  bears 
the  impress  of  the  Latin  races  to  vyhom  the  vsforld  is  indebted 
for  the  discovery  and  exploration  of  the  New  World.  From 
the  time  of  Columbus,  who  reached  the  mouth  of  the  Orinoco 
in  his  third  voyage  (1498),  a  stream  of  Portuguese  and 
Spanish  adventurers  set  across  the  Atlantic  to  the  land  of 
romance  and  fortune.  Pious  men  were  no  less  eager  to  visit 
the  idolatrous  millions;  while  fierce  and  imperious  spirits 
followed  In  their  train,  eager  to  show  their  Christian  ardour 
by  shedding  blood  like  water.  Imagination  ran  riot.  Grave 
hidalgos,  learned  geographers,  and  veteran  soldiers  were 
drawn  to  the  land  where  gold  and  precious  stones  were 
thought  to  be  as  plentiful  as  the  pebbles  on  the  seashore. 
Thousands  left  their  bones  in  the  trackless  forests  or  on  barren 
wastes  over  which  they  had  toiled  in  search  of  El  Dorado. 
Every  vessel  that  returned  to  Europe  brought  specimens  of 
real  riches,  so  it  is  no  wonder  that  their  heads  were  turned. 
But  the  toils  and  hardships  of  these  early  adventurers  are  as 
nothing  when  we  recall  their  inhumanity.  The  Spaniards 
outdid  the  savages  in  their  deeds  of  cruelty  as  they  hacked 


their  way  through  flesh  and  blood  to  the  pictured  gold 
beyond. 

The  continent  was  overrun  with  amazing  rapidity.  Spain 
and  Portugal  divided  practically  the  whole  of  South  America 
between  them,  Portugal  taking  Brazil  while  Spain  took  the 
remainder.  The  history  of  colonization  is  blackened  by  the 
deeds  of  the  Spaniards  in  the  New  World.  The  natives  were 
enslaved  and  treated  with  fiendish  inhumanity  by  their 
Spanish  taskmasters.  It  is  a  pitiable  story  of  wrongs,  tor- 
tures, and  sufferings.  The  very  cannibals  were  known  to 
loathe  the  flesh  of  such  monsters  in  human  shape. 

But  while  enslaving  others,  the  Spanish  settlers  took  the 
first  opportunity  to  throw  off  the  royal  yoke  themselves;  and 
early  in  the  nineteenth  century,  when  Spain  was  in  diflSculties 
from  Napoleon's  conquests,  the  colonies  proclaimed  their  in- 
dependence. The  revolution  in  Portuguese  Brazil  took  a 
different  form,  issuing  as  a  constitutional  monarchy  with 
the  title  of  empire,  which  toward  the  end  of  the  century 
transformed  itself  into  a  republic.  But  such  republics  with- 
out republicans  are  a  mere  caricature  of  democracy,  and  it  is 


328 


GEOGRAPHICAL  MANUAL  AND  NEW  ATLAS 


not  surprising  that  the  southern  republics  have  been  torn 
by  revolutions,  the  ballots  turning  readily  to  bullets,  changes 
of  government  to  massacres,  presidents  to  dictators,  and 
dictators  to  tyrants. 

Its  Brighter  Future. — Yet  South  America  is  pregnant 
with  economic  possibilities.  Its  natural  resources  are  enor- 
mous. We  are  apt  to  forget  that  it  is  South  America  which 
has  given  the  world  so  many  useful  products — the  potato, 
pineapple,  tomato,  cocoa,  maize,  tobacco,  the  guava  and 
other  fruits,  and  the  manioc  or  cassava  from  which  we  get 
tapioca.  But  as  yet  the  vast  resources  of  the  continent  have 
been  but  skimmed.  The  future  is  full  of  promise.  American 
and  European  capital  is  being  more  and  more  attracted;  and 
when  the  whole  of  the  South  American  republics  have  become 
republican  in  fact  as  well  as  in  name,  and  when  security  of 
life  and  property  is  fully  assured,  then  will  these  Latin  re- 
publics take  their  place  among  the  great  commercial  nations 
of  the  world.  The  A.  B.  C.  Republics  (Argentina,  Brazil, 
and  Chile)  have  already  travelled  far  on  this  desirable  path, 
and  their  example  and  influence  should  do  much  to  foster  a 
similar  worthy  ambition  on  the  part  of  the  sister  republics. 

A  Land  of  Possibilities. — We  North  Americans,  who 
live  in  a  vast  continent  that  lies  nearly  all  in  the  temperate 
and  cooler  zones,  scarcely  realize  that  South  America  is  four- 
fifths  tropical.  Fields  of  wheat  and  oats  are  familiar  to  us; 
but  in  South  America  are  scarcely  seen  outside  of  Argentina 
and  Chile,  except  in  high,  cool  valleys.  South  America 
might  be  called  a  banana  country. 

Bananas  grow  from  Paraguay  to  Mexico;  wheat  and  oats 
flourish  only  in  the  tapering  tip  of  the  southern  continent; 
and  this  gives  to  Argentina  and  Chile  a  peculiar  interest 
among  South  American  countries  as  the  homes  of  vigorous, 
energetic  peoples  competent  to  rule  themselves.  To  Argen- 
tina and  Chile  we  may  add  Uruguay  and  the  highlands  of 
southeastern  Brazil,  and  also  the  limited  areas  of  the  tropical 
Andes,  whose  altitude  gives  them  cool  climates.  The  rest 
of  the  continent,  the  vast  interior,  is  the  land  of  the  siesta — 
the  land  to  be  developed  and  administered  by  peoples  of  the 
temperate  zones. 

The  great  task  and  obligation  of  Argentina,  southern  Bra- 
zil, and  Chile- — the  A.  B.  C.  powers — is  to  guide  the  develop- 
ment of  the  tropical  Americas,  through  the  exercise  of  wise 
statesmanship,  toward  stability,  peace,  and  prosperity. 
Rio  de  Janeiro,  on  the  Atlantic  coast,  and  Antofagasta,  on 
the  Pacific,  mark  the  southern  limit  of  the  tropics,  and  thence 
southward  the  southern  continent  narrows  rapidly  to  the 
point  of  Cape  Horn.  The  equivalent  distance  in  North 
America  is  from  Florida  to  Labrador,  or  from  oranges  to 
reindeer  moss.  Florida  and  Rio  are  both  renowned  for  their 
oranges,  and  Cape  Horn  shares  with  Labrador  a  most  in- 
hospitable reputation;  but  it  is  more  like  Scotland  than 
Labrador. 

The  southernmost  land,  tapering  southward  between  the 
oceans,  is  nowhere  so  cold  as  the  broad  expanse  of  North 
America  is  in  similar  latitude,  and  Tierra  del  Fuego,  a  region 
of  bogs,  fogs,  and  snow  squalls,  is  a  congenial  home  for 
Scotchmen  and  long-wooled  sheep.     .     .     . 

North  of  the  Rio  de  la  Plata  and  between  the  Atlantic 
and  the  Parana-Paraguay  basin  stretches  the  most  beautiful 
and  healthful  region  of  semi-tropical  South  America.  Here 
are  the  coffee  plantations  of  Sao  Paulo,  Brazil,  the  most  pro- 
ductive of  the  world;  here  the  German  settlements  of  Santa 
Caterina  and  Rio  Grande  do  Sul  constitute  the  isolated  Teu- 
tonic colonies;  here  Uruguay  and  Paraguay  form  buffer 
states  between  the  great  rivals,  their  neighbours,  and  here 
are  included  the  rich  Argentine  Commonwealths  of  Entre 
Rios  and  Corrientes. 

■^  Equivalent  in  area  to  the  region  which  stretches  northwest 
from  the  Alleghanies  to  the  Mississippi  and  the  Great  Lakes, 
equal  to  the  States  of  Alabama,  Mississippi,  Tennessee, 
Kentucky,  Ohio,  Indiana,  and  Illinois  in  extent,  beautiful  in 
upland  landscape  of  verdant  hills  and  valleys,  this  territory 


invites  a  dense  population  whose  prosperity  would  be  assured 
under  a  good  government. 

But  divided  as  it  is  by  arbitrary  political  boundaries,  mis- 
governed with  various  degrees  of  misgovernment,  it  lies 
inert.  The  failure  of  individual  and  governmental  initiative, 
the  isolation  of  the  frontier,  where  weak  settlements  face  the 
forest,  the  lack  of  roads  and  railroads  leave  the  interior  still 
a  part  of  the  wilderness.' 


SYNOPSIS  OF  *SOUTH  AMERICA 
(See  Maps,  pp.  120-128) 

South  America  forms  the  southern  half  of  the  New  World;  it  is  joined  to 
North  America  by  the  Isthmus  of  Panama.  It  is  a  vast  peninsula  of  a  some- 
what triangular  form,  with  an  area  of  6,600,000  square  miles — nearly  twice 
the  size  of  Europe.  Its  greatest  length  is  4,500  miles,  and  its  greatest 
breadth  3,200  miles.  South  America  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  the  Carib- 
bean Sea,  on  the  east  by  the  Atlantic,  on  the  south  by  the  Antarctic,  and  on 
the  west  by  the  Pacific. 

CoAST-iiNE.  Its  coast-line  is  very  short  in  comparison  with  the  size  of 
the  continent,  and  is  estimated  at  12,000  miles — about  half  that  of  North 
America. 

Capes.  Point  Gallinas,  the  most  northerly  point  of  South  America; 
Cape  St.  Roque  and  Cape  Frio,  on  the  east  of  Brazil;  Cape  Horn,  the  most 
southerly  point  of  South  America;  Cape  San  Francisco  and  Point  Parina, 
on  the  west. 

Inlets. — Gulf  of  Darien  and  Gulf  of  Fenezuela  on  the  north;  the  mouths  of 
the  Amazon  and.  the  Plata,  Blanca  Bay,  San  Matias  Gulf,  and  Gulf  of  St. 
George,  on  the  east;  Gulf  of  Panama,  Gulf  of  Guayaquil,  and  Gulf  of  Penas 
on  the  west. 

There  is  only  one  strait — the  Strait  of  Magellan  between  the  mainland  and 
Tierra  del  Fuego. 

Islands. — The  chief  group  !s  Tierra  del  Fuego  ("Land  of  Fire")  on  the 
south.  The  largest  island  is  Marajo  at  the  mouth  of  the  Amazon.  The 
Falkland  Islands  lie  northeast  of  Tierra  del  Fuego.  The  Galapagos  Islands 
("Turtle  Islands")  are  a  volcanic  group  on  the  equator,  oflFthe  west  coast.. 

Build. — The  build  of  the  continent  consists  of  a  great  mountain  chain  in 
the  west,  one  long  plain  (from  the  mouth  of  the  Orinoco  to  the  mouth  of  the 
Plata),  and  minor  ranges  in  the  east.  The  two  principal  slopes  are  a  short 
steep  slope  on  the  west  to  the  Pacific,  and  a  very  long  and  gradual  slope  on 
the  east  toward  the  Atlantic. 

South  America  possesses  certain  features  in  common  with  North  America: 
(i)  Both  continents  have  their  greatest  length  from  north  to  south.  (2) 
Both  continents  taper  to  the  south.  (3)  The  west  coasts  of  both  continents 
are  very  regular  and  almost  straight.  (4)  The  highest  ranges  of  mountains 
in  both  lie  in  the  west — and  very  far  to  the  west.  (5)  The  subordinate 
ranges  in  both  lie  in  the  east.  (6)  Each  has  its  short  slope  to  the  west,  and 
its  long  slope  to  the  east.  (7)  The  largest  rivers  in  each  flow  to  the  east. 
(8)  Both  have  vast  plains  and  enormous  river-basins. 

Mountains. — There  are  three  highlands,  the  great  Cordillera,  or  Andes 
Mountains,  extending  the  whole  length  of  the  western  coast,  and  the  Guiana 
Highlands  and  the  Brazilian  Highlands  in  the  east. 

The  Andes  are  remarkable  for  their  continuity;  their  great  height — an 
average  about  12,000  feet;  the  parallelism  of  their  chains,  when  they  are 
double  or  triple;  their  mountain-knots;  and  the  large  number  of  volcanoes. 
The  Andes  consist  of  three  main  sections:  (i)  the  Southern  Andes  (highest 
summit,  Aconcagua,  23,080  feet)  is  a  single  chain  which  runs  up  to  the  Tropic 
of  Capricorn;  (2)  the  Central  ^ndes  (highest  summits,  ///am/>u,  21,500  feet, //- 
limani, 21, i<)2  feet)  consists  of  two  parallel  chains,  which,  run  up  to  about  lo°S. 
lat.;  and  (3)  the  Northern  Andes  (highest  summits,  Chimhorazo,  20,498  feet, 
Cotopaxi,  19,613  feet,  and  Antisana,  19,335  feet)  forms  a  triple  range. 

The  broadest  table-land  is  that  of  Bolivia,  in  which  is  situated  Lake 
Titicaca,  at  an  altitude  of  12,500  feet. 

Plains. — The  whole  continent  from  the  mouth  of  the  Orinoco  to  the 
mouth  of  the  Plata  may  be  regarded  as  one  vast  plain.  But  this  plain  may 
be  divided  into  three  parts:  the  Orinoco  Plain — the  most  level  parts  of  which 
are  called  the  Llanos;  the  Plain  of  the  Amazon  (or  the  Sehas);  and  the  La 
Plata  Plain,  the  most  level  parts  of  which  are  called  Pampas.  There  is  only 
one  desert  of  any  size  in  South  America — the  Desert  of  Atacama,  on  the 
Pacific  coast. 

Rivers. — The  three  greatest  rivers  of  South  America  are  the  Orinoco, 
the  Amazon,  and  the  Plata  or  Plate. 

The  Orinoco  is  the  river  of  the  north;  it  is  1,550  miles  long  and  falls  into 
the  sea  by  a  mighty  delta.  Its  basin  contains  nearly  300,000  square  miles. 
It  is  connected  with  the  Rio  Negro  by  a  natural  canal. 

The  Amazon  is  the  river  of  the  centre;  it  is  the  largest  river  in  the  world, 
and  has  the  largest  basin  (2,000,000  square  miles — more  than  half  of  Europe). 
It  is  about  3,400  miles  in  length.  The  Amazon  has  numerous  tributaries, 
which  are  themselves  great  rivers.  Its  chief  northern  tributary  is  the  Rio 
Negro;  its  chief  southern  tributary  is  the  Madeira.  The  mouth  of  the 
Amazon  is  200  miles  wide,  and  its  current  is  felt  150  miles  out  at  sea. 

Owing  to  the  melting  of  the  snows  in  February,  and  the  rains  which 
mainly  occur  at  this  time  on  the  slopes  of  the  Andes,  the  Amazon  has  a 
marked  flood  season,  reaching  its  ma.\imum  in  June,  when  it  overflows  its 
banks. 

In  1913-14  Colonel  Roosevelt  travelled  over  a  great  part  of  the  Amazon 
regions  oif  Brazil,  making  v^iluable  contributions  to  geographical  and  scien- 
tific knowledge.  The  maps  ofthis  region  were  proved  to  be  most  inaccu- 
rate. Roosevelt  discovered  a  hitherto  unknown  tributary  of  the  Amazon, 
and  this  new  river  was  named  the  Theodora  by  the  Geographical  Society  at 
Washington. 


iBailey  Willis,  in  the  Natitmat  Geographic  Magazine  (August,  1916). 


GEOGRAPHICAL  MANUAL  AND  NEW  ATLAS 


329 


The  Rio  de  la  Plata,  or  River  Plate,  is  in  fact  only  the  gulf-like  estuary  of 
the  three  great  rivers  Paraguay,  Parana,  and  Uruguay.  It  is  the  widest 
river  in  the  world,  and  gives  more  water  to  the  ocean  than  any  other  South 
American  river  except  the  Amazon. 

Among  the  minor  streams,  the  San  Francisco  is  the  most  important. 

Climate. — Two  thirds  of  South  America  lie  within  the  tropics,  and  three 
fourths  lie  within  the  region  of  the  trade  winds.  South  America  may  be 
called  the  continent  of  moist  heat.  The  cooler  parts  are  to  be  found  in  the 
high  lands  and  in  the  narrow  triangular  part  which  lies  south  of  30°.  See 
Climate  Map  of  South  America,  pp.  122,  123. 

Vegetation. — The  vegetation  is  luxuriant.  The  most  characteristic 
plants  are  palms,  flowering  trees,  and  lianas.  The  most  valuable  forest  trees 
are  the  greenheart  and  the  mora — both  excellent  for  shipbuilding.  The 
cinchona  tree,  the  bark  of  which  yields  quinine,  is  found  on  the  Andean  slopes; 
and  the  largest  lily  in  the  world — the  Fictoria  Regia — floats  on  the  quiet 
lakes  of  the  Amazonian  labyrinth  of  waters.  The  sugar  cane,  the  coffee  plant, 
the  cacao  tree,  the  coca,  the  manioc,  tobacco,  bananas,  and  other  tropical  and 
sub-tropical  fruits  are  produced  in  great  abundance.  The  vegetable  wealth 
of  South  America  infinitely  surpasses  that  of  any  other  continent.  See 
Vegetation  Map  of  South  America,  p.  1 24. 

Minerals. — South  America  is  rich  in  minerals.  Along  the  line  of  the 
Andes,  silver,  gold,  copper,  tin,  and  mercury  are  found.  In  Bolivia  are  the 
celebrated  silver  mines  of  Potosi.  The  continent  is  also  rich  in  precious 
stones;  diamonds  are  found  in  Brazil,  emeralds  in  Colombia.  See  Economic 
Map  of  South  America,  p.  125. 

Animals. — South  America  is  the  home  of  reptiles,  insects,  and  brilliantly 
coloured  birds;  it  is  also  noted  for  its  toothless  animals,  the  chief  of  which 
are  the  sloth  and  the  anteater.  The  mammals  are  small  and  weak:  instead  of 
the  elephant  we  find  the  pig-like  tapir;  instead  of  the  camel  and  dromedary, 
the  llama  and  alpaca;  instead  of  the  lion,  the  cowardly  puma;  and  instead  of 
the  tiger,  we  find  the  jaguar.  The  forests  abound  with  monkeys.  Among 
birds.  South  America  mcludes  the  largest  and  ugliest  as  well  as  the  smallest 
and  most  graceful— the  condor  and  the  rhea;  the  brilliant  toucan  and  the  tiny 
humming-bird. 

Political  Divisions. — South.  America  consists  of  ten  republics,  modelled 
on  that  of  the  United  States.  The  only  foreign  possessions  are  British 
Guiana,  French  Guiana,  and  Dutch  Guiana. 

SOUTH  AMERICAN  REPUBLICS 


COUNTRY 

(sq.  miles) 

POPULATION 

CAPITAL 

OF  capital 

Argentina      .     . 

1,212,000 

7,000,000 

Buenos  Aires 

1,576,000 

Bolivia      .     .     . 

570,000 

2,200,000 

Sucre 

24,000 

Brazil  .... 

3,220,000 

2 1 ,000,000 

Rio  de  Janeiro 

1,128,000 

Chile    .... 

291,000 

3,200,000 

Santiago 

408,000 

Colombia        .     . 

473,000 

4,000,000 

Bogota 

100,000 

Ecuador     .     .     . 

120,000 

1,300,000 

Quito 

60,000 

Paraguay  .    .     . 

173.000 

800.000 

Asuncion 

80,000 

Peru      .... 

700,000 

5,000,000 

Lima 

175,000 

Uruguay    ... 

72,200 

1,100.000 

Montevideo 

310,000 

Venezuela     .     . 

364,000 

2,700,000 

Caracas 

85,000 

ARGENTINA 

Argentina,  or  the  Argentine  Republic,  comprises  14  provinces  and  10 
territories,  with  an  extensive  seaboard  on  the  east  coast  of  South  America. 
The  climate  is  temperate  and  healthful.  The  chief  products  are  wheat,  maize, 
oats,  linseed,  sugar,  wool,  hides,  cattle,  sheep,  and  horses.  The  export  of 
frozen  beef  and  mutton  is  an  important  industry.  The  exports  are  made  up 
entirely  of  pastoral  and  agricultural  products,  with  the  exception  of  que- 
bracho (a  tree  with  a  bright  red  bark,  which  is  used  fordyeing),  copper,  man- 
ganese, and  wolfram.  There  are  22,0x1  miles  of  railroad,  chiefly  in  the  hands 
of  British  companies.     There  are  about  42,000  miles  of  telegraph  lines. 

CHIEF  TOWNS  OF  ARGENTINA 


POP.  in 

POP.  IN 

AVELLANEDA 

106 

Sante  Fe 

Mendoza* 

59 

Mendoza 

Bahia  Blanca 

62 

Buenos  Aires 

Parana* 

36 

Entre  Rios 

Buenos  Aires 

1.576 

Buenos  Aires 

Rio  Cuarto 

30 

Cordoba 

Chivilcoy 

-23 

Buenos  Aires 

Rosario 

223 

Santa  Fe 

Concordia 

26 

Entre  Rios 

Salta* 

34 

Salta 

Cordoba* 

I3S 

Cordoba 

Santa  Fe* 

60 

Corrientes* 

29 

Corrientes 

Santiago* 

23 

Santiago  del 

La  Plata* 

119 

Buenos  Aires 

TUCUMAN* 

100 

Tucuman 

*CapitaI  of  province. 

Capital. — Buenos  Aires.     Population  1,576,000. 
BOLIVIA 

Bolivia  has  no  seaboard,  having  lost  her  own  to  Chile  during  the  war  of 
1875-1880.  By-a  treaty  of  1904,  Boliya  was  given  free  transit  through  Chile 
to  the  Pacific  ports.  The  mineral  productions  are  very  valuable;  the  silver 
mines  of  Potosi  are  believed  to  be  almost' inexhaustible;  while  gold,  partly 
dug  and  partly  washed,  is  obtained  on  the  Eastern  Cordillera  of  the  Andes; 
tm,  copper,  lead,  antimony,  wolfram,  bismuth,  salt,  and  sulphur  are  also 
found.  Its  agricultural  produce  consists  chiefly  of  rice,  barley,  oats,  maize, 
cotton,  coca,  indigo,  rubber,  cacao,  potatoes,  the,  choicest  fruits,  cinchona 
bark,  medicinal  herbs,  etc.,  which  with  tin,  gold,  silver,  and  copper  are  its 
principal  exports.     Sucre  (population  24,000)  is  the  capital. 

There  are  about  800  miles  of  trunk  lines  of  railway  and  2,900  miles  of 
telegraph  wire.  There  is  direct  railway  communication  with  La  Paz  from 
Antofagasta  (Chile).  • 


BRAZIL 

Brazil  is  the  most  extensive  state  of  South  America.  Until  1889  it  was 
an  empire  under  Emperor  Pedro  II.  of  the  house  of  Braganza.  There  are 
42  ports  along  the  coast,  of  which  the  principal  is  Rio.  Brazil  is  unequalled 
for  the  number  and  extent  of  its  rivers. 

Chief  Products. — The  chief  products  of  the  country  are  coffee  and  rub- 
ber: the  rubber  comes  from  the  more  northern  provinces,  especially  the  valley 
of  the  Amazon,  and  is  shipped  from  Para  and  Manaos;  coffee  coming  chiefly 
from  Rio  de  Janeiro,  Minas,  Sao  Paulo,  and  Esperito  Santo.  Tobacco  and 
cocoa  are  grown  largely,  especially  in  Bahia.  Cotton  is  being  largely  cul- 
tivated for  export,  and  is  being  used  for  home  manufactures.  Sugar  cane  is 
grown  in  large  and  increasing  quantities  in  the  northern  provinces,  Pernam- 
buco  being  the  centre  of  the  sugar-producing  zone.  Maize,  beans,  cassava- 
root,  and  nuts  are  very  generally  cultivated;  also,  in  some  parts,  wheat  and 
other  European  cereals.     Cattle-raising  is  an  important  industry. 

The  minerals  are  very  considerable  and  valuable,  comprisirvg  gold,  silver, 
iron,  diamonds,  topazes,  and  other  precious  stones.  Its  forests  are  immense, 
abounding  in  the  greatest  variety  of  useful  and  beautiful  woods  adapted  for 
dyeing,  cabinet  work,  or  shipbuilding;  among  these  are  mahogany,  logwood, 
rosewood,  brazilwood,  etc. 

There  are  about  17,000  miles  of  railroad,  and  40,000  miles  of  telegraph 
wires. 

CHIEF  TOWNS  OF  BRAZIL 


TOWN 

POP.  IN 

thousands 

STATE 

Belem*          * 

200 
33 
50 
35 
32 

150 

100 

1,129 

35 

450 

Para 

Alagoas 

Rio  de  Janeiro 

Parahyba 

Rio  de  Janeiro 

Rio  de  Janeiro 

Sao  Paulo* 

Sao  Paulo 

'Capital  of  province. 

Capital.     Rio  de  Janeiro,     Population  1,128,000. 

CHILE 

Chile,  a  state  of  Spanish  origin,  lies  between  the  Andes  and  the  shores  of 
1  the  south  Pacific.  Its  extreme  length  is  about  2,800  miles,  with  2,485  miles 
of  coast-line.  There  are  no  rivers  of  great  size,  and  none  of  them  are  of 
much  service  as  navigable  highways.  In  the  north  the  country  is  arid. 
Chile  is  divided  into  21  provinces  and  3  territories.  Agriculture  and  mining 
are  the  principal  occupations.  Wheat,  maize,  barley,oats,  beans,  peas,  lentils, 
wines,  tobacco,  flax,  hemp,  Chile  pepper,  and  potatoes  are  produced 
extensively;  the  vine  and  all  European  fruit  trees  flourish.  A  considerable 
number  of  live  stock  (cattle,  sheep,  horses,  goats,  and  pigs)  is  raised.  The 
mineral  wealth  is  great,  the  country  being  rich  in  copper  ore;  some  gold  mines 
have  been  discovered.  The  rainless  north  yields  nitrate  of  soda,  iodine, 
borate  of  soda,  gold  and  silver,  a  large  number  of  mines  yielding  both  being 
in  actual  work  in  the  provinces  of  Atacama  and  Antofagasta;  the  centre, 
copper  and  silver;  and  the  south,  iron  and  coal.  There  are  smelting  works 
for  copper  and  silver,  tanneries,  corn  and  saw  mills,  starch,  soap,  biscuit, 
rope,  cloth,  cheese,  furniture,  candle,  and  paper  factories,  breweries,  and  dis- 
tilleries, and  the  domestic  industry  furnishes  cloth,  embroideries,  baskets, 
and  pottery.  There  are  about  5,300  miles  of  railroad  open,  and  over  18,000 
miles  of  telegraph. 

CHIEF  TOWNS  OF  CHILE 


TOWN 

POP.  IN 

thousands 

province 

TOWN 

pop.  in 
thousands 

province 

Antofagasta* 

Chillan* 

Concepcion* 

Curico* 

Iquique* 

Santiago* 

37 
40 
72 
20 
46 
408 

Antofagasta 

Nuble 

Concepcion 

Curico 

Tarapaca 

Santiago 

Talca* 

Talcahuano 

Temuco* 

Valdivia 

Valparaiso* 

Vina  del  Mar 

39 

21 

27 
20 
181 
31 

Talca 

Concepcion 

Cautin 

Valdivia 

Valparaiso 

Valparaiso 

Capital. — Santiago. 


*CapitaI  of  province. 

Population  408,009. 
COLOMBIA 


L 


Colombia  lies  in  the  extreme  northwest  of  the  continent,  having  a  coast- 
line on  the  Atlantic  and  the  Pacific.  The  country  is  intersected  by  the 
Western,  Central,  and  Eastern  Cordilleras.  The  Eastern  range  consists  of 
a  series  of  vast  table-lands,  which  have  a  temperate  and  healthful  climate. 
The  chief  products  are  cofl^ee,  cotton,  bananas,  and  in  some  parts  tobacco, 
wheat,  and  other  cereals.  Its  forest  trees  include  cedar,  mahogany,  fustic, 
and  other  dyewoods  and  medicinal  plants.  Its  mineral  productions  are  gold, 
silver,  platinum,  copper,  coal,  lead,  iron,  and  emeralds.  Its  manufactures, 
for  home  consumption,  consist  of  cottons  and  woollens.  Coffee,  precious 
metals,  rubber,  and  hides  are  the  chief  exports.  Bogota  (population  ioo,cxxj) 
is  the  capital. 

There  are  only  about  650  miles  of  railroad  open,  and  9,000  miles  of  tele- 
graph. 

ECUADOR    , 

Ecuador  is  divided  into  15  provinces  and  one  territory.  It  contains  exten- 
sive forests,  and  the  cinchona  bark  tree  is  common.  The  chief  products 
are  cocoa,  rubber,  coffee,  cotton,  sugar,  vegetable  ivory,  Panama  hats,  and 


33° 


GEOGRAPHICAL  MANUAL  AND  NEW  ATLAS 


cattle.  Gold,  quicksilver,  lead,  iron,  copper,  and  sulphur  exist;  but  the 
mineral  resources  need  development.  Rubies  and  emeralds  are  occasionally 
found.  Guayaquil  (pop.  60,000)  is  the  chief  port;  other  towns  are  Quito 
(pop.  60,000),  the  capital;  Cuenca,  (pop.  25,000'!.  The  Galapagos  Islands 
(2,400  square  miles)  belong  to  Ecuador. 

PARAGUAY 

Paraguay  is  an  inland  state.  Its  chief  *roi/«rt/  are  tobacco,  oranges,  tim- 
ber, yerba  mate  (Paraguay  tea),  cassava  (manioc),  rice,  sugar  cane,  ground- 
nuts, maize,  quebracho  extract,  and  hides.  Stock  raising  is  the  chief  in- 
dustry. A  British  railway,  232  miles  in  length,  connects  Paraguay  with  the 
Argentine  system.     Asuncion  (pop.  80,000)  is  the  capital. 

PERU 

Peru  is  a  maritime  state  bounded  on  the  north  by  Ecuador  and  Colombia, 
on  the  east  by  Brazil  and  Bolivia,  and  on  the  south  by  Chile  and  Bolivia. 
It  is  traversed  throughout  its  length  by  the  Andes.  The  coast  region  is 
largely  sandy  desert;  but  the  valleys  are  very  fertile,  and  the  mountains  are 
rich  in  minerals,  including  silver,  quicksilver,  copper,  and  coal  (of  inferior 
quality).  There  are  important  beds  of  petroleum,  while  gold  is  worked  in 
many  districts.  The  medicinal  products  of  the  eastern  provinces  are  ot 
great  value,  comprising  cinchona,  or  Peruvian  bark,  sarsaparilla,  copaiba, 
etc.  Rubber  is  an  important  product  of  the  country.  Coca,  cocoa,  and 
coffee  are  grown  on  a  small  scale.  Sugar  is  the  staple  agricultural  product. 
The  Lobos  and  other  islands  on  the  Pacific  coast  provide  guano.  About 
1,700  miles  of  railroad  are  open.     Lima  (pop.  175,000)  is  the  capital. 

URUGUAY 

Uruguay  lies  on  the  east  coast  of  the  Rio  de  la  Plata,  and  consists  mainly 
of  undulating  grassy  plains.  There  are  no  heights  above  2,000  feet.  Uru- 
guay is  essentially  a  pastoral  state,  and  supports  large  herds  of  cattle  and 


sheep.  Wheat,  barley,  and  maize  are  cultivated.  Gold  also  exists.  The 
exports  are  almost  entirely  animal  and  agricultural  products.  There  are 
about  1,600  miles  of  railway  open,  all  in  British  hands,  and  about  5,000  miles 
of  telegraph  and  19,000  miles  of  telephones.  Montevideo  (pop.  3 10,000)  is  the 
capital. 

VENEZUELA 

Venezuela  lies  on  the  north  of  South  America,  being  bounded  on  the  west 
by  Colombia,  on  the  south  by  Brazil  and  Colombia,  and  on  the  cast  by  the 
Atlantic  and  British  Guiana.  The  chief  products  are  coffee,  cacao,  balata 
gum,  goats'  skins,  cattle,  and  hides.  The  United  States  is  its  chief  customer. 
There  are  about  550  miles  of  railroad  open.  Caracas  (pop.  85,000)  is  the 
capital. 

BRITISH  GUIANA 

British  Guiana  on  the  northeast  coast  of  South  America  has  an  area  of 
90,300  square  miles  with  a  seaboard  of  more  than  300  miles;  population 
310,000.  The  chief  products  are  sugar,  rum,  gold,  diamonds,  timber,  and 
balata.  The  10,000  aboriginal  Indians  are  principally  occupied  in  hunting, 
fishing,  and  raising  crops  of  cassava.  Georgetown  (pop.  49,000)  is  the 
capital. 

FRENCH  GUIANA 

French  Guiana  has  an  area  of  about  32,000  square  miles  with  a  population 
of  49,000.  Placer  gold-mining  is  the  most  important  industry.  Iron,  silver, 
and  phosphates  are  also  worked.  The  exports  also  include  cocoa,  various 
woods,  and  hides.     Cayenne  (pop.  14,000),  on  Cayenne  Island,  is  the  capital. 

DUTCH  GUIANA 

Dutch  Guiana  or  Surinam  has  an  area  of  46,000  square  miles  with  a 
population  of  89,000.  The  products  include  cacao,  sugar,  bananas,  coffee, 
rice,  maize,  rum,  and  molasses.  Gold,  chiefly  alluvial,  is  also  worked' 
Paramaribo  (pop.  35,000)  is  the  capital. 


NORTH  AMERICA 


The  New  World  Discovered. — Four  hundred  and 
twenty-five  years  ago — so  short  a  time  that  the  lives  of  six 
men  might  easily  stretch  across  it — the  wisest  men  who 
looked  over  the  ocean  from  the  shores  of  western  Europe 
imagined  that  no  greater  obstacle  than  miles  of  sea  lay  be- 
tween themselves  and  eastern  Asia.  If  the  theory  were 
true,  and  the  ancient  maps  reliable,  then  by  sailing  con- 
tinuously westward  the  bold  navigator  would  at  last  reach 
India.  It  was  this  faith  which  inspired  Columbus  to  make 
his  adventurous  voyage  in  1492;  and  the  name  of  West  Indies 
bears  witness  to  his  mistake.  The  reason  men  were  so  anx- 
ious to  find  a  new  route  to  India  was  because  of  the  old  Medi- 
terranean route  being  barred  by  the  Turks,  who  had  taken 
Constantinople  in  1453  and  subsequently  conquered  Egypt. 

Still  further  back  in  history,  when  the  Northmen  were 
winning  new  lands  by  steel  and  daring,  their  navigators 
are  said  to  have  struck  across  the  North  Atlantic  till  they 
came  to  the  shores  of  "  Vinland."  The  deeds  of  Leif  Erics- 
son, who  first  discovered  this  "Vinland"  or  Wineland  where 
the  wineberries  are  abundant,  are  sung  in  the  old  Scandina- 
vian sagas.  The  story  may  be  true,  though  neither  history 
nor  archaeology  confirms  the  legend.  The  secret  of  the 
western  ocean  was  well  kept.  Unquestionably  the  North- 
men did  not  regard  it  as  a  new  continent,  but  merely  an  out- 
lying part  of  Europe  or  Asia. 

Gradually  as  fresh  bands  of  explorers  pushed  north  and 
south  from  the  points  touched  at  by  Columbus,  it  became 
clear  that  across  the  westward  path  to  Asia  there  lay  a  vast 
barrier  of  land.  Thus  instead  of  finding  the  Old  they  had 
discovered  a  New  World,  the  largest,  next  to  Asia,  of  the 
great  continents — its  crown  in  the  frozen  grip  of  the  Arctic, 
its  foot  bathed  by  the  Southern  Seas. 

Its  population  was  scant  when  compared  with  the  densely 
populated  countries  of  Europe  and  Asia;  but  its  natural  re- 
sources were  enormous  and  almost  untouched.  The  New 
World  offered  a  new  home  for  the  nations  of  the  Old;  and 
Spaniards,  Portuguese,  French,  Dutch,  and  British  all 
scrambled  for  possession,  until  nearly  the  whole  of  the  con- 
tinent came  under  European  rule. 


The  British  Colonists. — Among  the  new  possessors  of 
the  land,  the  British  colonists,  who  had  settled  on  the 
eastern  shores  of  North  America,  rapidly  developed  in  im- 
portance and  power.  Their  country  was  not  so  fertile  as 
some  of  the  lands  to  the  southward;  dense  forests  hemmed 
them  in.  The  gold  and  silver  mines  which  lured  and  enriched 
the  Spaniards  were  lacking  in  the  newly  settled  North. 
But  the  British  settlers  prospered,  and  soon*  became  strong 
enough  to  resist  the  exactions  of  an  autocratic  German 
king  and  secure  their  independence  of  the  mother  country. 
Thus  a  new  nation  came  into  being — a  nation  whose 
numbers  have  been  swelled  by  immigrants  from  almost 
every  country  in  the  world;  but  which  in  language,  laws, 
and  ideals  is  still  closely  akin  to  the  land  which  gave  it 
birth. 

The  French. — Farther  north,  firmly  seated  on  the  St. 
Lawrence,  the  French  held  full  sway,  owing  their  authority 
to  devoted  Jesuit  missionaries  as  much  as  to  intrepid  soldiers 
and  traders.  From  the  Great  Lakes  the  agents  of  France 
struck  the  waters  of  the  Mississippi,  down  which  they  ex- 
tended a  hand  to  the  later  French  settlements  in  Louisiana; 
while  by  their  Indian  alliances  these  adventurers  were  guided 
through  the  forests  and  prairies  of  the  west.  Thus,  when 
the  English  pioneers  crossed  the  Alleghanies,  they  found  their 
westward  advance  barred  by  a  chain  of  French  posts.  The 
long  wide-flung  struggle  between  the  two  great  powers 
rose  to  its  height  in  the  Old  and  the  New  World  about  the 
middle  of  the  eighteenth  century.  In  America  it  ended 
abruptly  with  the  campaign  which,  after  the  taking  of 
Quebec,  gave  all  Canada  to  Britain,  and  left  the  colonies 
free  to  expand  to  the  Mississippi. 

SYNOPSIS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 
(See  Maps,   pp.   81-91) 

North  America,  the  northern  division  of  the  New  World,  is  cv,.mected 
with  South  America  by  the  Isthmus  of  Panama.  In  a  narrower  sense,  it 
extends  southward  to  the  northern  frontier  of  Guatemala,  thus  excluding 
the  Central  American  states.  In  shape  and  character  it  is  not  unlike  the 
southern  continent.     North    America   is    an    irregular   triangle   in    form. 


GEOGRAPHICAL  MANUAL  AND  NEW  ATLAS 


331 


It  contains  8,600,000  square  miles — less  than  half  the  extent  of  Asia;  its 
greatest  length  is  ^,500  miles,  and  its  greatest  breadth  is  3,100  miles. 

Peninsulas. — There  are,  on  the  east  coast  four  great  peninsulas:  Lab- 
rador, Nova  Scotia,  Florida,  and  Yucatan;  on  the  west  coast,  two:  Alaska 
and  Lower  California. 

C.^PES. — The  most  important  capes  on  the  east  coast  are:  Cape  Race  in 
Newfoundland,  Cape  Sable  in  Nova  Scotia,  Cape  Cod  in  Massachusetts; 
Cape  Hatteras  in  North  Carolina,  and  Cape  Sable  in  Florida.  On  the 
west:  Cape  Prince  of  IF  ales.  Cape  Pierce,  Cape  Flattery,  Cape  Blanco, 
Point  Conception,  Cape  San  Lucas,  and  Cape  Corrientes.  On  the  north: 
Cape  Bathurst  and  Cape  Barrow. 

Bays,  Gulfs,  etc. — On  the  east:  Baffin  Bay,  Hudson  Bay,  Gulf  of  St. 
Lawrence,  Bay  of  Fundy,  Gulf  of  Mexico,  and  the  Caribbean  Sea.  On  the 
west:  Gulf  of  California.     On  the  north:  Gulf  of  Boothia. 

Straits. — The  chief  straits  are:  Hudson  Strait,  connecting  Hudson 
Bay  with  the  Atlantic;  Davis  Strait,  connecting  Baffin  Bay  with  the  Atlantic; 
Barrow  Strait,  connecting  Baffin  Bay  with  the  Arctic;  and  Bering  Strait, 
connecting  the  Arctic  with  the  Pacific,  and  dividing  the  continents  of  North 
America  and  Asia;  it  is  36  miles  wide. 

Islands. — The  islands  on  the  east  coast  are  the  most  important:  Anti- 
costi.  Prince  Edward  Island,  Newfoundland,  the  Bermudas,  and  the  West 
Indies.  On  the  west,  the  most  important  island  is  Fancouver.  On  the 
north,  there  is  a  vast  archipelago,  the  largest  island  of  which  is  Greenland. 

Build. — The  build  of  North  America  is  simple.  On  the  west,  there 
is  a  lofty  table-land  with  a  high  range  of  mountains;  on  the  east,  a  lower 
range  parallel  with  the  coast;  and  between  the  two,  a  vast  plain  which 
stretches  from  the  Arctic  to  the  Gulf  of  Mexico. 

Coast  Line. — The  length  of  the  coast  line  is  estimated  at  24,500  miles; 
this  gives  one  mile  of  coast  line  to  each  350  square  miles  of  surface.  The 
east  coast  is  much  indented;  the  west  coast  is  comparatively  regular. 

Mountains. — North  America  has  two  great  mountain  systems:  the 
Appalachian  system  and  the  IFestern  or  Cordilerra  system.  In  the  Ap- 
palachian system  the  most  important  range  is  that  of  the  Alleghanies;  in 
the  Western  system,  the  chief  range  is  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

The  Appalachian  mountains  begin  in  the  table-lands  of  Alabama,  stretch 
northeast  to  the  St.  Lawrence,  and  reappear  in  the  Plateau  of  Labrador. 
Besides  the  AUeghanies,  their  best  known  range  are  the  Blue  Mountains. 
They  are  also  connected  with  the  Catskills  of  New  York,  and  the  Green 
Mountains  of  Vermont. 

The  Western  or  Cordillera  system  comprises  two  plateaus  and  a  number 
of  mountain  ranges.  The  two  plateaus  are  the  Mexican  Plateau,  which 
has  the  Sierra  Madre  as  its  western  buttress,  and  the  Western  Plateau, 
which  has  the  Rocky  Mountains,  the  backbone  of  North  America,  as  its 
eastern  buttress;  while  on  its  western  edges  it  has  the  Sierra  Nevada  and  the 
Cascade  Mountains.  West  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  and  parallel  to  it  runs  the 
Coast  Range,  and  the  two  support  between  them  a  river  valley.  The  most 
famous  part  of  the  Western  Plateau  is  the  Great  Basin — an  elevated  plateau 
which  lies  between  the  Wasatch  Range  on  the  east  and  the  Sierra  Nevada 
and  Cascade  Range  on  the  west.     The  Great  Basin  is  a  continental  basin 

HIGHEST  POINTS  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES 


STATE   OR  TERRITORY 


Alabama         .      .     .      , 

Alaska      

Arizona  .     .     .      , 

Arkansas  .  .  .  . 
California  .  .  .  , 
Colorado  .  .  .  . 
Connecticut 
Delaware  ,  .  ,  . 
District  of  Columbia  . 
Florida 


Georgia    . 

Hawaii 

Idaho  .... 

Illinois    . 

Indiana    . 

Iowa    .... 

Kansas 

Kentucky 

Louisiana 

Maine 

Maryland 

Massachusetts  . 

Michigan 

Minnesota    . 

Mississippi     . 

Missouri 

Montana 

Nebraska 

Nevada 

New  Hampshire 

New  Jersey  . 

New  Mexico 

New  York 

North  Carolina 

North  Dakota  . 

Ohio    .... 

Oklahoma 

Oregon 

Pennsylvania     . 

Philippines   . 

Porto  Rico    . 

Rhode  Island     . 

South  Carolina 

South  Dakota 

Tennessee     , 

Texas 

Utah    .... 

Vermont  . 

Virginia   . 

Washington 

West  Virginia    . 

Wisconsin 

Wyoming 


greatest  altitude 


Chcaha  Mt.  (Talladega  Co.) 

Mt.  McKinley 

San  Francisco  Peak  (Coconino  Co.) 

Blue  Mt.  (Pollc-Scott  Co.) 

Mt.  Whitney  (Inyo-Tulare  Cos.) 

Mt.  Elbert  (Lake  Co.) 

Bear  Mt,  (Litchfield  Co.) 

Centerville  (Newcastle  Co.) 

Tenley  (Northwest) 

Iron  Mt.  (Pollt  Co.) 

Brasstown  Bald  (Towns-Union  Co.) 

Mauna  Kea  (Hawaii  Co.) 

Castle  Peak  (Cutter  Co.) 

Charles  Mound  (Jo  Daviess  Co.) 

Carlos  City  (Randolph  Co.) 

Primghar  (O'Brien  (Jo.) 

On  West  Boundary 

Big  Black  Mt.  (Harlan  Co.) 

Claiborne  Co. 

Katahdin  Mt.  (Piscataquis  Co.) 

Backbone  Mt.  (Garrett  Co.) 

Mt.  Greylock  (Berkshire  Co.) 

Porcupine  Mt.  (Ontonagan  Co.) 

Mesabi  Range  (St.  Louis  Co.) 

Three  miles  southwest  of  luka 

Taum  Sauk  Mt.  (Iron  Co.) 

Granite  Peak  (Carbon  Co.) 

Southwest  part  Banner  Co. 

East  Peak  White  Mts.  (Esmeralda  Co.) 

Mt.  Washington  (Coos  Co.) 

High  Point  (Sussex  Co.) 

N.  Truchas  Peak  (Rio  Arribi  Co.) 

Mt.  Marcy  (Essex  Co.) 

Mt.  Mitchell  (Yancy  Co.) 

Summit  in  Bowman  Co. 

Near  Bellefontaine  (Logan  Co.) 

West  end  of  Cimarron  Co. 

Mt.  Hood  (Clackamas-Wasco  Co.) 

Blue  Knob  (Bedford  Co.) 

Mt.  Ape  (Mindanao) 

Luquille  Mts. 

Durfee  Hill  (Providence  Co.) 

Sassafras  Mt. 

Harney  Peak  (Pennington  Co.) 

Mt.  Guyet 

El  Capitan  (El  Paso  Co.) 

Kings  Peak  (Wasatch  Co.) 

Mt.  Mansheld  (Chittenden  Co.) 

Mt.  Rogers  (Grayson  Co.) 

Mt.  Ranier  (Pierce  Co.) 

Spruce  Knob  (Pendleton  Co.) 

Rib  Hill  (Marathon  Co.) 

Gannett  Peak  (Fremont  Co.) 


height 
(feet) 


2.407 

20,300 

12,611 
2,800 

U.SOI"- 

14,402 

2,355 

440 

420 

325 

4,768 

13,823 

12,130 
1,241 
1,210 
1,800 
4,135 
4,100 
400 
5,273 
3,340 
3,505 
2,023 
1,920 
780 
1,750 

12,850 
5,350 

13.14s 
6,293 
1,809 

13,306 
5,344 
6,711 
3,500 
1,550 
4,750 

11,225 
3,136 

10,312 
3,532 
805 
3,548 
7,242 
6,636 
9,020 

13,498 
4,406 
5,719 

14,408 
4,860 
1,940 

13,785 


and  contains  rivers  and  lakes  whose  waters  never  reach  the  ocean.  The 
largest  of  these  lakes  is  the  Great  Salt  Lake. 

The  highest  summits  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  are  Mt.  McKinley  (20,300 
feet) — the  highest  mountain  in  North  America — and  Mt.  St.  Elias  (18,024 
feet)  in  Alaska;  Mt.  Logan  (19,539  feet),  Mt.  Brown  (16,000  feet),  and  Mt. 
Hooker  (15,700  feet)  in  Canada;  Fremont  Peak  (13,790  feet)  in  Wyoming; 
Pikes  Peak  (14,108  feet)  in  Colorado.  In  Mexico,  at  the  south  end  of 
the  Mexican  Plateau,  are  Popocatepetl  (19,784  feet)  and  Ixtaccihuatl  (17,879 
feet).  The  highest  peak  in  the  Sierra  Nevada  is  Mt.  Whitney  (14,501  feet), 
and  the  highest  in  the  Appalachians  Mt.  Mitchell  (6,711  feet). 

Plains. — The  Great  Central  Plain  lies  between  the  Rocky  Mountains 
and  the  Appalachian  system,  and  extends  from  the  Arctic  to  the  Gulf  of 
Mexico.  One  half  of  this  plain  slopes  to  Hudson  Bay  and  the  Arctic; 
the  other  half  to  the  Gulf  of  Mexico.  The  watershed  between  them  is  often 
called  the  Height  of  Land. 

The  Coastal  Plain  borders  the  Atlantic  and  the  Gulf  of  Mexico.  It  con- 
tains large  areas  of  valuable  soil,  eminently  suitable  for  agriculture.  Until 
the  occupation  and  development  of  the  Great  Central  Plain,  the  Coastal 
Plain  was  the  agricultural  centre  of  America. 

Prairies. — The  vast  fertile  plains  of  the  Mississippi  Valley  are  called 
prairies,  a  French  word  meaning  an  extensive  meadow  tract.  In  Canada 
the  prairies  extend  from  the  Rocky  Mountains  to  a  line  eastward  of  Winni- 
peg. The  prairies  are  generally  of  a  rolling  character,  and  except  where 
cultivated  are  usually  covered  with  high  coarse  grass,  with  few  or  no  trees. 

Rivers. — North  America  has  a  magnificent  system  of  rivers.  The  main 
axis  of  the  continent,  being  nearest  the  Pacific,  sends  the  longest  streams 
into  the  Atlantic  and  the  Arctic.  The  four  largest  rivers  are  the  Mississippi, 
the  Saskatchewan,  the  Mackenzie  (including  the  Great  Slave  River,  and  either 
Peace  or  Athabasca  rivers),  and  the  St.  Lawrence.  The  two  largest  rivers 
into  the  Pacific  are  the  Yukon  and  the  Columbia. 

Mississippi. — ^The  Mississippi  ("Father  of  Waters"),  with  its  tribu- 
tary the  Missouri,  is  the  longest  river  in  the  world;  it  is  4,200  miles  in  length. 
Its  basin  consists  mainly  of  three  long  slopes:  (i)  from  the  Rocky  Mountains 
eastward;  (2)  from  the  Appalachians  westward;  and  (3)  from  a  low  divide 
called  the  Height  of  Land  southward.  Down  these  three  slopes  flow  its 
three  largest  tributaries,  the  Missouri,  the  Ohio,  and  the  Upper  Mississippi, 
that  is,  the  Mississippi  from  its  source  to  the  mouth  of  the  Missouri. 

The  Mississippi  and  its  tributaries  have  more  than  15,000  miles  of  navigable  waterways, 
and  drain  an  area  of  about  1,250,000  square  miles.  Extending  through  the  heart  of  North 
America,  the  system  affords  a  direct  line  of  communication  between  temperate  and  tropical 
regions.  The  Mississippi  rises  in  the  small  lake  of  Itasca  in  Minnesota.  In  its  middle  course 
it  receives  from  the  west  the  Missouri,  Arkansas,  and  Red  Rivers;  from  the  Teast,  the  Ohio. 
The  Missouri  itself  receives  the  two  great  tributaries,  the  Yellowstone  and  the  Platte. 

St.  Lawrence. — The  St.  Lawrence  with  the  five  Great  Lakes  forms  one 
of  the  great  river  systems  of  the  world.  Its  length  from  the  source  of 
the  river  St.  Louis  to  the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence  is  2,100  miles.  Its  largest 
tributary  is  the  Ottawa;  its  grandest,  the  Saguenay.  It  receives  also  a  large 
number  of  tributaries  from  the  south. 

The  St.  Lawrence  has  a  number  of  different  names  throughout  its  course:  (l)  above  Lake 
Superior  it  is  called  the  St.  Louis;  (2)  between  Superior  and  Lake  Huron,  St.  Marys  River; 
(3)  between  Huron  and  Lake  St.  Clair,  the  Si.  Clair;  (4)  between  St.  Clair  and  Lake  Erie, 
the  Detroit;  and  (5)  between  Erie  and  Ontario,  the  Niagara,  on  which  are  the  famous  Nia- 
gara Falls;  and  (6)  between  Ontario  and  the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence,  the  St.  Lawrence.  The 
length  of  the  river  during  which  it  bears  the  name  St.  Lawrence  is  760  miles.  As  a  natural 
highway  between  all  points  west  of  the  Maritime  Provinces  and  Europe  the  imporrance  of 
the  river  to  Canada  cannot  be  over-estimated.  It  is  the  shortest  freight  route  from  the 
Great  Lakes  to  Europe. 

Niagara  Falls. — The  Niagara  Falls  on  the  Niagara  River  are  the  great- 
est in  the  world  for  volume  of  water.  The  American  Fall,  adjoining  the 
right  bank,  is  a  sheer  descent  of  162  feet  and  about  1,400  feet  broad.  The 
Horseshoe  Falls,  adjoining  the  left  bank,  has  a  depth  of  155  feet,  and  falls 
over  a  great  curve  of  rock  measuring  2,600  feet.  The  Whirlpool  is  just 
below  the  Falls.  The  flow  of  water  in  the  river  at  mean  stage  is  222,000 
cubic  feet  per  second,  at  low  stage  176,000  cubic  feet;  this  afl^ords  a  theoretic 
water  power  equal  to  nearly  four  million  horse  power,  of  which  it  is  esti- 
mated that  three  fourths  is  practically  available  for  economic  purposes. 

PRINCIPAL  RIVERS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


RIVER 

(miles) 

source 

MOUTH 

Alabama    .      . 

350 

Junction    of    Coosa    and    Talla- 

poosa rivers,  Ala. 

Mobile  River 

Alleghany     . 

350 

Near  Raymond,  Pa. 

Ohio  River 

Altamaha 

ISO 

Formed  by  Ocmulgee  and  Oconee 
rivers,  Ga.         

Atlantic  Ocean 

Androscoggin 

160 

Umbagog  Lake,  Me. 

Kennebec  River 

Apalachicola 

00 

Junction   of  Chattahoochee   and 

Flint  rivers,  Ga 

Gulf  of  Mexico 

Arkansas 

2,000 

Rocky  Mountains,  Col. 

Mississippi  River 

Big  Horn        .      . 

Soo 

Reeky  Mountains,  Wyo. 

Yellowstone  River 

Black  .... 

190 

Adirondack  Lakes.  N.  Y.      .      . 

Lake  Ontario 

Black  Warrior 

300 

Formed  by  Locust  and  Mulberry 
Forks,  Ala 

Tombigbec  River 

Brazos       .     . 

850 

In  the  Staked  Plain,  Tex.     .      . 

Gulf  of  Mexico 

Canadian 

900 

Northeastern  New  Mexico 

Arkansas  River 

Cape  Fear 

250 

Junction     of     Haw     and      Deep 

rivers,  N.  C 

Atlantic  Ocean 

Chattahoochee  . 

500 

In  Habersham  County,  Ga. 

Apalachicola  River 
Missouri  River 

Cheyenne 

500 

Eastern  Wyoming      .... 

Chowan     .      . 

SO 

Junction  of  Meheran  and  Notto- 

way rivers,  N.  C.          ... 

Albemarle  Sound 

Churchill 

800 

North  Saskatchewan  and  North 

Manitoba           

Hudson  Bay 

Cimarron        .     . 

650 

Raton  Mountains,  N.  Mex. 

Arkansas  River 

Colorado 

650 

In  the  Staked  Plain,  Tex.     , 

Matagorda  Bay 

Colorado 

1.360 

Junction    of   Green    and    Grand 

rivers.  Utah 

Gulf  of  California 

Columbia        .     . 

1,400 

Upper  Columbia  Lake,  B.  C.     . 

Pacific  Ocean 

Connecticut 

410 

Connecticut  Lake,  N.  H.      . 

Long  Island  Sound 

Coosa        .     .     . 

350 

Junction  of  Oostenaula  and  Eto- 

wah rivers,  Ga 

Alabama  River 

Cumberland  . 

650 

Junction    of   Poor   and    Straight 

Forks,  Ky 

Ohio  River 

Delaware 

375 

Catskill  Mountains,  N.  Y. 

Delaware  Bay 

Des  Moines   . 

450 

Lake  Shetck,  Minn 

Mississippi  River 

332 


GEOGRAPHICAL  MANUAL  AND  NEW  ATLAS 


PRINCIPAL  RIVERS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA— ConiinurJ 


CHIEF  CANALS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES  AND  CANADA 


LENGTH 

RIV 

E*-                (miles) 

mouth 

Dolores 

.     .              052 

San  Juan  Mountains,  Col.   . 

Grand  River 

Flint   . 

-      .              350 

Near  Atlanta,  Ga.      . 

Apalachicola  River 

Fox 

.      .              250 

Green  Lake  County,  Wis. 

Green  Bay 

Frasbr 

.      .              740 

British  Columbia 

Gulf  of  Georgia 

Genesee 

.      .              145 

Near  Raymond,  Pa. 

Lake  Ontario 

Gila     . 

.     .              550 

1  uscan  Mountains,  N.  Mex. 

Colorado  River 

Grand 

200 

Southern  Iowa      .... 

Missouri  River 

Grand 

.      .              280 

Hillsdale  County,  Mich. 

Lake  Michigan 

Grand 

.      .              350 

Grand  Lake,  Col. 

Blue  Ridge  Mountains,  N.  C. 

Green  River 

Great  Ka> 

lAWHA                      4SO 

Ohio  River 

Green 

-      .              350 

Lincoln  County,  Ky. 

Ohio  River 

Greenbrie 

R    .     .              17s 

Pocahontas  Counw,  W.  Va. 
Saguache  Range,  Col. 

Great  Kanawha  River 

Gunnison 

.     .              200 

Grand  River 

Hackensac 

K            .                       50 

Rockland  County,  N.  Y.       . 

Newark  Bay 

Housatoni 

c         .             150 

Taghanic  Mountains,  Mass. 

Long  Island  Sound 

Hudson 

.     •           350 

Lake  Sanford,  Adirondack  Mou 

n- 

tains,  N.  Y 

New  York  Bay 

Humboldt 

.     .              375 

Elko  County,  Nev.    . 

Humboldt  Lake 

Illinois 

.      .               345 

Des  Plaines  River,  Wis. 

Mississippi  River 

James  . 

.      -               450 

Formed    bv    Jackson    and    Cov 

V- 

pasture  Rivers,  Va. 

Chesapeake  Bay 

Kalamazoc 

.      .               200 

Hillsdale  County,  Mich.        . 

Lake  Michigan 

Kansas 

.      .               300 

Junction  of  Smoky  Hill  Fork  an 

d 

Solomon  River,  Ky. 

Missouri  River 

Kaskaskia 

.      .               320 

Champaign  Countv,  III. 

Mississippi  River 

Kennebec 

.      .               175 

Moosehead  Lake,  Me.     . 

Atlantic  Ocean 

Kentucky 

.      .               250 

Cumberland  Mountains,  Ky. 

Ohio  River 

Lerma 

.      .               600 

Mexico  State         .... 

Pacific  Ocean 

Mackenzie 

*    .      .               900 

Great  Slave  Lake 

Arctic  Ocean 

Menomine 

a    .      .              125 

Junction    Brule  and  Michigam 

e 

rivers,  Mich 

Green  Bay 
Atlantic  Ocean 

Merrimac 

.      .              150 

White  Mountains,  N.  H. 

Minnesota 

.      .               475 

Big  Stone  Lake,  S.  Dak.       . 

Mississippi  River 

MlSSOURI- 

Mississif 

PI  .      .             4.20ot 

JRocky  Mountains,   Mont.,  an 

d 

§Itasca  Lake,  Minn.    . 

Gulf  of  Mexico 

Mobile 

.      -                 SO 

Junction  of  Tombigbee  and  Al 

a- 

bama  rivers,  Ala. 

Mobile  Bay 

Mohawk    . 

.      .—           160 

Lewis  County,  N.  Y.       .      . 

Hudson  River 

Monongah 

ELA       .                    300 

Formed   by  West   Fork  and  T 

^- 

gart's  Valley  rivers,  W.  Va. 

Alleghanv  River 

Nelson 

.        -                    500 

Lake  Winnipeg     .... 

Hudson  Bay 

Neosho 

.        .                    400 

Morris  County,  Kan. 

Arkansas  River 

Neuse 

.        .                    300 

Person  County,  N.  C.      . 

Pamlico  Sound 

Ocmulgee 

.      .               z8o 

Northern  Georgia 

Altamaha  River 

Ohio     .     . 

-      .               950 

Junction  of  Alleghany  and  Mor 

1- 

ongahela  rivers,  Pa. 

Mississippi  River 

Osage 

.      .               460 

Lyon  County,  Kan 

Missouri  River 

Ottawa 

.      .               600 

Near  Lake  Timiskaming 

St.  Lawrence  River 

Passaic 

.      .               100 

Morris  County,  N.  J. 
Winston  County,  Miss.  . 

Newark  Bay 

Pearl 

.      -               350 

Gulf  of  Mexico 

Pecos  .      . 

.      .               800 

Rocky  Mountains,  N.  Mex. 

Rio  Grande 

Pedes  (Yat 

kin)   .               300 

Blue  Ridge  Mountains,  N.  C.    . 

Winyaw  Bay,  S.  C. 

Penobscot 

.      .               350 

Somerset  Countv,  Me.    . 

Penobscot  Bay 

Platte 

.      .            1,260 

Sweetwater  River,  Wyo. 

Missouri  River 

Powder     . 

.      .               400 

Big  Horn  Mountains,  Wyo. 

Yellowstone  River 

-      .               450 

Alleghany  Mountains,  W.  Va.  . 
In  the  Staked  Plain,  Tex.     . 

Chesapeake  Bay 

Red      .      . 

.      .            1,200 

Mississippi  Riv«r 

Red      .      . 

.      .               700 

Lake  Traverse,  Minn. 

Lake  Winnipeg 

Rio  Grand 

B     .        .                1,800 

San  Juan  Mountains,  Col.    . 

Gulf  of  Mexico 

Roanoke   . 

.        .                    240 

Formed    by    Dan   and    Staunto 

n 

) 

rivers,  Va 

Albemarle  Sound 

Rock    .     . 

.        .                    330 

Koshkonong  Lake,  Wis. 

Mississippi  River 
Gulf  of  Mexico 

460 

Northern  1  exas    .... 

0   .      .              600 

Goose  Lake,  Cal.        .      .      . 

Suisun  Bay 

Saguenay 

.        .                    112 

Lake  St.  John       .... 

St.  Lawrence  River 

St.  Croix  . 

.        .                    200 

Douglas  and    Bayfield  countie 

s, 

Wis 

Mississippi  River 

St.  Francis 

.        .                    460 

St.  Francois  County,  Mo.     . 

Mississippi  River 

.        .                    400 

Brevard    and    Osceola    countie 

S) 

Fla 

Atlantic  Ocean 

St.  Joseph 

.        .                    260 

Hillsdale  County,  Mich.       . 

Lake  Michigan 

St.  Lawre> 

CE"    .                    760 

Lake  Ontario         .... 

Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence 

San  Joaqui 

N             .                    350 

Sierra  Nevada  Mountains,  Cal. 

Sacramento  River 

.        .                    150 

Junction   of  Wateree    and    Co 

1- 

garee  rivers,  S.  C.         .       . 

Atlantic  Ocean 

IVAN      ,                1,660 

Rocky  Mountains     . 

Lake  Winnipeg 

.        .                    450 

Formed  by  Tugaloo  and  Kiow 
rivers,  S.  C 

ie 

Atlantic  Ocean 

SCHUYLKILI 

.        .                    130 

Near  Pottsville,  Pa.  . 

Delaware  River 

Scioto 

.        .                    225 

Auglaize  County,  Ohio    . 

Ohio  River 

Shenandoa 

H                                 200 

Northern  Virginia 

Potomac  River 

Snake  . 

.        .                    950 

Yellowstone  National  Park,  Wy 

0.      Columbia  River 

NA 

(North  B 

ranch)                256 

Lake  Schuyler  and  Otsego  Lak 

e, 

N.Y 

Chesapeake  Bay 

(West  Br 

inch)                  250 

Near  Raymond,  Pa. 

Susquehanna  River 
Gulf  of  Mexico 

Suwanee   . 

.      .               200 

Okefinokee  Swamp,  Ga. 

HEE       .                    240 

Northern  Mississippi 

Yazoo  River 

Tallapoos 

V    .     .            250 

Paulding  County,  Ga.     . 

Coosa  River 

Tennessee 

.        .                1,200 

Formed   by  Clinch   and  Holstc 
rivers,  Tenn 

n 

Ohio  River 

TOMBIGBEE 

.      .               475 

Prentiss  County,  Miss. 

Mobile  River 

Trinity     . 

.      .               530 

Northern  Texas    .... 

Galveston  Bay 

Wabash 

-      -               550 

Mercer  County,  Ohio      . 

Ohio  River 

Washita 

550 

Western  Arkansas 

Red  River 

White 

.      .               800 

Northwestern  Arkansas  . 

Mississippi  River 

B     .        .                    275 

Cascade  Range,  Ore. 

Columbia  River 

Wisconsin 

.     .           400 

Northern  Wisconsin 

Mississippi  River 

Yazoo  .     . 

.     .           300 

Junction  of  Tallahatchee  and  Y 

a- 

lobusha  rivers.  Miss. 

Mississippi  River 

Ybllowsto 

NB                          1,100 

Rocky  Mountains,  Wvo. 

Missouri  River 

Yukon 

2,200 

Lake  Lindeman,  Yukon  Distric 

t. 

Canada 

Bering  Sea 

situation 


•Sometimes  regarded  as  including  Great  Slave  River  and  either  Peace  or  Athabasca  River, 
with  total  length  of  about  2,350  miles. 

fTotal  length  from  source  of  Missouri  to  Gulf  of  Mexico.  JSource  of  Missouri.  JSource 
of  Mississippi. 

••See  above  paragraph  entitled  "St.  Lawrence.' 

Lakes. — North  America  has  the  largest  number  of  the  largest  lakes 
of  any  continent.  These  lakes  he  in  the  form  of  an  immense  semicircle, 
parallel  and  almost  concentric  with  Hudson  Bay.  The  most  important  are: 
the  five  Great  Lakes,  SuperioTy  Michigany  HuroUy  Erify  and  OntariOy  which 
form  part  of  the  St.  Lawrence  basin;  the  Great  Bear  Lake;  Great  Slave  Lake; 
Athabasca;  Winnipeg:  and  the  Great  Salt  Lake.  Of  the  five  Great  Lakes, 
the  only  one  which  lies  entirely  within  the  United  States  is  Michigan;  the 
Others  lie  between  the  United  States  and  Canada. 


Albemarle  and  Crbsafbake 

Augusta  

Beaufort        

Black  River        .... 
Black  Rock  Channel   . 
Brazos  River      .... 
Caloosahatchee 
Cape  Cod  (ship  canal) 
Cayuga  and  Seneca 
Chambly   

Champlain 

Channel   

Chesapeake  and  Delaware 

Chesapeake  and  Ohio 

Colbert  Shoals 

Company    

Cornwall 

Dalles-Celilo    .... 

Delaware  and  Raritan 

Delaware  Division 

Erie 

Estherville-Minim  Creek 

Fairfield 

Florida  Coast  Line 
Galveston  and  Brazos 

Harlem  River  (ship  canal) 


HiLLSBORO 


Illinois  and  Michigan 
Illinois  and  Mississippi  (Henne- 
pin)          

Inland  Waterway  (Lewes  Canal) 


Lachine 

Lake  Drummond       .... 

Lake  Landing 

Lake  Washington-Puget  Sound 

Lehigh   Coal  and  Navigation 

Co 

Louisville  and  Portland  . 

Mattamuskeet  Out  Fall 
Miami  and  Erie 


Miami  . 

Morris 


Muscle  Shoals  j 
Shoals 


*(D  Elk  River 


North  New  River    .... 

New    Jf.rsey    Coastal    Inland 

Waterway 

Ohio 


Oswego 
Pennsylvania 


Portage    Lake    and    Lake    Su- 
perior     

Port  Arthur  (ship  canal)    . 

RiDEAU 

Sabine-Neches 

St.  Clair  Flats 

St.  Lucie 

St.  Marys  Falls 

St.  Marys  Falls  (parallel  canal) 

Salem         

Santa  Ffi 

Sault  Ste  Marie  (ship  canal)  . 

Schuylkill  Navigation  Co.     . 

Soulanges       

South  New  River    .... 

Sturgeon  Bay  and  Lake  Michi- 
gan   

Trent  

Welland  (ship  canal) 

West  Palm  Beach 

Williamsburg 


Norfolk,     Va.,      to     Albemarle 

Sound,  N.  C 

Savannah  River,  Ga.,  to  Augusta, 

Ga 

Beaufort  Inlet,  N.  C,  to  Pamlico 

Sound     

Rome,    N.    Y.,  to    Lyons    Falls, 

N.  V 

Connects  Lake  Erie  and  Niagara 

Falls  at  Buffalo,  N.  Y.      .      . 
Brazos  River  to  Matagorda  Bay, 

Tex 

Fort  Myers  to  Lake  Okeechobee. 

Fla 

Connects     Buzzards     Bay     and 

Barnstable  Bay       .... 
Montezuma,    N.    Y.,    to  Cayuga 

and  Seneca  Lakes,  N.  Y. 
This  canal  overcomes  the  rapids 

between     Chambly     and     St. 

Johns     

Whitehall,  N.  Y.,  to  Watervliet, 

N.  Y 

Between  Apalachicola  River  and 

St.  Andrews  Bay,  Fla. 
Connects  Chesapeake  and    Dela- 
ware bays  

Cumberland,  Md.,  to  Washing- 
ton, D.  C 

Colbert  Shoals,  Tennessee  River, 

Ala 

Mississippi  River  at  New  Orleans, 

La.,  to  Bayou  Black    . 
Cornwall  to  Dickinson's  Landing 
Columbia  River,  from  Big  Eddy 

to  Celilo  Falls,  Oregon 
New  Brunswick,  N.  J.,  to  Borden- 

town,  N.  J 

Easton,  Pa.,  to  Bristol,  Pa. 
Albany,  N.  Y.,  to  Buffalo,  N.  Y. 
Winyaw   Bay,   S.   C,   to   Santee 

River 

Alligator  River  to  Lake  Matta- 
muskeet, N.  C 

Mayport,  Fla.,  to  Miami 
Oyster     Bay,    Tex.,    to    Brazos 

River,  Tex. 

Connects      Hudson      River      (via 

Spuyten    Duvvil    Creek)    and 

Long  Island  Sound 
Deerfieid    to    Lake    Okeechobee, 

Fla 

Chicago,  III.,  to  La  Salle,  III.     . 

Illinois      River     to     Mississippi 

River,  near  Rock  Island,  III. 
Rehoboth  Bay  to  Delaware  Bay, 

Del.        ....... 

Montreal  to  Lachine 

Connects   Chesapeake    Bay  with 

Albemarle  Sound    .... 
Lake  Mattamuskeet  to  Wysock- 

ing  Bay,  N.  C.        .... 
Connects  Lake  Washington  and 

Puget  Sound 

Coalport,  Pa.,  to  Easton,  Pa.    . 

At  Falls  of  Ohio  River,  Louis- 
ville, Ky 

Hyde  County,  N.  C.        ... 

Cincinnati,  Ohio,  to  Toledo, 
Ohio 

Lake  Okeechobee  to  Miami.  Fla. 

Jersey  City,  N.  J.,  to  Phillips- 
burg,  N.  J 

Big  Muscle  Shoals  to  Elk  River 
Shoals,  Tenn 

Lake  Okeechobee  to  Ft.  Lauder- 
dale, Fla 

Cape  May  to  Bay  Head,  N.  J. 
Cleveland,    Ohio,     to     Dresden, 

Ohio 

Oswego,  N.  Y.,  to  Syracuse,  N.  Y. 
Columbia,  Northumberland, 

Wilkes-Barre,  Pa.         ... 

From  Keweenaw  Bay  to  Lake 
Superior 

Port  Arthur,  Tex.,  to  Gulf  of 
Mexico 

Connects  River  Ottawa  with 
Lake  Ontario 

Port  Arthur  Canal  to  mouth  Sa- 
bine River,  Tex 

Canal  through  delta  at  mouth  of 
St.  Clair  River        .      .      .  ,  . 

Stuart  to  Lake  Okeechobee,  Fla. 

Connects     lakes     Superior     and 
Huron  at     Sault     Ste     Marie, 
Mich 

Connects  lakes  Superior  and 
Huron 

Salem    River  to   Delaware   River 

Waldo,  Fla.,  to  Melrose,  Fla.     . 

Connects  lakes  Superior  and 
Huron  at  St.  Marv's  River    . 

Milt  Creek,  Pa.,  to  Philadelphia. 
Pa 

Cascade  Point  to  Coteau  Landing 

Ft.  Lauderdale  to  Lake  Okee- 
chobee, Fla 

Between    Green    Bay    and    Lake 

Michigan 

Connects  Lake  Ontario  and  Lake 

Huron  via  Trent  River      . 
Connects  Lake  Ontario  and  Lake 

Erie 

Lake   Okeechobee,   Lake  Worth, 

West  Palm  Beach  .... 
Along  St.  Lawrence  River    . 


length 
(miles) 


iiS 

7 
20 

35 

3J 

32 

28 

-13 

2S 


SO 

96 


75 

12 
8J 

22 

4 

6J 

108 

2i 

7 

274 
79 


16 

59 

114 

70 
38 


DEPTH 

(feM) 


6J: 


81 

12 

32 

5 

14 

9 

l8s 

6 

8 

7 

23 
II 

44t 
■  4 

8J 

7 

66 
60 

387 

7 
6 
12 

S 

6 

45 

370 

5 

5 

236 

26J 

421  ^ 

I2i 


6-8 
5 

7 

6 
14-18 

9 

5 

36 

6 

9 
6 

5i 


5 

5-8 

6 

4 


25 

20 

7 

26 

I33i 

s 

16 

26 

3 

25 

20 
8-12 

ll 

i8! 

li 

2 
.  10 

24$ 

5-8 

5 

li 

18 

108 
14 

6t 

6-8 


6-8} 

14-25 

5-8 
9-14 


I 


GEOGRAPHICAL  MANUAL  AND  NEW  ATLAS 


333 


Climate. — North  America  possesses  every  gradation  of  climate  from  Arc- 
tic to  tropical.  Latitude  for  latitude,  it  is  colder  than  the  climate  of  Europe. 
Thus  Labrador  is  in  the  latitude  of  Great  Britain;  but  it  is  colder  than  Siberia. 
Quebec  is  in  the  latitude  of  Paris;  but  has  a  much  colder  and  longer  winter. 
Washington  is  in  the  latitude  of  Sicily;  but  the  Potomac  is  frozen  over,  and 
s'.eighs  glide  about  the  streets  in  winter. 

In  most  parts  of  North  America  the  climate  is  more  continental  than  in  the 
corresponding  latitudes  of  Europe.  This  is  mainly  due  to  the  absence  of 
inland  seas;  also  to  the  fact  that  the  southwest  winds  from  the  Pacific  are 
kept  off  by  the  mountain  ranges  from  the  eastern  plains,  which  are  extremely 
cold  in  winter  and  intensely  hot  in  summer. 

The  changes  of  temperature  are  very  abrupt.  This  is  due  to  the  fact  that 
there  is  no  range  of  mountains  between  the  northern  and  southern  slope; 
and  the  Great  Central  Plain  extends  without  a  break  from  the  Arctic  to 
the  Gulf  of  Mexico. 

In  the  Temperate  2,one,  the  west  coast  is  warmer  and  moister  than  the  east. 
This  is  because  the  warm  rain-laden  southwest  winds  from  the  Pacific  blow 
on  the  west  coast.  But  in  the  east  a  west  wind  is  a  dry  wind;  while  the  east 
wind  is  cold  as  well  as  moist. 

The  rainfall  is  greatest  in  the  south,  and  decreases  as  we  go  north;  it  also 
decreases  from  west  to  east.  The  driest  parts  are  the  Western  Plateau, 
especially  the  Utah  Basin,  which  is  drying  up.  The  elevated  plains  east 
of  the  Rocky  Mountains  are  always  dry.  See  Climate  Map  of  Norih  Amer- 
ica, pp.  84,  85. 

Vegetation. — The  flora  of  North  America  is  very  rich  and  varied. 
In  the  Arctic  regions  we  find  mosses,  lichens,  and  stunted  trees;  in  the 
temperate  regions  there  is  a  greater  variety  of  forest  trees  than  is  to  be 
found  in  the  forest  regions  of  Europe  or  Asia;  while  in  the  tropical  regions 
we  find  palms  and  bamboo.  In  Mexico  the  most  striking  plants  are  the 
cactuses. 

Of  cultivated  plants,  the  North  grows  barley,  oats,  and  excellent  spring 
wheat;  maize — the  only  cultivated  cereal  that  is  indigenous  to  North  Amer- 
ica— grows  in  the  warmer  part  of  Canada  and  in  nearly  all  the  southern 
parts  of  the  continent;  the  sugar  cane,  cotton,  and  tobacco  are  cultivated  in 
the  southern  districts  of  the  United  States^  Rice  is  grown  very  far  south; 
and  subtropical  fruits  (the  orange,  fig,  lemon,  etc.)  flourish  in  the  warm 
southern  regions.     See  Fegetation  Map  of  North  America,  p.  86. 

MiNER.\LS. — North  America  is  unequalled  by  any  continent  in  the  rich- 
ness and  variety  of  its  mineral  products.  Coal  and  iron  are  abundant; 
vvhile  the  precious  metals — gold  and  siber — are  mined  in  very  large  quan- 
tities. The  purest  copper  is  found  in  great  abundance  on  the  north  and  east 
shores  of  Lake  Superior.  Lead  and  quicksilver  are  found  in  many  parts  of 
the  continent;  both  Canada  and  Mexico  produce  tin.  For  fuller  details 
of  the  mineral  wealth  of  the  continent,  see  under  Mexico,  Canada,  and  the 
United  States  respectively.     See  Economic  Map  of  North  America,  p.  87. 

ANIMALS.—North  America  is  as  rich  as  the  Old  World  in  birds,  and 
insects,  but  is  much  poorer  in  mammals.  In  the  north  we  find  the  caribou 
(corresponding  to  the  reindeer  of  Europe),  the  moose,  bear,  beaver,  raccoon, 
seal,  and  many  other  fur-coated  animals.  The  American  bison  or  buffalo, 
which  formerly  roamed  in  large  herds  over  most  of  the  temperate  regions 
of  the  continent,  is  now  extinct  except  for  small  herds  in  Yellowstone  Park 
and  in  captivity.  There  is  only  one  marsupial — the  opossum.  Monkeys 
are  found  only  within  the  tropics.  Among  carnivorous  animals  there  are 
the  cougar  or  mountain  lion,  the  jaguar,  wolf,  fox,  bear,  skunk,  the  pine 
marten  or  American  sable,  the  otter,  and  the  glutton. 

There  are  many  species  of  birds  noted  either  for  their  song  or  for  their 
plumage.  The  humming-bird  is  peculiar  to  America.  The  common  tur- 
key is  also  native  to  America.     The  rattlesnake  is  the  most  dangerous  reptile. 

CHIEF  RAILWAYS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


Atchison,  Topelfa.  and  .Sant.H  F^     . 
Atlanta,  Birmingham,  and  Atlantic 

Atlantic  Coast  Line 

Haltimore  and  Ohio 

BanRof  and  Aroostook    .      ,      ,      .      . 
HuiFalo,  Rochester,  and  Fittslnirgh 

Canadian  Northern         

Canadian  Pacific 

Chesapeake  and  Ohio 

Chicago  and  Alton 

Chicago  and  E,  Illinois         .      .      .      . 
Chicago  and  NorthWestern 
Chicago,  Burlington,  and  Ouincy    , 
Chicago  Great  Western         .      .      .      . 
Chicago,  Indianapolis,  and  Lo'iisville 
Chicago,  Milwaukee,  and  St.  Paul 
Chicago,  Rock  Island,  and  Pacitic 

Colorado  Midland 

Delaware  and  Hudson  .      .      .      . 

Delaware,  Lackawanna,  and  Western 
Denver  and  R:o  Grande        .       .       .       . 
Detroit  and  r.!atl.ina~  .      .      .      . 

Detroit,  Toledo,  and  Ironton 
Dulath.  .South  Shore,  and  Atlantic       '. 
E!?in.  Joilet.  and  Eastern 
El  Paso  and  South  Western 
Eri 


Florida  East  Coast 

Grand  Trunk 

Grand  Trunk  Pacinc       ...'.'.'. 

Great  Northern 

Hocking  Vallev  

Illinois  Central 

Intercolonial  

International  and  Great  Northern 
KansTS  City  Southern     . 

I.ehi-jh  Valley ',      \ 

l^linneapolis  and  i^t.  Louis  .... 

Minneapolis,  St.  Paul,  and  Sault  Ste  Marie 
Missouri,  Kansas,  and  Texas     .... 

Missouri  Pacific 

New  Orleans,  Mobile,  and  Chirairo      .      , 
New  York  Central  and  Hudson  River 


10,668 

642 

11,798 

5,636 

631 

586 

4,553 

13,322 

2,369 

1,033 

1,282 

9,860 

11,222 

1,428 

622 

10,045 

8,331 

338 

881 

959 

3,514 

400 

736 

627 

777 

1,027 

2,398 

720 

4,787 

3,549 

8,060 

352 

8,073 

1.889 

1,160 

827 

1.444 

1,646 

4,103 

3.86s 

7,28s 

403 

13,076 


EXPRESS  CO. 


Wells  Fargo 

Southern 

Southern 

Wells  Eargo 

American 

American 

Canadian  Northern 

Dominion 

Adams 

American;  National 

Wells  Fargo 

American 

Adams 

Wells  Fargo 

American 

Wells  Fargo 

American 

Wells  Eargo 

National 

Adams 

Globe;  Wells  Fargo 

American 

American 

Western 

Wells  Fargo 

Wells  Fargo 

Southern 

Caoadian;  National 

Canadian 

Great  Northern 

Adams 

American 

Canadian;  Dominion 

Wells  Fargo 

Wells  Fargo 

American 

Adams 

Western 

American 

Wells  Fargo 

Southern 

American;  National 


SYSTKM 

MILEAGE 

EXPRESS  CO. 

New  York,  New  Haven,  and  Hartford 

Norfolk  Southern 

6,393 

900 
2,042 
6,461 

401 
11,005 
2.314 
1,992 
5,815 
1. 75  4 

724 

1,132 

3,106 

9,479 

10.369 

556 

1,901 

451 
8,052 

504 
3,032 

661 

Adams;  American 

Northern  Pacific 

Wells  Fargo 

Pennsylvania 

Philadelphia  and  Reading 

St.  Louis  and  San  Francisco 

St.  Louis  Southwestern 

American 

Wells  Fargo;  Southern 

Wells  Fargo 

Wells  Fargo 

American 

San  Antonio  and  Aransas  Pass 

San  Pedro,  Los  Angeles,  and  Salt  Lake 

Southern 

Wells  Fargo 
Northern;  Great  North- 
ern 
Wells  Fargo 
National 

Spokane,  Portland,  and  Seattle 

Texas  and  Pacific 

Toledo,  St.  Louis,  and  Western 

Virginian          

Wabash 

Wells  Fargo 

Western  Maryland             

MEXICO 

The  Aztecs. — Mexico  was  at  one  time  a  great  empire 
ruled  by  the  Aztecs.  This  race  had  attained  a  remarkable 
degree  of  civilization,  and  interesting  remains  of  their  archi- 
tecture are  existent  in  the  teocallis  or  temples,  usually  erected 
in  the  form  of  truncated  pyramids. 

CONQUESTS  BY  THE  SPANIARDS. — Long  before  the  English 
and  the  French  settled  in  the  New  World,  the  empire  of  the 
Aztecs  was  conquered  by  the  Spaniards  (1521).  The  coun- 
try was  called  Nezv  Spain,  and  was  governed  by  a  series  of 
viceroys  possessed  of  almost  absolute  power.  During  the 
three  hundred  years  since  Cortez  had  wrested  the  power 
from  Montezuma,  four  classes  of  people  had  appeared  as 
the  subjects  of  the  Spanish  rulers.  These  were:  (i)  the 
native  Indians;  (2)  the  Creoles,  of  Spanish  descent  but 
Mexican  birth;  (3)  Spaniards  born  in  Europe;  and  (4)  the 
Mestizo  or  half-breeds,  who  were  crosses  between  the  other 
classes  and  the  Indians. 

Independence  of  Mexico. — The  spirit  of  discontent 
engendered  by  the  oppressiveness  of  the  Spanish  rule  mani- 
fested itself  in  open  rebellion  at  the  beginning  of  the  nine- 
teenth century,  and  after  various  attempts  to  overthrow  the 
royalist  government  the  Mexicans  succeeded  in  gaining 
their  independence  in  1821-1822. 

Anarchy  and  Civil  Wars. — The  republican  system  which 
was  founded  on  the  ruins  of  the  viceroyalty  was  more  tur- 
bulent and  unsettled  than  the  government  which  it  replaced. 
The  confederacy  of  states  was  turned  into  a  consolidated 
republic  in  1835,  with  Santa  Anna  as  president  and  virtual 
dictator.  From  then  to  the  present  time,  except  for  the 
brief  rule  of  the  Austrian  archduke  Maximilian  as  emperor 
from  1864  till  his  execution  in  1867,  Mexico  has  had  numer- 
ous dictatorships,  and  has  been  torn  by  civil  strife.  Faction 
wages  war  on  faction;. law  and  order  give  place  to  anarchy 
and  rapine.  Ranches  are  stripped  of  cattle,  farms  are  left 
uncultivated,  graft  and  pillage  are  rampant,  while  starva- 
tion stares  many  in  the  face.  Under  happier  conditions 
Mexico  would  become  one  of  the  most  prosperous  countries 
in  the  Western  Hemisphere.  Its  natural  resources  are  very 
vast.  It  is  a  country  that  could  support  a  large  population 
in  comparative  affluence;  but  a  stable  government  and 
domestic  peace  must  be  established  before  the  potentiali- 
ties of  Mexico  can  be  lifted  into  the  realm  of  reality. 

• 

SYNOPSIS  OF  MEXICO 
(See  Maps,  pp.  89-91) 

The  Republic  of  Mexico  forms  the  southern  extremity  of  North  America 
and  stretches  into  Central  America,  with  an  extensive  seaboard  on  both 
the  Atlantic  and  Pacific  Oceans.  It  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  the  United 
States;  on  the  south  by  Guatemala  and  British  Honduras.  It  comprises 
one  of  the  richest  and  most  varied  zones  in  the  world,  but  from  various 


334 


GEOGRAPHICAL  MANUAL  AND  NEW  ATLAS 


causes  its  resources  have  never  been  fairly  developed.  Mexico  comprises 
twenty-seven  states,  three  territories,  and  a  Federal  district,  making  in  all 
thirty-one  divisions,  with  an  area  of  768,883  square  miles  and  a  population 
of  15,063,000. 

Build. — ^The  surface  consists  of  an  elevated  plateau,  commencing  at 
a  few  miles  from  the  coast,  and  containing  several  volcanic  summits,  the 
highest  of  which  are  Ixtaccihuatl  {\y,^j()  feet)  and  Popocatepetl,  (19,784  feet). 

Climate. — Three  climate  zones  may  be  distinguished.  On  the  coasts 
{tierra  caliente)  a  tropical  climate  prevails,  with  frequent  hurricanes  and 
earthquakes;  the  lower  plateaus  on  the  east  and  west  (tierra  templada) 
enjoy  a  temperate  climate;  the  more  elevated  table-lands  (tierra  fria)  are 
cold,  while  the  loftiest  summits  are  covered  with  snow  all  the  year  round. 
The  rainy  season  lasts  from  May  to  October;  at  Vera  Cruz  the  rainfall  is 
186  inches  per  annum,  and  at  Mexico  City  25  inches.  The  mean  tempera- 
ture of  Vera  Cruz  is  7i.6°F.  in  January  and  8i.5°F.  in  July;  and  of  Mexico 
City  53.6°^  and  65.3°F. 

Natural  Productions. — The  chief  crops  are  maize,  wheat,  barley, 
Chile  pepper,  sugar,  coffee,  cotton,  tobacco,  vanilla,  flax,  grapes,  and 
all  kinds  of  tropical  fruit.  The  maguey,  or  Mexican  aloe,  yields  a  favourite 
beverage  called  "pulque";  other  species  of  the  same  plant  supply  pita-flax 
and  sisal-hemp  (henequen).  The  forests  abound  in  mahogany,  rosewood, 
ebony,  and  caoutchouc  trees.  The  mineral  wealth  is  very  great;  silver 
and  gold,  copper,  lead,  and  quicksilver,  iron  and  coal,  are  the  leading  products 
of  the  mines.  Me.xico  is  one  of  the  two  largest  silver-producing  countries 
vf  the  world. 

Industries. — The  industries  comprise  mining  and  smelting  of  silver 
and  other  metals,  cotton  and  woollen  spinning  and  weaving,  agriculture, 
and  stock  raising.  There  is  a  large  output  of  sugar  and  molasses,  and  an 
increasing  supply  of  petroleum  is  produced.  The  chief  trade  is  with  the 
United  States;  next  come  Great  Britain,  France,  Germany,  Spain,  and 
Belgium. 

CHIEF  CITIES  OF  MEXICO 


CITY 

POP.  IN 
THOUSANDS 

STATE 

45 

40 
32 

"! 

471 
74 
40 
38 
35 

96 

33 

i\ 

26 

Le6n           

Vera  Cruz 

Puebia 

Vera  Cruz 

Vera  Cruz 

^Capital  of  state. 

Capital. — Mexico  City.     Population,  471,000. 

Chief  Ports. — Acapulco,  Mazatlan,  Salina  Cruz,  Guaymas  on  the 
Pacific;  and  Vera  Cruz,  Tampico,  Progreso,  and  Coatzacoalcos  or  Puerto 
Mexico  on  the  Atlantic  or  Gulf  of  Mexico. 

Chief  Exports. — Silver  and  gold  (about  45  per  cent.);  sisal-hemp,  coffee, 
timber,  logwood,  hides  and  skins,  vanilla,  sugar,  tobacco,  dyestuffs,  and  drugs. 

Chief  Imports. — Textiles,  machinery,  chemicals,  arms  and  ammunition, 
carriages,  etc. 

Communications. — The  railways  have  been  built  in  a  large  measure  by 
American  and  English  companies.  There  are  about  16,000  miles  of  railway 
opened.  There  are  about  60,000  miles  of  Federal  telegraph  lines,  and  5,000 
miles  belonging  to  individual  states  and  private  persons.  There  are  also 
30,000  miles  of  Federal  telephone  wire. 

Coinage. — The  unit  is  the  peso  or  silver  dollar,  nominally  worth  ^i  but 
actually  about  50  cents.  The  finances  are  at  present  in  a  chaotic  condition 
owing  to  the  prolonged  civil  hostilities  which  have  occupied  the  various 
factions  during  recent  years. 

Government. — ^Theoretically  Mexico  is  a  republic  with  a  constitution 
modelled  on  that  of  the  United  States,  with  a  president  elected  for  six 
years,  a  Senate,  and  a  House  of  Representatives;  but  in  practice,  notwith- 
standing the  democratic  forms,  Mexico  has  been  ruled  for  the  last  thirty 
years  or  more  by  the  simpler  method  of  ignoring  the  constitution  altogether. 
Thirty-eight  per  cent  of  the  population  are  pure-blooded  Indians  and  43 
per  cent  of  mixed  Indian  and  European  blood — a  fact  which  militates 
against  the  success  of  popular  government. 

CANADA 

First  French,  Then  English. — Canada  was  originally 
discovered  by  Cabot  in  1497,  but  its  history  dates  only  from 
1534,  when  the  French  took  possession  of  the  country. 
The  first  settlement  (Quebec)  was  founded  by  them  in  1608. 
Quebec  succumbed  to  the  British  forces  under  General  Wolfe 
in  1759,  and  four  years  later  the  whole  territory  of  Canada 
became  a  possession  of  Great  Britain  by  the  trieaty  of 
Paris  (1763).  By  the  treaty  of  Utrecht  in  1713,  Hudson 
Bay,  Nova  Scotia,  and  Newfoundland  were  ceded  to  Great 


Britain,  the  provinces  of  New  Brunswick  and  Prince  Edward 
Island  being  subsequently  formed  out  of  it.  Upon  this 
Gallic  foundation  the  English  system  of  government  was 
laid;  and  the  strength  of  that  system  is  shown  in  the  fact 
that  British  institutions  have  been  planted  and  assimilated 
alike  in  old  French  Canada  and  in  those  parts  subsequently 
colonized  by  Great  Britain  herself. 

British  Columbia  was  formed  into  a  crown  colony  in  1858, 
having  previously  been  a  part  of  the  Hudson  Bay  Territory, 
and  was  united  to  Vancouver  Island  in  1866.  By  the  Brit- 
ish North  America  Act,  passed  in  1867,  all  of  the  British 
continental  provinces  were  united  under  the  title  of  The 
Dominion  of  Canada,  and  provision  was  made  in  the  Act 
for  the  admission  at  any  subsequent  period  of  the  other 
provinces  and  territories  of  British  North  America. 

Constitution  of  Canada  and  United  States  Con- 
trasted.— A  very  great  difference  between  our  Constitu- 
tion and  that  of  Canada,  writes  Ex-President  W.  H.  Taft, 
is  that,  while  the  guaranties  of  civil  liberty  in  our  own 
Constitution  are  all  express,  as  insisted  on  by  Jefferson  and 
Madison,  though  not  thought  necessary  by  Hamilton,  they 
find  such  sanction  as  they  have  in  the  unwritten  British 
Constitution,  and  are  left  not  to  the  courts,  but  to  the  pro- 
tection of  an  executive  veto  of  provincial  or  dominion  legis- 
lation. This  really  gives'  an  opportunity  for  much  more 
radical  legislation  in  Canada  with  reference  to  vested  rights 
than  we  have  in  this  country.  This  may  not  be  so  important 
now  as  it  will  be  later,  when  a  revulsion  against  the  danger 
of  corporate  political  control  and  a  plutocracy,  which  is 
likely  to  threaten  Canada  in  the  future,  shall  give  rise  to 
not  only  needed  regulation  and  restriction,  but  also  to  such 
excessive  and  indiscriminate  attack  upon  capital  invest- 
ment such  as  we  have  seen  in  some  parts  of  this  country.' 

SYNOPSIS  OF  CANADA 

The  Dominion  of  Canada  occupies  the  whole  of  the  northern  part  of 
the  North  American  continent  (with  the  exception  of  Alaska  and  part  of 
the  coast  of  Labrador),  from  49°  north  latitude  to  the  Arctic  seas,  and  from 
the  Pacific  to  the  Atlantic. 

Climate. — ^The  climate  in  the  eastern  and  central  portions  of  the  Domin- 
ion presents  greater  extremes  of  cold  and  heat  than  in  corresponding  lati- 
tudes in  Europe;  but  in  the  southwestern  portion  of  the  prairie  region  and 
the  southern  portions  of  the  Pacific  slope  the  climate  is  milder.  Spring, 
summer,  and  autumn  are  of  about  seven  to  eight  months'  duration, 
and  the  winter  four  to  five  months.  The  mean  temperature  of  Montreal 
is  I7.6°F.  in  winter  and  69.8°F.  in  summer.  The  mildest  climate  is  en- 
joyed by  British  Columbia,  with  extremes  of  28.4°F.  and  77°F. 

POLITICAL  divisions  OF  CANADA 


Ontario 

Quebec 

Nova  Scotia 
New  Brunswick 
Prince  Edward  Island 
Britlsh  Columbia     . 
Manitoba  .      . 

Alberta    

Saskatchewan     . 

Yukon 

Northwest  Territories 

Totals         .      .      . 


area 

POPULATION 

(sq.  miles) 

(19II) 

407,262 

2,523,274 

706,834 

2,003,232 

21,428 

492,338 

27,985 

351,889 

2,184 

93,728 

355,85s 

392,480 

251.832 

455,614 

255,285 

374,663 

251,700 

492,432 

207,076 

8.512 

1,242,224 

13,481 

3,729,66s 

7,206,643 

Toronto 

Quebec 

Halifax 

Fredericton 

Charlottetown 

Victoria 

Winnipeg 

Edmonton 

Regina 

Dawson 


Capital  of  the  Dominion, — Ottawa.     Population,  86,062. 

Government. — Canada  is  a  self-governing  Dominion  within  the  British 
Empire,  its  constitution  resting  on  the  British  North  America  Act  of  1867, 
under  which  the  Dominion  of  Canada  came  into  being  on  July  I,  1867 
(Dominion  Day).  The  Executive  power  is  vested  in  a  Governor-General 
appointed  by  the  Sovereign  and  aided  by  a  Privy  Council. 

The  Dominion  Parliament  consists  of  a  Senate  and  a  House  of  Commons. 
The  Senate  consists  of  87  members,  nominated  for  life  by  the  Governor- 
General,  distributed  between  the  various  provinces  thus:  24  for  Ontario, 
24  for  Quebec,  10  for  Nova  Scotia,  10  for  New  Brunswick,  4  for  Prince 
Edward  Island,  3  for  British  Columbia,  4  for  Manitoba,  4  for  Alberta,  and 
4  for  Saskatchewan.  The  House  of  Commons  is  chosen  every  five  years  at 
longest,  and  at  present  consists  of  221  members.  The  Houses  of  Parlia- 
ment were  destroyed  by  fire  in  1915,  the  new  buildings  being  started  the 
following  year. 

Production  and  Industry. — In  the  whole  of  Canada  more  than  35,000,000 


IW.  H.  Taft,  in  the  National  Geographic  Magazine  (March,  1916). 


GEOGRAPHICAL  MANUAL  AND  NEW  ATLAS 


335 


acres  are  sown  to  field  crops  (wheat,  oats,  barley,  and  other  grain,  hay, 
clover,  potatoes,  and  other  roots,  fodder  corn,  and  alfalfa).  A  consider- 
able number  of  horses,  cattle,  sheep,  and  pigs  are  raised.  According  to 
the  census  of  191 1  there  were  3,628  butter  and  cheese  factories  and  5  fac- 
tories for  preserved  milk  and  cream,  the  total  value  of  all  dairy  products 
being  about  $40,000,000.  The  fisheries  are  an  important  source  of  wealth 
and  include  salmon,  cod,  herrings,  mackerel,  and  lobsters.  The  lumber 
trade  is  very  considerable,  and  includes  lath,  shingles,  cross  ties,  telegraph 
and  telephone  poles,  besides  wood  used  in  the  pulp  industry. 

The  chief  minerals  produced  are  gold,  silver,  copper,  nickel,  lead,  iron, 
coal,  Portland  cement,  asbestos  and  asbestic,  petroleum,  natural  gas,  clay 
products,  and  stones. 

The  industrial  establishments  of  all  kinds  number  about  20,000,  employ- 
ing more  than  515,000  persons.     For  distribution  of  these,  see  below 

CHIEF  CITIES  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  CANADA 


pop.  in 

CITY   OR   TOWN 

THOUSANDS 

PROVINCE 

PRINCIPAL  INDUSTRIES 

Br.a^ndon 

IS 

Manitoba 

Ale,    pumps,    machinery. 
(Wheat  shipping.) 

Calgary 

56 

Alberta 

(Important  railroad  and  trade 
centre.) 

Charlotteto  W  N 

II 

P.  E.  Island 

Pork-packing,  condensed  milk, 
lumber. 

Dawson  City     .     . 

3 

Yukon 

Mining, 

Edmonton     .      .      . 

54 

Alberta 

(Railroad,  banking,  outfitting 
centre.) 

Fredericton      .     . 

7 

New  Brunswick 

Lumber,  boat  factories. 

Glace  Bay    .      .     . 

17 

Nova  Scotia 

Fishing,  machine  works. 

Halifax  .... 

47 

Nova  Scotia 

Iron  and  steel,  paper,  leather, 
sugar,  shipbuilding,  Rshing. 

Hamilton 

loi 

Ontario 

Iron  and  tool  works,  cotton, 
tobacco. 

Hull 

20 

Quebec 

Pulp  and  paper  mills,  lumber. 

Lethbridge  .     . 

9 

Alberta 

Coal  mining,  live  stock,  sugar 
beets,  wool. 

London    .... 

56 

Ontario 

Chemical  works,  petroleum, 
iron  foundries.  (Sulphur 
springs.) 

MONCTON 

II 

New  Brunswick. 

Car  and  machine  shops,  wire 
fence. 

Montreal     .      .     . 

650 

Quebec 

Woollen  and  cotton  goods, 
breweries,  boots  and  shoes, 
clothing,  sugar. 

MOOSEJAW       . 

17 

Saskatchewan 

Flour,  stock-yards. 

New    Westminster 

17 

British  Columbia 

Fish  canneries,  saw  mills, 
iron  works. 

Ottawa    .... 

102 

Ontario 

Glass,  potteries,  organs  and 
pianos. 

Prince  Albert  . 

10 

Saskatchewan 

Lumber,  flour. 

Quebec 

100 

Quebec 

Iron,  leather,  cotton. 

Recina     .... 

26 

Saskatchewan 

(Railroad  and  trade  centre.) 

St.  John  .... 

42 

New  Brunswick 

Fisheries,  saw  mills,  boots  and 
shoes,  cotton  and  woollen 
goods,  engines. 

Saskatoon     .      .      . 

21 

Saskatchewan 

Brick  works,  wood-working. 

Sydney    .... 

18 

Nova  Scotia 

Steel  works,  coal  mining,  iron 
furnaces. 

Toronto        .      .     . 

470 

Ontario 

Tanneries,  canning  and  pack- 
ing, foundries,  breweries, 
distilling. 

Vancouver   . 

114 

British  Columbia 

Shipbuilding,  canneries,  coop- 
erages, furniture,  sugar  re- 
fineries, glass. 

Victoria        .     .     . 

60 

British  Columbia 

Fish  canneries,  shipbuilding, 
saw-mills,  iron,  chemical 
works. 

Winnipeg      .      .     . 

163 

Manitoba 

(Important  railroad  centre; 
large  grain  market.) 

Commerce. — The  external  trade  of  Canada  is  chiefly  with  the  following 
countries:  British  Empire,  United  States,  Argentina,  France,  Germany, 
Italy,  Japan,  Mexico,  Netherlands,  China,  Belgium,  Switzerland,  Dutch 
East  Indies,  Cuba,  Russia,  Spain,  and  Austria-Hungary. 

Chief  Imports. — Raw  wool  and  cotton,  cotton  and  woollen  manufac- 
tures, silk  and  manufactures;  iron,  steel  and  manufactures,  coal  and  coke, 
breadstufFs,  tea,  provisions,  fruits  and  nuts;  flax,  hemp,  jute  and  manu- 
factures, timber,  spirits  and  wines,  glass  and  manufactures,  oils,  paper, 
leather  and  manufactures,  furs  and  manufactures,  drugs  and  chemicals, 
tobacco,  and  books. 

Chief  Exports.— Wheat,  manufactures  of  wood,  wheat  flour,  bacon, 
cheese,  cattle,  sheep,  eggs,  butter,  oats,  hay,  beef,  fruits,  salmon,  codfish, 
lobsters,  coal,  gold-bearing  quartz,  copper,  silver,  leather  manufactures, 
hides  and  skins,  iron  and  manufactures,  agricultural  implements,  paper, 
and  foreign  produce. 

Communications. — ^There  are  more  than  30,000  miles  of  railway;  10,500 
miles  of  government  telegraph  lines,  and  38,500  miles  operated  by  chartered 
telegraph  companies.  There  are  about  ij  million  miles  of  telephone  wire 
in  use  throughout  the  Dominion.     See  Table  of  Railways,  p.  333. 

NEWFOUNE)LAND 

(See  Map,  p.  97) 

Newfoundland  is  the  oldest  British  colony;  it  was  discovered  by  Cabot 
in  1497,  the  first  land  sighted  being  hailed  as  Prima  Vista — the  present  Cape 
Bonavista.  Exclusive  sovereignty  was  ceded  by  France  in  1713  by  the  treaty 
of  Utrecht.  The  island  is  situated  on  the  northeast  side  of  the  Gulf  of  St. 
Lawrence,  and  is  separated  from  the  North  American  continent  by  the 
Strait  of  Belle  Isle.  The  island  is  about  317  miles  long  and  3 16  miles  broad; 
area,  42,750  square  miles;  population,  239,000.  The  chief  capes  are:  Cape 
Bauld  on  the  north.  Cape  Race  on  the  southeast,  and  Cape  Ray  on  the  south- 
west. The  coast  is  extremely  rugged,  and  the  coastal  regions  are  mountain- 
ous. The  climate  is  healthy,  the  thermometer  seldom  falling  below  zero  in 
winter,  and  ranging  in  summer  from  70°  to  8o°F. 

Industries. — The  principal  industries  are  the  cod,  herring,  and  seal 
fisheries,  and  the  manufacture  of  cod-liver  oil.  Agriculture,  mining,  and 
lumbering  are  also  engaged  in.  Large  pulp  and  paper  mills  are  in  opera- 
tion. There  are  830  miles  of  railway,  4,3CX)  miles  of  telegraph  lines,  and  900 
miles  of  telephone  wire. 

Government. — The  colony  is  administered  by  a  Governor,  assisted  by 
an  Executive  Council  (not  exceeding  nine  members),  a  Legislative  Council 
(not  exceeding  24  members),  and  an  elected  House  of  Assembly  consisting 
of  36  representatives.  Members  of  the  Legislative  Council  receive  $120 
per  session;  members  of  the  Legislative  Assembly  receive  $200  or  $300  per 
session,  according  as  they  are  resident  or  not  in  St.  John's. 

Si.  John's  (population,  32,000)  is  the  capital.  Other  towns  are  Harbour 
Grace  (4,500),  Carbonear  (3,500),  Twillingate  (3,350),  and  Bonavista 
(3,900). 

LABRADOR 
(See  Map,  p.  98) 

Labrador  is.a  dependency  of  Newfoundlandrand  forms  the  most  easterly 
part  of  America;  it  extends  from  Cape  Chidley  on  the  north  to  Blanc  Sablon 
on  the  south,  being  a  coastal  strip  along  the  west  of  the  Labrador  peninsula, 
bounded  on  the  west  by  the  province  of  Quebec,  Its  area  is  120,000  square 
miles;  population,  4,000.  It  possesses  valuable  cod,  herring,  trout,  and 
salmon  fisheries. 


THE  UNITED  STATES  OF  AMERICA 

(See  Maps,  pp.  130-133) 


Early  Colonization. — Had  it  not  have  been  for  the 
wide  expanse  of  water  dividing  the  American  continent  from 
Asia,  it  is  probable  that  the  early  European  visitors  would 
have  found  the  land  teeming  with  Asiatics.  Although  Co- 
lumbus discovered  the  new  continent  in  the  fifteenth  cen- 
tury, no  definite  European  settlement  was  attempted  until 
the  last  quarter  of  the  sixteenth  century  when  determined 
efforts  were  made  by  the  leading  maritime  powers  of  Western 
Europe  to  turn  to  account  the  potential  wealth  of  the  newly 
discovered  land.  Of  these  enterprising  nations,  the  Eng- 
lish secured  a  paramount  influence,  through  their  natural 
aptitude  for  colonization.  Jamestown  was  founded  in  1607, 
and  many  royalist  settlements  were  established  in  the  dis- 
trict which  had  been  named  Virginia,  after  Queen  Elizabeth. 
Step  by  step  with  the  church  and  royalist  foundations  in 
the  south  a  corresponding  series  of  Puritan  and  Separatist 
centres  was  established  in  the  north.  The  small  band  of 
Pilgrim  Fathers,  who  Janded  at  Plymouth  Rock  in  1620, 
was  soon  followed  by  a  stream  of  God-fearing  and  deter- 
mined settlers,  chiefly  from  towns  on  the  east  coast  of  Eng- 


land, and  New  England  became  rapidly  prosperous.  Be- 
tween these  two  settlements  the  Dutch  had  established 
themselves  in  New  Netherlands  (1621),  and  the  Swedes  in 
New  Sweden  (1638),  other  English  foundations  were  Mary- 
land (1632),  Carolina  (1663),  New  York  (1664),  New  Jersey 
(1665),  and  Pennsylvania  (1681).  From  that  date  European 
enterprise  may  be  said  to  have  ceased  for  half  a  century, 
and  Georgia  (173  2)  was  the  last  of  the  English  settlements. 

Declaration  of  Independence. — "Taxation  without 
representation"  had  long  been  the  keynote  of  the  English 
constitution;  and  when  the  traditional  rights  of  the  English 
colonists  were  rudely  trampled  upon  by  an  autocratic  min- 
istry and  a  callous  German  king,  the  colonists  as  a  last 
resource  revolted  and  proclaimed  their  independence  (July 
4,  1776).  For  seven  years  the  conflict  raged,  but  in  1783 
by  the  treaty  of  Paris  the  independence  of  the  United 
States  was  recognized  by  Great  Britain. 

The  War  of  Independence  was  not  merely  a  victory  for 
American  arms,  but  it  was  a  still  greater  victory  for  the 
deep-rooted  ideals  of  democracy  which  were  sacred  to  the 


336 


GEOGRAPHICAL  MANUAL  AND  NEW  ATLAS 


British  people  on  both  sides  of  the  Atlantic.  From  this 
beginning  the  United  States  has  grown  from  thirteen  states 
to  its  present  colossal  size;  while  its  importance  as  a  world 
power  has  kept  pace  with  its  territorial  growth.  Since  the 
War  of  1812 — a  war  arising  out  of  the  hostilities  between 
Britain  and  France,  owing  mainly  to  the  rival  interpretation 
of  the  law  of  allegiance  in  connection  with  the  impress- 
ment of  British  subjects  from  American  ships — the  two 
nations  have  lived  at  peace;  and  it  is  a  remarkable  fact  that 
along  the  wide  frontier  between  the  United  States  and  the 
British  Dominion  of  Canada  there  is  not  a  single  threatening 
gun  on  either  side  of  the  border. 

Western  Migration. — Until  the  Union  was  formed 
and  we  had  consciously  set  out  upon  a  separate  national 
career,  we  moved  but  timidly  across  the  nearer  hills.  Our 
most  remote  settlements  lay  upon  the  rivers  and  in  the  open 
glades  of  Tennessee  and  Kentucky.  It  was  in  the  years 
that  immediately  succeeded  the  war  of  181 2  that  the  move- 
ment into  the  West  began  to  be  a  mighty  migration.  Till 
then  our  eyes  had  been  more  often  in  the  East  than  in  the 
West.  Not  only  were  foreign  questions  to  be  settled  and  our 
standing  among  the  nations  to  be  made  good,  but  we  still 
remained  acutely  conscious  and  deliberately  conservative 
of  our  Old-World  connections.  For  all  we  were  so  new  a 
people  and  lived  so  simple  and  separate  a  life,  we  had  still 
the  sobriety  and  the  circumspect  fashions  of  action  that 
belong  to  an  old  society.  We  were,  in  government  and 
manners,  but  a  disconnected  part  of  the  world  beyond  the 
seas.  Its  thought  and  habit  still  set  us  our  standards  of 
speech  and  action.  And  this,  not  because  of  imitation, 
but  because  of  actual  and  long-abiding  political  and  social 
connection  with  the  mother  country.     .     .     . 

Since  the  war  of  181 2,  undertaken  as  if  to  set  us  free  to 
move  westward,  seven  States  had  been  admitted  to  the 
Union:  and  the  whole  number  of  States  was  advanced  to 
twenty-four.  Eleven  new  States  had  come  into  partnership 
with  the  old  thirteen.  The  voice  of  the  West  rang  through 
all  our  counsels;  and,  in  Jackson,  the  new  partners  took 
possession  of  the  Government.  It  is  worth  while  to  re- 
member how  men  stood  amazed  at  the  change:  how  startled, 
chagrined,  dismayed  the  conservative  States  of  the  East 
were  at  the  revolution  they  saw  effected,  the  riot  of  change 
they  saw  set  in;  and  no  man  who  has  once  read  the  singular 
story  can  forget  how  the  eight  years  Jackson  reigned  saw  the 
Government,  and  politics  themselves,  transformed.  For 
long,  the  story  being  written  in  the  regions  where  the  shock 
and  surprise  of  the  change  was  greatest — the  period  of 
this  momentous  revolution  was  spoken  of  amongst  us  as  a 
period  of  degeneration,  the  birth-time  of  a  deep  and  perman- 
ent demoralization  in  our  politics.  But  we  see  it  differently 
now.  Wtiether  we  have  any  taste  or  stomach  for  that 
rough  age  or  not,  however  much  we  may  wish  that  the  old 
order  might  have  stood,  the  generation  of  Madison  and 
Adams  has  been  prolonged,  and  the  good  tradition  of  the 
early  days  handed  on  unbroken  and  unsullied,  we  now  know 
that  what  the  nation  underwent  in  that  day  of  change  was 
not  degeneration,  great  and  perilous  as  were  the  errors  of 
the  time,  but  regeneration.  The  old  order  was  changed, 
once  and  for  all.  A  new  nation  stepped,  with  a  touch  of 
swagger,  upon  the  stage — a  nation  which  had  broken  alike 
with  the  traditions  and  with  the  wisely  wrought  experience 
of  the  Old  World,  and  which,  with  all  the  haste  and  rash- 
ness of  youth,  was  minded  to  work  out  a  separate  policy 
and  destiny  of  its  own.     .     .     . 

It  was  then  we  swung  out  into  the  main  paths  of  our 
history.  The  new  voices  that  called  us  were  first  silvery, 
like  the  voice  of  Henry  Clay,  and  spoke  old  familiar  words 
of  eloquence.  The  first  spokesmen  of  the  West  even  tried 
to  con  the  classics,  and  spoke  incongruously  in  the  phrases 
of  politics  long  dead  and  gone  to  dust,  as  Benton  did.  But 
presently  the  tone  changed,  and  it  was  the  truculent  and 
masterful  accents  of  the  real  frontiersman  that  rang  dominant 
above  the  rest,  harsh,  impatient,  and  with  an  evident  dash 
of  temper.*  The  East  slowly  accustomed  itself  to  the  change; 
caught  the  movement,  though  it  grumbled  and  even  trembled 


at  the  pace;  and  managed  most  of  the  time  to  keep  in  the 
running.  But  it  was  always  henceforth  to  be  the  West  that 
set  the  pace.i 

Binding  of  East  and  West. — And  so,  upon  every  hand 
and  throughout  every  national  question,  was  the  commerce 
between  East  and  West  made  up:  that  commerce  and  ex- 
change of  ideas,  inclinations,  purposes,  and  principles  which 
has  constituted  the  moving  force  of  our  lives  as  a  nation. 
Men  illustrate  the  operation  of  these  singular  forces  better 
than  questions  can:  and  no  man  illustrates  it  better  thaft 
Abraham  Lincoln. 

"Great  captains  with  their  guns  and  drums 
Disturb  our  judgment  for  the  hour; 
But  at  last  silence  comes: 
These  are  all  gone,  and,  standing  like  a  tower, 
Our  children  shall  behold  his  fame, 
The  kindly-earnest,  brave,  foreseeing  man, 
Sagacious,  patient,  dreading  praise  not  blame, 
New  birth  of  our  new  soil,  the  first  American." 

This,  surely,  is  the  moral  of  our  history.  The  East  has 
spent  and  has  been  spent  for  the  West;  has  given  forth  her 
energy,  her  young  men  and  her  substance,  for  the  new  regions 
that  have  been  a-making  all  the  century  through.  But  has 
she  learned  as  much  as  she  has  taught,  or  taken  as  much 
as  she  has  given  ?  Look  what  it  is  that  has  now  at  last  taken 
place.  The  westward  march  has  stopped,  upon  the  final 
slopes  of  the  Pacific;  and  now  the  plot  thickens.  Popula- 
tions turn  upon  their  old  paths;  fill  in  the  spaces  they  passed 
by  neglected  in  their  first  journey  in  search  of  a  land  of 
promise;  settle  to  a  life  such  as  the  East  knows  as  well  as  the 
West — nay,  much  better.  With  the  change,  the  pause, 
the  settlement,  our  people  draw  into  closer  groups,  stand 
face  to  face,  to  know  each  other  and  be  known:  and  the  time 
has  come  for  the  East  to  learn  in  her  turn;  to  broaden  her 
understanding  of  political  and  economic  conditions  to  the 
scale  of  a  hemisphere,  as  her  own  poet  bade.  Let  us  be  sure 
that  we  get  the  national  temperament;  send  our  minds 
abroad  upon  the  continent,  become  neighbours  to  all  the 
people  that  live  upon  it,  and  lovers  of  them  all,  as  Lincoln 
was.i 

SYNOPSIS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES 
(See  Maps,  pp.  129-237) 

The  United  States  of  America  is  a  Federal  Republic  consisting  of  48 
States  and  one  Federal  District  (of  which  13  are  Original  States,  7  were 
admitted  without  previous  organization  as  Territories,  and  28  were  admitted 
after  such  organization),  and  of  two  organized  Territories  (Alaska  and 
Hawaii)  and  dependencies. 

THE  UNITED  STATES  OF  AMERICA 
Area,  Population,  etc.,  of  States,  Territories,  and  Possessions 


DIVISION  AND  STATE 


New  England 

Maine        .... 

New  Hampshire  . 

Vermont    .... 

Massachusetts 

Rhode  Island 

Connecticut    . 
Middle  Atlantic 

New  York 

New  Jersey 

Pennsylvania 
Ea.st  North  Central 

Ohio 

Indiana      .... 

IHinois        .... 

Michigan  .... 

Wisconsin 
West  North  Central 

Minnesota 

Iowa  .... 

Missouri    .... 

North  Dakota      . 

South  Dakota 

Nebraska 

Kansas      .... 
South  Atlantic 

Delaware  .... 

Maryland  > 

District  0/  Columbia  . 

Virginia     .... 

West  Virginia 

North  Carolina    . 

South  Carolina    . 

Georgia      .... 

Florida      .... 
East  South  Central 

Kentucky 

Tennessee 

Alabama    .... 

Mississippi 


DATE  OF 

area 

ADMISSION 

(sq.  miles) 

1820 

33,040 

1776* 

9,341 

I79I 

9,564 

1776* 

8,266 

1776* 

1,248 

1776' 

4,96s 

1776* 

49,204 

1776* 

8,224 

1776* 

45,126 

1803 

41,040 

1816 

36,354 

iSiB 

S6,66s 

1837 

57,980 

1848 

56,066 

I8j8 

^4,682 

1846 

56,147 

1821 

69,420 

1889 

70,837 

1889 

77,615 

1867 

77,520 

1861 

82,158 

1776* 

2,370 

1776* 

12,327 

70 

1776* 

42,627 

1861 

24,170 

1776* 

52,426 

1776* 

30,989 

1776* 

59,265 

1845 

58,666  1 

1792 

40,598 

1796 

42,022 

1819 

51.998 

1817 

46,86s 

POPULATION 

IN   1910 


724,371 
430,572 
355,956 

3,366,416 
542,610 

1,114,756 

9.II3.614 

2,537,167 
7,665,111 

4,767,121 
2,700,876 
5.638,591 
2,810,173 
2,333.860 

2,075,708 
2,224,771 
3,293.335 
577.056 
583,888 
1,192,214 
1.690,949 

202,322 
1,295.346 

331.069 
2,061.612 
1,221,119 
2,206,287 
1.515,4.00 
2.609,121 

752,619 

2,289,905 
2,184,789 
2,138,093 

1. 797.1 14 


Augusta 
Concord 
Montpelier 

Boston 

Providence 

Hartford 

Albany 
Trenton 
Harrisburg 

Columbus 
Indianapolis 

Sprinefield 

Lansing 

Madison 

St.  Paul 

Des  Moines    . 

JeftVrson  City 

Bismarck 

Pierre 

Lincoln 

Topeka 

Dover 
Annapolis 

Richmond 
Charleston 
Raleigh 

Columbia 

Atlanta 

Tallahassee 

Frankfort 
Nashville 
Montgomery 
Jackson 


iWoodrow  Wilson,  "Mere  Literature  and  other  Essays"  (1896). 


GEOGRAPHICAL  MANUAL  AND  NEW  ATLAS 


337 


THE  UNITED  STATES  OF  AMERICA— Ctm/wa^-i 
Area,  Population,  etc.,  of  States,  Territories,  and  Possessions 


DIVI.SION    AND    STATE 

DATE  OP 
ADMISSION 

AREA 

(sq.  miles) 

POPULATION 
IN    1910 

CAPITAL 

West  South  Central 

Arkansas         

Louisiana 

Oklahoma 

Texas  

Mountain 

Montana         

Idaho  

Wyoming 

Colorado         

New  Mexico         

Arizona 

Utah 

Nevada     

Pacific 

Washington 

Oregon 

California 

1836 
I8l2 

1907 

■  845 

1889 
1890 
1890 
1876 
1912 
1912 
1896 
1864 

1889 
1859 
1850 

53,335 

48,506 

70,057 

265,896 

146,997 
83,889 
97,914 
103,948 
122,634 
113,956 
84,990 
110,690 

69,127 
96,699 
•58,297 

1,574,449 
1,656,388 
1,657,155 
3,896,542 

376,053 
325,594 
145,965 
799,024 
327,301 
204,354 
373,351 
81,875 

1,141,990 

672,765 

2,377,549 

Little  Rock 
Baton  Rouge 
Oklahoma  City 
Austin 

Helena 

Boise 

Cheyenne 

Denver 

Santa  Fe 

Phoenix 

Salt   Lake  City 

Carson  City 

Olympia 

Salem 

Sacramento 

Totals 

3,026,789t 

590,884 

6,449 

115.026 

3,435 

142 

210 

77 

436 

91,972,266 

64,356 

191,909 

7,635,426 

1,118,012 

32,786 

11,760 

6,668 

56,000 

TERRITORIES  AND  POSSESSIONS 

Alaska        

Hawaiian  Islands       .... 
Philippine  Islands      .... 

Porto  Rico 

Virgin  Islands 

Guam 

lutuila  (American  Samoa) 
Panama  Canal  Zone 

ACQUIRED 

1867 
1898 
1899 
1899 
I917 
1899 
1900 
1904 

Juneau 
Honolulu 
Manila 
San  Juan 

Agaiia 
Pagopago 

3,743,448 

101,089,183 

PARK 

location 

AREA 

(acres) 

Casa  Grande  Ruin 

Crater  Lake  National  Park    .      '.      . 
General  Grant  National  Park      .      ,      .      . 
Glacier  National  Park 

Hawaii  National  Park 

Hot  Springs  Reservation     .....[ 
Lassen  Volcanic  National  Park    .... 
Mesa  Verde  National  Park      ... 
Mount  Rainier  National  Park      .      .      .      '. 

Platt  National  Park 

Rocky  Mountain  National  Park 

Sequoia  National  Park 

Sullys  Hill  Park 

Wind  Cave  National  Park  .... 

Yellowstone  National  Park 

VosBMiTE  National  Park 

Arizona 

Oregon          

California 

Montana 

Territory  of  Hawaii     . 

Arkansas 

California 

Colorado 

Washington        .... 
Sulphur,  Oiclahoma      . 

Colorado 

California 

North  Dakota 
South  Dakota  .... 
Wyoming,  Montana,  Idaho 
California 

480 

159,360 

2,536 

915,000 

QIl 

82,880 

42,376 

207,360 

848 

22Q,O0( 

161,597 

780 

10,522 

2,142,720 

719,622 

Agricultural  Products. — The  soil  and  climate  of  the  United  States 
are  so  varied  that  all  grains,  fruits,  and  vegetables  known  to  the  temperate 
zone,  as  well  as  some  found  in  the  semi-tropics,  can  be  abundantly  pro- 
duced. Every  stage  of  agriculture  is  represented,  from  the  clearing  of 
primeval  forest  to  tillage  and  horticulture  of  the  most  advanced  and  scien- 
tific kind. 

AGRICULTURAL  PRODUCTS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES 
(See  Map,  p.  87) 


Barley. 
Cotton 

Flax 

Fruit  . 
Hemp  . 
Hops  . 
Maize 

Oats 


Potatoes  . 
Rice      .      . 

RVE  .  . 
Sugar  Cane 
Tobacco     . 


Vines    . 
Wheat 


•One  of  the  thirteen  Original  States,  which  signed  the  Declaration  of  Independence  on 
July  4,  1776.  Delaware,  Pennsylvania,  and  New  Jersey  ratified  the  Constitution  in  1787; 
Georgia,  Connecticut,  Massachusetts,  Maryland,  South  Carolina,  New  Hampshire,  Virginia, 
and  New  York,  in  1788;  North  Carolina,  in  1789;  and  Rhode  Island,  in  1790. 

tGross  area,  including  both  land  and  water  surface. 

Capital  of  the  United  States. — Washington^  D.  C.  Population, 
365,000. 

Government. — By  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States  the  government 
is  entrusted  to  three  separate  authorities — the  Executive,  the  Legislative, 
and  the  Judicial. 

The  Executive  power  is  vested  in  a  President,  who  is  elected  every  four 
years,  and  is  eligible  for  reelection.  The  number  of  electors  appointed  by 
each  separate  State  is  equal  to  the  number  of  Senators  and  Representatives 
to  which  the  State  is  entitled  in  Congress;  but  no  Senator  or  Representative, 
or  office-holder  under  the  government,  can  be  an  elector.  The  election 
takes  place  on  the  first  Tuesday  after  the  first  Monday  in  November  of  the 
year  preceding  the  year  in  which  the  Presidential  term  expires. 

The  President. — The  President  must  be  35  years  of  age  and  a  native 
citizen  of  the  United  States.  He  receives  a  salary  of  ^75,000,  with  a  travel- 
ling allowance  of  $25,000.  He  is  commander-in-chief  of  the  national 
forces,  and  has  a  veto  on  all  laws  passed  by  Congress,  although  a  bill  may 
become  a  law  in  spite  of  his  veto  on  being  afterward  passed  by  a  two-thirds 
majority  of  each  house  of  Congress.  The  administration  is  conducted 
under  the  immediate  authority  of  the  President  by  a  Cabinet  often  ministers 
chosen  by  him,  and  holding  office  at  his  pleasure,  though  confirmed  by  the 
Senate.     A  minister  cannot  sit  in  either  house  of  the  legislature. 

The  Vice-President. — The  Vice-President  is  chosen  in  the  same  manner 
as  the  President;  he  is  ex~offi.cio  president  of  the  Senate,  and  in  case  of  death 
or  resignation  of  the  President  he  assumes  his  office  for  the  remainder  of 
the  term,  and  the  Senate  elects  a  temporary  Vice-President. 

The  Senate. — The  Senate  consists  of  96  members — two  chosen  by 
each  State  legislature  for  six  years.  The  salary  of  a  Senator  is  $7,500  per 
annum,  with  mileage  of  20  cents  per  mile,  coming  or  returning,  for  each 
regular  session. 

The  House  of  Representatives. — The  House  of  Representatives 
at  present  consists  of  436  members.  The  number  of  Representatives  for 
each  state  is  alloted  in  proportion  to  its  population — at  present  one  for 
173,901.  The  salary  of  a  Representative  is  $7,500  per  annum,  with  mile- 
age as  for  the  Senators. 

The  Judicature. — The  Federal  Judiciary  consists  of  three  sets  of  Federal 
Courts:  (i)  The  Supreme  Court  at  Washington,  D.  C,  consisting  of  a  Chief 
Justice  and  eight  Puisne  Judges,  with  original  jurisdiction  where  a  State 
is  a  party  to  the  suit,  and  with  appellate  jurisdiction  from  inferior  Federal 
Courts.  (2)  The  Circuit  Courts  of  Appeal,  dealing  with  appeals  from  Dis- 
trict Courts,  and  consisting  of  the  Justice  of  the  Supreme  Court  for  the 
circuit  and  all  the  Circuit  and  District  Judges  within  the  circuit.  (3)  The 
District  Courty  87  in  number,  served  by  a  District  Court  Judge. 

;^ATIONAL  PARKS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES 


where  grown 


California,  Iowa,  Michigan,  Minnesota,  New  York,  Wisconsin,  etc. 

Alabama,  Arkansas,  Florida,  Georgia,  Louisiana,  Mississippi,  Missouri, 
Oklahoma,  North  Carolina,  South  Carolina,  Tennessee,  Texas,  Virginia. 

Kentucky,  Missouri,  Tennessee,  etc. 

Cahfornia,  Delaware,  Florida,  New  York,  Ohio,  Pennsylvania. 

Kentucky,  Missouri,  Tennessee,  etc. 

California,  Michigan,  New  York,  Oregon,  Washington,  Wisconsin,  etc. 

Illinois,  Indiana,  Iowa,  Kansas,  Kentucky,  Minnesota,  Missouri,  Nebraska, 
Ohio,  South  Dakota,  Tennessee,  Texas. 

Georgia,  Idaho,  Illinois,  Indiana,  Iowa,  Kansas,  Michigan,  Minnesota, 
Missouri.  Montana,  Nebraska,  New  York,  North  Dakota,  Ohio,  Okla- 
homa, Oregon,  Pennsylvania,  South  Dakota,  Texas,  Washington,  Wis- 
consin. 

Illinois,   Iowa,   Maine,   Michigan,  New  York,   Pennsylvania,  Wisconsin. 

Florida,  Georgia,  Louisiana,  Mississippi,  North  Carolina,  South  Carolina, 
etc. 

Illinois,  Iowa,  Kansas,  New  York,  Pennsylvania,  Wisconsin,  etc. 

Alabama,  Georgia,  Hawaii,  Louisiana,  Philippine  Islands,  Porto  Rico. 

Connecticut,  Florida,  Georgia,  Indiana,  Kentucky.  Maryland,  Massachu- 
setts, Missouri,  New  York,  North  Carolina,  Ohio,  Pennsylvania,  South 
Carolina,  Tennessee,  Virginia,  West  Virginia,  Wisconsin. 

California,  New  York,  Ohio,  etc. 

California,  Colorado,  Idaho,  Indiana,  Kansas,  Kentucky,  Maryland,  Michi- 
gan, Minnesota,  Missouri,  Montana,  Nebraska,  New  York,  North  Caro- 
lina, North  Dakota,  Ohio,  Oklahoma,  Oregon,  Pennsylvania,  South  Da- 
kota, Tennessee,  Texas,  Virginia. 


Minerals. — The  mineral  wealth  of  the  United  States  is  practically  in- 
exhaustible. Both  as  regards  quality  and  quantity,  its  minerals  are  un- 
surpassed by  any  other  country  in  the  world.  With  the  exception  of 
one  or  two  minor  minerals,  the  United  States  produces  every  mineral  that 
is  needed  in  industry.  It  produces  66  per  cent  of  the  world's  output 
of  petroleum,  60  per  cent  of  its  copper,  40  per  cent  of  its  coal  and  iron, 
and  32  per  cent  of  its  lead  and  zinc. 

CHIEF  MINERAL  PRODUCTS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES 

(See  Map,  p.  87) 


Aluminum    . 
Coal       .... 

CoPPBR   .... 
Gold       .... 

Granite       .      .     . 

Iron        .... 

Lead       .... 

Manganese 

Marble 

Natural  Gas    . 

Petroleum 

Phosphate  of  Lime 

Platinum 

Quicksilver 

Salt        .... 

Silver    .... 

Tin 

Zinc 


where  found 


Alabama,  Arkansas,  Georgia.  ^ 

Alabama,  Arizona,  Colorado,  Illinois,  Indiana,  Iowa,  Maryland, 
Missouri,  Ohio,  Pennsylvania,  Tennessee,  West  Virginia. 

Arizona,  Michigan,  Montana. 

California,  Colorado,  Idaho,  Montana,  Nevada,  North  Dakota, 
South  Dakota. 

Connecticut,  Georgia,  Maine,  Massachusetts,  New  Hampshire, 
New  York,  Vermont.  1 

Alabama,  Michigan,  Minnesota,  New  York,  Pennsylvania,  Wiscon- 
sin. 

Colorado,  Idaho,  Illinoi's,  Kansas,  Missouri,  Montana,  Utah,  Wis- 
consin. 

Arkansas,  California,  Georgia,  Virginia. 

California,  Georgia,  Maryland,  Massachusetts,  Pennsylvania, 
Tennessee,  Vermont. 

Indiana,  Kansas,  Missouri,  New  York,  Ohio,  West  Virginia. 

California,  Indiana,  Kansas,  Kentucky,  Missouri,  New  York, 
Ohio,  Pennsylvania,  Texas,  West  Virginia. 

Florida,  South  Carolina,  Tennessee. 

California,  Nevada,  Oregon. 

California,  Nevada,  Texas. 

Kansas,  Michigan,  New  York. 

Colorado,  Idaho,  Montana,  Nevada,  South  Dakota. 

Alaska. 

Arkansas,  Illinois,  Kansas,  Missouri,  Wisconsin. 


Manufactures. — The  manufactures  of  the  United  States  are  on  a  co- 
lossal scale,  backed  by  a  gigantic  capital.  Year  by  year  America  has  gradu- 
ally freed  itself  from  dependence  upon  the  manufacturing  industries  of  Eu- 
rope. With  few  exceptions,  the  industries  are  carried  on  with  the  natural 
products  of  the  country.  A  battleship,  a  railroad,  an  automobile  (except- 
ing the  tires),  or  a  factory  can  be  built  entirely  from  the  products  of  Ameri- 
can mines  and  forests. 

The  adaptability  and  resourcefulness  of  American  chemists  and  engineers  has  been 
proved  during  the  Great  War  as  never  before.  .\  few  Illustrations  will  point  this  fact:  Barium 
salts,  needed  for  a  variety  of  purposes,  were  formerly  imported  In  large  quantities,  although 
the  raw  material,  barytes,  occurs  in  extensive  deposits  In  this  country.  We  now  manufac- 
ture these  salts  in  California,  Colorado,  Illinois,  West  Virginia,  Pennsylvania,  New  York, 
and  Tennessee,  the  new  industry  not  only  meeting  the  domestic  demand,  but  also  furnish- 
ing large  quantities  of  barium  compounds  for  export,  and  we  are  substituting  domestic  barytes 
for  the  foreign  material  for  all  purposes.^ 

A  Nation  of  Inventors. — During  the  last  half  century  the  people 
of  the  United  States  have  been  responsible  for  two  thirds  of  all  the  revolu- 
tionary epoch-making  inventions  of  the  world,  ranging  from  the  tele- 
phone and  the  incandescent  lamp  to  the  aeroplane  and  high-speed  steel. 
The  following  list  tells  its  own  story: 

Airoplane  (Wright  Brothers,  1903),  air  brake  (Westinghouse,  1869),  artificial  graphite 
(Acheson,  i8g6),  automatic  car-coupler  (Janney,  1873),  automatic  knot-tying  harvester  mackitje 
(Appleby,  1880),  block  signals  for  railway!  (Robinson,  1872),  buttonhole  sewing  machine 
(Reece,  1881).  calcium  carbide  (Willson,  1888),  carborundum  (Acheson,  1891),  cash  register 
(Patterson.  1885).  celluloid  (Hyatt.  1870),  chain-stitch  shoe-sewing  machine  (French  &  Myers, 
1881),  chrome  tanning  (Schulz,  1884^  continuous-process  match  machine  (Beecber,  1888), 
disk   plows,   modern  type   (Hardy,   1896),  dry-air  process  /or  blast  furnace  (Gaytey,   1804), 


iSecretary  F.  K.  Lane,  in  the  National  Geographic  Magazine  (December,  1915). 


338 


GEOGRAPHICAL  MANUAL  AND  NEW  ATLAS 


electric  furnace  reduction  (Cowles,  1885),  electric  lamp  {Brush,  1879),  electric  welding  (Thom- 
Bon,  1889),  electrolytic  alkali  production  (Castner^  1890),  karveyiud  armour  plate  (Harvey, 
1891),  high-speed  steel  (Tavlor  &  White,  1901),  xncamlescent  lamp  (Edison,  1880),  machine 
for  making  barbed  wire  ((jlidden,  1875),  motion-picture  machine  (Edison,  1893),  recording 
and  adding  machine  (Burroughs,  1888),  rotary  converter  (Bradley,  1887),  single-type  composing 
machine  (Lanston,  1887),  split-phase  induction  motor  (Tesla,  1887),  talking  machine  (Edison, 
1878),  telephone  (Bell,  1876),  transparent  photograph  film  (Eastman,  1888),  trolley  car  (Van 
Depoele  &  Sprague,  1884-1887),  type-bar  casting  (Mergenthaler,  1885),  typewriur  (Sholes, 
1878),  ufoter  gas  (Lowe,  1875),  =>nd  w''  machine  (Goodyear,  1871). 


NEW  ENGLAND  STATES 
CHIEF  CITIES  AND  INDUSTRIES 


MIDDLE  ATLANTIC  STATES 
CHIEF  CITIES  AND  INDUSTRIES 


CITY  OR  TOWN 

state 

Adams   .      .     . 

Mass. 

Amesbury  .     . 

Mass. 

Ansonia 

Conn, 

Aruncton 

Mass. 

Attlbboro 

Mass. 

Auburn      .     . 

Me. 

Augusta     . 

Me. 

Bangor       .     . 

Me. 

Barrb   .     .     . 

Vt. 

Bath     .     .      . 

Me. 

Belfast 

Me. 

Bellows  Falls 

Vt. 

Bennington    . 

Vt. 

Berlin 

N.  H. 

Beverly     .     . 

Mass. 

Boston 

Mass. 

Brattleboro 

Vt. 

Bridgeport 

Conn. 

Bristol 

Conn. 

Bristol 

R.I. 

Brockton 

Mass. 

Brunswick, 

Me. 

Burlington     . 

Vt. 

Calais        .      . 

Me. 

Cambridge 

Mass. 

Central  Falls 

R.I. 

Chicopeb    .      . 

Mass. 

Clinton 

Mass. 

Concord     . 

Mass. 

Concord     . 

N.  H. 

Carnston 

R.I. 

Danbury 

Conn. 

Derby 

Conn. 

Dover 

N.  H. 

Eastport    .     . 

Me. 

Exeter       .     . 

N.  H. 

Everett 

Mass. 

Fall  River 

Mass. 

Fitch  burg 

Mass. 

Franklin    .      . 

N.  H. 

Gardiner    .      . 

Me. 

Gloucester 

Mass. 

Guilford   ^  . 

Conn. 

Hartford  A  . 

Conn. 

HOLYOKE      .       . 

Mass. 

Keene 

N.  H. 

Laconia 

N.  H. 

Lawrence 

Mass. 

Leominster     . 

Mass. 

Lewiston    . 

Me. 

Lexington 

Mass. 

Lincoln 

R.  I. 

Lowell 

Mass. 

Lynn 

Mass. 

Manchester    . 

Conn. 

Manchester    . 

N.  H. 

Marblehead   . 

Mass. 

Marlboro 

Mass. 

Meriden 

Conn. 

MiLFORD 

Mass. 

MONTPELIER      . 

Vt. 

Nashua 

N.  H. 

New  Bedford. 

Mass. 

New  Britain 

Conn. 

Newburyport 

Mass. 

New  Haven     . 

Conn. 

New  London 

Conn. 

Newport 

R.I. 

North  Adams 

Mass. 

Northampton 

Mass. 

Norwalk    . 

Conn. 

Norwich 

Conn. 

Pawtucket 

R.I. 

Peabody     . 

Mass. 

Pittsfield 

Mass. 

Plymouth  -     . 

Mass. 

Portland  .     . 

Me. 

Portsmouth    . 

N.  H. 

Providence     . 

R.   I. 

Putnam      .     . 

Conn. 

QUINCY 

Revere 

Mass. 

Mass. 

Rochester 

N.  H. 

Rockland  .     . 

Me. 

Rutland    . 

Vt. 

St.  Albans 

Vt. 

St.  Johnsbury 

Vt. 

Salem    . 

Mass. 

SoMERS  WORTH 

N.  H. 

Southbridgr 

Mass. 

South  Kingston 

R.I. 

Springfield 

Mass. 

Stamford   .     . 

Conn. 

Taunton    . 

Masf. 

Wakefield 

Mass. 

Wallingford  . 

Conn 

Waltham    . 

Mast. 

Waterbury 

Conn. 

Waterville 

Me. 

Westerly  .      . 

R.I. 

Westfielo 

Mar 

WoBURN 

Mas 

WooN socket    . 

R.  I. 

Worcbster 

M>u. 

PRINCIPAL  industries 


Cotton. 

Flannels,  broadcloth,  cassimeres,  carriages. 

Brass,  copper,  iron. 

Market  gardening,  chrome  works. 

Jewellery,  clocks.  , 

Boots  and  shoes. 

Shoes,  cotton  and  paper  mills. 

Lumber,  wood  pulp. 

Granite. 

Shipbuilding,  lumber,  brass,  iron. 

Shipbuilding,  granite. 

Wood  pulp. 

Pottery. 

Paper,  lumber. 

Shoes  and  shoe  machinery,  shipping,  fishing. 

Cotton,  woollen,  leather,  clothes,  printing  and  publishing. 

Organs  and  pianos. 

Ammunition,    sewing    machines,    automobiles,    cutlery,     fire- 
arms, typewriters,  musical  instruments. 

Hosiery,  steel,  hardware,  fishing-rods. 

Cotton,  woollen,  rubber  goods. 

Men's  shoes,  shoe  machinery,  tools,  rubber. 

Cotton,  paper. 

Furniture,  doors,  blinds  and  sashes,  cotton. 

Shipbuilding,  lumber. 

Glass,  furniture,  organs,  printing. 

Woollens,  cotton,  and  silk  goods. 

Cotton,  rifles,  swords,  automobiles. 

Woollens,  wire  cloth,  ginghams,  carpets. 

General  trade. 

Carriages  and  wagons,  granite  quarrying,  shoes. 

Market  products,  cotton  goods. 

Men's  hats,  iron,  brass,  silver-plated  ware. 

Pianos  and  organs,  woollens,  pins,  hosiery,  typewriters. 

Cotton  and  woollen  goods. 

Lumber,  fish. 

Potter's  ware,  cotton  goods. 

Steel,  iron,  automobiles,  varnishes,  boots  and  shoes. 

Cotton,  woollen,   bobbins,   shuttles,   rubber,  wire,   rope,  ma- 
chinery. 

Cotton. 

Farm  products. 

Ice. 

Fishing,  shoes,  oil,  twine,  machinery,  granite. 

Iron  and  brass  castings,  furniture,  canning. 

Insurance,  automobiles,  steam-engines,  small   arms,  bicycles, 
rubber  goods,  typewriters. 

Paper,  cotton,  woollen. 

Woollen  mills,  carriage  making. 

Cotton,  cars. 

Cotton  and  woollen  mills. 

Furniture,  pianos. 

Cotton  and  woollen  goods. 

Agriculture. 

Cotton. 

Cotton,  woollen,  carpet  and  dye  works,  hosiery. 

Women's  shoes,  electrical  supplies,  lamps. 

Silk. 

Cotton. 

Fishing. 

Shoes,  automobiles,  bicycles,  carriages. 

Silver-plated  ware,  cutlery,  brass,  iron,  tgatc  ware. 

Boots,  shoes,  and  cotton. 

Granite. 

Cotton,  iron  and  steel  products,  paper. 

Cotton,  shoes,  woollen,  glass  and  paint  works. 

Hardware,  knit  goods,  cutlery. 

Cotton,  shoes,  bat  shops. 

Rifles,  rubber  goods,  ammunition,  locks,  automobiles. 

Shipyards,  furniture,  woollen,  silk. 

Fishing.      (Fashionable  coast  resort.) 

Cotton,  woollen,  cigars,  boots  and  shoes. 

Silk. 

Oysters. 

Cotton,  woollen,  firearms,  leather,  silk. 

Cotton,  woollen,  foundries,  silk. 

Leather,  electrical  supplies,  glue. 

Woollen,  electrical  works,  paper. 

Cordage,  wire  nails,  fisheries. 

Lumbering,  quarrying,  farming,  paper,  locomotives. 

Boots  and  shoes,  cotton,  malt  liquors. 

Iron,     steel,   silverware,    heavy    machinery,    cotton,    leather, 
dyeing  and  printing  works,  rubber. 

Textile  and  silk  goods. 

Granite,  shtp-building. 

(Suburban  homes.) 

Woollen  goods,  shoes. 

Lime,  ice. 

Scales,  car  wheels,  farm  tools,  lumber,  quarries. 

Butter,  car  shops. 

Scales. 

Tanneries,  cordage  works,  shoes. 

Cotton  goods. 

Textile  goods,  optical  works. 

Woollen  goods. 

Army  rifles,  meat  packing,  automobiles,  railway  cars,  cotton, 
skates,  electrical  supplies.      (U.  S.  arsenal.) 

I.ocks,  typewriters,  woollens. 

Cotton,  nails,  stoves,  cutlery. 

Rattan  goods. 

Silver-plated  wire,  edge-tools. 

Watches,  cotton,  furniture. 

Watches,  clocks. 
Cotton  goods,  csr«.  _ 

Textile  goods,  printing-presses. 

Whips,  cigars. 

Foundry  products,  machinery,  leather. 

Cotton,  woollen  goods,  furniture. 

Foundries,  wire,  boots  and  shoes,  clothing,  woollens. 


city  or  town 

STATE 

PRINCIPAL   INDUSTRIES 

Albany  .... 

N.  Y. 

Car  shops,  stoves,  brewing,  printing  and  bookbinding. 

Amsterdam  . 

N.  Y. 

Brooms,  knit  goods,  carpets. 

Atlantic  City  .      . 

U. 

(Seaside  resort.) 

Auburn  .... 

Agricultural  implements. 

Binghamton 

N.  Y. 

Refined  oils,  glass,  scales,  cigars,  sheet  metal. 

Buffalo 

N.  Y. 

Railway  cars,  elevators,  flour,  starch,  soap,  stockyards 
iron  and  steel. 

Camden  .     . 

N.J. 

Furniture,  chemicals,  pens,  machinery,  shipbuilding 

Chester 

Pa. 

Textiles,  steel,  ships. 

COHOES    .... 

N.  Y. 

Boots  and  shoes,  cotton,  woollen  and  worsted  knit  goods. 

Dunkirk 

N.  Y. 

Locomotives. 

East  Orange     . 

N.J. 

Pharmaceutical  works. 

Elizabeth 

N.J. 

Steel,  oil  refineries,  sewing  machines,  shipyards. 

Elmira    .... 

N.  v. 

Boots    and    shoes,  railway   cars,    silk,   steel-plate   works. 

Geneva 

N.  Y. 

Stoves  and  heaters. 

Glens  Falls 

N.  Y. 

Paper,  cement,  lumber,  flour,  lime,  quarries. 

Gloversville    . 

N.  Y. 

Leather  gloves  and  mittens. 

Harrisburg 

Pa. 

Cars,  boilers,  rolling  mills,  furnaces,  steel,  lumber,  cotton 
and  silk  goods,  malt  liquors,  machinery. 

Hoboken      .     . 

N.T. 
N.V. 

Lead  pencils,  iron,  leather,  silk,  shipbuilding. 

Ithaca     .... 

Drop  forgings,  firearms,  typewriters,  flour,  glass. 

Jamestown  . 
Jersey  City 

N.  Y. 

Engines  and  furniture. 

N.J. 

Iron  and  steel,  meat  packing,  locomotives,  soap  and  per- 

fumes, abattoirs,  sugar  refineries. 

.  ohnstown  . 

N.  Y. 

Gloves,  mittens. 

OHNSTOWN    . 

Pa. 

Iron,  soft  coal. 

Cingston     . 

N.  Y. 

Cement  and  brick. 

Long  Branch 

N.J. 

(Seaside  resort.) 

McKeesport 

Pa. 

Steel,  iron,  coal. 

Newark 

N.J. 

Chemicals,     leather,    malt     liquors,     jewellery.    Tarnish, 

cutlery,  clothing. 

New  Brunswick 

N.T. 

N.V. 

Cigars,  wall-paper,  rubber. 

Newburgh 

Woollen  goods,  collars,  ships,  agricultural  implements. 

Newcastle  . 

Pa. 

Flour,  glass,  iron  works. 

New  York  .      .      . 

N.  Y. 

Map  making,  lithographing,  cotton,  wool,  wood,  gold 
and  silverware,  india  rubber,  glass  and  glassware,  iron 
and  steel,  boats  and  sails,  patent  medicine,  brass  and 
copper,  chemicals,  tobacco,  clothing,  sugar. 

NORRISTOWN 

Pa. 

Hosiery,  carpets,  woollen  goods,  glass. 

Oil  City        .      .      . 

Pa. 

Engines,  petroleum,  iron  pipes. 

Orange 

N.J. 

Hats. 

Oswego 

N.Y. 

Starch,  boxes,  stockings.                              * 

Passaic   .... 

N.  J. 

Chemical  works,  woollens,  silk,  rubber  works. 

Paterson     .     . 

N.J. 

Textiles,  breweries,  silk,  foundry  products,  steel  and  iron. 

Perth  Amboy 

N.J. 

Shipping. 

Philadelphia 

Pa. 

Shipyards,  locomotives,  carpets,  woollen  and  silk  goods, 
sugar  refineries,  cigars,  drugs,  chemicals. 

Pittsburg    . 

Pa. 

Coal,  steel,  iron,  glass,  locomotives,  cork,  salt,  stoves, 
paper,  leather,  lumber,  electrical  machinery. 

POUGHKEEPSIE    . 

N.Y. 

Flour  mills,  machine  shops,  foundries. 

Reading 

Pa. 

Iron  and  steel  works,  coal,  limestone  quarries,   potteries. 

Rochester   . 

N.Y. 

Photographic  apparatus,  seeds,  clothing,  boots  and  shoes. 

Rome       .... 

N.Y. 

LocomotlveSj  brass  and  copper,  canning  factories. 

Saratoga  Springs 

N.Y. 

(Mineral  springs.) 

Schenectady     . 

N.Y. 

Locomotives,  electrical  supplies. 

Scranton     . 

Pa. 

Silk,  iron,  mining,  machinery. 

Shamokin     . 

Pa. 

Iron  products,  bard  coal. 

Shenandoah 

Pa. 

Hard  coal. 

South  Bethlehem 

Pa. 

Armour  plates,  Ordnance,  steel  rails. 

Staunton 

Pa. 

Flour. 

Syracuse 

N.Y. 

Iron  and  steel,  machinery,  shoes,  automobiles,  bicycles. 

Trenton       .     . 

N.T. 
N.V. 

Potteries,  wire  works,  watches,  furniture,  oil-doth. 

Troy       .... 

Shirt  and  collars,  stoves. 

Utica      .... 

N.Y. 

Men's  clothing,  cheese,  roses. 

Watertown       .      . 

N.Y. 

Paper. 

WiLKESBARRE       . 

Pa. 

Iron  and  steel,  coal,  silk,  lace,  wire  rope,  axles. 

W1LI.IAMSPORT     . 

Pa. 

Furniture,  doors,  sash. 

YONKERS 

N.Y. 

Yarn,  carpets. 

EAST  NORTH  CENTRAL  STATES 
CHIEF  CITIES  AND  INDUSTRIES 


CITY  OR  TOWN 

state 

principal  industries 

Akron  .     . 

Ohio 

Woollens,  cereals,  automobiles,  agricultural  implements. 

Anderson 

Ind. 

Steel,  iron,  glass,  brick. 

Aurora 

III. 

Foundries,  machine  shops,  railroad  cars,  cotton  mills. 

Battle  Creek 

Mich. 

Cereals,  farm  implements. 

Bay  City    .      . 

Mich. 

Shipbuilding,  lumber. 

Belleville 

III. 

Rolling  mills,  stoves,  machinery,  glass. 

Bloomington  . 

111. 

Farming  implements,  stoves,  patent  medicines. 

Calumet    . 

Mich. 

Copper-mining  centre. 

SaTes  and  locks,  watches,  steel  cars,  farming  implements. 

Canton       .     . 

Ohio 

Chicago 

III. 

Iron    and    steel,    meat    packing,    lumber,   grain,    stock-yards, 
agricultural  implements. 

Chillicothe    . 

Ohio 

Flour,  steam  engines. 

Cincinnati 

Ohio 

Men's  clothing,  iron  and  steel,  boots  and  shoes,  meat  packmg, 
malt  l-quors,  tobacco  products. 

Cleveland 

Ohio 

Hardware,    chemicals,    automobiles,    shipbuilding,    iron    and 
steel,  sewing-machines,  petroleum  refining. 

Columbus  . 

Ohio 

Automobiles,  shoes,  iron  and  steel,  wagons,  leather,  bicycles. 

Dayton       ,     . 

Ohio 

Furniture,hops,  registers,  leather,  paper,  cigars,  locks. 

Decatur     . 

III. 

Railroad    scash  iron,  corn  mills,  agricultural  implements. 

Detroit      .      . 

Mich. 

Railway  and  street  cars,  stoves,  automobiles,  breweries. 
Brewenes,  coal,  locomotives,  rolling  mills. 

East  St.  Louis 

Ill: 

Elgin    .      .      . 

III. 

Watches,  dairy  products. 

EVANSVILLE 

Ind. 

Furniture,  cigars,  flour,  saddlerv,  woollen  and  cotton  goods. 

Flint    .     . 

Mich. 

Woollen  mills,  bicycles,  carnages,  and  wagons. 

Fort  Wayne    . 

Ind. 

Machinery,  automobiles,  furniture,  locomotives- 

Grand  Rapids 

Mich. 

Furniture,  gypsum  quarries,  bicycles,  wagons,  mirrors. 

Green  Bay 

Wis. 

Sulphite,  paper,  lumber. 

Indianapolis  . 

Ind. 

Flour,  machinery,  horse,  cattle,  and  hog  market,  grist  mill. 

Jackson 

TOLIET    , 

Mich. 

Flour,  paper,  sewer-pipe,  carriages  and  wagons. 

111. 

Steel  and  iron  goods. 

Kalamazoo 

Mich. 

Oothing,  paper,  automobiles,  machinery,  patent  medicines. 

Kenosha    . 

Wis. 

Leather,  automobiles,  furniture,  flour,  wagons,  iron  and  brass. 

La  Crosse 

Wis. 

Knit  goods,  flour,  lumber,  agricultural  implements. 

La  Fayette 

Ind. 

Boots  and  shoes,  carpets,  woollen  goods,  flour,  railway  cars. 

Lansing 

Mich. 

Automobiles,  flour,  beet  sugar,  canned  goods,  machinery. 

Lorain 

Ohio 

Steel,  ship-bullding,  fishing,  coal  shipping. 

Flour,  boots  and  shoes,  tools,  electrical  machinery. 

Madison 

Wis. 

Milwaukee 

Wis. 

Breweries,  pork-packing,  clothing,  flour,  machinery,  iron  amd 
steel,  leather,  tobacco. 

Muncie 

Ind. 

Canneries,  flour,  machine  shops,  iron  and  steel,  glass. 

Muskegon 

Mich. 

Lumber,  pottery,  wagons,  flour,  lead-works. 

GEOGRAPHICAL  MANUAL  AND  NEW  ATLAS 


339 


EAST  NORTH  CENTRAL  STATES— Contiitued 
CHIEF  CITIES  AND  INDUSTRIES 


EAST  SOUTH  CENTRAL  STATES 
CHIEF  CITIES  AND  INDUSTRIES 


CITY  OR   TOWN 

STATE 

PRINCIPAL   INDUSTRIES 

New  Albany   . 

Ind. 

Tanneries,  furniture,  rolling  mil!,  pork  packing,  glass. 

Newark     . 

Ohic 

Glassware,  flour,  lumber,  locomotives,  cars. 

Wis. 

Flour,  lumber,  grass  twine,  agricultural  implements. 

Peoria  . 

in. 

Flour,  meat  packing,  breweries,  lumber,  machinery. 

QuiNCY 

Racine 

111. 

Carriages,  mcubators,  stoves,  canning,  fiour. 

Wis. 

Automobiles,  carnages  and  wagons,  cooper  goods,  agricultural 

implements,  bicycles.                             •  , 

Richmond 

Ind. 

Flour,  clothing,  machinery,  carriages,  dairy  products. 

111. 

Watches,  agricultural  implements,  furniture. 

111. 

Lumber,  agricultural  implements,  (U.  S.  arsenal). 

Saginaw     . 

Mich. 

Furniture,  coal   beet  sugar,  lumber,  salt,  plate  glass. 
Wine,  tools,  fishing,  cooperage. 

Sandusky  .     , 

Ohio 

Sheboygan 

Wis. 

Furniture,  boots  and  shoes,  shipyard,  hme-kilns. 

Lumber,  furniture,  paper,  automobiles,  woollen  goods,  cutlery. 

South  Bend    . 

Ind. 

harness. 

III. 

Textile  works,  coal,  flour,  car  works. 

Springfield 

Ohio 

Machinery,  steam-engines,  agricultural  implements. 

Superior    . 

Wis. 

Cooperage,  shipyards,  flour,  lumber,  iron  and  steel. 

Terre  Haute 

Ind. 

Car  works,  flour,  foundries,  rolling  mills. 

Toledo 

Ohio 

Automobiles,    flour,    scales,    spice,    distilleries,    petroleum    re- 
fineries, glass,  iron,  wooden  articles. 
Rubber,  oil  cloth,  iron  and  steel  goods. 

Youngstown 

Ohio 

WEST  NORTH  CENTRAL  STATES 
CHIEF  CITIES  AND  INDUSTRIES 


CITY    OR    TOWM 

state 

principal  industries 

Abekdbbn 

S.  D. 

(Important  railroad  and  trade  centre.) 

Bl8MARC«        .        . 

N.  D, 

Flour 

BimUNGTON . 

Iowa 

Lumber,  foundry,  carriages  and  wagons,  machine  shops. 

Cedar  Rapids  . 

Iowa 

Pork  packing,  flour,  cereals. 

■Clinton  . 

Iowa 

Railroad  machine  shops,  iron  bridge  work,  lumber. 

Council  Bluffs 

Iowa 

Horses,  steam-engines. 

Davenport  . 

Iowa 

Woollen  goods,  glucose,  cooperage,  brick  and  stone,  carriages, 
cordage. 

Des  Moines 

Iowa 

Pork  packing,  starch,  flour,  coal,  glass,  cotton  products. 

Dubuque      .     . 

Iowa 

Brewing,  carriages  and  wagons,  lumber,  pork  packing. 
Stockyards,  iron    and   steel,  flour,  machine  shops,  blast  fur- 

Duloth . 

Mino. 

naces,  shipping. 

Fargo 

N.  D. 

Flour,  packing,  railroad  cars,  planing  mills,  machinery. 

Grand  Forks    . 

N.  D. 

Live-stock,  flour,  lumber,  steam-boilers. 

Hannibal 

Mo. 

Lime,  cement,  cigars,  flour,  agricultural  implements. 

Jefferson  City 
Kansas  City     . 

Mo. 

Bricks,  flour,  wagons. 

Kan.    . 

Meat  packing,  stockyards,  steel,  flour,  railroad  cars. 

Kansas  City     . 

Mo. 

Mour,  meat  packing,  iron,  furniture,  railroad  supplies. 

Leavenworth   . 

Kan. 

Flour,  dye-works,  woollens,  shoes,  iron,  furniture. 

Lincoln  . 

Neb. 

Livestock,  harness,  oils  and  paints,  lumber,  grain. 

Minneapous     . 

Minn. 

Flour,  lumber,  furniture,  clothing,  iron  and  steel  goods,  paper, 
machihery. 

Omaha     . 

Neb. 

White  lead  works,  breweries,  machine  and  locomotive  works. 

Ottumwa 

Iowa 

Flour,  iron,  pork  packing,  foundries,  mining  implements. 

Pierre    . 

S.   D. 

Livestock,  mining  centre. 

St.  Joseph  . 

Mo. 

Flour,  men's  shirts  and  overalls,  stock-yards,  meat  packing. 

St.  Louis     . 

Mo. 

Tobacco    and  snuff^,  flour,  beer,  hardware,  boots  and  shoes, 
stoves,  chemicals,  drugs,  horse  and  mule  market. 

St.  Paul      .     . 

Minn. 

Furniture,  lumber  products,  stoves. 

Sioux  City  . 

Iowa 

Meat  packing,  flour,  carriages  and  wagons,  brooms,  tiles. 

Sioux  Falls 

S.  D. 

Brewing,  quarrying,  flour,  baskets. 

South  Omaha   . 

Neb. 

Meat  packing,  stock-yards. 

Topeka  . 

Kan. 

Flour,  lumber,  railroad  shops.  <juarrying,  foundries,  coal. 

Waterloo    . 

Iowa 

Automobiles,  gas-engines,  machine  shops,  foundries. 

Wichita        .      . 

Kan. 

Confectionery,  flour,  saddlery  and  harness,  meat  packing. 

Winona  . 

Minn. 

Flour,  lumber,  patent  medicines,  agricultural  implements. 

Yajjkton 

S,  D. 

Woollen  goods,  pork. 

SOUTH  ATLANTIC  STATES 
CHIEF  CITIES  AND  INDUSTRIES 


CITY  OR   TOWN 

STATE 

Alexandria  . 

Va. 

Annapolis    .    . 

Md. 

ASHBVILLE  . 

N.  c. 

Atlanta 

Ga. 

Augusta     . 

Ga. 

Baltimore. 

Md. 

Charleston     , 

S.  C. 

Charleston     . 

W.  Va. 

Charlotte 

N.  C. 

Columbia  .     . 

S.  C. 

Columbus  . 

Ga. 

Cumberland   . 

Md. 

Danville    . 

Va. 

Dover  .     .    . 

Del. 

Durham 

N.  C. 

Greensboro    , 

N.  C. 

Jacksonville  . 

Fla. 

Lynchburg 

Va. 

Macon  .     .     , 

Ga. 

Newport  News 

Va. 

Norfolk 

Va. 

Palm  Beach    . 

Fla. 

Parkersburg  . 

W.  Va. 

Pensacola. 

Fla. 

Petersburg 

Va. 

Portsmouth 

Va. 

Raleigh 

N.  C. 

Richmond 

Va. 

Roanoke    . 

Va. 

St.  Augustine  . 

Fla. 

Savannah 

Ga. 

Spartanburg 

S.  C. 

Tampa    , 

Fla. 

Washington 

D.  C. 

Wilmington 

Del. 

principal  industries 


Iron,  flour,  shoes. 

Oyster  packing. 

(Health  resort.) 

Cotton,  flour,  fertilizer,  car  wheels,  mule  market. 

Cotton. 

Meat  packing,  machine  shop  products,  foundry,  clothing, 
tobacco,  steel,  copper,  iron,  cotton  duck. 

Machinery,  carriages,  flour,  cotton. 

Oil,  iron,  coal,  salt,  lumber,  distilleries. 

Cotton,  resin  and  turpentine  distilling. 

Machine  and  iron  works,  cars. 

Cotton,  cottonseed-oil,  iron,  agricultural  implements. 

Tanneries,  flour,  cement,  iron  foundries,  steel  works. 

Tobacco. 

Canned  fruit,  timber,  baskets  and  crates. 

Tobacco. 

Cotton,  tobacco,  steel. 

Oranges,  lumber. 

Flour,  shoes,  dyes,  cotton  goods,  tobacco,  hardware,  lumber. 

Cotton,  yarn,  duck,  cordage,  twine,  hosiery,  cottonseed  oil, 
cottonseed  meal,  fertilizer. 

Shipping. 

Cotton,  oyster  and  fishing,  shipyards,  tobacco,  sugar. 

(Seaside  resort.) 

Flour,  lumber,  coal,  farm  products,  oil  refineries. 

(Important  railroad  terminus.) 

Tobacco,  cotton,  lumber,  silk,  peanut  oil,  iron  works. 

General  trade. 

Resin  and  turpentine  distilling,  cotton,  flour,  phosphate,  cot- 
ton seed-oil. 

Tobacco,  locomotives,  iron,  machine  shops,  railway  cars,  lum- 
ber mills,  carriage  works,  fertilizer  works. 

Steel  and  iron. 

(Winter  resort;  oldest  permanent  settlement  of  Europeans  in 
the  United  States.)  Car  and  machine  shops,  cigars,  oyster 
canning,  fishing. 

Cotton,  rice,  fertilizer,  ice,  cottonseed-oil. 

Cotton  cloth,  limestone  quarries,  iron  mining. 

Tobacco.      (Winter  resort.) 

Shipyards,  leather,  furniture,  paper,  cotton,  powder  mills. 


citv  or  town 

STATE 

PRINCIPAL    INDUSTRIES 

Birmingham     . 

Ala. 

Limestone,  iron,  coal,  rolling  mill. 

Chattanooga  . 

Tenn. 

Coal  and  iron  mining,  cottons;  steel  and  rail  works,  iron  found- 
ries, blast  furnaces. 

Frankfort 

Ky. 

Lumber,  shoes,  brooms,  hemp  twine,  canned  vegetables. 

Jackson 

Miss. 

Lumber  products,  cottonseed-oil  mills. 

Knoxville. 

Tenn. 

Lumber,  iron  products. 

Lexington. 

Ky. 

Saddlery,  harness,  flour,  meat,  stock-raising. 

Louisville. 

Ky. 

Leather,  whiskey,  tobacco,  cement,  wagons. 

Tenn. 

Cotton,  cottonseed-oil,  flour,  pulp  and  paper  mills. 

Cotton,  lumber,  grist-mill  products,  ship  and   boat  building^ 

Mobile. 

Ala. 

foundry,  machine  shop. 

Montgomery 

Ala. 

Cotton,  timber,  cottonseed-oil  and  cake  works,  cordage. 

Nashville 

Tenn. 

Tobacco,  copper,  flour,  hardware. 

Natch  ez     . 

Miss. 

(Important  river  port.) 

Newport    . 

Ky. 

Cigar  boxes,  furniture,  carriages,  iron. 

Paducah 

Ky. 

Tobacco,  saddles,  lumber,  stoneware. 

Ala. 

Cotton-gins,  cot  ton  seed -oil,  lumber,  fertilizer,  yam. 
Cottonseed-oil,  planing  mills,  foundries,  machine  shops. 

ViCKSBURG 

Miss. 

WEST  SOUTH  CENTRAL  STATES 
CHIEF  CITIES  AND  INDUSTRIES 


CITY    OR    TOWN 

STATE, 

principal  industries 

Austin  . 

Tex. 

(Supply  centre  for  extensive  district.) 

Baton  Rouge 

La. 

Cottonseed  products,  lumber,  sugar,  molasses. 

Dallas 

Tex. 

Saddlery,  iron  and  metal  works,  cotton-gin  machinery,  woollen, 
mills,  cottonseed  oil,  cotton  compresses. 

Fort  Smith 

Ark. 

Cotton,  cottonseed  oil,  brick,  furniture. 

Galveston 

Tex. 

Bagging  mills,  rope,  rice,  breweries,  cotton  presses. 

Guthrie     . 

Okla. 

Flour,  lumber. 

(Sulphur  waters;  health  resort.) 

Hot  Springs 

Ark. 

Little  Rock    . 

Ark. 

Lumber,  cottonseed  oil. 

New  Orleans 

La. 

Cottonseed-oil,    machinery,    timber    products,   flour,   rice,   to- 
bacco, sugar. 

Oklahoma 

Okla. 

Cotton,  flour,  iron,  wood-working. 

San  Antonio 

Tex. 

Flour,  cotton  presses,  cement,  oil,  broom  works,  cotton,  wool, 
horse,  mule,  and  cattle  market. 

Shreveport     . 

La. 

Cotton. 

Waco     .      .      . 

Tex. 

Clothing,  cotton  goods,  saddlery  and  harness,  carriages. 

MOUNTAIN  STATES 
CHIEF  CITIES  AND  INDUSTRIES 


'fe*-(.  MSvi}  , ,   ■)   1 


CITY  OR  town 

state 

Albuquerque 

N.  M. 

Billings  . 

Mont. 

BiSBEE 

Ariz. 

Boise 

Idaho 

Butte 

Mont. 

Carson  City 

Nev. 

Cheyenne 

Wyo.- 

CoEUR  D*  Alene 

Idaho 

Colorado  Springs 

Colo. 

Cripple  Creek  . 

Colo. 

Denver 

Colo. 

Grand  Junction 
Great  Falls 

Colo. 

Mont. 

Greeley         .      . 

Colo. 

Goldfield 

Nev. 

Helena     .      .      . 

Mont. 

Leadville 

Colo. 

Missoula 

Mont. 

Ogden 

Utah 

Phoenix   .      .      , 

Ariz. 

Pocatbllo 

Idaho 

Pueblo     .      .      . 

Colo. 

Salt  Lake  City 

Utah 

Santa  Fe        .      . 

N.  M. 

Sheridan 

Wyo. 

Tucson     . 

Ariz. 

Virginia  City     . 

Nev. 

principal  industries 


(Important  railroad  and  trade  centre.) 

Beet  sugar. 

Copper  mining,  smelting. 

(Mining  centre.) 

Copper,  gold,  and  silver  mining. 

Mining,  lumbering,  agriculture. 

(Centre  of  cattle  industry  of  northwest;  important  railroad 

centre.) 
Brick  making. 
(Health  resort.) 

Gold  mining,  cyanide  mills,  smelting. 
Smelting   ore,   canning   and    packing,  glass,  iron   and   steel 

works. 
Brass  and  iron  foundries,  planing  mills. 
Smeltjng,  flour,  mining  and  agricultural  implements. 
Machinery,  beet  sugar,  agriculture. 
Gold  minmg. 
Silver  and  gold  mining. 
Lead,  silver  and  gold  mining. 
Iron,  tile  and  brick  works,  lumber  mills. 
Canneries,  beet  sugar,  woollen  mills. 
Flour  and  olive-oil  mills,  creameries. 
Railroad  shops,  breweries,  concrete  blocks. 
Smelting,  steel  works,  stock  raising,  railway  car  shops. 
Beet  sugar,  iron  products,  machinery. 
Brick,  filigree  jewellery,  pottery. 
Wool,  lumber,  coal  mining. 
Mining,  cattle,  railroad  shops. 
Silver  mining. 


PACIFIC  STATES 
CHIEF  CITIES  AND  INDUSTRIES 


CITY  OR  TOWN 

state 

Alameda 

Cal. 

Bakersfield 

Cal. 

Berkeley 

Cal. 

BiLLINGHAM     . 

Wash. 

Eureka    . 

Cal. 

Everett  . 

Wash. 

Fresno 

Cal. 

Long  Beach  . 

Cal. 

Los  Angeles 

Cal. 

North  Yakima    . 

Wash. 

Oakland 

Cal. 

Olympia    . 

Wash. 

Pasadena 

Cal. 

Portland 

Ore. 

Riverside 

Cal. 

Sacramento 

Cal. 

Salem 

Ore, 

PRINCIPAL  INDUSTRIES 


Ship  building. 

Machine  and  car  shops,  fruit  packing. 

Farming,  fruit. 

Saw-mills,  canneries.     (Important  trade  centre.) 

Lumber  and  lumber  products. 

Flour,   lumber,    paper,    (mining   centre;    gold,   silver,   lead, 

and  copper). 
Cultivation  of  fruit,  wine,  raisins,  stock  raising. 
(Seaside  resort.) 
Transhipment  trade  in  oranges  and  citrus  fruits.     (Winter 

resort.) 
Flour,  wood-working,  canneries. 
Canneries,  ship-building,  iron  works,  flour,  lumber. 
(Important  port  of  entry.)     Fishing. 
(Health  resort.) 
Lumber,   flour,   furniture,   cordage,   canned    goods,   woollen 

coods,  wagons  and  carriages. 
(Winter  resort:  heart  of  orange  growing  region.) 
Flour,  lumber,  railroad  cars,  saddlery,  harness. 
Flour,  woollens.     (Centre  of  most  important  hop  growing 

region  in  the  world.) 


340 


GEOGRAPHICAL  MANUAL  AND  NEW  ATLAS 


PACIFIC  STATES— Coniinutd 
CHIEF  CITIES  AND  INDUSTRIES 


CITY   OR   TOWN 

state 

principal  industries 

San  Diego 
San  Francisco 

San  Jose         .     . 
Santa  Barbara  . 
Seattle    .     .     . 

Spokanb   .     .     . 
Stockton 
Tacoma     . 

Walla  Walla     . 

Cal. 
Cal. 

Cal. 
Cal. 
Wash. 

Wash. 

Cal. 

Wash. 

Wash. 

Machine  shops,  planing  mills,  flour.     (Health  resort.) 

Sugar  and  molasses  refineries,  shipbuilding,  mining  ma- 
chinery, canning,  leather,  smelting  works. 

Canning,  packing  houses,  shipping,  flour,  lumber. 

(Winter  resort.) 

Shipyards,  lumber  and  shingle  mills,  6our,  rolling  mills, 
foundries. 

Lumber,  flour,  furniture,  briclc  and  terra-cotta  works. 

Flour,  agricultural  implements,  window-glass,  canneries. 

Smelting,  lumber,  car-shops,  flour  and  rolling  mills,  pack- 
ing houses,  furniture. 

Fanning  implements  and  machinery,  flour  and  lumber  mills. 

Commerce. — More  than  one-half  of  the  foreign  trade  of  the  United 
States  is  carried  on  with  the  British  Empire.  Out  of  a  total  of  $6,53 1,000,000 
(imports  and  exports)  in  1915-1916,  $2,973,000,000  represents  the  trade 
with  the  British  Empire.  United  States  trade  is  also  carried  on  with  the 
following  countries:  France,  ■  Italy,  Germany,  Austria-Hungary,  Russia, 
Netherlands,  Spain,  Portugal,  Greece,  Belgium,  Switzerland,  Sweden, 
Norway,  Turkey,  Japan,  China,  Dutch  East  Indies;  and  with  the  following 
Latin  American  republics:  Argentina,  Brazil,  Chile,  Colombia,  Mexico, 
Peru,  Venezuela,  etc. 

Chief  Imports. — ^The  leading  imports  into  the  United  States  in  order 
of  value  are:  sugar,  crude  rubber  and  gutta-percha,  hides  and  skins,  un- 
manufactured wool  (hair  of  the  camel,  goat,  etc.),  unmanufactured  silk, 
coffee;  chemicals,  drugs,  and  dyes;  manufactures  of  vegetable  fibres  and 
textile  grasses,  wood  and  manufactures  of  wood,  unmanufactured  fibres, 
manufactures  of  copper,  tin,  oils,  manufactures  of  cotton,  precious  stones, 
fruits  and  nuts,  unmanufactured  cotton,  crude  cocoa  and  cacao,  seeds,  silk 
manufactures,  tobacco,  paper  and  paper  manufactures,  meat  and  dairy 
products,  breadstufFs,  iron  and  steel  manufactures,  furs,  tea,  leather  and 
leather  manufactures,  fish;  spirits,  malt  liquors,  and  wines;  manufactures 
of  wool;  copper  ore,  vegetables,  fertilizers,  earthenware  and  chinaware, 
bituminous  coal,  toys,  glass,  and  glassware. 

Chief  Exports. — The  leading  exports  from  the  United  States  in  order 
of  value  are:  iron  and  steel  (crude  and  manufactured),  explosives,*  bread- 
stuffs,  unmanufactured  cotton,  meat  and  dairy  products,  copper  and 
manufactures  of  copper,  carriages  and  other  vehicles,  brass  and  manufai^ 
tures  of  brass,  mineral  oils,  leather  and  manufactures  of  leather;  chemicals, 
drugs,  dyes  and  medicine;  cotton  manufactures,  animals,  sugar  and  mo- 
lasses, coal,  wood  and  manufactures  of  wood,  tobacco  (raw  and  manufac- 
tured), woollen  manufactures,  fruits  and  nuts,  rubber  manufactures,  paper 
and  manufactures  of  paper,  oil  cake  and  oil-cake  meal,  vegetable  oils,  manu- 
factures A  vegetable  oils  and  textile  grasses,  fish,  agricultural  implements, 
naval  s^Ks,  paraffin  and  paraffin  wax,  paints,  etc.,  furs  and  fur  skins; 
grease,  grease  scrap,  etc.;  soap,  scientific  instruments,  green  coffee,  fertili- 
zers, hops,  household  and  personal  effects,  seeds,  and  musical  instru- 
ments. 

Communications. — The  railroads  of  the  United  States  have  increased 
from  23  miles  in  1830,  52,922  miles  in  1870,  167,191  miles  in  1890,  198,964 
miles  in  1900,  249,992  miles  in  1910,  to  264,378  miles  in  1915.  See  Table 
of  Railways.,  p.  333. 

The  telegraphs  are  largely  controlled  by  the  Western  Union  Telegraph 
Company,  which  has  about  240,000  miles  of  line,  with  over  1,610,000  miles 
of  wire,  and  25,142  offices.  The  Postal  Telegraph-Cable  Company  operates 
66,154  miles  of  line  and  408,735  miles  of  wire. 

The  telephones  operated  by  The  American  Telephone  and  Telegraph 
Company,  and  Associated  Companies  (Bell  System)  in  the  United 
States  represent  over  l8j  millions  miles  of  wire.  For  Automobile  Routes, 
see  p.  240. 

DEPENDENCIES  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES 
(See  Map,  pp.  76-77) 

PHILIPPINE  ISLANDS 
(See  Map,  p.  68) 

The  Philippine  Islands  form  a  volcanic  group  in  the  Pacific  Ocean,  and 
are  distant  about  500  miles  from  the  southeast  coast  of  Asia.  Their  total 
land  area  is  about  115,000  square  miles;  population,  7,635,000.  The  prin- 
cipal islands  are  Luzon  (area,  40,969  square  miles;  population,  3,798,000),  Min- 
danao (area,  36,292  square  miles;  population,  500,000),  Samar  (area,  5,031 
square  miles),  Negros,  Panay,  Palawan,  Mindoro,  Leyte,  Cebu,  Boliol,  and 
Masbate. 

The  inhabitants,  apart  from  the  Europeans  and  Americans,  consist  of 
aborigines,  called  Negritos;  the  Igolotes,  probably  of  Chinese  descent, 
who  are  the  agriculturists  of  the  islands;  and  the  Tagalos,  who  are  Malay 
immigrants.  Until  1898  the  islands  formed  a  Spanish  colony,  ^but  after 
the  Spanish-American  War  they  were  ceded  to  the  United  States  as  terri- 
torial indemnity  for  the  expenses  of  the  war. 

Products  and  Industries. — Agriculture  is  the  principal  industry  of 
the  archipelago,  and  employs  over  one-half  of  the  working  population. 
The  chief  crops  are  hemp,  rice,  maize,  sugar,  tobacco,  and  coconuts;  the 
exports  being  principally  hemp,  copra,  sugar,  and  tobacco;  the  imports 
are  cotton  goods,  rice,  wheat,  flour,  fresh  meat,  boots  and  shoes,  iron  and 
steel  manufactures,  petroleum,  and  paper.  The  principal  manufactures 
are  cigars  and  cigarettes. 

The  principal  ports  are  Manila  (population,  250,000),  the  capital,  in  the 
island  of  Luzon;  Cebu  (population,  60,000);  and  Iloilo  (population,  50,000). 


'Exceptionally  large  on  account  of  the  Great  War. 


PORTO  RICO 

(See  Map,  p.  94) 

Porto  Rico  is  an  island  of  the  Greater  Antilles  group  in  the  West  Indies; 
area,  3,606  square  miles;  population,  1,118,000.  The  island  is  about  100 
miles  from  west  to  east,  and  40  miles  from  north  to  south  at  the  western 
end,  narrowing  toward  the  eastern  extremity.  Porto  Rico  was  sighted  by 
Colurnbus  in  1493,  and  was  occupied  by  Spain  from  1508  to  1898,  in  which 
year  it  was  captured  by  the  United  States.  Included  in  the  annexation 
are  the  islands  of  Vieques  (100  square  miles),  Culebra  (30  square  miles). 
Mono  (20  square  miles),  and  several  islets. 

Sugar  is  grown  in  the  low-lying  districts,  and  tobacco  and  coffee  on  the 
slopes  of  the  hills;  fruits,  cotton,  maize,  sweet  potatoes,  rice,  and  yams  are 
also  grown.  The  trade  is  principally  with  the  United  States.  San  Juan 
(population,  49,000)  the  capital,  and  Ponce  (36,000)  are  the  chief  harbours. 

GUAM 
(See  Map,  p.  76) 

Guam  is  the  largest  of  the  Ladrone  or  Marianne  Islands  in  the  North 
Pacific  Ocean,  about  1,450  miles  east  of  Manila.  Its  area  is  210  square 
miles;  population,  1^,000.  The  island  was  discovered  by  the  Portuguese 
navigator  Magellan  in  1521,  and  was  occupied  by  Spain  from  1688  to  1898. 
Only  a  small  part  of  the  island  is  cultivated,  although  the  available  land  is 
fertile  and  the  climate  favourable.  Coconuts,  rice,  sugar,  coffee,  and  cacao 
are  grown  in  small  quantities.  The  wooded  slopes  of  the  plateau  and  the 
valleys  contain  valuable  timber.  Agana  (population,  7,000)  is  the  capital. 
Apra  is  the  port  of  entry. 

AMERICAN  SAMOA 
(See  Map,  p.  76) 

The  island  of  Tutuila  and  other  Samoan  islands  east  of  i7i°W.  longi- 
tude came  into  the  possession  of  the  United  States  in  February,  1900;  total 
area,  77  square  miles;  population,  7,000.  Tutuila  contains  a  magnificent 
harbour  at  Pagopago,  the  capital.     Copra  and  cocoa  beans  are  exported. 

WAKE  AND  OTHER  ISLANDS 
(See  Map,  p.  76) 

The  flag  of  the  United  States  was  hoisted  on  Wake  Island  in  1899,  and 
other  islands  in  the  Pacific  have  been  annexed  from  time  to  time,  including 
Johnston,  Palmyra,  and  Medway. 

AMERICAN  VIRGIN  ISLANDS 
(See  Map,  p.  118) 

The  Islands  of  St.  Croix,  St.  Thomas,  and  St.  John,  in  the  Virgin  group 
of  the  Lesser  Antilles,  were  purchased  from  Denmark,  and  taken  pos- 
session of  by  the  United  States  on  March  31,  1917.  The  islands  lie  about 
50  miles  from  Porto  Rico;  area,  142  square  miles;  population,  32,000.  St. 
Croix  is  the  largest,  richest,  and  most  populous  of  the  three  islands;  it  has 
much  rich  sugar  land.  St.  Thomas  is  declared  by  naval  officers  to  possess 
advantages  enabling  it  to  be  converted  into  a  second  Gibraltar.  St.  John, 
the  smallest  of  the  three  islands,  is  of  economic  importance,  for  it  is  from  here 
that  come  the  leaves  of  the  bay  tree  (Pimenta  acris),  from  which  bay  rum 
is  prepared.  Most  of  the  bay  rum  is  made  in  St.  Thomas.  All  the  islands 
have  a  striking  variety  of  vegetation.  Thfe  plantain,  banana,  bell  apple, 
orange,  mango,  sapodilla,  and  lemon  flourish. 

CANAL  ZONE 
(See  Map,  pp.  116-117) 

Panama  Can.\l. — The  completion  of  the  Panama  Canal  is  one  of  the 
greatest  engineering  achievements  of  the  world — it  is  doubtless  the  great- 
est of  our  age.  The  figures  relating  to  its  construction  are  almost  beyond 
comprehension.  The  excavations  alone  amount  to  242,000,000  cubic 
yards.  A  similar  excavation  would  be  sufficient  to  make  a  railway  tunnel 
through  the  centre  of  the  earth  14  feet  in  diameter  and  8,000  miles  in  length. 
The  concrete  used  (5,000,000  cubic  yards)  would  construct  a  wall  8  feet 
thick,  12  feet  high,  and  266  miles  long — from  New  York  City  to  Washington, 
D.  C,  and  38  miles  beyond.  The  canal  itself  is  a  monument  to  stupendous 
eflTort  in  the  face  of  almost  insurmountable  difficulties;  its  future  history  has 
yet  to  be  made,  but  it  will  undoubtedly  greatly  influence  the  commerce  of 
the  world,  especially  that  of  th6  United  States,  and  improve  her  military 
and  naval  positions. 

Its  History. — The  first  suggestion  for  a  canal  across  the  Isthmus  of  Panama  was  made 
by  a  Spanish  engineer  in  1530,  and  surveys  were  actively  engaged  upon  by  various  private 
companies  between  the  years  JI825  and  1890.  In  1876  a  concession  for  the  construction  of 
a  canal  was  granted  to  a  French  promotion  corporation  which  conducted  surveys  during  a 
period  of  two  years,  and  reported  to  an  international  congress  held  at  Paris  in  May,  1879, 
over  which  Ferdinand  de  Lesseps  presided.  This  congress  advised  the  construction  of  a 
canal  at  sea-level,  and  in  1881  the  work  was  undertaken  by  the  Universal  Interoceanic  Panama 
Canal  Company,  of  which  de  Lesseps  was  nominal  head.  After  two  years  of  preparatory 
work,  the  first  excavation  was  made  on  January  20.  1882.  The  amount  of  work  to  be  ac- 
complished proved  to  be  greater  than  was  estimated,  and  the  conditions  under  which  it 
was  carried  on  more  embarrassing.  Sickness,  interference  of  local  officials,  and  mismanage- 
ment by  the  administration  in  Paris,  resulted  in  the  failuES  of  the  company,  and  a  receiver 
was  appointed  in  1889.  Under  direction  of  the  French  courts  a  new  company  was  formed 
to  carry  on  the  work,  and  after  a  period  of  surveys,  excavation  was  resumed  in  1894.  This 
was  continued  until  May  4,  [904,  when  the  United  States  Government  took  possession. 

Two  years  were  spent  by  the  United  States  Government  in  sanitation,  the  assembling 
of  plant,  and  organization  and  housing  of  a  labour  force;  after  which  operations  on  a  large 
scale  were  begun  on  all  parts  of  the  canal.  The  labour  force  varied  from  700  on  May  4,  1904, 
17,000  in  1906,  29,000  in  lgo7,  to  50,000  in  1913.  The  total  cost  is  estimated  at  }>375,ooo,ooo, 
including,  in  addition  to  the  canal  construction,  the  $"40,000,000  paid  to  the  French  canal 
company,  $10,0000,000  paid  to  the  Republic  of  Panama,  and  the  cost  of  terminal  facilities. 
For  further  description,  see  Introduction,  p.  xxii.  Map  oj  Canal  Zone,  p.  31,  also  under  ^- 
public  of  Panama,  p.  327. 


GEOGRAPHICAL  MANUAL  AND  NEW  ATLAS 


34« 


ALASKA 

(See  Map,  p.  235) 


Untold  Economic  Wealth. — ^The  Territory  of  Alaska  is 
a  great  mining  and  agricultural  country  on  the  same  lati- 
tude as  Sweden.  Its  forests  and  its  minerals  are  sources  of 
vast  potential  wealth.  Yet  because  of  inadequate  railway 
service  and  high  freight  rates  the  territory  remains  largely 
unexploited. 

The  people  of  Alaska  have  a  vision  of  the  valleys  of  their 
interior  territory  dotted  with  towns  of  permanent  industry 
where  men  make  their  homes  and  rear  their  families,  towns 
with  smelters,  machine  shops,  stores,  churches,  and  schools 
built  of  the  timber  from  the  surrounding  hills  and  fed  with 
the  produce  of  adjacent  farms.  This  does  not  mean  settle- 
ment like  a  German  landscape,  but  settlement  such  as  there 
is  now  in  Colorado.  Between  this  vision  and  realization 
looms  the  great  Alaskan  mountain  range  and  the  cost  per  ton 
mile  of  moving  freight. 

Lack  of  Transportation. — In  a  thousand-mile  half-circle 
along  the  coast  stretch  the  mountains,  in  places  50  miles  wide, 
widening  out  elsewhere  to  200  miles.  Behind  them  lie  the 
gold-floored  valleys  that  contain  many  other  metals,  and  the 
wide-sweeping  farm  lands  that  promise  a  permanent 
development.  Fairbanks  on  the  Tanana  River,  is  the  centre 
of  the  great  interior;  and  the  freight  service  from  tidewater 
to  Fairbanks  is  the  measure  of  Alaska's  prosperity.  There 
are  two  main  freight  routes  to  Fairbanks,  one  from  the  south- 
east and  one  from  the  southwest.  Both  use  the  great  river 
of  the  north,  for  the  Yukon  is  navigable  from  its  mouth  in 
Bering  Sea,  2,000  miles  across  Alaska,  into  Canada,  and  to 
within  1 10  miles  of  salt  water  again  at  White  Horse.  If  a 
miner  at  Fairbanks  orders  a  boiler  shipped  to  him  by  the 
southeastern  route,  it  comes  by  steamer  1,000  miles  from 
Puget  Sound  up  the  inland  passage  to  Skagway.  There  it  is 
trans-shipped  to  the  narrow-gauge  White  Pass  &  Yukon 
Railroad,  which  climbs  nearly  3,000  feet  up  White  Pass, 
crosses  the  divide,  and  winds  down  on  the  other  side  1 10  miles 
to  White  Horse  on  the  upper  Yukon.  There  the  boiler  is 
handled  again,  this  time  being  loaded  on  a  little  Canadian 
river  steamer  which  carries  it  460  miles  to  Dawson.  Once 
more  there  is  unloading  and  loading;  and  the  boiler  is  stored 
away  on  an  American  river  steamer  that  makes  the  last  1,000 
miles  of  the  trip  to  Fairbanks. 

But  this  route  is  so  very  expensive  that  most  of  the  freight 
goes  by  the  northwestern  route — 2,700  miles  by  steamer 
around  the  Aleutian  Islands  to  St.  Michael.  And  after  this 
long  trip,  even  when  St.  Michael  is  reached,  Fairbanks  is 
still  1,100  miles  away  upstream.  Steamers  whose  appear- 
ance suggests  the  old  days  on  the  Mississippi  make  this  last 
stage  of  the  journey;  but  they  make  the  trip  only  in  the  sum- 
mer, for  during  eight  or  nine  months  of  the  year  the  mouth  of 
the  Yukon  is  icebound. 

Such  is  the  cheapest  freight  service  to  the  metropolis 
of  central  Alaska,  and  the  mercha'nt  who  uses  this  service  has 
to  buy  a  year's  supply  at  a  time  and  pay  interest  and  storage 
on  it.  The  freight  rate  on  the  necessities  of  life,  which 
amounts  to  about  $135  a  year  for  every  man,  v/oman,  and 
child  in  the  interior,  is  what  keeps  down  the  population. 
Moreover,  the  river  traffic  is  in  the  hands  of  a  trust.  There 
used  to  be  two  fleets  of  boats  on  the  river.  Now  one  fleet  is 
on  the  beach  at  St.  Michael.  It  was  bought  and  put  out  of 
business  by  the  rival  company. 

Though  traffic  with  the  States  is  done  chiefly  in  summer  on 
the  river,  almost  all  other  traffic  moves  in  winter.  Passen- 
gers and  a  little  high-class  freight  come  into  Fairbanks  through 
the  mountains  to  the  south.  From  Cordova  and  from  Valdez 
— the  northernmost  ice-free  ports — travellers  and  such  freight 
traffic  as  will  bear  the  cost  reach  the  interior  through  the 
valley  of  the  Copper  River.  From  Valdez  to  Chitina  there 
is  a  Government-built  wagon  road.  From  Cordova  to 
Chitina  (132  miles)  is  the  Copper  River  &  North-western 
Railroad.  From  Chitina  the  Government  road  extends 
through  Delta  Pass  to  the  Tanana  and  down  to  Fairbanks. 


Over  this  road  the  winter  stages  slip  along  on  runners.  The 
passenger's  fare  is  $125,  or  about  35  cents  a  mile;  and  at  the 
road  houses  near  the  summit  of  the  pass,  the  rates  are  $2  a 
meal  and  $2  a  bed. 

Along  the  Yukon  and  the  Tanana  rivers  the  dog  sledges 
pass  to  and  fro  all  winter;  and  on  the  Seward  Peninsula  dogs 
and  reindeer  compete  for  the  horour  of  carrying  freight. 
They  are  nearly  evenly  matched,  too;  and  in  the  yearly  races 
from  Nome  to  Bluff"  and  Council  and  on  to  Candle,  first  the 
dog  teams  win  and  then  the  reindeer,  while  the  sporting  fra- 
ternity watch  the  race  bulletins  at  the  telephone  terminals 
as  the  "World's  Series"  returns  are  watched  in  the  States. 

But  in  both  summer  and  winter  the  Territory  suffers  from 
lack  of  transportation.  Altogether  there  are  less  than  50G 
miles  of  railroad.  About  a  third  of  the  total  mileage  is 
narrow  gauge,  and  one  stretch  of  71  miles  of  standard  gauge 
is  not  in  operation  except  with  dog  teams.  There  are  two  or 
three  little  railroads  on  the  Seward  Peninsula,  but  the  only 
road  of  a  hundred  miles  in  length  in  the  whole  Territory  is  the 
Guggenheim  Copper  River  road  from  Cordova  to  the  Ken- 
nicott-Bonanza  mine. 

What  is  in  this  great  interior  that  justifies  railroads? 

First  and  foremost  there  is  gold. 

Gold. — In  the  valleys  of  the  Alaskan  range,  and  all  through 
the  interior  as  far  north  as  the  Endicott  range  beyond  the  Arctic 
Circle,  there  are  men  washing  gold.  These  placer  miners 
prospect  chiefly  near  the  beds  of  streams,  for  they  need  run- 
ning water  in  the  simple  methods  which  they  use  to  separate 
the  gold  from  the  gravel.  Almost  any  stream  in  interior 
Alaska  will  show  some  gold,  but  with  the  primitive  placer 
process  that  is  available  under  Alaskan  conditions,  only  rich 
soil  can  be  worked  profitably.  So  the  prospectors  roam  over 
the  country  searching  for  rich  "strikes."  And  when  one 
does  "strike  it  rich"  a  rush  begins.  Gold  news  flashes  over 
the  wires,  and  men  pull  up  stakes  in  Nome,  Iditarod,  Fair- 
banks, Valdez,  and  in  the  country  all  the  way  souAto  Se- 
attle and  the  States,  and  rush  for  the  new  field.  Tlwy  come 
by  -river  and  overland,  by  foot  and  by  horse  and  by  dog 
train. 

In  mining  as  well  as  in  transportation,  one  kind  is  done  in 
winter  and  another  in  summer.  Working  in  the  sands  of  a 
river  bed  is  easier  in  winter  when  the  bed  is  frozen  and  the 
mine  shaft  will  not  fill  with  water.  The  shafts  themselves 
are  thawed  out  with  steam.  There  are  hundreds  and  hun- 
dreds of  little  upright  boilers  in  Alaska  making  steam  to  thaw 
out  the  ground.  The  steam  is  carried  from  the  boiler  into  a 
set  of  pipes  that  are  driven  into  the  ground  four  or  five  feet 
apart.  Shafts  have  been  sunk  three  hundred  feet  and  every 
foot  of  it  had  to  be  thawed  out,  for  no  one  has  ever  gotten  be- 
low frost  in  Alaska.  In  the  summer  the  ice  in  the  beds  of 
running  streams  thaws,  and  away  from  the  streams,  where 
the  trees  and  moss  are  cut  down  and  cleared  away,  the  surface 
will  thaw  a  little;  and  for  these  reasons  it  is  during  the  summer 
that  most  of  the  mining  is  done. 

Coal. — Besides  its  gold,  Alaska  is  blessed  with  coal, 
although  this  has  long  been  a  blessing  in  disguise.  The  forces 
of  conservation  and  spoliation  met  on  the  Alaskan  coal  fields, 
and  while  the  battle  was  fought  the  fields  themselves  lay  idle 
and  the  railroads  that  were  started  toward  them  were 
abandoned  by  their  builders. 

On  both  sides  of  Cook  Inlet  are  beds  of  lignite  coal,  and 
other  beds  lie  between  the  Inlet  and  Mt.  McKinley.  Still 
farther  north,  within  fifty  miles  of  Fairbanks,  lie  the  Nenana 
fields,  in  which  there  is  a  good  grade  of  lignite  coal  occurring 
in  numerous  beds  from  five  to  twenty  feet  thick.  The  beds 
are  tilted  but  otherwise  are  not  badly  disturbed,  and  some 
time  undoubtedly  they  will  be  worked,  not  for  export,  but  for 
local  use,  to  generate  electricity  and  heat.  The  Nenana  fields 
could  supply  electric  power  for  the  railroad  that  opened  them, 
light  for  Fairbanks  and  other  settlements,  and  power  for 
mines  in  the  neighbouring  region.  It  is  even  possible  that 
the  river  steamers  that  now  go  empty  toward  the  sea  might 
take  Nenana  coal  to  Ruby  and  St.  Michael.     Nome  and  St. 


342 


GEOGRAPHICAL  MANUAL  AND  NEW  ATLAS 


Michael  now  get  fuel  from  a  lignite  mine  on  the   southern 
shore  of  Cook  Inlet. 

Copper. — Copper  aiready  has  its  railroad.  The  one  line  of 
any  consequence  that  is  still  in  operation  is  the  Guggenheims' 
Copper  River  road  from  Cordova  to  the  Kennicott-Bonanza 
mine,  one  of  the  most=profitable  mines  in  the  world.  Its  traffic 
alone  practically  supports  these  195  miles  of  line.  There  are 
many  other  rich  copper  lodes  in  different  parts  of  Alaska,  not 
in  the  hands  of  men  able  to  finance  their  own  railroads,  that 
need  transportation  before  they  can  be  worked,  just  as  there 
are  many  extensive  low-grade  gold  ore  deposits  in  Alaska  that 
will  furnish  freight  and  labour  and  yield  rich  returns  as  soon 
as  lower  freight  rates  make  such  development  possible. 

Development  waits  for  the  Railroads. — It  isnot  south- 
eastern coastal  Alaska  but  central  Alaska — the  Tanana,  the 
Susitna,  and  the  Kuskokwim  valleys — that  is  looked  upon  to 
yield  the  produce  and  to  feed  the  cattle  to  supply  the  needs  of 
the  people.  Fairbanks  is  in  about  the  same  latitude  as  Christ- 
iarjia,  and  the  agricultural  valleys  of  Norway  and  Sweden  are  as 
far'north  as  the  Alaskan  valleys.  The  climateof  inland  Alaska, 
behind  Mt.  McKinley.and  the  glaciers,  is  similar  to  the  climate 
of  Alberta,  Saskatchewan,  and  Manitoba,  which  have  re- 
cently made  such  strides  in  agriculture.  Moreover,  there 
has  been  enough  farming  in  the  interior  to  show  that  it  is 
practicable.  In  the  timbered  country,  after  the  trees  and 
moss  are  cleared  away,  the  first  summer's  sun  thaws  the  sur- 
face and  in  the  second  summer  the  ground  is  ready  for  crops; 
and  there  are  wide  sweeps  of  grass  land  that  do  not  have  to 
be  cleared  at  all. 

The  valley  of  the  Tanana  River  is  a  valley  of  rich  soil  and 
in  many  places  has  a  heavy  growth  of  grasses.  Where  Fair- 
banks makes  a  market  there  are  farms  that  raise  potatoes, 
oats,  rye,  barley,  hay,  and  vegetables;  and  though  it  is  neces- 
sary to  winter-feed  stock,  beef  cattle  and  milk  cattle  can 
fare  well  in  this  region.  .  .  .  Agricultural  development 
in  Alaska  to-day  is  more  promising  than  agriculture  was  in 
many  of  our  now-flourishing  Western  States  fifty  or  sixty 
years  ago.  Into  the  few  valleys  where  the  local  market  will 
support  farming,  the  homesteader  has  gone.  Elsewhere 
he,  Iil«  almost  everybody  and  everything  else  in  Alaska, 
^le  coming  of  the  railroad. 

great  exception  to  this  statement  is  the  fish  in- 
|t  belongs  on  the  coast.  Every  summer  it  is  in 
rom  St.  Michael  to  Sitka.  Ships  and  fishermen, 
canneries  ahd  cannery  workers,  fill  this  coast  with  industry. 
As  fall  comes  the  canneries  are  shut  and  the  ships  carry  back 
to  the  States  the  cannery  workers  and  every  trace  of  the 
industry  except  the  deserted  buildings.  Some  day  perhaps 
this  may  change  and  the  salmon-canning  business  may  make 
homes  in  Alaska,  but  now  its  chief  efl^ect  upon  the  other  in- 
dustries of  the  Territory  is  to  provide  better  steamer  service 
than  they  otherwise  would  have  and  to  supply  a  cheap  food 
not  only  to  Alaska  but  to  the  whole  United  States. 

But  excepting  only  the  fisheries,  Alaska  waits  for  railroads.' 

Alaska  Ra.iuioads. — ^The  first  arterial  route  of  a  Govern- 
ment railroad  in  Alaska,  reaching  from  the  coast  to  navigable 
waters  of  the  interior,  was  designated  by  President  Wilson  in 
April  191 5. 

The  route  adopted,  known  as  the  Susitna  route,  extends 
from  Seward,  on  Resurrection  Bay,  to  Fairbanks,  on  the 
Tanana  River,  a  distance  of  471  miles.  This  route  includes 
the  existing  Alaska  Northern  Railway  which  runs  from  Se- 
ward through  the  Kenai  Peninsula  for  a  distance  of  seventy- 
one  miles  to  Turnagain  Arm/  and  it  is  to  be  bought  from  its 
present  owners  by  the  Government  for  $1,150,000.  The 
contract  for  the  purchase  of  this  road  was  signed  by 
Secretary  Lane  of  the  Interior  Department. 

,  From  Turnagain  Arm  the  route  is  to  be  extended  through 
the  Susitna  Valley  and  across  Broad  Pass  to  the  Tanana 
River,  and  from  there  on  to  Fairbanks.  It  is  to  be  a  stan- 
dard-gauge road.  A  side  line  is  to  run  from  Matanusca 
Junction  into  the  Matanusca  coal  field,  a  distance  of  thirty- 

>Owen  Wilson  in  The  World's  Work. 


eight  miles.  The  road  is  to  be  built  with  its  present  base  at 
Ship  Creek,  on  Cook  Inlet.  The  grade  from  the  Matanusca 
field  to  Ship  Creek  is  four-tenths  of  i  per  cent. 

The  Alaska  Northern  is  to  be  put  into  operative  condition 
and  will  be  used  as  a  base  for  extending  the  line  along  Turn- 
again  Arm.  Under  the  contract  approved  by  the  President, 
the  road  is  taken  over  free  from  all  debt  or  obligation  of  any 
kind. 

SYNOPSIS  OF  ALASKA 
(See  Map,  p.  235) 

The  Territory  of  Alaska  was  purchased  by  the  United  States  from  Russia 
in  1867  for  the  sum  of  $7,200,000.  The  transfer  was  fprmally  made  at 
Sitka  on  October  18,  1S67.  Alaska  was  organized  as  a  territory  on  July  27, 
1868.     It  has  an  area  of  590,884  square  miles,  and  a  population  of  64,000. 

Physical  Features.  There  are  four  well-defined  divisions,  correspond- 
ing to  those  of  the  Western  States.  The  Pacific  Mountain  System  includes 
the  coastal  range  of  the  Alaskan  Penninsula  (known  as  the  "Panhandle"  on 
account  of  its  shape),  with  summit  levels  of  from  5,000-6,000  feet;  the  St. 
Elias  range,  with  many  peaks  above  14,000  feet;  the  Alaskan  range,  which 
includes  many  active  volcanoes,  and  Mt.  McKinley  (20,300  feet),  the  highest 
point  in  the  territory.  The  Rocky  Mountain  System  crosses  the  Yukon 
boundary  and  extends  over  the  northeastern  portion  of  Alaska,  with  peaks  of 
6,000  feet;  the  Central  Plateau  Region  which  occupies  most  of  the  interior  of 
the  Territory,  with  an  elevation  of  from  3,000-5,000  feet;  and  the  Arctic 
Slope  Region,  with  a  maximum  altitude  of  2,000-3,000  feet. 

Yukon  River.  The  principal  river  of  Alaska  is  the  Yukon,  which  has  a 
total  length  of  2,200  miles,  and  with  its  tributaries  a  total  navigable  length 
(May  to  September)  of  over  3,000  miles,  of  which  three  fourths  are  in  Alaska. 
Its  principal  territories  are  the  Tanana  and  the  Koyukuk.  . 

Climate.  The  coastal  regions  have  a  fairly  equable  temperature  and  a 
heavy  rainfall,  but  the  winters  of  the  interior  are  very  severe,  and  the  sum- 
mers uncertain. 

Products  and  Industries. — (1)  Agriculture.  The  soil  of  Alaska  is  rich  and 
capable  of  agriculture  develapment;  the  principal  impediment  to  this  is  the 
shortness  of  the  summer.  In  the  coastal  region  and  various  regions  of  the 
Yukon  Valley,  hardy  vegetables  in  great  variety  can  be  produced  success- 
fully. There  is  little  doubt  that  over  the  greater  part  of  southeastern  Alaska 
such  grains  as  buckwheat,  barley,  and  oats,  and  possibly  also  wlwat  and  rye, 
could  be  cultivated  with  reasonable  prospects  of  success.  It  is  estimated  that 
one  sixth  of  the  territory  is  suitable  for  pasture  and  tillage.  The  live  stock 
is  being  replenished,  and  reindeer  have  been  introduced  from  Siberia  and 
now  number  more  than  50,000.  The  Agricultural  Department  has  estab- 
lished successful  experimental  stations  at  various  points  within  the  Territory, 
demonstrating  that  vegetables,  grains,  grasses  and  live  stock  are  adapted  to 
the  climate.  The  Government  railroad  will  make  available  for  settlement 
the  many  thousands  of  acres  of  agricultural  lands. 

(2)  Forests.  The  forest  area  is  close  on  27,000,000  acres,  and  includes 
many  varieties  of  cedar,  fir,  spruce,  and  hemlock.  At  present  there  is  little 
development  of  the  timber  resources  of  the  Territory. 

(3)  Fisheries.  Cod,  herring,  salmon,  and  seal  fishing  are  important  indus- 
tries. Cod  can  be  taken  with  comparatively  little  hardship.  Herrings  fur- 
nish oil  and  guano,  and  the  young  fish  are  packed  as  "sardines"  at  Juneau. 
The  salmon  industry  dates  from  1878.  The  output  since  1900  has  been  more 
than  half  the  total  salmon  product  of  the  United  States,  and  it  is  more  than 
ten  times  the  product  of  all  other  fish.  On  the  Karluk  River,  Kodiak  Isl- 
and, is  the  largest  salmon  fishery  in  the  world.  These  salmon  fisheries  have 
been  conducted  in  the  past  in  a  recklessly  wasteful  manner. 

The  fur  seal  industry  has  been  somewhat  better  protected,  but  not  suf- 
ficiently so  to  prevent  these  animals  from  being  threatened  with  early  exter- 
mination. The  walrus,  hunted  for  its  ivory  tusks,  and  the  sea  otter,  the  rar- 
est and  most  valuable  of  Alaskan  fur  animals,  are  rapidly  becoming  extinct. 
The  whale  fishery  also  has  fallen  off;  the  whales  are  now  sought  for  the 
baleen  alone. 

(4)  Minerals.  Alaska  is  rich  in  minerals,  and  is  rapidly  becoming  one  of 
the  greatest  metal  and  mineral  producing  countries  in  the  world.  Gold, 
copper,  and  tin  are  extensively  produced.  Goldytzs  first  found  in  1861,  but 
as  yet  no  veins  of  the  richness  of  the  Klondyke  deposits  [have  been  dis- 
covered. Tin  was  discovered  in  the  Tanana  Valley  in  1912.  This  is  one  of 
the  metals  not  produced  in  the  United  States.  We  are  now  importing 
$40,000,000  to  $50,000,000  worth  of  tin  annually;  and  Alaska  is  undoubtedly 
destined  to  produce  the  greater  part,  if  not  all,  of  the  tin  that  the  United 
States  requires.  Oil  has  been  found  in  many  parts  of  the  public  domain. 
The  resources  of  the  coal  fields  of  the  Nenana  districts  are  estimated  at  more 
than  150  billion  tons.  The  Bering  River,  the  Matanuska  Valley,  and  the 
Nenana  fields,  containing  deposits  of  high-grade  character,  were  subdivided 
into  townships  by  Government  surveyors  during  1915  and  1916.  The 
building  of  the  Government  railway  will  facilitate  the  development  of  the 
coal  fields. 

Juneau  is  situated  on  the  Gastineau  Channel  in  t>he  southeast,  and  became 
the  capital  in  IQ06. 

Exports. — Since  the  commencement  of  tabulated  records  of  Alaska's ' 
exports  the  output  has  been: — 

SINCE   1867*  FISCAL  YEAR  I9IS-16 

Gold $260,488,175  $16,195,635 

Copper 46,281,148  26,488,288 

Silver 3.0IMS3  759.9^2 

Other  Minerals 2,751,638  449.518 

Fisheries  and  Furs       ....  299,581,890  20,202,400 

Other  Merchandise     ....  1,705,820  479.688 

•By  far  the  greater  portion  since  iSpQ.'or  only  fifteen  years. 


INDEX 
CITIES  AND  TOWNS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES 


LATEST  CENSUS 


In  this  compilation  the  oflBcial  population  figures,  as  determined  by  the  Thirteenth  (1910)  Census  of  the  United  States,  are  giren  for  all  cities,  villages  and  boroughs  separately  enumerated  by  t 

government  officials;  of  the  places  not  separately  enumerated  by  the  Census  Bureau,  and  for  which  there  are  no  government  figures  obtainable,  recent  estimates,  supplied  by  local  officials  and  by  ott 
reliable  authorities,  are  given.    Several  states  made  enumerations  in  1916  and  where  these  new  figures  are  given,  notations  are  made  following  name  of  individual  state.    Capitals  of  stal 

are  printed  in  capital  letters,  and  places  having  one  hundred  or  more  inhabitants  are  named.  The  index  references  enclosed  in  parentheses,  indicate  location  of  city  or  village  on  the  accompanyi 
maps. 

Some  comparatively  unimportant  places  have  been  omitted  from  the  maps  to  avoid  crowding  and  consequent  indistinctness  in  the  engraving;  such  omitted  towns  will  be  found  in  the  list,  and  th 
situation  on  the  map.  in  each  case,  may  readily  be  determined  by  means  of  the  index-reference  letters  and  numbers. 

ALABAMA 

Abanda,   (F5) 100  Cahaba,   (C7) 200  Douglas,  (F9) 100    Grand  Bay,  (AlO). .    200  Lanett,  (G6) 3,820  Munycross,  (F3) . .    100  Ragland,  (E4) 483  Strata,  (E7)  1 

Abbeville,  {G8)..:.  1, 141  Calebee,    (F7) 250  Downs,  (F7) 100    Granger,  (09) 200  Langdale,    (G6)...  500  Muscadine,    (G4)..     130  Ramer,  (E7) 350  Stroud,  (G5)  1 

Abbott,  (C8) 200  Caledonia,     (C8)..    200  Dozier,  (E8) 288     Grant,  (E2) 100  Langston,  (E2). . . .  314     Myrtle,  (E7) 100  Randolph,   (D6).  . .    350  Slrudwick,  (B6).    '.    1 

Abercrombie,  (C6).    350  Calera,  (D5) 754  Drifton,  (C4) 100    Grasselli,    (C5) 100  Lanier,  (E5) 300  Nanafalia,  (B7). . . .    600  Red  Bay,  (A3) 472  Sturkie,  (G6)  1 

Abemant   (C5) 300  Calumet,    (C4) 350  Dudley ville,  (F6). .     100    Gravelly  Spr'gs,  (B2)  100  Lapine,     (E8) 250  Natural  Bridge,  (B3)  200  Redhill,  (E3) 100  Stutts,  (C2)  '     1 

Acton    (D5) 1,500  Calvert,  (A9) 150  Duke,   (F4) 150    Graysville,  (C4) .  . .    428  LaPlace,  (F7) 100     Nauvoo,  (C4) 392  Redlevel,   (D9). .  , .    317  Styx,  (BIO)  '      1 

Ada,  (E7)   100  Camden,  (C7) 648  DuncanvUle,      (C5)    250    Greeley,   (CS) 300  Larkin,  (E2) 100     Nellie,  (C8) 100  Red  Star,  (C4). .. .     150  Suggsville,   (B8)          3 

AdamsviUc,  (D4)..    549  Campbell,  (B8) 100  Dunham,  (D8). .. .    300    Green  Pond,  (C5). .    250  Larkinsville,  (E2 ) . .  220  Nettleboro,  (38) . . .     110  Reform,    (B5) 550  SullTgent,   (A4)  6 

Addison,  (C3) 100  Camp  Hill,  (F6).  . .    896  Dunnavant,  (E5). .     100    Greensboro,  (B6).  .2,048  Latham,  (B9) 100     Newala,  (DS) ISO  Rehoboth,  (C7) 130  Sulphur  Springs  (F2)  1 

Adger   (C5) 1,200  Capitol  Heights,  (E7)  403  Eastaboga,  (E4).  . .    500    Green  Springs,  (D4)    100  Lawley,    (C6) 100  Newbern,  (B6).  . . .    515  Renfroe,  (E5) 85  Summerdale,   (Bll)    I 

Akron  (B6) 100  Carbon  Hill,  (B4). .  1,627  E.  Birmingham  (D4)  500     Greenville,  (D8). .  .3,377  Lawrenceville,  (G9)  200  New  Brockton,  (F9)    328  Repton,  (C9) 331  Summerfield,     (C6)    4 

Alabama  City,  (F4)  4,313  Cardiff,  (D4) 426  East  Lake,  (D4). .  .4,100    Grimes,  (G9) 100  Lebanon,  (F3) 160  Ncwburg,  (B3).  . . .    250  Republic,  (D4). .. .    350  Summit,  (E3).   -        1 

Alameda,   (B8)....    200  Carlisle,  (E3) 100  East  Tallassee,  (F6)  2,000    Grove  Hill,  (B8). . .    300  Leeds,  (D4) 810  New  Castle,  (D4). .     100  Richmond,  (C7). . .    200  Sumterville,  (A6)        3 

Alamuchee,    (A7)..    100  CarlowviUe,  (C7). .    200  East  Thomas,  (D4)  1,500    Guerryton,  (F7). . .     100  Leesburg,  (F3) . . . .  100  New  Decatur,  (C2)  6,118  Rickey,  (C5) 100  Sunny  South,  (38)    1 

Alberta  (C7)     150  Carney,  (BIO) ISO  Echola,  (BS) 200    Guin,  (B4) 356  Leesdalc,   (D3) ISO  New  Hope,  (E2).  . .    301  Riderville,   (D6)...    500  Superior,  (D5)  1 

Albertville,    (E3).. 1,544  Carrollton,  (A5).  . .    444  Eclectic,   (F6) 315     Guntcrsville,   (E3)   1,145  Lehigh,  (D4) 300  New  Market,   (E2)    300  Riley,   (C8) 200  Suspension,  (F?)  I 

Aldrich,   (D5) 450  Castleberry,  (09).  .    225  Eden,    (E4) 165     Gurley,  (E2) 750  Leighton,   (B2) 540  Newriver,  (B4) .  . .  .     100  River  Falls,  (D9). .    760  Sweetwater,  (B7)        1 

Alexander     City,  Catherine,    (B7)...    200  Edwardsville,    (F4)    393  Gurnee,  (DS) 200  Leroy,  (B8) 150     Newsite,  (F5) 300  River  Ridge,  (C8) . .    300  Sycamore,  (E5)            S 

(F6)    1,710  Cecil,  (E7) 100  Effie,  (D8) 300  Hackleburg,  (B3) .  .    286  Letohatchee,     (D7)  300     Newton,   (F9) 524  Riverside,    (E4) ...    277  Sykes  Mills,  (E6)        1 

Alexis,  (F3) 150  Cedar  Bluff,  (F3).  .    230  Effort,    (E8) 100  Hackneyville,    (F5)    150  Liberty,   (D3) 100  Newville,   (G9) .  . . .    522  River  View,  (G6) . .    200  Sylacauga,   (ES)       14 

Aliceville,  (AS)...  .    640  Cedarcove,  (C5). . .     100  Elamville,    (F8)...    200  Haleburg,  (G9) 100  Lilita,   (A7) 200  Nokomis,   (B9) . .  . .    200  Roanoke,  (G5). ...  2,034  Talladega,    (E5).     5,8 

Allenton,    (C8)....    200  Cedarville,  (B6). . .    250  Elba,  (E9) 1,079  Haleyville,  (B3). ..  1,111  Lily,  (D6) 300     Normal,  (D2) 100  Robertsdale,    (BIO)    300  Tallassee,  (F6).        1,3 

Almond,  (F5) 100  Center,  (F3) 256  Eldridge,    (B4) 120  Hamburg,  (C6).  .. .     150  Lim  Rock,  (E2). . .  200     North,  (E3) 100  Robinsons    Springs,  Taylorsvillc,  (E2)        2 

Alpine,   (E5) 100  Centerville,  (C6) . . .    730  Eliza,    (F2) 150  Hamilton,  (B3). .. .    422  Lincoln,    (E4) 250  North  Birmingham,                  (E6) 110  Tecumseh,  (G3)     .    2 

Alton.  (D4) 200  Central,  (E6) 100  Elk,  (C3) 100  Hammac,  {C9) 100  Linden,     (B7) 600         (D4) 5,500  Robjohn,    (A7)....     150  Tennille,  (F8).            1 

Altoona,  (E3) 1,071  Central  Mills,  (B7)    200  Elkmont,  (D2) 188  Hanceville,  (D3) . . .    464  Lineville,    (F5). ...  1,053  Northport,  (B5). . .    500  Rockford,  (E6).  ...  1,600  Tensaw,    (B9).  1 

America,  (C4) 100  Ceylon,  (C9) 100  Elmore,  (E6) 300  Hannah,  (F2) 100  Linwood,    (F8) 100  Notasulga,  {F6).. . .    512  Rock  Mills,  (G5). .  .    349  Texas,  (B4).                3 

Andalusia,     (E9).. 2,480  Chambers,  (E7).  . .    250  Elvira,    (DS) 2S0  Hannon,  (F7) 100  Littleton,     (D4)...  100  Nottingham,      (ES)    100  Rock  Run,  (F3). .  .    SOO    Tharin,  (E7) 1 

Anderson,  (C2)....    230  Chatom,  (A9) 100  Elyton,  (D4) 1,000  Hardaway,  (F7). . .    300  Livingston,  (A6) .. .  877  Oakbowery,  (06). .     120  Rockwest,    (C8)..    150  Theodore,  (AlO).  . .    3 

Anniston,   (F4)...  12,794  Chelsea.  (D5) 100  Emauhee,    (ES)...    300  Hargrove,    (DS)...    350  Loachapoka,  (F6) . .  480     Oakchia,  (A7) 100  Rockwood,  (B3).  . .    240    Thomas,  (D4) 1,5 

Arab,  (E3) ISO  Chepultepec,  {E4) . .   200  Eraelle,  (A6) 300  Harpersville,     (E5)    190  Lockhart,  (E9) . . . .  600  Oak  Grove,  (A  10) . .     100  Rogersville,   (C2)..    650  Thomaston,  (B7). .    2 

Ariton,    (F8) 431  Cherokee,  (B2). .. .    269  Enon,    (F7) 300  Hartford,    (F9).  ...  1,159  Longview,   (D5). . .  250     Oakhill,  (C8) 300  Rosehill,  (E9) lOO  Thomasville,    (B7)I,I 

Arkadelphia,  (C4)..    210  Chesterfield,  (F3). .     100  Ensley,  (D4) 8.200  Hartsells,  (D3) 1,374  Louisville,  (F8) ... .  983     Oakman,  (C4) 1,065  Rosemary,   (B6) .. .    100  Thompson,  (F7). . .    2 

Ariington,  (B7) 100  Childersburg,    (E5)    449  Enterprise,  (F9). .  .2,322  Hatchechubbee,  (07)  2S0  Lovick,    (D4) 100     Octagon,  (B7) 100  Round     Mountain,  Thorsby.    (D6)...      5 

Ashford,  (G9) 479  Chinagrove,  (F7).  .     ISO  Epes,  (A6) 374  Havana,  (B6) 140  Lower  Peach  Tree,  Odenville,  (E4) . . . .     100          (F3) 210  Three  Notch,   (F7)    1 

Ashland,  (F5) 1,062  Choccolocco,  (F4). .    250  Equality,   (E6).  .. .    200  Hawridge,  (F9). . . .     120            (B8) 700  Ohatchee,  (E4) .  . .  .     100  Rue,  (B5) 200    Tilden,   (C7) 2 

AshvUle,  (E4) 278  Chunchula,  (AlO). .     100  Escatawpa,    (A9)..     130  Haygood,  (E9) 130  Lowndesboro,   (D7)  500  Old  Spring  Hill,  (B7)  100  Russell,  (A9) 200  Toulminville,  (AlO)     1 

Athens,  (C2) 1,715  Citronelle,      (A9).  .    935  Estaboga,  (E4). . . .      94  Hayneville,   {D7)..    400  Luthers  Store,  (B7)  250  Oleander,  (D3). .. .     100  Russellville,  (B2)..  2,046  Town  Creek,  (C2). .    3 

Atmore,    (B9) 1,060  Claiborne,  (B8).  ..  .     100  Eufaula,  (08) 4,259  Headland,  (09) 1,090  Luveme,  {E8) 1,384     OIney,  (AS) 150  Rutan,    (A9) 150    Townly,   (C4) 2 

Attalla,  (E3) 2,513  Clanton,  (D6) 1,123  Eunola,  (F9) 321  Heflin,  (F4) 839  McCullum,  (C4). . .  200  Oneonta,    (D4)....    609  Rutledge.  (E8) 230    Triana,  (D2) 2 

Aubrey,  (C5) 300  Clayton,  (08) 1,130  Euphronia,    (E7)..     100  Helena,    (DS) 400  McDowell,  (B7). . .  100     Ono,   (D4) 100  Saco,  (F8) 200    Trinity,  (C2) 1 

Auburn,   (G6) 1,408  Cleveland,  (D3).  . .     150  Eureka,    (E4) 130  Hftiderson,  (E8). . .     100  McFall,    (E4) 1,000     Opelika,   (06) 4,734  Safford,  (C7) 150    Troy,  (F8) 4,9 

Austinville,    (D2)..    671  Clinton,  (B6) 100  Eutaw,   (B6) 1,001  Henryellen,   (D4).-.    460  McGhee,  (F3) 250     Opp,  (E9) 863  Saginaw,  (DS) 200  Trussville,  (D4) .  . .    7 

AutaugavUle,  (D7).    313  Clio,  (F8) 580  Evergreen,  (D9).  ..  1,582  Herbert,  (D9) 300  McKinley,  (B7). . .  200     Orestes,    (D8) 150  Saint  Clair,  (D7). .     100  Tunnel  Springs,  (C8)  1 

Avondale,(D4)....  4,500  Cloverdale,  (B2). .  .     ISO  Exsho,  (A9) 100  Hickoryflat,  (OS). .     150  McLendon,    (07)..  100     Orion,   (F8) 150  St.  Claii' Spr'gs,  (E4)  150  Tumbull,  (C8).  . . .     I 

Baltzell,   (B6) 100  Coalburg,  (D4) . . . .    250  Ezra,  (C5) 250  Higdon,  (F2) 100  McNiel,    (C9) ISO     Orrville,    (C7) 255  Saint   Elmo,    (AlO)    100    Turner,  (E5) 1( 

Bangor,    (D4) 200  Coal  City,  (E4) 685  Fackler,    (F2) ISO  Highland  Home,  (E8)  100  McShan,  (AS) 100     Osceola,    (F3) 200  Saint  Florian,  (B2)    450  Tuscaloosa,  (BS).  .  .8,41 

Banks,  (F8) 307  Coal  Creek.  (C4).  . .    300  Fairfield,    (D4)....    600  Highnote,  (F9). . . .    300  Mc  Williams,  (C8). .  184     Owassa,    (D9) 100  Saint  Stephens,  (AS)   180  Tuscumbia,   (B2)..3,3: 

Bankston,  (B4).  ..  .     100  Coaldale,   (D4).  . . .    500  Fairhope,     (BIO)..    590  Hillman,  (DS) 100  Maben,  (C4) 200  Owens    Crossroads,  Salem,    (06) ,.     150  Tuskegee,  (F7). .  .  .2,81 

Barlow  Bend,  (B9).    200  Coaling,  (CS) 250  Fairview,  (D2). . . .    237  Hillsboro,  (C2). . . .    202  Madison,  (D2). .. .  426         (E2) 100  Samson,   (E9) 1,350  Tuskegeclnst.,  (F7)    11 

Barton,  (B2) 100  Coalmont,  (D5). . .     100  Falco.  (D9) 200  Hixon,  (C8) 150  Madrid,   (G9) 100    Oxanna,    (F4) 100  Sanders,  (G9) 100     Union,  (B6) II 

Batesville,     (07)..     143  Coal  Valley,  (C4). .    400  Falkville,     (D3)...    335  Hobson  City,   (F4)    344  Magazine,  (AlO). . .  250    Oxford,   (F4) 1,090  Sandusky,  (D4) .. .    491  Union  Grove,  (E3)    1( 

Battelle,  (F2) 100  Coatopa,  (A6) 100  FarmersvUle,     (D7)    100  Hokes  Bluff,  (F4). .    300  Magnolia,  (B7). .. .  500    Oxmoor,  (D5) 500  Sandy,  (C6) 100  Union  Springs,  (F7)  4,0: 

Bay  Minette,  (BIO)    749  Coatsbend,  (F3). .  .    100  Fatama,  (C8) 100  Hollins,  (ES) 688  Magnolia     Springs,             Ozark,  (F9) 2,229  Sandyridge,  (D7). .    200  Uniontown,    (C7)..I,8. 

Bear  Creek,  (B3)..    600  Cobb  City,  {F4).  . .     100  Faunsdale,  (B7). . .    352  Holly  Pond,  (D3). .     180        (Bll) 200  Paint  Rock,  (E2). .    534  Sanford,   (E9) 742  University,  (B5). .  .     i: 

Beatrice,  (C8) 345  Cochrane,    (AS)...    200  Fayette,  (B4) 636  Hollywood,  (E2).  . .    234  Malone,  (F5) ISO  Palmetto      Beach,  Saraland,   (AlO)...    200  Valley   Head,    (F2)    31 

Belcher,    (G8) 200  Coden,    (All) 250  Fayetteville,  (E5). .    190  Holt,  (CS) 500  Malvern,  (F9) 100         (Bll) 330  Sawyerville,  (B6) . .    100  Vandom,    (B6)....     11 

Belgreen,  (B3) 300  Coffee  Springs,  (F9)    503  Fernbank,  (A4).  . . .     180  Hopewell,  (04).  ..  .    200  Manchester,  (C4). .  500    Palos,    (C4) 200  Sayre,  (D4) 600     Verbena,  (F6) 41 

Belknap,  (C7) 100  Coffeeville,  (A8). . .     100  Finchburg,  (B8). . .    200  Horton,  (E3) 130  Manistee,  (B9). .. .  ISO    Panola,  (A6) 190  Sayreton,  (D4) 400     Vernon,  (A4) 4: 

Bellamy,  (A7) SOO  Collbran,  (F3) 100  Fisk,  (D2) 300  Houston,  (C3) 200  Manningham,  (D8)  150    Pansey,  (09) 106  Schuster,  (C8) 100     Victoria,  (F8) 1( 

Belle  Ellen,  (CS)..    400  Collinsville,  (F3). . .    673  FiUpatrick,   (F7)..    398  Howels  Crossroads,  Maplesville,  (D6). .  500    Panstone,  (06) 150  Scotia,  (E7) 150     Vida,    (D6) i; 

Belle  Mina,  (D2)..     100  Collirenc,  (D7).  . . .     150  Fivepoints,  (05). .  .    200        (F3) 100  Marble,  (D9) 108    Parcoal,    (B3) 100  Scotland,    (C8)....    100    Vienna,  (AS) ; 

Belle  Sumter,  (CS).    100  Columbia,    (G9)... 1,122  Flat  Creek,  (C4). . .    600  Huffman,  (D4) ... .     100  Marbury,  (D6) . . . .  200  Patsburg,  (E8) . . . .     ISO  Scottsboro,  (E2).  .  .1,019     Vina,  (A3) I; 

Belleville.  (C9)....     170  Columbiana,   (D5)  1,079  Flatwood,    (B7)...     100  Hull,  (B5) 300  Margaret,  (E4) ... .  200    Patton,  (C4) 300  Scotts  Station,  (C6)    200    Vincent,   (E5) 9! 

Bells  Landing.  (C8)    100  Comer,  (G7) 200  Flint,  (C2) 197  Hunter,  (B2) 100  Marion,  (C6) 1,834  Pearces  Mills,  (B3)    100  Scyrene,   (B8) 200  Vinegar  Bend,  (A9)    5'. 

Bellwood,  (F9)....    201  Cooper,  (D6) 100  Flomaton,    (C9)...    539  Huntsville,  (D2). .  .7,611  Marion  June,  (C7) .  200    Peekshill,  (F4) 100  Scale,    (07) 312  Vinemont,   (D3)...     1( 

Benton,(D7) 600  Coosada  Station, (E6)  150  Florala,  (E9) 2,439  Hurtsboro,  (G7).  . .    764  Maros,  (C9) ISO    Pelham,   (D5) 100  Searight,  (E9) 120    Wadley,  (F5) 4; 

Berry,  (B4) 372  Copeland,  (A8). . . .    300  Florence,    (B2). ..  .6,689  Hymer,  (F2) 100  Martling,   (E3). . . .  160  Pell  City,  (E4). .. .    530  Searles,  (C5) 700  Wadsworth,  (D6). .    3( 

Bessemer,  (CS)...  10,864  Cordova,  (C4) 1.747  Flossy,    (C2) 180  Inverness,  (F7) 200  Marvel,  (C5) 400  Pennington,  (A7). .     170  Section,  (F2) 250  Walker  Springs,  (B8)  U 

Bethany,    (AS)....     100  Corona,  (C4) l.SOO  Foley,  (Bll) 200  Ireland  Hill,  (B3).  .    230  Marvyn,  (07) 300    Penton,  (06) 150  Seddon,    {E4) 133     Wallace,  (C9) 2( 

Beulah,  (06) 150  Cortelyou,   (B9)...    200  Forest  Home,  (D8)    300  Ironaton,  (F5) 982  Mathews,  (E7). .. .  200    Pera,  (E9) ISO  Sellers,    (E7) 100  Walnut  Grove,  (E3)    2( 

Bexar,  (A3) 300  Cottondale,  (C5) ..  .    520  Forkland,  (B6). . . .     100  Irondale,  (D4) 572  Maylene,  (DS). . . .  350  Perdue  Hill,  (C8). .    350  Sellersville,  (E9). . .    100    Ward,  (A7) 1( 

Billingsley,    {D6)..    256  Cottonwood,     (09)    500  Forney,    (03) 120  Isbell,  (B3) 100  Maysville,  (E2) 220    Perote,    (F8) 240  Selma,  (D7) 13,649  Warrenton,  (E3).  . .     1; 

Birmingham,  Courtland,  (C2). . .    478  Fort  Davis,  (F7). .    200  Isney,  (A8) 150  Meharaa.  (B2) 300  Perryville,    (C6)...    100  Seloca,   (D4) 300    Warrior,  (D4) 6( 

{D4) 132,685  Covington,  (D5).  . .    500  Fort  Deposit,  (D8)    893  Isom.    (E3) 200  Meltonsville,     (E3)  100    Petrey,   (E8) 200  Seman,  (E6) 100  Warriorstand,    (F7)    4< 

Bissell,   (G4) 150  Cowarts,    (09)....     150  Fort  Payne,  (F3) . .  1 ,3 1 7  Jackson,  (B9) 1,379  Memphis,  (AS). .. .  200    Phcenut,  (07) 4,555  Seminole,  (CI  1).  .    200     Warsaw,  (A6) 1! 

Black,  (F9) 485  Cragford,   (F5)....     150  Fosters,    (BS) 110  Jacksons  Gap,  (F6)    260  Meridianville,  (D2)  220  Pickensville.  (AS). .    214  Shady  Grove.  (E8)    500  Waterloo,  (A2).  ..  .    4; 

Blackwell,  (C4)..  ..    200  Crawford,  (07) 200  Franklin,    (C8) ISO  Jacksonville,  (F4).  .2,231  Middleton.  (F4).  . .  250  Piedmont,  (F4). ..  .2,226  Sheffield,    (B2).  ..  .4,865  Water  Valley,  (A8)    1( 

Bladon  Springs,  (A8)  430  Crews  Depot,  (A4)    150  Fredonia,  (G6) 250  James,  (F7) 400  Midland  City,  (F9)  539    Pierce,  (AlO) 100  Shelby,  (D5) 750    Walkins,  (E4) 2( 

Blocton,  (CS) 2,800  Crichton,   (AlO). . .     100  Fruitdale,  (A9). . . .    250  Jasper,  (C4) 2,509  Midway,  (F7) 464  Pigeoncreek,     (D8)    100  Shiloh,  (B7) 100    Watson,  (D4) 1,0( 

Blo5sburg,(D4)... 2,000  Cropwell,   (E4). . . .     110  Fruithurst,  (04) . . .    257  Jefferson,  (B7) 210  Millport,  (A4) 529  Pike  Road,  (E7). . .     100  Short  Creek,  (C4). .     150    Waverly,  (F6) i; 

BlountSprings,  (D4)  300  Crossville,  (F3) . . . .    250  Fulton,  (B8) 518  Jemison,  (D6) 413  Milltown,  (F5).  . . .  100  Pinckard,   (F9) .  . . .    541  Shorter,  (F7) 500  Wawbeek,    (C9)...    2( 

Blountsville,  (D3)..    287  Cuba,   (A7) 650  Furman,  (D7) 125  Jenifer,   (F4) 104  Minter,  (C7) 300  Pine  Apple,  (D8). .    627  Shorterville,  (G8). .     100    Weaver,    (F4) 1( 

Blue  Springs,  (08).    117  Cullman,   (D3). ..  .2,130  Gadsden,  (E4J.  ..  .10,557  Jemigan,    (07)....    500  Mitchell  Sta.,  (F7).  350  Pinegrove,  (F7). . . .    200  Shottsville,  (A3). . .     100    Webb,  (09) 2! 

Bluffton,    (G3)....    300  Curls  Station,  (A7)    200  Gainestown,  (B9). .     100  Johns,  (CS) 500  Mobile,  (BIO).  ..  .51,521     Pinehill,   (B8) 470  Sistrunk,  (E7) 100  Wedgworth,  (B6). .     U 

Boaz.    (E3) 1,010  Curtiston,  (E3)....    200  GainesviUe,    (A6)..    532  Jones.  (D6) 100  Monroeville,  {C8) . .  616  Pine  Level.  (E7). . .    250  SixMile,(D5) 100  Wedowee,  (G5).  . . .    4; 

Boligee,  (B6) 200  Cusseta,  (06) 150  Gallion,  (B7) 200  Jonesboro,  (DS). ..  1,979  Montcalm,  (84). . .  150  Pinkney  City,  (D4)    3S8  Sligo,  (E3) 100  Wellington,  (F4). . .     i; 

Boiling,  (D8) 350  DadeviUe,  (F6). ..  .1,193  Gantt,  (E9) 300  Jones  Chapel,  (C3)    150  Monterey,  (D8) .. .  300    Piper,   (C5) 500  Slocomb,  (F9) 896  Weogufka,   (E5).  .  .    2( 

Bon  Air,  (E5) 250  Daleva,  (F9) 200  GanttsCJuarry,  (E5)    300  Jones  Mills,  (C9).  .    442  Montevallo,  (DS). .  923  Pittsview,  (07). . . .     ISO  Sloss,    (DS) 320  Wesobulga,  (F5).    .     1; 

Bon  Secour,  (Bll).    350  Daleville,  (F9) SOO  Garden  City,   (D3)    250  Joppa,  (D3) 167  MONTGOMERY,  Plantersville,     (D6)    150  Smith  Hill,  (C5). . .    422  West  Blocton,  (CS)    8( 

Bradleyton,   (E8)..    ISO  Dama.scus,  (E9)...    100  Garland,    (D8)....    250  Kaolin,  (F2) 100        (E7) 38,136  Plateau,    (AlO)....    200  Snowdown,  (E7). . .    200  West  End,  (D5) ..  .2,5( 

Braehead,  (CS)....    250  Danville,    (C3)....    220  Gasque,  (Bll) 130  Keego,  (C9) 100  Mooney,  (F2) 100  Pleasant  Gap.  (F4)    100  Snow  Hill,  (C8). .. .    500  Weturapka,    (E6)..1,1C 

Brantley,   (E8)....    803  Daphne,  (BIO). .. .    700  Gastonburg,  (C7).  .     145  Keener,  (F3) 100  Moores  Bridge,  (BS)  300  Pleasanthill,  (D7). .    500  Society  HUl,  (F7). .     100    Whatley,  (B8) 1! 

Brent,  (C6) 650  Davis  Creek,  (B4). .    100  Gate  City,  (D4). . .    700  Kellerman,  (C5). . .    100  Mooresville,  (D2). .  137  Pleasant  Ridge,  (A6)  350  Somerville,  (D3). . .    300  Whistler,  (AlO). ..  .2,0{ 

Brewton,(C9) 2,185  Daviston,  (F5) 127  Gateswood,  (BIO). .     150  Kellyton,   (E6) 300  Moro,   (C6) 100    Fletcher,  (D6) 200  South,  (D9) 100  Whiteoak     Springs, 

Bridgeport,  (F2).  ..2,125  Dawson,  (F3) 130  Gaylesville,    (F3).,    204  Kennedy,  {B4) ... .    261  Morris,  (D4) 299     Poarch,  (B9) 130  Speigner,  (E6) 100        (08) 24 

Bridgeton,     (D5)..     100  Dayton,   (B7) 382  Geiger,  (A6) 250  Keystone,  (D  5). .. .     100  Morrisville,  (E4). . .  130  Pocahontas,  (B4). .    300  Spring  Garden,  (F4)    300  White  Plains,   (F4)    2- 

Bricrfield,  (D5)....2.100  De  Armanville.  (F4)    130  Geneva,    (F9) 969  Kimberly,    (C5)...    800  Morrowville,  (C6). .  140  Point  Clear,   (Bll)    430  Spring  Hill,  (AlO). .    200  Whitfield,  (A7). .. .    2C 

Brighton,  (C5)....  1,502  Deatsville,  (E6) . . .    194  Georgiana,  (D8).  . .    999  Kingston,  (D6) 100  Motley,  (F5) 100    Foley.  (E9) 3C0  Springvalley,     (B2)    100    Whitney,  (E4) IC 

Brilliant,  (B3) 700  Decatur,    (C2).  ..  .4,228  Geraldine,    (E3)...     130  Kingston,  (D4) ...  .    300  Moulton,    (C3)....  354    Pollard,    (C9) 599  Springville,  (E4). . .    3S0    Wilmer,  (AlO) SC 

Brompton,     (E4)..    250  Deer  Creek,  (C4). .    279  Girard,  (G7) 4,214  Kinsey,  (09) 340  Moundville,  (B6). .  253    Porter,    (C4) 200  SUfford,  (AS) 450  Wilsonville.  (D5). .    9.: 

Brooklyn,  (D9) ... .    350  Deer  Park,  (A9). . .    120  Glass,   (06) 200  Kinston,  (E9) 150  Mountain     Creek,  PortersvUle,  (F3). .    200  Stamp,    (F2) 200    Winfield,  (B4) 41 

Brooks,  (D9) 100  Delmar,  (B3) 100  Glen  AUen,  (B4) . . .     100  Kirkwood,  (C4) . . . .    130        (06) 300  Powderly,    (DS)...    300  Sunding  Rock,  (GS)  300  Womack  Hill,  (A8)    IC 

Brookside,     (D4)..    623  Dcmopolis,  (B7). .  .2,417  Glen  Carbon,  (DS)    200  Knoxville,    (B6)...    lOO  Mount  Andrew,  (08)  300    Powers,  (B6) 250  Stanton,  (D6) 400  Woodlawn,  (D4). .  .3,2C 

Brooksville,   (E3)..     100  Deposit,   (E2) 100  Glencoe,   (F4) 500  Kymulga,  (ES). . . .    100  Mount  Nebron,  (A6)  150    Prairie,     (C7) 180  -Steele,  (E4) 100  Woodstock,  (CS). . .    5C 

Brookwood,   (CS)..  1,550  Detroit,  (A3) 160  Glenville,  (07). . . .    320  Ladiga,  (F4) 150  Mount  Hope,   (C3)  300  Prairieville,    (B7)..     100  Stevenson,    (F2)...    574  Woodville,   (E2)...    8C 

Browns.(C7) 200  Dixons  Mills,  (B7)    200  Olenwood,   (E8) . . .    336  Lafayette,  (G5). ...  1,632  Mount  Meigs,  (E7)  150  Pratt  City,  (D4). .  .4,000  Stewart,   (B6) 300  Woodward,  (C5). ..  1,0C 

Brownsboro,  (E2)..     100  Dolives,    (BIO)....     150  Good   Water,    (ES)    740  Lagarde,  (F4) 200  Mt.  Pleasant,  (B9).  100  Prattville,    (D7)... 2,222  Stewartsville.    (ES)    ISO  Wyeth  City,  (E3). .    4C 

Brundidge,     (F8)..    815  Dolomite.    (CS).. .1,000  Gordo,  (B5) 707  Lahusage,  (F2). . . .    250  Mount  Sterling,  (A7)  100    Prentice.  (B7) 200  Stockdale,  (ES) 100    Wylam,    (D4) 3,0C 

BucnaVista,  (C8)..    200  Dora,    (C4) 916  Gordon,   (09) 293  Lamar,  (GS) ISO  Mount  Vernon,  (A9)  800  Pushmataha,  (A7). .    100  Stocks  Mill,  (F4). .     100  Yellow  Pine,  (A9). .     5t 

Burleson.    (B3).,..     100  Doran.    (B9) 150  Goshen,  (E8) 347  Lambert,    (A9)....     1,10  Mount  Willing,  (D7)  300    Pyriton,    (FS) 200  Stockton,  (BIO). ..  1,400    Yolande,  (C5) 1,0C 

Burnsville.     (D7)..    200  Dothan,   (G9) 7,016  Grace,  (D8) 100  Lamison,    (B7)....    2.50  Mulga,    (C4) 400    Quinton,  (C4) 100  Stouts    Mountain,               York,    (A7) 71 

Butler,(A7) 250  Double  Springs,  (C3)  200  Graham,  (GS) 200  Landcrsville,  (C3) .  .    200  Munford,   (F4). . . .  400    Radford,  (C6) 150         (D3) 500    Yucca,  (F2) IS 

Index  of  the  United  States,  Copyright.  1911  and  1916,  by  C.  S.  Hammond  &  Co.,  N.  Y.  - 


U 


344 


(ARIZONA— ARKANSAS) 


INDEX  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES 


ARIZONA 


Agua  Caliente,  (B5)  100 

Albambra,  (C5)...  200 

Arivaca,  (D7) 150 

Arlington,  (C5) 100 

Ashfork,  (C3) 200 

Beilcvue,  (E5) 100 

Benson,  (E7) 900 

Bigbug,  (C4) 100 

Bisbee,  (E7) 9,019 

Blackwater,  (D5)..  250 

Bonita,  (F6) 100 

Bowie,  (F6) 200 

Brownell,  (C6) 200 

Bryce,  (F6) 200 

Buckeye,  (C5) 400 

Campverde,  CD4)..  300 

Canille,(E7) 200 

CasaBlanca,  (DS).  1,200 


Casagrande,  (D6) . .  3  SO 

Cavccreck,(D5)...  100 

Central,  (1''6) 300 

CeiTO  Colorado, 

(D7) 200 

Chiricahua,  (F7)...  200 

Chloride,  (A3) 470 

Christmas,  (E5)...  200 

Clifton,  (FS) 4,874 

Co<:hise,  (F6) 100 

Cochran.  (D5) 100 

Columbia,  (C4) 100 

Concho,  (F4) 260 

Congress,  (B4) 1,000 

Constellation,   (C4)  250 

Copper  Creek,  (E6)  100 

Cottonwood,  (C4).  100 

Courtland,  (F7)...  500 


Crittenden,  (E7)...     170 

Crowley,  (E5) 150 

Crown  King,  (C4).     200 

Dome,  (A6) 100 

Don  Luis,  (E7) 250 

Douglas,  (F7) 6,437 

DudleyviUe,  (E6)..     150 

Duncan,  (F6) 1,200 

Duquesne,  (E7)...     150 

Eden,  (F6) 500 

iscucia,  (E6) 200 

Fairbank,  (E7) 180 

Fairvicw,  (F6) 200 

Flagstaff,  (D3) 1,633 

Florence,  (DS) 807 

Fort  Apache,  (F5).  300 
FortHuachuca,  (E7)  400 
Fort  Thomas,  (£5)     150 


Franklin,  (F6) 100 

Geronimo,  (F5)...     100 
Gila  Ucnd,  (C6)...     200 

Gleeson,  (F7) 500 

Glendale,  (C5) 250 

Globe,  (E5) 7,083 

Grand  Canyon,(C2)    250 

Greer,  (F4) 100 

Groom  Creek,  (C4)     300 
Hackberry,  (B3)...     100 

Hamburg,  (E7) 150 

Harshaw,  (E7) 100 

Helvetia,  (E7) 100 

Holbrook,(E4) 450 

Hubbard,  (F6) '  100 

Humboldt,  (C4)...      100 

Jerome,  (C4) 2,393 

Junction,  (C4) 100 


Kelvin,  (E5) 350 

Kingman,  (A3) 1,000 

Lehr,(D5) 300 

Liberty,  (C5) 150 

Lochiel,(E7) 100 

Lowell,  (F7) 2,500 

McCabe,(C4) 300 

Mammoth.  (E6) . . .     400 

Maricopa,  (05) 100 

Matthews,  (F6) 200 

Maxton,  (C4) 200 

Mesa,(D5) 1,692 

Metcalf.  (F5) 2,500 

Miami,(E5) 300 

Middlemarch,  (E7)     100 
Mohave  City,  (A3).     180 

Morenci,  (F5) 5,010 

Mowry,(E71 500 


Naco.(F7) 200 

Nogales.  (E7) 3,514 

Octave,  (C41 500 

OroUlanco,  (E7)..     100 

Owens,  (B4) 150 

Paradise,  (F7) 100 

Parker,  (A4) 400 

Patagonia,  (E7)...     500 

Payson,(D4) 170 

Pe.arce.  (F7) 700 

PHOENIX,  (C5).  11,134 

Pima,(F5) 500 

Pine,  (D4)..-. 100 

Pinedale,  (E4) 100 

Pirtleville,  (F7) 1,500 

Prescott.  (C4) 5,092 

Quartzsite,  (AS)...     300 
Ray,  (E5) 100 


Rice.(ES) 300 

Roosevelt.  (OS)...  800 

Rosemont.  (E7)...  150 

Sacaton,  (D5) 250 

Safford,  (F6) 929 

Saint  David,  (E7). .  500 

Saint  Johns,  (F4)..  1,250 

San  Carlos,  (E5). . .  5,000 

Sasco,  (D6) 300 

Show  Low,  (F4)...  150 

Silverbell,  (D6) 700 

Silverking,  (D5)...  100 

Snowflake.  (E4)...  500 

Solomonsville,  (F6)  750 

Springerville,  (F4).  600 

Supai,(C3) 100 

Superior.  (D5) 200 

Taylor,  (E4) 100 


Terape,(C5) 1,473 

Thatcher,  (F6) 904 

Tombstone,  (F7)..  1,582 

Toreva,  (E3) 550 

Troy,(ES) 200 

Tubac,  (D7) 300 

Tucson,  (E6) 13,193 

Twin  Buttes,  (D7).     300 

Walker.  (C4) 150 

Warren,  (F7) 180 

Wellton,  (B6) 200 

Wenden,  (B5) 160 

Whitchills,  (A3)...      100 
Wickenburg,  (CS).      570 

Willcoi,  (F6) 500 

Williams,  (C3) 1,267 

Winslow,  (E3) 2,381 

Yuma,'(A6) 2,914 


ARKANSAS 


Abbott,  (B4) 300 

Actus,  (B4) 150 

Ada,  (E4) 100 

Adona,  (E4) 180 

Ain,  (F6) 100 

Alco,  (F3) 200 

Alexander,  (F5)....     141 

Alicia,  (H3) 168 

Alix,  (C4) 350 

Alleene,  (B7) 130 

Allis,  (G7) 100 

Alma,  (B4) 565 

Almond,  (G3) 300 

Almyra,  (H6) 252 

AlpenaPass,  (D2)..    300 

Alpine,  (D  6) 100 

Altheimer.  (G6)....    500 

Altus.  (C4) 659 

Aly,  (D5) 125 

Amity,  (D6) 813 

Amos,  (E2) 150 

Antimony,  (B6) 150 

Antoine.  (D6) 300 

Aplin.  (E5) 200 

Appleton,  (E4) 300 

Archillion,  (L3)....    100 

Ard,  (D4) 150 

Arden,  (B7) 250 

Argenta,  (F5)  ....11.138 
Arkadelphia,  (D6)  .2,745 

Arkana,  (F2) 200 

Arkansas  City,  (H7)l,485 
Arkansas  Post,  (H6)  100 

Arkinda,  (B7) 160 

Armada,  (B3) 300 

Armorel,  (L3) 300 

Ashdown,(B7).... 1,247 

Ash  Flat.  (G2) 150 

Ashton,  (H8) ,200 

Askew,  05) 31 

Athelstan,  (K3)....    100 

Athens.  (C6) 115 

Atkins,  (E4) 1,258 

Atlanta,  (D8) 150 

Augusta,  {H4) 1,520 

Aurora.  (C3) 100 

Austin,  (G5) 177 

Auvergne,  (H3) 150 

Ava,  (D5) 100 

Avoca,  (B2) 100 

Balboa,  (G2) 200 

Bald  Knob,  (G4)...    617 

Banks,  (F7) 200 

Banner,  (03) 100 

Barber,  (B4) 100 

Bardstown,  (K3)...    200 

Barfield.  (L3) 100 

Barling,  (B4) 100 

Barren  Fork,  (G3) .     350 

Barton,  (J5) 250 

Bates,  (B5) 272 

BatesvUle,  (G3).. .  .3,399 

B.iuxite,  (FS) 300 

Baiter,  (G7) 200 

Bay.  03) 500 

Bayou  Meto,  (G6).  100 
Bay  Village,  (J4)...    100 

Bear,  (DS) 150 

Bearden,  (E7) 439 

Beaver,  (C2) 150 

Beebe,  (G4) 873 

Beebranch.  (F4) ...     142 

Beime,  (D7) 500 

Belcher,  (G4) 100 

Bellefonte,  (D2) ...  300 
Belleville,  (D4)....    335 

Belton,  (C7) 100 

Ben  Lomond,  (B7).    431 

Benton,  (ES) 1,708 

BentonvUle,  (B2).. 3,600 

Bergman,  (D2) ISO 

Bcrryville,  (C2)....    785 

BertiK,  (K2) 300 

Beryl,  (F4) 150 

Bethesda,  (G3) 200 

Bigelow,  (E4) 350 

Digflat,  (F2) 125 

Biggers,  {J2) 435 

Biglake,  (K3) 250 

Biscoe,  (HS) 2.S0 

BUmarck.  (D6). ...  100 
Black  Fork,  (BS)  . .  100 
Black  Oak,  (Kj;,..  250 
Blackrock.  (H2)... 1,078 
Black  Springs,  (C6)  150 
Blackton,  (HS) .  . . .     ISO 

Blalock.  (F7) ISO 

Blanchard  Springs, 

(E8) 150 

Blevins,  (C7) 100 

Blissville,  (H8)....  296 
Bloomfield,  (A2).  .  ISO 
Blue  Mountain, 

(C4) 200 


Bluff  City,  (D7) .. .    125 

Bluffton,  (C5) 100 

Blytheville,  (L3)... 3,849 

Bodcaw,  (D7) 200 

Bonanza,  (B4) 811 

Bono,  (13) 200 

BoonevUle,  (C4)...  1,631 

Boston,  (C3) 150 

Houghton,  (D7)....  100 
BoydsviUe,  (K2)...    200 

Boynton,  (K3) 350 

Bradford,  (H4) ....    382 

Bradley,  (C8) 123 

Branch,  (C4) 271 

Brasfield,  (HS) ....    200 

Bratton,  (FS) 100 

Brentwood,  (B3)..  .     100 

Brighton,  (K2) 200 

Brightwater,  (B2)..    100 

Brinkley,  (H5) 1,740 

Brockett,  (J2) 140 

Brookings,  (J2)....  100 
Brookland,  U3)....  500 
Brownstown,  (B7).     200 

Bruno,  (E2) 100 

Bryant,  (E5) 91 

Buckner,  (D8) 240 

Buckrange,  (C7)...  220 
Buena  Vista,  (E8)..    180 

Buffalo,  (F2) 200 

Burdette,  (L3) 200 

Butler,  (L3) 250 

Cabool,  (F6) 250 

Cabot,  (GS) 441 

Caddo  Gap,  (C6) . .  200 
Calamine,  (H2)....  130 
Calico  Rock,  (F2). .     401 

Calion,  (E8) 100 

Camden,  (E7) 3,995 

Camp.  (G2) 120 

Canehill.  (B3) 400 

Canfield,  (C8) 100 

Cargile,  (E8) 100 

Carlisle,  (G5) 516 

CarroUton,  (D2)...    150 

Carson,  (K3) 100 

Carthage,  (E6)....    386 

Casa,  (D4) 310 

Cash,  (J3) 150 

Cass,  (C3) 100 

Casscoe.  (HS) 120 

Cato,  (FS) 120 

CaulksviUe,  (C4)...  150 
Cauthron,  (BS)....  300 
Cave  City,  (G3) ...  278 
Cedar  Glades,  (DS)  100 
Cedarville,  (B3) ...     100 

Center,  (G2) 100 

Center  Point,  (C6) .  328 
(Tenter  Ridge, 

(E4) 150 

Centerton,  (B2).  ..  250 
Centerville,  (D4)...  250 
Cerrogordo.  (B7)...  250 
Chambeisville,  (F7)  120 
ChampagnoUe.  (E8)  100 
Chapel  Hill,  (B6) . .  190 
Charleston,  (B4)...  576 
Cherokee  City,  (A2)  150 
Cherrygrove,  (F6)..  100 
Cherry  Valley,  (J4)    300 

Chester.  (B3) 162 

Chickalah,  (D4) ...  200 
Chickasawba,  (L3) .  250 
Chidester,  (D7). ...    200 

Chula,  (CS) 150 

Cincinnati,  (B2).  ..  100 
Clarendon,  (H5)... 2,037 
Clarkedale,  (K4)...  250 
Clarksville,  (D4)...  1,456 
Cleveland,  (E4)....     164 

Clinton,  (F3) 350 

Clio,  (F6) 200 

Coaldale,  (BS) 200 

Coal  Hill,  (C4) 1,229 

Colhns.  (G7) 197 

Columbus,  (C7)....    200 

Combs,  (C3) 200 

Conway,  (F4) 2,794 

Cornerstone,  (G6)..  250 
Cornerville.  (G7).. .     130 

Coming,  (J2) 1,439 

Cotter,  (E2) 894 

CottonPlant,(HS).  1,081 

Countiss.  (J6) 150 

Cove,  (36) 400 

Crawfordville,  (K4)  650 
Crittenden,  (K4)...     100 

Crosses,  (C3) 100 

Crossett,  (F8) 2.038 

Gulp,  (F2) 160 

Cummins.  (G6) 275 

Curtis.  (D6) 200 

Cushman,  (G3). . . .    244 


Dabney,  (E3) 200 

Daisy,  (C6) 136 

Dalark,  (E6) 231 

Damascus,  (F4) 100 

Dardanelle,  (D4)...  1,757 

Danville,  (D4) 803 

Datto,  (J2) 244 

Dayton,  (B4) 100 

DeAnn,  (C7) 100 

Decatur,  (B2) 246 

Deckerville,  (K4)..      76 

Dee,  (J3) 100 

Deer,  (D3) 250 

Defiance,  (G4) 100 

Delaney,  (C3) 150 

Delight,  (C6) 539 

Dell,  (K3) 162 

Denning,  (C4) 757 

Denver,  (D2) 100 

DeCJueen,  (B6). .  ..2,018 

Dermott,  (H7) 1,662 

DeRoche,  (D6) 100 

Des  Arc,  (GS) 1,061 

Devall  Bluff, 

(GS) 924 

DeView,  (H4) 100 

Dewey,  (G4) 100 

DeWitt,  (H6) 831 

Diaz,  (H3) 100 

Dierks,  (B6) 272 

DoddCity,  (E2)...  250 
Doddridge,  (C8) ...  250 
Donaldson,  (E6)...     100 

Douglas,  (G6) 298 

Dover,  (D4) 385 

Drakes  Creek,  (C2).  200 
Draughon.  (F7)....    300 

Dumas,  (H7) 519 

Dunnington,  (H3)..     100 

Dutton,  (C3) 130 

Dyer,  (B4) 433 

Eagle  MUls,  (E7)  . .    600 

Eagleton,  (BS) 100 

Eago,  (E3) 100 

Earl,  (K4) 1,542 

Echo,  (B4) 100 

Edgemont,  (F3)....  342 
Edmondson,  (K4)..    400 

Eggcr,  (BS) 100 

Egypt,  (J3) 100 

El  Dorado,  (E8)... 4,202 
Elizabeth,  (F2)....    200 

Elkins,  (C3) 100 

Elliott.  (E8) 130 

Ellisville,  (F7) 100 

Elmore,  (E6) 200 

El  Paso,  (F4) 200 

Elm  Springs  (B2) . .    300 

Emerson,  (D8) 600 

Emmet,  (D7) 270 

England,  (GS) 1,407 

English,  (G6) 250 

Enola,  (F4) 100 

Esau,  (E4) 292 

Eudora,  (H8) 606 

Eureka  Springs, 

(C2) 3,228 

Evadale,  (K3) 150 

Evansville,  (B3) .  .  .  150 
Evening  Shade,  (G2)  289 

Everton,  (E2) 170 

Fairoaks,  (H4) S3 

Fairview,  (E7) 100 

Falcon,  (D8) 100 

Famous,  (D4) 100 

Farmington,  (B2)..  170 
Fayetteville,  (B2).. 4,471 
Feisenthal,  (F8)....    273 

Fir,  (DS) 100 

Fisher,  (J4) 165 

Flippin,  (E2) 225 

Fordyce,  (F7) 2,794 

Foreman,  (B7) 1.000 

Forrest  City,  (J4).. 2.484 
Fort  Smith,  (B4).. 23,975 

Fouke,  (C8) 300 

Fountain  Hill,  (G8)     100 

Fourche,  (E4) 246 

Fourche  Dam,  (F5)    120 

Franklin,  (G2) 150 

Frostville,  (C8)....    177 

Fulton,  (C7) 647 

Gainesville,  (K2)...    300 

Garfield,  (C2) 150 

Garland,  (C8) 277 

Gamer,  (G4) 150 

Garrettson,  (G6). .  .     200 

Gassville,  (F2) 198 

Gentry,  (A2) 668 

Germantown,  (E4).  100 
Gethsemane,  (G6)..    250 

Gifford,  (E6) 200 

Gilkey,  (D4) 100 

Gill,  tJS) 100 


Gillett,  (H6) 256 

Gillham,  (B6) 291 

Gilmore,  (K4) 250 

Glenwood,  (C6). ...  850 
Golden  Lake,  (K3).    100 

Goshen,  (B2) 130 

Gould,  (G 7) 57 

Grace,  (F6) 100 

Grady,  (G6) 180 

Grandfield,  (C6) . . .  170 
Grand  Lake,  (H8)..    250 

Grannis,  (B6) 450  , 

Grapevine,  (F6)....    200 

Graphic,  (B3) 100 

Grassy  Lake,  (K4) .     100 

Gravelly,  (CS) 130 

Gravette,  (B2) 569 

Grays,  (H4) 136 

Graysonia,  (D6).  .  .  771 
Greenbrier,  (F4) ...  250 
Greenfield,  (J3)....  300 
Green  Forest,  (D2).  635 
Grecnway,  (K2).  ..  390 
Greenwood,  (B4)...  1,124 

Griffm,  (E8) ISO 

Griffithville,  (G4) .  .    202 

Grubs,  (H3) 178 

Guion,  (G3) 296 

Gurdon,  (D7) 1,284 

Guy,  (F4) 200 

Hackett,  (B4) 363 

Hagarville,  (D3)...     150 

Halley,  (H7) 257 

Halliday,  (K2) 100 

Hamburg,  (G8). ...  1,787 
Hampton,  (F7) ....    353 

Happy,  (KS) 100 

Hardy,  (H2) 329 

Harlow,  (E7) 100 

Harrell,  (F8) 300 

Harrisburg,  (J3) ...    942 

Harrison,  (D2) 1,602 

Hartford,  (B4) 1,780 

Hartman,  (C4) 500 

Hatfield,  (B6) 300 

Havana,  (D4) 621 

Haynes,  (JS) 350 

Hazen,  (G5) 687 

Healing  Springs, 

(B2) 100 

Heber  Springs,  (F4)  1,500 

Hector,  (E4) 120 

Helena,  (JS) 8,772 

Hensley,  (FS) 500 

Hermitage,  (F8)...    247 

Hickman.  (L3) 150 

Hickory  Plains,  (GS)  250 
Hickory  Ridge,  (J4)    130 

Higden,  (F3) 336 

Higginson,  (G4)....  192 
Hillsboro,  (E8) ....     100 

Hill  Top,  (D2) 100 

Hindsville,  (C2)....    225 

Hiram,  (G4) 150 

Hiwasse,  (B2) 130 

Hobbs,  (B3) 100 

Holland,  (F4) 200 

Hollis,  (DS) 100 

Holly  Grove,  (HS).  536 
Holly  Springs.  (E7)  110 
Hollywood,  (D6)...     180 

Homan,  (C7) 250 

Hon,  (BS) 160 

Hope,  (C7) 3,639 

Horatio.  (B7) 605 

Hot  Springs.  (DS).  14,434 

Houston,  (E4) 250 

Howell,  (H4) 750 

Hoxie.  (J2) 915 

Hudspeth,  (H8)....     131 

Huffman,  (L3) 100 

Humphrey,  (G6)...    380 

Hunt,  (C3) 100 

Hunter,  (H4) 508 

Huntington,  (B4).  .1,700 
Huntsville,  (C2) ...    540 

Huttig.  (F8) 1,240 

Imboden,  (H2) 600 

luka,  (F2) 200 

Jacksonport,  (H3). .  373 
Jacksonville,  (FS)..  250 
Jakajones.  (C7)..  ..  100 
Jamestown,  (G3)..  .     114 

Jasper,  (D2) 242 

Jeannette,  (K4)..,.  200 
Jenny  Lind,  (B4)  . .    500 

Jericho.  (K4) 200 

Jerusalem,  (E4). .  . .     ISO 

Johnson,  (B2) 160 

John.sonville,  (JS)..  88 
Johnsvillc,  (F8)..  ..     100 

Joiner,  (K3) 200 

Jonesboro,  (J3) 7,123 

Judsonia,  (G4) 746 


Junction  City,  (E9). 1,065 

Kearney,  (F6) ISO 

Kedron,  (F6) 130 

Kensett,  (G4) 200 

Kenyon,  (H3) 100 

Keo,  (FS) ISO 

Kerrs,  (FS) 300 

Kimberly,  (C6) . . . .    131 

King,  (B6) 150 

Kingdon  Springs, 

(E2) 100 

Kingsland,  (F7)....  445 
Kingston,  (D2)....  150 
Kingsville,  (H2)...     120 

Kirby,  (C6) 100 

Knob,  (K2) 150 

Knobel,  (J2) 362 

Knowlton,  (J6) 250 

Knoxville,  (D4)....    300 

Lacey,  (G8) 100 

Laconia,  (J6) 130 

La  Crosse,  (G2)....    100 

Ladd,  (G6) 200 

Lagrange,  05) 310 

Lake  City,  (K3)...  448 
Lake  Dick,  (G6)...  150 
Lake  Farm,  (G6)  . .  200 
Lake  Village,  (H8).  1,074 

Lamar,  (D4) 520 

Lambethville,  (K4).    100 

Lanark,  (F7) 120 

Landis,  (F3) 450 

Laneburg,  (D7)....  100 
Lane  Hill,  (B4)....  180 
Langford,  (G6) ....    100 

Lapile,  (F8) 160 

Ungley,  (C6) 125 

Laurel,  (D3) 250 

Lavaca,  (B4) 350 

Lawson,  (F8) 150 

Lead  Hill,  (E2)....    700 

Leland,  (H8) 200 

Leola,  (E6) 398 

I,epanto,  (K3) 154 

Leslie,  (E3) 1,898 

Lester,  (E7) 100 

Letona,  (G4) 160 

Lewisville,  (C8).. ..  1,200 
Limestone,  (D3) ...    100 

Lincoln,  (B3) 292 

LITTLE  ROCK, 

(FS) 45,941 

Lockesburg,  (B7)..     748 

Lollie,  (E5) 100 

London,  (D4) 303 

Lonoke,  (GS) 1,547 

Lonsdale,  (ES) 200 

Lowell,  (B2) 193 

Lucky,  (D6) 100 

Lumber,  (D8) ISO 

Lunsford,  (K3) .  . . .     150 

Luxora,  (L3) 677 

McArthur,  (H7).  ..  100 
McCrory,  (H4) ....  637 
McDaniel,  (JS)....  100 
McGehee,  (H7)..  ..  1,157 

McGrew,  (G6) 100 

McNab,  (C7) 271 

McNeil,  (D8) 482 

Maberry,  (H4) 100 

Madison,  (J4) 400 

Magazine,  (C4) 968 

Magness,  (D3) 216 

Magnolia,  (D8)..  .  .2,045 

Malvern,  (E6) 2,778 

Mammoth  Spring, 

(G2) 817 

MandevUle.  (C8)...    200 

Manila.  (K3) 562 

Mansfield,  (B4)..  ..    816 

Marcella,  (G3) 100 

Marianna,  (JS) 4,810 

Marion,  (K4) 300 

Marked  Tree,  (J3). 2,026 
Marmaduke,  (K2).    780 

Marshall,  (E3) 558 

Marvell,  05) 556 

Maumee,  (E2) 100 

Maynard,  02) 295 

Maysville,  (A2)....    300 

Meg,  (C4) 160 

Melbourne,  (G2). .  .    282 

Mena,  (BS) 3,953 

Midland,  (B4) 639 

Millard,  (C4) 200 

Miller,  (F4) 100 

MiUville,  (E7) 600 

Mineral  Springs,  (C7)  432 

Mintum,  03) 251 

Moark,  (J2) 110 

Monctte,  (K3) 559 

Monroe,  (H5) 100 

Montana,  (C4) 100 

Monte  Ne,  (B2)...      95 


Monticello,  (G7)... 2,274 
Montrose,  (H8)....  250 
Moreland,  (D4)..,.  100 
Morganton,  (F4)...     150 

Moro,  (HS) 250 

Morrell,  (H8) 500 

Morrillton,  (E4).  .  .2,424 
Morris  Ferry,  (B7).  100 
Morrison  Bluff,  (D4)  100 
Mountainburg,  (B3)  100 
Mountain  Home, 

(F2) 446 

Mountain  View,  (F3)  272 
Mount  Ida,  (CS)...  200 
Mount  Nebo,  (D4).  10 
Mount  Olive,  (F2) .  100 
Mount  Pisgah,  (G4)  100 
Mount  Vernon,  (F4)  250 
Mulberry,  (B3) ... .  722 
Murfreesboro,  (C6).  516 
Nashville.  (C7).  ..  .2,374 
Natural  Steps,  (ES)  100 
Neal  Springs,  (B7).    200 

Nettleton,  (J3) 1,080 

Newark,  (H3) 595 

Newburg,  (F2) 100 

New  Edinburg,  (F7)  440 

Newhope,  (C6) 130 

New  Lewisville,  (C8)  975 
New  London,  (F8).     100 

Newport,  (H3) 3,557 

Nimmons,  (K2) 150 

Noble  Lake,  (G6) . .     100 

Norfork,  (F2) 200 

Norphlet,  (E8) 110 

Oakhill,  (C2) 120 

Oakland,  (E2) 100 

Oakleaf,  (D6) 100 

Oden,  (CS) 125 

Ogamaw,  (E8) 200 

Ogden,  (B7) 397 

Okean,  02) 100 

Okolona,  (D6) 399 

Ob,  (D4) 516 

Olyphant,  (H3)....     120 

Oma,  (D6) 100 

Omaha,  (D2) 500 

Osage,  (D2) 140 

Osage  Mills,  (B2)..    110 

Osceola,  (L3) 1,769 

Owensville,  (E5)...    110 

Oxford,  (G2) 110 

Ozan,  (C7) 129 

Ozark,  (C4) 1,146 

Palestine,  (JS) 173 

Pangbum,  (G4). ...  500 
Paragould,  (J2)...  .5,248 
Paraloma,  (B7)....     194 

Paris,  (C4) 1,497 

Parkdale,  (H8)....    383 

Parkin,  (J4) 800 

Paroquet,  (H3) 100 

Patmos,  (C7) 150 

Peach  Orchard,  02)   300 

Pearcy,  (D6) 200 

Pea  Ridge,  (B2)...  200 
Pecan  Point,  (K4)  .    200 

Pekin,  03) 150 

Pennington,  (H3).  .    250 

Penrose,  (H4) 100 

Perla,  (E6) 250 

Perry,  (E4) 300 

Perryville,  (E4)..  ..  355 
Pettigrew.  (C3)....    450 

Pfeiffer,  (03) 100 

Piggott,  (K2) 1,150 

Pike,  (C6) 335 

Pindall.  (E2) 200 

Pine  Bluff,  (G6)..15,102 

Piney,  (D4) 120 

Pinnacle,  (ES) 100 

Pitts,  (H3) 150 

Plainview,  (DS)..  .  .  853 
Pleasant  Plains,  (G3)1S1 
Plumerville,  (E4) .  .  495 
Pocahontas,  (H2)..  1,547 

Poole,  (F7) 100 

Poplar  Grove,  OS).     ISO 

Portia,  (H2) 367 

Portland,  (G8) 823 

Pottsville,  (D4)....  205 
Poughkeepsic,  (G2).  200 
Powhatan,  (H2) ..  .  191 
Prairie  Creek,  (B4).  300 
Prairie  Grove,  (B3).  774 
Prairie  View,  (C4)..  200 
Prattsville,  (E6) . . .     100 

Prescott,  (D7) 2,705 

Princeton.  (E7) 132 

Proctor,  (K4) 100 

Provo.  (B6) 200 

PulaskiHeights,  (F5)683 

Quitman,  (F4) 471 

Raggio  City,  OS). .      65 


Ratcliff,  (C4) 175 

Ravana,  (C8) 200 

Ravenden,  (H2).  ..  350 
Ravenden  Springs, 

(H2) 189 

Readland,  (H8)..  ..    214 

Rector,  (K2) 1,859 

Redfield,  (F6) 278 

Red  Fork,  (H7)....     150 

Redleaf,  (H8) 100 

Redrock,  (D3) 100 

Reed,  (H2) 100 

Refuge,  (H7) 100 

Remmel,  (H3) 300 

Reyno,  (J2) 290 

Rhea,  (B2) 100 

Riceville,  (K4) 100 

Richmond,  (B7) ...  300 
Rich  Mountain, 

(BS) 100 

Rison,  (F7) 725 

Riverside,  (H4) 100 

Robroy,  (G6) 150 

Rocky  Comfort, 

(B7) 612 

Rodney,  (F2) 100 

Roe,  (HS) 100 

Rogers,  (B2) 2,820 

Rondo,  05) 150 

Rosboro,  (D6) 500 

Rose  Bud,  (F4)....     110 

Rosston,  (D7) 200 

Rover,  (DS) 200 

Royal,  (DS) 100 

Ruddells,  (F3) 100 

Rudy,  (B3) ISO 

Russell,  (G4) 147 

Russellville,  (D4) .  .2,936 

Saginaw,  (E6) 250 

Saint  Charies,  (H6)  150 
Saint  Francis,  (K2).  459 
Saint  James,  (G3)..  300 
Saint  Joe,  (E2).  ...  159 
Saint  Paul,  (C3)...  430 
Saint  Vincent,  (E4)    200 

Salado,  (G3) 100 

Salem,  (G2) 800 

Sans  Souci,  (L3) ...     160 

Saratoga,  (C7) 400 

Sayre,  (D7) ISO 

Scanlan,  (K4) 100 

Schaal,  (C7) 100 

Scotland,  (E3) 100 

Scott,  (F5) 100 

Scottsville,  (D4) ...     100 

Searcy,  (G4) 2,331 

Sedgwick,  03) 96 

Selma,  (G7) 130 

Settlement,  (E3)..  .     150 

Seyppel,  (K5) 250 

Sheridan,  (F6) 481 

Sherrill,  (G6) 350 

Shiloh,  (F3) 251 

Sidney,  (G2) 100 

Sidon,  (G4) 100 

Silica,  (ES) 200 

Siloam  Springs, 

(B2) 2,405 

Slocomb,  (ES) 100 

Smackover,  (E8)...  150 
Smithdale,  04)  ...  100 
Smithville,  (H2).  ..  300 
Snow  Lake,  (J6) ...  150 
South  Bend,  (H6)..  185 
South  Fork,  (G2)..     150 

Spadra,  (C4) 560 

Spielerville,  (C4). .  .  100 
Spotville,  (D8)  ....  100 
Springdale,  (B2)...  1,755 
Springfield,  (E4)...  300 
Springhill,  (C7)....  100 
Springtown.  (B2).  .     140 

Stamps,  (D8) 2,316 

Staple,  (H6) 200 

Star  City,  (G7)....    i96 

Staves,  (F6) 150 

Stephens,  (D8)....    572 

Steriing,  (H8) 200 

Strawberry,  (H3).  .     100 

Strong,  (F8) 465 

Stuttgart,  (HS).... 2.740 
Sub  Rosa.  (C4)....     100 

Success,  (J2) 379 

Sugar  Grove,  (C4) .  200 
Sulphur  Rock,  (H3)  252 
Sulphur  Springs, 

(B2) 500 

Summit.  (E2) 150 

Sunnyside.  (H8) ...     500 

Supply,  02) ISO 

Swan  Lake,  (G6)...  250 
Sweet  Home.  (FS)  .     100 

Swifton,  (H3) 290 

Taylor,  (D8) 100 


Texarkana,  (C8)...5,6S5 

Thorney,  (C3) 200 

Thornton,  (F7).  ...  611 
Three  Creeks,  (E8).    ISO 

Tillar,  (H7) 180 

Timbo,  (F3) 100 

Tinsman,  (F7) 225 

Tokio,  (C7) 100 

Tollville,  (HS) 100 

Tomberlins,  (GS).  .  100 
Tontitown.  (B2).  ,  .     100 

Tracy,  (F2) 100 

Traskwood,  (E6). .  .     228 

Trenton,  (JS) 150 

Troy,  (D7) 100 

Trumann,  (K3) 300 

Tucker,  (G6) 200 

Tuckerman,  (H3) .  .    583 

Tulip,  (E6) 180 

Tupelo,  (H4) 205 

Turin,  (F6) 100 

Turner,  (H6) 100 

Turrell,  (K4) 200 

Tuttleton,  (JS) 100 

Twin  Creek,  (G3)..     ISO 

Tyro,  (G7) 150 

Tyronza.  (K4) 250 

Ulm,  (HS) IIS 

Umpire,  (B6) 136 

Union,  (G2) 200 

Uniontown,  (B3)..  .    200 

Upland.  (E8) 52 

Valley  Springs.  (D2)  200 
Van  Buren.  (B4)..  .3,878 
Vandervoort,  (B6).     350 

Vanndale,  (J4) 500 

Vamer,  (G6) 920 

Vick,  (F8) 250 

Victor,  (G3) 200 

Village,  (D8) 100 

Vincent,  (K4) 200 

Vineyard,  OS) 250 

Viola,  (G2) 280 

Wabash,  06) 100 

Wabbaseka,  (G6) .  .    350 

Walcott,  02) 149 

Waldo,  (D8) 597 

Waldron.  (BS) 900 

Wallaceburg,  (D7).  100 
Walnut  Hill,  (C8)..  300 
Walnut  Lake,  (H7).  100 
Walnut  Ridge,  (J2)  1.798 
Walnut  Tree,  (CS)      200 

Ward,  (G4) 150 

Ware,  (D8) 180 

Wareagle,  (C2).  ...  20O 
Warm  Springs,  (H2)    100 

Warren,  (F7) 2,057 

Warsaw,  (FS) 100 

Washington,  (C7)..  399 
Webb  City,  (C4)..  .    200 

Weiner,  (J3). 232 

Welch,  (C6) 100 

Weldon,  (H4) 250 

Wesley,  (C2) 100 

Wesson,  (E8) 694 

Western  Grove,  (D2)  100 
West  Fork,  (B3)...  200 
West  Hartford,  (BS)  200 
West  Point.  (G4) .  .  1 16 
Wheetley.  (H5)..  .  .  330 
Whelen  Springs, 

(D7) 200 

Whitecliffs,  (B7)...  42 
Whitener.  (C2)....     100 

Wickes,  (B6) 200 

Wideman,  (G2)..  .  .     200 

Wideners,  (J4) 245 

Wild  Cherry,  (F2)  .  150 
Willcockson.  (D2)..  100 
WiUiford.  (H2)....     130 

Wilmar,  (G7) 929 

Wilmot,  (G8) 622 

Wilson,  (K3) .500 

Wilton,  (B7) 294 

Winchester,  (H7) .  .     300 

Wing,  (DS) ISO 

Winslow,  (B3) 289 

Winthrop.  (B7)..  .  .  600 
Witcherville.  (B4)..  110 
Withcrspoon,  (E6) .     130 

Wiville.  (H4) 100 

Womble,  (C6) 552 

Woodberry,  (E7)...  100 
Woodson,  (FS)....     300 

Wooster.  (F4) 100 

Wrightsville.  (F5)..  300 
Wyanoka.  (K4)..  ..    200 

Wynne,  04) 2,353 

Yarbro,  (L3) 125 

Yellville,  (E2) 463 

Yorktown,  (G6)  ...  180 
Youngtown.  (G6).  .  1.'6 
Zebulum,  (C6) 100 


INDEX  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES 
CALIFORNIA 


(CALIFORNIA) 


345 


Acampa,(D9)..»>    300 

Acton,CGl7) 150 

Adin,(EJ) 500 

Ager,  (C2) 75 

Agnew,  (Cll) 100 

Agua  Caliente,  CC9)  100 
Ahwahnee,  (KU)..  150 
Alameda,  (CIO)..  23,383 
AlamilosBay,(G18)    150 

Alamo,  (CIO) 80 

Albany,(C10)....     808 

Albion,  (B7) 500 

Alcatraz,  (CIO) 200 

Alexander     Valley, 

(C8) 70 

Alhambra,  CG17)..  5,021 
Alleghany,  (E7)...  200 
Allen  Springs,  (C7)  80 
AUensworth,  (F14).       80 

AUiancc,  (A4) 95 

Alma,  (DID 300 

Almond,  (J19) 95 

Alpaugh,  (F14) 250 

Alpine,  (J20) 100 

Altadena,(G17)...     100 

Altoville,  (E9) 100 

Alton,  (A4) 200 

Alturas,(E3) 915 

Alvarado,  (CIO)...     800 

Alviso,(Dll) 402 

Amador  City,  (E9).     850 

Amboy,  (K16) 75 

Amedee,  (E5) 100 

Amsterdam,  (Ell).  150 
Anaheim,  (H 18)...  2,628 
Anderson,  (C5)....  840 
Angel  Island,  (CIO)  350 
Angels  Camp,  (E9)  3,900 

Amgwin,  (C9) 95 

Antelope,  (D8) 100 

Antioch,(D10)....  1,124 

Aptos,(D12) 340 

Arbuckle,  (C7)....  750 
Arcadia,  (H17)....     696 

Areata,  (A4) 1,121 

Armona,  (F13)....  150 
Aromas,  (D12)....  300 
Arrowhead   Springs, 

(H17) 200 

Arroyo  Grande, 

(E15) 900 

Artesia,  (G18) 500 

Atlanta,  (DID) 90 

Atlas,  (C9) 100 

Atwater,  (Ell) 150 

Auberry,  (FID HO 

Auburn,  (D8) 2,376 

Aukum,(E8) 100 

Avalon,(G19) 1,000 

Azusa,(H17) 1,477 

Badger,  CF12) 170 

Bagby.  (FIO) 75 

Bagdad,  (K16)....  140 
Bakersfield,  (F15)  12,727 

Balboa,(H18) 500 

Baldwin  Park,  (H17)  100 

Ballarat.  (H13) 75 

Ballard,  (E16) 100 

Ballona,  (G17)....  250 
Balls  Ferry,  (C5)..  70 
Banning.  (J  18)....  1,000 

Banta,(D10) 100 

Barnwell,  (K15)...  100 
Barstow,(H15)....  500 
Bartlett       Springs, 

(C7) 80 

Batavia,  (D9) 110 

Bates,  (FU) 150 

Bay  City.  (G18)...     150 

Bayle5,(C4) 110 

Bay  Point,  (D9).-.     100 

Baysidc,(A4) 100 

Bear  Valley,  (ElO).     220 

Beatrice,  (A4) 70 

Beaumont,  (J  18)..     550 

Beckwith,  (E6) 100 

Belden,  (E6) 75 

Bellota,  (D9) 85 

Belmont,  (CIO)....  450 
Belvedere,  (CIO)...     481 

Beairia,(C9) 2,360 

Ben  Lomond,  (CI  D     500 

Benton,  (GIO) 100 

Berd.an,  (D6) 85 

Bcrenda.  (Ell) 75 

Beresford,(C10)...  80 
Berkeley,  (CIO)..  40,434 

Berros,(E15) 130 

Berrycreek.  (D6)..  100 
Bethany.  (DID),..  70 
Betteravia,  (E16)..  100 
Beverly,  (G17)....     250 

Bicber,(D3) 660 

Big  Bar.  (B4) 90 

Biggs,  (D7) 403 

Big  Oak  Flat,  (ElO)    350 

Bigpine,  (GU) 250 

Big  Trees,  (E9) 100 

Bijou,  (E8) 100 

Birds  Landing,  (D9)    100 

Bishop,  (Gil) 1,190 

Bittcrwater,(D12).  150 
Black  Diamond, 

(D9) 2,372 

Blacks  Station,  (D8)    380 

Blak«,  (K15) 70 

Blanco.  (D12) 85 

Blocksburg,  (B5)..  350 
Bloomfield,(C9)...  250 
Blooinington,  (H17)  95 
Blue  Canyon,  (E7).  300 
Blue  Lake,  (B4)...     800 

Blythe,(L18) 200 

Boca,(E7) 220 

Bodega,  (C9) 160 

Bodie,(F9) 1,600 

Bolinas.  (CIO) 140 

Boonville,(B7) 190 

Bostonia.  (J20) 400 

Boulder  Creek, 

(Cll) 544 

Bouldinls,(D9)...     100 

Bowles,  (F12) 90 

Bowman,  (D8) 80 

Bradley,  (E14)....  100 
Brandy  City,  (E7).  100 
Branscomb,  (B6)..       70 


Brawlcy,(K20%i..  881 
Brentwood,  (UIO).  330 
Bridgeport,  (F9)...  240 
Bridgeville,  (US)...  75 
Broderick,  (D8)...     800 

Brooks,  (C8) 140 

Brown,  (G15) 200 

Browns  Valley,  (D7)  170 
Brownsville,  (D7)..  360 
Brush  Creek,  (D6).  120 
Brynmawr,  (H17).  190 
Buena  Park,  (H18)  200 
BullardsBar,  (D7).  110 
Bulwinkle,  (A3)...  200 
Burbank,  (G17)...  400 
Burlingame,  (CIO).  1,565 

Burnett,  (G 18) 500 

Burney,(D4) 220 

Butcher  Ranch,(E8)  150 
Butte  City,  (D7)...     350 

Byron,(D10) 350 

Calaveritas,  (E9).-  70 
Calexico,  (K20)...     797 

Caliente,  (G15) 70 

C:alUtoga,  (C8) 751 

Callahan,  (C3)....     120 

Calpella,  (B7) 100 

Calzona,  (L16) 70 

Camanche,  (E9)...  140 
Cambria,  (D14)...  350 
Campbell,  (DU)..     400 

Campo,  (J20) 200 

CampoSeco,  (E9).  200 
C:amptonville,  (D7)     390 

Canby,(E3'^ 190 

Capay,  (C8) 350 

Capitola,  (C12) 100 

Carmel,  (D12) 500 

Carpinteria,  (F17).     300 

Carters,  (ElO) 900 

Casmalia,  (E16) 75 

Caspar,  (B7) 290 

Castroville,  (D12).     800 

Cayucos,  (EIS) 400 

Cazadero,  (B9) 95 

Cedarville,  (E2)...  840 
Ccnterville,  (CIO)..     700 

Ceres.  (ElO) 200 

Challenge,  (07)-..  95 
Charter  Oak,  (HI 7)  200 
Cherokee,  (D6)....     260 

Chico,(D6) 3,750 

Chinese  Camp, 

(ElO) 200 

Chino,(H18) 1,444 

Chittenden,  (D12).       70 

Christine,  (B7) 110 

Chualar,  (D12) 140 

Chula  Vista,  (H20)  100 
Claremont,(H17)..  1,114 
Clarksburg,  (D9)..  100 
Clarksville,(D8)...     120 

Clay,  (09) 70 

Clayton,  (DIO) 320 

Clearwater,  (G18).     250 

ClemenU,(D9) 320 

Cleone,  (B7) 100 

Clinton,  (ES) 300 

Clio,(E6) 100 

CHppergap.  (E8)...  95 
Clipper  Mills,  (D7)  120 
Cloverdale,  (B8)...     823 

Clovis,a'"12) 500 

Coachella,  (fl8)...  1,500 
Coalinga,  (E13)...  4,199 
Colegrove,  (G17)..     200 

Colfax,  (E7) 620 

College  City,  (D8).  210 
CoUiosviUe,  (D9)..     300 

Colma,(C10) 500 

Coloma,  (E8) 100 

Colton,  (H17) 3,980 

Columbia,  (E9) 500 

Columbia  Hill,  (E7)     130 

Colusa,  (C7) 1,582 

Comptche.  (B7)..-  98 
Corapton,  (G18)...  922 
Concord,  (CIO)....  703 
Copperopolis,  (ElO)    420 

Coram,   (C4) 666 

Corcoran,  (F13)...     100 

Cordelia,  (C9) 350 

Corning,  (C6) 972 

Cornwall,  (09) 85 

Corona,  (HIS) 3,540 

Coronado,  (H20)..  1,477 
Corralitos,  (D12)..  180 
Corte  Madera,  (CIO)  360 

Cosumne,  (D9) 70 

Cotati,  (C9) 75 

Cottonwood,  (C5).  460 
Coulterville,  (ElO).  350 
County  Farm,  (G20)  230 
Courtland,  (D9)...     150 

Covelo,  (B5) 300 

Covina,  (H17) 1,652 

Coyote,(DlD 230 

Cozzens,  (B8) 200 

Craft,  (G 15) 200 

Crattonville,  (H17)  100 
Crescent  City,  (A2)  1,114 
Crescent  Mills,  (D5)    300 

Creston,(E15) 200 

Crockett,  (C9) 1,800 

Crows  Ixlg,  (DID.  130 
Cucamonga,  (H17)    30O 

Cypress,  (H18) 200 

Daggett,  (J  16) 450 

Danby,  (K16) 70 

Danville,  (DIO)....     200 

Darwin,  (H13) 150 

Daunt,  (G13) 250 

Davenport,  (CU)..     100 

Davis,XD8) 830 

Deadwood,(C4)...     100 

Decoto,  (DIO) 260 

Dehesa,  (J20) 100 

Delano,  (F14) 440 

DeLuz,  (H19) 90 

DelMar,(H20)....  250 
Del  Monte,  (D12).       85 

DelRey,  (F12) 130 

Denair,  (ElO) 100 

Descanso.  (J20)...  95 
Diamond  Spr,  (E8).    320 

Dinuba,(F13) 970 

Diiton,(D9) 827 


Dobbins,  (D7)....  70 
Dolgeville,  (G17)..     750 

Dorris,  (U2) 214 

Dos  Palos,  (E12)..  550 
Dougherty,  (UIO)..  150 
Douglasllat,  (E9)..     100 

Downey, (G18) 1,500 

Downieville,  (E6). .     550 

Drytown,  (E9) 270 

Duarte,(H17) 500 

Ducor,  (F14). 75 

Dulzura,  (T20)....  100 
Duncans  Mills, 

(B9) 300 

Dunnigan,  (D8)...  260 
Dunsmuir,  (C3)...  1,719 

Durham,  (D6) 250 

Dutch  Flat,  (E7)...  400 
EagIeviUe,(E3)....  400 
Earlimart,  (FU)..  75 
East  Highlands, 

(H17) 170 

Easton,  (CIO) 100 

East  San  Jose, 

(DU) 1,561 

East     San     Pedro, 

(G18) 390 

Eaton,(F12) 100 

Edgewood,  (C3)....     200 

Edna,  (EIS) 95 

ElCajon,(J20) 500 

ElCasco,  (H18)...  100 
ElCcntro,  (K20)..  1,610 

Eldorado,  (E8) 350 

Eldridgc,  (C9) 800 

Elizabeth    Lake, 

(G16) 70 

Elk,(B7) 400 

Elk  Creek,  (C6)...  250 
Elk  Grove,  (D9)...  470 
Elmhurst,  (CIO)...  1,500 

Elmira,  (D9) 380 

ElModeno,  CH18).  200 
El  Monte,  (G17)...  350 
El  Portal.  (FIO)...       75 

ElRio,(F17) 250 

Elsinorc,  (H18) 488 

£lVcrano(C9) 150 

Emeryville,  (CIO)..  2,513 
Emigrant  Gap,  (E7)  140 
Emmaton,  (D9)...  100 
Encanto,  (H20)....  260 
Encinitas,(H19)...  270 
Escondido,(H19)..  1,334 

Esiarto,  (D8) 120 

Etiwanda,  (H17)..     170 

Etna,  (C3) 518 

Etna  Mills,  (C3)...     650 

Etta,  (E6) 210 

Eureka,  (A4) 11,845 

Evergreen,  (D 11)..  210 
Exchequer,  (ElO)..       65 

Exeter,(F13) 500 

Fairfield,  (D9) 834 

Fairoaks,  (D8) 500 

Fair  Play,  (E8) 70 

Fall  Brook,  (HI9)..  300 
Fallriver  Mills,(D4)     350 

Faraoso,  (F14) 100 

Farraersville,  (F13)  140' 
Farmington,  (ElO).     250 

Felix,  (E9) 75 

Felton,(Cll) 450 

Ferndale,  (A4) 905 

Fields  Landing.(A4)  95 
Fillmore,  (G17)....  130 
Firebaugh,  (E12)..  300 
Fish  Rock,  (B8)...  95 
Florence,  (G18)...     900 

Florin,  (D9) 500 

Floriston,  (E7) 70 

FolsomCity,  (08).  1,500 
Forbestown,  (D5)..     250 

Forest,  (E7) 350 

Foresthill,(E7)....  550 
Forest  Home,  (J17)  100 
Forestville,  (C8)...  220 
Fort  Bidwell,  (E2).  410 
Fort  Bragg,  (B7)...  2,408 
Fort  Jones,  (C2)...     316 

Fort  Ross,  (B9) 75 

Fortuna,  (A4) 883 

Foster,  (J20) IS 

Fosteria,  (E9) 400 

Fowler,  (F12) 675 

Foxen,  (E16) 90 

Franklin,  (D9) 250 

Frediilba,  (H17)...  200 
Freedom,  (D12)...      100 

Freeport,  (D9) 140 

Freestone,  (C9) 100 

French  Camp,  (0 10)  280 
French  Corral,  (D7)  250 
French  Gulch,  (C4)  150 
Freshwater,  (A4)..  140 
Fresno,  (F12)....  24,892 
Ffcsno  Flats,  (FU)     180 

Friant,  (F12) 90 

Fruitvale,  (CIO)...  5,000 
Fullerton,  (H18)...  1,725 

Fulton,  (C9) 400 

Galt,(D9) 1,150 

Garberville,  (B5)..  350 
Gardena,  (G18)...  100 
Garden  (irove, 

(1118) 400 

Garden  VaIley,(E8)     150 

Garey.(E16) 100 

Garvalia,  (G17)...     100 

Gaviota,  (E17) 160 

Georgetown,  (E8).  730 
Germantown,  (C6)  240 
Geyserville,  (C8)..     400 

Giant,  (C9) 75 

Gibsonville,  (E6)..     200 

Gilroy,(011) 2,437 

Glenblair,  (B7) 150 

Glenbrook.  (C8). . .  170 
Glendale,  Humboldt 

Co.,  (A4) 150 

Glendale,  Los  Ange- 
les Co/,  (G17)...  2,746 
Glendora,(H17)...  1,500 
Glen  Ellen,  (C9)...  1,250 
Glen  Frazer,  (CIO)  100 
Glenwood,  (DU)..  100 
Cold  Run,  (E7)...     100 


Goleta,(Fl7) 500 

Gonzalcs,(012)...  600 

Grafton  (D8) 370 

Grand  Island,  (07)  130 

Grandville,  (B9)...  100 

Graageville,  (F13).  180 

Graniteville,(E7)..  250 
Grass  Valley,  (D7).  4,520 

Greenview,  (C2) 100 

Greenville.  (E5) . . .  400 
Greenwood,  Eldo- 
rado Co.,  (E8)..  360 
Greenwood,  Men- 
docino Co.,  (B7)  500 

Gridley,  (D7) 987 

Grizzly  Blu£f,  (A4).  ISO 

Grizzly  Flats,  (E8).  250 

Groveland,  (ElO). .  180 

Grub  Gulch,  (FU)  160 

Guadaloupe,  (E16)  500 

Gualala,  (B8) 200 

Guerneville,  (B9)..  800 

Guernsey,  (F13) 9S 

Guinda,  (C8) 100 

Gwinmine,  (E9)...  250 

Halcyon,  (EIS) 70 

Halfmoon  Bay, 

(CU) 1,500 

Halleck,  (H61)....  200 

Hamburg,(B2) 100 

Hanford,  (F13) 4,829 

Happy  Camp,(B2).  200 

Harper,  (HIS) 150 

Harrison,  (CU)...  250 

Hart,  (KIS) 73 

Havilah,(G15) 70 

Hawthorne,  (G18).  200 

Hayfork,  (B4) 140 

Haywards,  (CIO)..  2,746 

Hazel  Creek,  (C3).  240 
Healdsburg,  (C8)..  2,011 

Hemet,  (HIS) 992 

Henderson.  (04)...  70 

Henlev,  (C2) 150 

Hercules,  (C9) 279 

Hermon,  (G17) 450 

Hermosa  Beach, 

(GIS) 679 

Hesperia,  (H17)...  95 

Hickman,  (ElO)...  100 

Highgrove,(H18)..  200 
Highland,  (H17)...  1,700 

Hilts,  (C2) 70 

Hollister,  (012)...  2,308 
Hollywood,  (G17).  1,400 

Holtville,  (K20)...  729 

Honcut,  (07) 420 

Hopland,  (B8) 800 

Hotnbrook,  (C2)..  150 

Hornitos,  (Ell)...  160 

Horsecreek.  (C2)..  75 

Howland  Flat,  (E6)  100 

Hueneme,  (F17)...  800 
Huntington  Beach, 

(G18) 815 

Huntington  Park, 

(GIS) 1,299 

Hurleton,  (07) 150 

Huron.  (EU) 70 

Hyde  Park,  (G18).  150 

Hydesville,  (A4)...  360 

Igerna,  (C3) 200 

lgo,(CS) ISO 

Imperial,  (K.20)...  1,257 
Imperial  Beach, 

(H20) 200 

Independence, 

(G12) 550 

Indian  Falls,  (E6)..  70 

Indio.(J18) 250 

Inglenook,  (B7)...  75 
Inglewood,(G18)..  1,535 

Inskip.  (06) 95 

Inwood,  (D4) 150 

Ione,i;E9) 880 

Iowa  Hill,  (E7) 460 

Irvington,  (DIO).. .  1.000 

Irwin  City,  (Ell). -  95 

Irwindale,  (H17)..  150 

Isabella,  (G14) 70 

Isleton,  (D9) 100 

Jacinto,  (C6) 80 

Jackson,  (E9) 2,035 

Jacksonville,    (ElO)  70 

Jamcsburg,  (013).  180 

Jamestown,  (ElO).  600 

Jamul.  (120). 75 

Janesville,  (E5) 100 

Jenny  Lind,  (E9)..  100 
Johannesburg, 

(HIS) 300 

Johnsville,  (E6)...  360 

Jolon,  (D14) 250 

Judson,  (H16) 70 

Julian,  (J19) 300 

Junction  City,  (B4)  180 

Keeler,  (H13) 70 

Kecne,  (G15) 75 

Kelseyville,  (C8)...  900 

Kelso,  (K15) 150 

Kennett,(C4) 2,500 

Kenwood,  (C9) 100 

Kerman.  (E12) 100 

Kern,  (G15) 2,100 

Kernville,(G14)...  250 

Keswick,  (C4) 2,000 

Kimbcrly,  (C4) 270 

King  City,  (013)..  540 

Kingriver,  (F12) 70 

Kingsburg,  (F12)..  534 

Klamathon,  (C2)..  380 

Klau,(E14) 200 

Knights Ferry,(E10)  750 

Kramer.  (HIS) 100 

La  Canada,  (G17).  250 

La  Crescenta,  (G17)  200 

Lafavette,  (CIO)...  90 

La  Grange,  (ElO)..  290 

LaHabra,  (HIS)..  230 

La  Honda.  (CU)..  85 

Lajolla.  (H20)....  100 

LakeCity,  (E2)....  100 

Lakeport,  (C7) 870 

Lakeside,  (J20)....  100 

Lakeville.  (C9) 85 

La  Manda  Park, 

(G17) 250 


La.Mcsa,  (H20)...  500 
La  Mirada,  (H18).  200 
Lancaster,  (G15)..     130 

La  Porte,  (D6) 100 

Larkspur,  (CIO)...  594 
LasPalmas,  (F12).     150 

Lalhrop,  (UIO) 270 

Laton,  (F13) 400 

Latrobe,  (D8) 250 

Laurel,  (Cll) 75 

Laverne,  (ClO) 300 

Lawndale,  (G18)..  190 
Lawrence,  (DU)..     200 

Laws,  (GU) 95 

Laytonville,  (B5)..     100 

Lee,  (J12) 250 

Le  Grand,  (EU)...     100 

Lcliter,  (1- 14) 100 

Lemongrove,  (H20)  180 
Lemoore,  (F13)...  1,000 

Lewiston,  (C4) 240 

Likely,  (E3) 90 

Lincoln,  (D8) 1,402 

Linden,(D9) 150 

Lindsay,  (F13) 1,814 

Linne,  (E14) 100 

Little  Lake,  (GU).  200 
Little  River,  (B7)..  ISC 
Little  Shasta,  (C2).  500 
LiveOak,(D7)....  350 
Livermorc, (DIO). .  2,030 
Livingston,  (EU)..  95 
Lockeford,  (D9)...     610 

Lodi,(D9) 2,697 

Lolcta,  (.A4) 100 

LomaPrieta,  (DU)     100 

LomiXKT,  (E15) 1,482 

Lone  Pine,  (G12)..  250 
Longbcach,  (GIS)  17,809 
LongVallev,  (E5)..     250 

Loomis,(D8) 310 

Lordsburg,  (HI7)..  954 
Los.Alamitos,  (G18)  300 
Los  .Alamos,  (E16).  610 
Los  Angeles, 

(G17) 319,198- 

Los  Banos,  (Ell).T  745 
LosGatos,  (CU)..  2,232 
Los  Nietos,  (GIS).  100 
Los  Olives,  (El 6)..     200 

Lotus,  (ES) 150 

Lower  Lake,  (C8).     500 

Lowrey,(C6) 100 

Loyalton,  (E5) 983 

Lundy,(F9) ISO 

Lynch,  (E14) 75 

McKittrick,  (FIS).  200 
McPherson,(H18).     100 

Macdoel,  (C2) 75 

Madera,  (E12) 2,404 

Madison,  (C8) 150 

Magalia,  (05) 300 

Maine  Prairie,  (09)     150 

Malaga.  (F12) 95 

Maltermoro,  (F12).  80 
Mammoth,  (C4)...  650 
Manchester,  (B8)..  100 
Manhattan,  (G18).  100 
Maricopa,  (FIS)...  500 
Marii»sa,(Fll)...  450 
Marklceville,  (F8).     ISO 

Marshall,  (C9) 70 

Martinez,  (C9) 2,115 

Marysville,(D7)...  5,430 

Matilija,  (F17) 100 

Maxwell,  (C7) 350 

MayQeld,  (CU)...  1,041 

Melitta,(C9) 200 

Mendocino,  (B7)..  1,250 
MenloPark,  (CU).  800 
Mentone,  (H17)...     300 

Merced,  (EU) 3,102 

Merced  Falls.(ElO)     100 

Meridian.  (D/) 200 

Merrill villc,  (E4)..  170 
Mesa  Grande,    San 

Diego  Co.,  (J  19)    100 
Mesa     Grande, 

Sonoma  Co.,  (B9)  100 

Metz,  (D13) 100 

Michigan  Bar, 

(E9) 140 

Michigan  Bluff, 

(E7) 480 

Middlctown,  (C8).  710 
Midland,  (FIS)....     500 

Milford,  (E5) 130 

Millbrae.(ClO)....  240 
Mills  College,  (CIO)  350 
Mill  V.alley,  (CIO).  2,551 

Millville,  (C4) 340 

Milpitas,  (DU) 400 

Milton,  (E9) 400 

Miramar,  (H20)...  100 
Mission  San  Jose, 

(OlO) 900 

Modesto,  (DIO)...  4,034 

Mohawk,  (E6) 80 

Mojave,  (G15) 280 

Mokelumne  Hill, 

(E9) 1,000 

Moneta.  (G18) 95 

Monrovia,  (H17)..  3,576 
Montague,  (C2)...  274 
Montalvo,{F17)...  150 
Montara,  (CU)...  100 
Montccito,  (F17)..  800 
Monterey,  (DI2)..  4,923 
Monte  Vista,  (G17)  140 
Montgomery  Creek, 

(D4) 150 

Monticello,  (C8). . .  230 
Moores  Flat,  (E7).  120 
Morgan  Hill,  (Oil)     607 

Morro,(E15) 100 

Moss,  (012) 100 

Mott,(C3) 220 

Mountain  View, 

(CU) 1,161 

Mount  Eden,  (CIO)  90 
Mount  Hebron, 

(02) 100 

Murphv,  (E9) 750 

Murrieita,  (H18)..     150 

Napa,(C9) 5,791 

National  City, 

(H20) 1,733 


Natividad,  (B12)..      85 

Navarro,  (B7) 170 

Needles,  (L16) 1,500 

Nelson,  (U5) 100 

Nevada  City,  (E7).  2,689 
New  Almaden, 

(Oil) 700 

Newark,  (CI) 500 

Newberry  Park,(G17)  90 
Newcastle,  (08)...     500 

Newhall,  (G17) 500 

Newman,  (U 11)...  892 
Newport  Beach, 

(H18) 445 

NewviUe,  CC6) 100 

Nicasio,  ((J9) ISO 

Nicolaus,  (D8) 130 

NUes,(D10) 1,500 

Nipomo,  (E15) 250 

Nipton,  (K15) 75 

Nord,(06) ISO 

Nordhoff,  (F17)...     220 

Norman,  (C7) 250 

North  Bloomiield, 

(E7) 600 

Northbranch,(E9).  80 
North  Columbia, 

(D7) 100 

North  Cucamonga, 

(H17) 70 

Northfork,  (FU)..  130 
North  San  Diego, 

(H20) 250 

North  San  Juan, 

(07) 300 

Northwestern,  (B7)  110 
Nortonville,  (DIO).  95 
Norwalk,  (G18)...     5/0 

Novato,(C9) 400 

Noyo,  (B7) 100 

Oak  Bar,  (C2) 95 

Oakdalc,  (ElO) 1,035 

Oakland,  (CIO).  150,174 

Oakley,  (D9) 250 

Oakvillc,  (C9) 100 

Oat  Hill,  (C8) 200 

Occidental,  (C9)...  200 
Ocean  Beach,  (H20)    1 50 

Oceano,  (E15) 250 

Oceanpark,  (GIS).  3,119 
Oceanside,  (H19)..  673 
Ocean  View,  (CIO)  1,000 
Ockenden,  (FU)...  70 
Olancha,  (HI3)...  170 
Oleander,  (F12)...     140 

Oleraa,  ((:9) 300 

Oleta,  (E9) 340 

Olig,  (F15) 110 

Olive,  (HIS) 100 

Olivenhain,  (H19).     120 

Ono,  (CS) 95 

Ontario,  (H17) 4,274' 

Ophir,(D8) 170 

Orange,  (HIS) 2,920 

Orcutt,  (E15) 75 

Oregon  House,(D7)     240 

Oriand,  (C6) 835 

Orleans,  (B3) 170 

Orosi,(F13) 500 

Orovillc,  (07) 3,859 

Ot.ay,(H20) 130 

Otis,(J15) 100 

Oxnard,  (F17) 2,555 

Pacheco,(C10) 250 

Pacific  Beach,  (H20)  90 
Pacific  Grove,(D12)2,384 

Paicincs.  (012) 75 

Paige,  (F13) 400 

Paiaro.  (012) 100 

Pala,  (H19) 100 

Palmd.ale,  (G16)...       75 

Palms,(G17) 150 

Palm  Springs,  (J18)  100 
Palo  Alto,  (Cll). ..  4,486 
PaloCedro,  (CS)..  100 
Palo  Verde,  (L19).     150 

Panoche,  (E12) 95 

Parkfield,  (E14)...     260 

Parlicr,  {F12) 500 

Pasadena,  (G17).  30,291 

Paskenta,  (C6) 100 

Paso  Robles,  (EI4)  1,441 

Penryn,(D8) 250 

Perkins,  (OS) 250 

Perris,(HlS) 500 

Pescadero,  (CU)..  1,000 

Petaluma,  (C9) 5,880 

Peters,  (DIO) 150 

Petrolia,  (A5) 250 

Phillipsville,  (BS)..  75 
Picacho,  (L20)....     250 

Pico,  (G18) 70 

Piedmont,  (CIO)  ..  1,719 

Pike,(D7) 260 

Pilot  Hill,  (ES) 130 

Pinchot,  (G17) 250 

Pine  Grove,  (E9)..     190 

Pinole.  (C9) 298 

Pirn,  (G17) 200 

Pismo.  (EIS) 70 

Pitt,(C4) 300 

Pittville,  (D3) 160 

Placcrvillc,(ES)...  1,914 
Plainficld,(DS)....  170 
Piano  Del  Ray,(G13)  130 
Plantation,  (B8)...     110 

Playa,  (G18) 75 

Pleasantgrove,  (D8)  170 
Pleasanton,  (DIO).  1,254 
Pleasant  Valley,(E8)  260 

Pleyto,  (DU) 80 

Plymouth,  (E9) 1,500 

Point  Arcn.a,(B8)..  497 
Point  Loma,  (H20)  100 
Point  Reyes,  (B9)..  200 
Point  Reyes  Station, 

(C9) 100 

Pomona,  (H17)...  10,207 
Pope  Vallev.  (C8). .     310 

Poplar,(Fi3) 110 

Port  Costa,  (C9)...  1,000 
Portersville,  (G13).  2,696 
PortKenvon,  (A4).  210 
Potter  Vallev,  (B7).     576 

Poway,  (H20) 180 

Pozo,(E15) 100 

Prado,(H18) ISO 


Prattville,  (OS)....  290 
Princeton,  (C7)....  310 
Prospect  Park, 

(G17) 100 

Puenle,  (H17> 250 

Quartz,  (ElOJ 200 

(Juincy,  (E5) 520 

Kamona,  (J19) 200 

Kandsburg,  (HIS).  1,000 

Ranlett,(E9) 100 

Raymond,  (FU)...     500 

Red  Bluff,  (CS) 3,530 

Redding,  (C4) 3,572 

Redlands,  (HI7)..  10,449 
Redondo  Beach, 

(G18) 2,935 

Redwood  City, 

(CU) :,442 

Reedley,(F12) 1,800 

Rclief,(E7) 150 

Requa,(A2) 400 

Retreat,  (C3) 600 

Rialto,  (HI7) 200 

Richmond,  (CIO) . .  6,802 

RioUell,(AS) 260 

Rio  Vista,  CD9) 884 

Ripon,(D10) 150 

Riverdale,(F13)...  280 
Riverside,  (H18)..  15,212 

Rocklin,(D8) 1,025 

Rodeo,(C9) 100 

Rohnerville,  (A4)..  600 
Roscboro,  (G17)...  200 
Rosedale,  (F15)...     100 

RoseviUe,  (OS) 2,608 

Ross,  (CIO) 556 

Rough  and  Ready, 

(D7) 140 

Round  Mountain, 

(D4) 130 

Round  Valley,  (GU)  200 
Russel  City,  (CIO).     200 

Rust,  (CIO) 500 

Rutherford,  (C9)..     200 

Rvan,(J13) 130 

SACRAMENTO, 

(DS) 44,696 

Saint  Helena,  (C9).  1,603 
Saint  John,  (C5)...     140 

Salinas,  (012) 3,736 

Samoa,  (A4) 130 

San  .Andreas,  (E9).  1,700 
San  Anselmo,  (CIO)  1,531 
San.\rdo,(013)...  100 
San  Bernardino, 

(H17) 12.779 

San  Bruno,  (CIO)..  200 
San  Carlos,  (CI I)..  100 
San  Diego,  (1120).  39,578 
San  Dimas,  (H17).  800 
San  Fernando, 

(G17) 1,100 

SanFilipe,  (DU)..  300 
San  Francisco, 

(CIO) 416.912 

San  Gabriel,  (Gl?)700 

Sanger,  (F12) 2,000 

SanGregorio,  (Cll)  100 
San  Jacinto,  (HIS).  898 
San  Jose,  (Oil)..  28,946 
San  Juan,  (DI 2)..  326 
San  J  uan  Bautista, 

(OI2) 650 

San    Juan    Capis- 

trano,  (HI9) 500 

SanLeandro,  (C10)3,47I 
San  Lorenzo,  (CIO)  350 
San  Lucas,  (EI3)..  550 
San  Luis  Obispo 

(EIS) 5,157 

San  Luis  Rey,(H19)  300 
San  Martin,  (DU).  400 
San  Mateo,  (CIO)..  4,384 
San  Miguel,  (EI4).  600 
San  Pablo,  (CIO)..  500 
San  Pedro,  (GIS). .  6,000 
San  Quentin,  (CIO)  300 
SanRafael,(C10)..  5,934 
San  Ramon,  (DIO).  100 
San  Simeon,  (014).  100 
SantaAna,  (HIS)..  8,429 
Santa  Anita,  (G17)  100 
Santa  Barbara, 

(F17) 11,659 

Santa  Clara,  (CU).  4,348 
Sanu  Cruz.  (CI2)  11.146 
Santa  te  Springs, 

(GIS) 100 

Santa  Margarita, 

(EIS) 200 

Santa  .Maria,  (EI6)  2,260 
Santa  Monica, 

(GI7) 7,847 

S.anta  Paula,  (FI7).  2,216 
Santa  Rita,  (E15)..  150 
Santa  Rosa,  (C9)..  7,817 
Santa  Ynez,  (EI6).  250 
Saratoga,  (CU)...  1,500 

Saticov,(F17) 40O 

Sausalito,  (CIO)...  2,383 
Sawtelle,(GI7)....  2,143 
Sawyers  Bar,  (B3).     270 

Scales,  (E6) 220 

Scotia,  (A5) 500 

Scott  Bar,  (B2) 200 

Sebastopol,  (C9). . .  1,233 
Seiad  Valley,  (B2).     130 

Sclhy,(C9) 130 

Selma,  (F12> 1,750 

Shasta,  (C4'' 640 

Shasta  Springs, 

(C3) 100 

Sheepranch,  (E9)..     250 

Sheridan,  (08) 240 

Shingle,  (E8) 200 

Shingletown,  (DS).     130 

Shorb,  (G17) 100 

Sierra  City.  (E6)...  500 
Sierra  Madre,(H  1 7)  1,303 
Sierraville,  (E5)...  350 
Silver  Lake,  (JIS).     200 

Simons,  (GI8) 300 

Sis.son.  (C3) 636 

Sites,  (C7) 100 

Smartvillc.  (D7)...  500 
Smith  River,  (A2)..  700 
Soclliug,  (ElO)....     400 


Soda  Bay,  (C8) 500 

Soldiers  Home. 

(G17) 2,300 

Soledad,  (DI3) 510 

Somerset,  (GIS). ..  200 
Somersville,  (DIO).     100 

Sonoma,  (C9) 957 

Sonora,  (ElO) 2  029 

Soquel,  (DU) 430 

Soulsbyville  (ElO).  250 
South  Pasadena, 

(GI7) 4,549 

South    San    Fran- 
cisco, (CIO) 1,989 

Spadra,  (HIS) 100 

Spaulding,  (GIS)..  ISO 
Spenccville,  (07)..  170 
Spreckels,  (012)...     100 

Standish,(E5) 100 

Stanford  University, 

(CU) 750 

Stege,  (CIO) 500 

Stent,  (ElO) 100 

Stirling  City,  (D6).  lOO 
Stockton,  (OlO)..  23,253 

Stonyford,  (C7) 300 

Strawberry  Valley, 

(D6) 160 

SuisunCity.(D9)..  541 
Sulphur  Creek, 

(C7) 210 

Summerland,  (F17)  250 
Sunny  South,  (E7).  250 
Sunnyvale,  (Cll). .  250 
Sunolglen,  (DIO)..  350 
Sunset  Beach, 

(GIS) 100 

Surrey,  (GI7) lOO 

Susanville,  (ES)...     688 

Sutter,  (D7) 40O 

Sutlercreek,  (E9)..  2,000 
Swcetland,  (07)...     2S» 

Sycamore,  (C7) 25» 

Tablerock,  (E5)...     10» 

Taylor,  (C4) 1,50« 

Taylorsville,{ES)..  250 
Tehachapi,  (GIS).     38S 

Tehama,  (CS) 221 

Temecula,  (HIS)..  220 
Templeton,  (E14).  380 
Terminal,  (G18)...  100 
Terminous,  (D9)..     250 

Thermal,  (J  18) 700 

Thomasson,  (C9)..  300 
Thornton,  (09).  ..  150 
Threcrivers,  (G13).     100 

Throop,  (B8) 100 

Tia  Juana,  (J20)..  100 
Tiburon,(C10)....     250 

Tipton,  (FI3) 450 

Tobin,(CIO) 250 

Tollhouse,  (FU)..     270 

Tomales,  (C9) 420 

Towle,(E7) 150 

Tracy,  (DIO) 430 

Traver,  (F13) 100 

Tres  Pinos,  (D12).     240 

Tropico,  (G17) 100 

Truckee,  (E7) 1,250 

Tulare,  (FI3) 2,758 

Tuolumne,  (ElO)..  1,000 

Turlock,  (EU) 1,573 

Tustin,  (HIS) 800 

Ukiah,  (B7) 2.136 

Upland,  (H17) 2,384 

Upper  Lake,  (C7)..     210 

Urban,  (ES) 300 

Vacaville,  (C9) 1,177 

Vallejo.  (C9) 11,340 

Valleton.  (E4) 150 

Valley  Ford,  (C9)..  150 
Valley  Springs, 

(E9) 380 

Vallicita,  (E9) 250 

Valvermo,  (H17)..     300 

V.arain,  (EIO) lOO 

Venice,  (G 18), 5,000 

Ventura,  (FI7) 2,94S 

Vernon.  (GIS) 772 

Victorville,  (HI7)..     100 

Vina,  (C5) 220 

Vineburg,  (C9) 200 

Vis,alia,  (F13) 4,550 

Vista  Grande, 

(CU) 100 

Volcano,  (E9) 450 

Waddington,  (A4).     lOO 

Wallace,  (E9) 100 

Walnut  Creek, 

(CIO) 550 

Walnut  Grove,  (D9)  100 
Washington,  (E7)..  430 
Waterman,  (E9) . . .  190 
Watsonville,  (D12)  4,446 

Watts,(G18) 1  922 

Weaverville,  (C4)..  1,100 
Westminster, 

(HIS) 580 

Westpoint,  (E9)...     lOO 

Wcstport,  (B5) 730 

West  Saticoy,  (FI7)  lOO 
Wheatland,  (D7)..  481 
Whitehouse,(C4)..  300 
Whilesboro,  (B7)..  160 
Whitlock,  (ElO)...  120 
Whittier,  (HIS).. ..4,550 
WilburSprs,(C7)  ..  lOO 
Wildomar,  (HIS). .     100 

William.s,  (C7) 60O 

Willits,  (B7) 1,153 

Willow,  (C7) 1,139 

Wilmington, 

(G18) 20O 

Windsor,  (CS) 620 

Winehaven,  (DIO).     150 

Winters,  (CS) 910 

Witch  Creek, 

(JI9)  100 

Woodbridge,  (09).  20? 
Woodland,  (OS)...  3,187 
Woodside,  (CU)...  250 
Wrights.(DU)....     370 

Yolo,  (DS) 370 

Yosemite,  (FIO)...  100 
Yountville,  (C9)...     310 

Yreka,(C2) 1,134 

VubaCity,(D7)...  1,150 


346       (COLORADO-CONNECTICUT-DELAWARE)        INDEX  OF   THE   UNITED   STATES 


COLORADO 


Aguilar,    (K9) 858 

Akron,    (N3) 647 

Alamosa,    (H9) 3,013 

Alma.   (05) 301 

Altman,  (J6) 145 

Altona,  (J3) 100 

Ames,  (D8) 150 

Amity,  (P7) 150 

Anaconda,  (J6) ... .  164 

Animas  City,  (D9)  200 

Antonito,  (H9) 681 

Argo,   (J4) 100 

Arloa,   (C9) 100 

Arriba,  (NS) 250 

Arrow,   (H4).....*.  26 

Arvada,  (J4) 840 

Aspen,  (F5) 1,834 

Atwood,  (N2) 150 

Ault,  (K2) 569 

Aurora,  (K4) 679 

Austin,  {D6) 160 

Avondale,  (L7)...  .  150 
Bald  Mountain,  (H4)  800 

Basalt,    (F5) 235 

Bayfield,  (D9) 227 

Bellvue,  02) 104 

Bennett,  (L4) 105 

Berthoud,   (J3) 758 

Berwind,    (K9) 600 

Beulah,    (K7) 300 

Blackhawk,  (G3)..  668 

Blanca,  (H9) 500 

Bonanza,  (G7) 96 

Boulder.  (J4) 9,539 

Bowen,  (K9) 150 

Breckenridge,   (H4)  834 

Brighton,  (K4) 850 

Bristol,   (P7) 250 

Brodhead,  (K9) .  . . .  100 

Brookside.  (J7)..  ..  200 

Brush,    (M3) 997 

Buena  Vista,  (G6)  1,041 

Buffalo  Creek,  (J5)  150 

Burlington.  (P5)...  368 

Byers.  (L4) 130 

Calcite,  (H7) 150 

Calhan,  (L5) 350 

Cameron,  (J6) 146 

Campbird,  (D8)...  100 

Canficld,    (J3) 120 

Canon  City,  (J6)..5.162 

Capitol  City,  (E7)..  100 


Abington,(H5)....     JiS 

Adams,  (C7) 200 

Addison,  (F6) 300 

AUingtown,  (E7)...     300 

Andover,  (F2) 470 

Ansonia,  (D7) 15,152 

Ashford,  (H5) 300 

Aspetuck,  (C8) 150 

Avon,(ES) 1,100 

Bakersville,  (D5)..  200 
Ballouviile,  (JS)...     250 

Baltic,(H6) 750 

BanUm,(D6) 500 

Barkhamsted,  (E5)  150 
Beacon  Falls,  (D7).  850 
Bean  Hill,  (H6)....     450 

Beriin,  (F6) 950 

Bethany,  (D7) 400 

Bethel, (C7) 3,041 

Bethlehem,  (D6)...  400 
Black  Hall,  (G7)..  220 
Bioomfield,  (FS). . .  1,650 
Boardman,(C6)...     200 

Bolton,  (G5) 450 

Botsford,  (C7) 700 

Bozrah,  (H6) 400 

Bozrahville,  (H6)..  200 
BranchvUle,  (C7)..  175 
Branford,  (E7)....  2,560 
Bridgeport,  (D8)  102,054 
Bridgewater,  (C6).     500 

Bristol,  (E6') 9,527 

Broad  Brook.  (FS).  1,400 
Brookfield,  (C7)...  550 
Brookfield  Center, 

(C7) 350 

Brooklyn,  (J5) 1,750 

Brooksvale,  (E7)..     100 

Buckland,  (F5) 300 

Burlington,  (E5)...  1,125 

Bumside,  CF5) 800 

Burrville,  (D5)....  ISO 
Campville,  (D6)...     100 

Canaan,  (C4) 100 

Cannon  Station, 

(C8) 200 

Canterbury,  (H6)..  300 
Canton  Center,  (  ES)  200 
Center  Brook,  (G7)  175 
Center  Groton,(H7)  500 
Central  Village,(J6)  1,000 
Chapinville.  (C4)..     200 

Chaplin,  (H  5) 650 

Cheshire,  (E7) 1,500 

Chester.  (G7) 1,300 

Chesterfield,  (HI).  270 
Chestnut  Hill.  (G6)  100 
CLirks  Falls.  (J7)..      280 

Clinton.  (F7) 1,300 

Clintonville,  (E7)..     100 

Cob,alt.(F6) 320 

Colchester,  tr,6')...  978 
Colpbrook,(nS)...  275 
Colebrook  Rivcr,('D5)200 


Capulin,  (G9) 250 

Carbondale,  (E5) . .    284 

Cardiff,  (E4) 180 

Carr,  (K2) 100 

Castle  Rock,  (K5)..  365 
Cedaredge,  (D6).  ..    295 

Center,  (G8) 385 

Central  City,  (J4)..  1,782 

Cheraw,  (N7) 300 

Cheyenne  Wells,  (D6)  270 
Chivington,  (07)...    130 

Chromo,  (F9) 100 

Clifton,  (C5) 350 

Coalcreek,  (J7) 676 

Cokedale,  (K9)....  250 
Collbran,  (D5)....  156 
Colorado     City, 

(K6) 4,333 

Colorado      Springs, 

(K6) 29,078 

Como,  (H5) ...    411 

Conejos,  (G9) 158 

Cortez,   (B9) 565 

Cotopaxi,  (H7)....     120 

Coventry,  (C7) 100 

Craig,     (D3) 392 

Crawford,  (D6)....    200 

Creede,  (F8) 741 

Crested  Butte,  (E6)  904 
Crestone,  (H8)....  231 
Cripple  Creek,  (J6)  6,206 

Crisman,  (J3) 100 

Crook,  (02) 125 

Cucharas.  (K8) . . . .     100 

Curtis,   (K6) 100 

Dacono,  (K3) 180 

DeBeque,  (C5) 149 

Deckers,    (J5) 100 

Deep  Creek,  (E2)..     100 

Deertrail,  (M4) 200 

Delagua,  (K9) 958 

Del  Norte,  (08)...    840 

Delta,  (C6) 2,388 

DENVER,  {J4)  213,381 

Dillon,    (04) 134 

Divide,  (J6) 150 

Doyleville,  (F7).  ..     150 

Dolores,   (B9) 320 

Dunton,   (C8) 100 

Durango,  (D9) 4,686 

Eads,  (06) 200 

Eagle,  (F4) 186 


Collinavnie,  (E5)..  2,S00 
Columbia,  (G5)...  450 
Comstock's  Bridge, 

CG6) 200 

Cornwall,  (C5) 100 

Cornwall  Bridge,(CS)100 
Cornwall  Hollow, 

(CS) 100' 

Co5tob,(B8) 500 

Coventry,  (G5) 100 

Cr.inbury,  (C8) 500 

Cromwell,  (F6) 2,000 

Danbury,  (C7)...  20,234 

Danielson,(J5) 2,934 

Darien,  (C8) 2,400 

D,ayville,  (J5) 400 

Dceo  River,  (G7)..  1,430 

Derby,  (D7) 8,991 

Durham.  (F7) 500 

Durham  Center,  (F7)  390 
£agleville,  (H5)...  300 
East  Berlin,  (F6)..  700 
E.-ist  Canaan,  (C4).      SOO 

Eastford,  (H5) 180 

East  Glastonbury, 

(F6) 350 

East  Granby,  (ES)  4S0 
East  Haddam,  (G7)  1,350 
Ea.st  Hampton, 

(G6) 2,600 

East  H.artford,  (FS)  5,500 
East  Hartford  Mea- 
dow, (FS) 700 

East  Hartland,  (ES)  300 
Easthaven,  (E7)...  1,2S0 
East  Killinglv,  (JS)  700 
East  Litchfield,(DS)  100 
East  Lyme,  (H7)..  SOO 
East  Morris,  (D6)..  100 
EastNorwalk,  (C8)  3,600 

E.aston,  (C7) 300 

East  Port  Chester, 

(B8) 2,000 

East  River,  (F7)...  300 
East  Tbompson- 

(JS) 280 

East  Wallingford, 

(F7) 150 

East  Willington,  (H5)  150 
East  Windsor,  (F5)  240 
East  Windsor  Hill, 

(FS) 350 

East  Woodstock, 

(HS) 280 

Ekonk,  (J6) 130 

Ellington,  (G5)....  1,900 

Elliott,  (HS) 12S 

Elmwood,(F6) 300 

Enfield.  (FS) 850 

Essex  (G7) 2,100 

Fairfield.  (C8) 3,100 

Falls  Village,  (CS).  600 
Farmington,  (E6)..  897 
Fitchville,(H6)....     150 


Eaton,   (K2) 1,157 

Edgewater,  04)...    712 

Edith,   (F9) 293 

Elbert,    (L5) 390 

Eldora,  (H4) 81 

Elizabeth,    (K5)...    194 

Elkton,    Ud) 300 

El  Moro,  (K9)....    125 

Emma,   (E5) 100 

Empire,   (H4) 179 

Engleville,  (L9) 800 

Englewood,  (K4).. 2,983 

Erie,  (J3) 596 

Espinoza,  (H9) 125 

Estes  Park,  (H3)..    425 

Eureka,    (D8) 87 

Evans,   (K3) 600 

Evergreen,  (J4) ... .  150 
Fair  Play,  (OS)....    265 

Firestone,  (K3) 110 

Flagler,  (N5) 275 

Florence,  Q?) 2,712 

Floresta,  (E6) 150 

Florissant,  (J6) 268 

Forbes,  (K9) 150 

Fort  Collins,  02).. 8,2 10 
Fort  Garland,  (J9)  200 
FortLogan,  04).  ..  400 
Fort  Lupton,  (K3)  614 
Fort  Morgan,  (M3)  2,800 

Fountain,  (K6) 431 

Fowler,  (L7) 925 

Frazer,  (H4) ISO 

Frederick,  (K3) ...  266 
Freshwater,  (H6) . .      42 

Frisco,  (G4) 81 

Fruita,  (BS) 881 

Galatea,  (N6) 100 

Gardner,  (J8) 150 

Garfield,  ((36) 100 

Gary,  (M3) 100 

Genoa,   (N5) 250 

Georgetown,     (H4)    950 

Gilcrest,  (K3) 150 

Gill,      (K3) 200 

Gillctt,  06) 33 

Oilman,    (04) 350 

Glenwood    Springs, 

(E4) 2,019 

Golden,  04) 2,477 

Ooldfield,  06)....  1,1 12 
GoldhiU,    (J3) 150 


Forcstville,  (E6). . .  3,400 
Gales  Ferry,  (H7)..  125 
Gardner  I.ake,  (H7)  130 
Gaylordsville,  (C6)  275 
Georgetown,  (CI).  230 
Gildersleeve,  (F6).     900 

Gilead,  (06) 350 

GIasgo,(J6) 700 

Glastonbury,  (F6).  1,800 
Glenbrook,  (B8)...     320 

Glenville,  (B8) 800 

Goshen,  (D5)......     3S0 

Granby,  (ES) 580 

Greenfield  Hill,  (C8)  900 
Greens  Farms,  (C8)  125 
Greenwich,  (B8)...  3,886 

Griswold,  (J6) 400 

Grosvenor  Dale, 

(JS) 800 

Groton,(H7) 1,895 

Grovcbeach,  (F7). .     100 

Guilford,  (F7) 1,608 

Gurleyville,  (H5)..     230 

Haddam, (F7) 400 

Haddam  Neck,  (G6)   230 

Hadlyme,  (G7) 250 

HaUville,  (H6) 400 

Hamburg,  (G7)....     260 

Hamden,  (E7) 4,300 

Hampton,  (H5) 480 

Hanover,  (H6) 400 

HARTFORD 

(FS) 98,915 

Hartland,  (ES) 190 

Harwinton,  (D5)..  1,300 
Hawleyville,(C7)..  600 
HazardvUle,  (FS)..  1,200 

Hebron,  (G6) 420 

Higganum.  (F7)...  1,000 
Highland  Park,  (G5)  200 
High  Ridge,  (D8)..  540 
Highwood,  (E7)...  150 
Hockanum,  (F6)...     2S0 

Hopewell,  (F6) SOO 

HopRiver,'(G6)...  100 
Hotchkissville,  (C6)  250 
Huntington.  (D7). .  1,000 

Hurlbutt,  (C8) 190 

Ivorvton,  (07) 3S0 

TewettCity,(T6)...  3,023 
Kensington,  (E6)..  1,950 

Kent,  (C6) 400 

Kent  Furnace,  (C6)     180 

Kibbc,(G4) 180 

Kfflingly,  (IS) 400 

Killingworth.  (F7).  575 
Lakeville.  (CS)....  750 
Laurelglen.  (J7)...     160 

Lebanon,  (H6) 1,100 

Ledvard.  (J7) 850 

Leete  Island,  (F7).  ISO 
Leonard  Bridge, 

(G6) 100 

Liberty  HiU,  (H6).     125 


Gorham,   (J4) 350 

Granada,  (P7) 359 

Granby,  (H3) 40 

Grand    Junction, 

(B5) 7,754 

Grandlake,  (H3). ..  100 
Grand  Valley,  (CS) .    300 

Granite,   (05) 350 

Graycreek,  (L9).  ..    576 

Greeley,  (K3) 8,179 

Green     Mountain 

Falls,  06) 30 

Grover,  (L2) 250 

Guffey,  (H6) 300 

Gulch,  (E5) 200 

Gunnison,  (E6) 1,026 

Gypsum,  (F4) 200 

HahnsPeak,  (F2)..    100 

Hartman,  (P7) 300 

Hastings,  (K9) 693 

Haswell,  (N7) ISO 

Haxtum,  (02) 341 

Hayden,  (E3) 314 

Heiberger,  (D5)...  100 
Henderson,  (K4)...    200 

Hesperus,  (C9) 200 

Higbee,    (N8) 170 

Hillrose,  (N3) 200 

Holly,   (P7) 724 

Holyoke,  (P2) 659 

Hooper,   (H8) 131 

Hotchkiss,  (D6) ...  600 
Hot  Sulphur  Springs, 

(03) 182 

Howard,  (H7) 170 

Howardsville,   (D8)    100 

Hoyt,    (L3) 100 

Hudson,  (K3) 275 

Hugo,  (N5) 343 

Hygiene,   03) 100 

Idaho  Springs,  04)  2,154 

Ignacio,   (D9) 250 

lliff,    (N2) 225 

Independence,    06)    450 

Ironton,  (D8) 48 

Jacks  Cabin,  (F6)..  100 
Jamestown.  (J3). . .    157 

Jasper,   (G9) 300 

Johnstown,  (K3)...    198 

Juanita,  (E9) 100 

Julesburg,  (P2)....  962 
Keota,  (L2) 100 


Kersey,  (K3) 304 

Kiowa,    (L5) 100 

Kline,   (C9) 100 

Kokomo,  (05) 183 

Kremmling,  (03)..  141 
Lafayette,  03)....  1,892 

Laird,   (P3) 200 

La  Jaia,  (H9) 448 

La  Junta,  (N8). ..  .4,154 
Lake  City,  (E7)...    405 

Lakeside,    (J4) 103 

Lamar,  (07) 2,977 

Laplata,   (C9) 100 

Laporte,    02) 120 

La  Salle,  (K3) 325 

Las  Animas,  (N7) . .  2,008 

Lasauses,  (H9) 160 

LavaUey,  (J9) 100 

La  Veta,  08) 691 

Lawrence,  06) ....      62 

Lawson,  (H4) 100 

Leadville,  (OS). ..  .7,508 

Lime,   (K7) 100 

Limon,  (MS) 534 

Littleton,  (K4)....  1,373 

Loma,  (B5) 300 

Longmont,    03)... 4,256 

Loretto,  04) 100 

Louisville,  (J4). ...  1,706 
Louviers,  (K5)....  125 
Loveland,   03).... 3,651 

Ludlow,  (K9) 125 

Lyons,  (J3) 632 

Magnolia,  (J4) 100 

Maitland,  (K8)....  150 
Majestic,  (K9)....  150 
Manassa,  (H9)....    788 

Mancos,  (C9) 567 

Maniton,  (K6). ...  1,357 
Manzanola,  (M7).  .    428 

Marble,  (E5) 782 

Mead,  (K3) 114 

Meeker,  (D3) 807 

Merino,    (N3) 300 

Mesa,   (CS) 100 

Mesita,  (H9) 100 

Milliken,  (K3) 350 

Mintum,  (G4) 241 

Mirage,  (H7) 120 

MoSat,  (H7) 250 

Molina,  (C5) 100 

Montclair,  (K4)...    410 


Monte  Vista,  (OS)  2,544 
Montezuma,  (H4)  134 
Montrose,  (D6)... 3,254 
Monument,  (K5)..    149 

Mosca,  (H8) ISO 

Mountain  View,  04)  390 
Mount  Morrison,  (J4)  251 
Nederland,  04)...  446 
Nevadaville,  (H4)  367 
New  Castle,  (D4)..    493 

Newett,   (H6) 100 

Niwot,  03) 100 

North  Creed,  (F8)  200 
North  Longmont,  03)  260 
Norwood,  (C7)....    212 

Nunn,    (K2) 143 

Oak  Creek,  (F3)...    222 

Ohio,  (F6) 153 

Olathe,     (D6) 458 

OIney  Springs,  (M7)    100 

Ophir,  (D8) 124 

Orchard,  (L3) 125 

Ordway,   (L6) 705 

Ortiz,    (09) 175 

Osier,    (09) 130 

Ouray,   (D7) 1,644 

Overland,    (J4)....    250 

Overton,  (K7) 180 

Ovid,  (P2) 150 

Oxford,  (D9) 500 

Pagosa     Junction, 

(E9) 100 

Pagosa  Springs,  (F9)  669 

Paisaje.  (G9) 100 

Palisades,  (CS)....  900 
Palmer  Lake,  (K5)    163 

Paonia,  (D6) 1,007 

Parker,  (K4) 100 

Parlin,  (F7) 100 

Perins,   (D9) 100 

Petersburg,   (K4)..     100 

Pictou,  (K8) 100 

Piedmont,   (K9)...     100 

Pierce,  (K2) 350 

Pine,  05) 100 

Pinon,  (K7) 100 

Pitkin,    (F6) 250 

Platteville,  (K3).  .  .  430 
Poncho  Springs,  (06)  43 
Portland,  (K7)....  450 
Primero,  (K9).....  500 
Prospect  Hts.,(J7).    157 


Pueblo,  (K7) 44,395 

Radiant,   (J7) 200 

Ramah,  (L5) 200 

Redcliff,  (G4) 383 

Red  Mountain,  (D8)  26 

Rico,  (C8) 368 

Ridgway,  (D7).  ...  376 

Rifle,  (D4) 698 

Robinson,  (OS) 78 

Rockvale,   0') 1,413 

Rocky  Ford,  (M8)  3,230 

Roggen,    (L3) 140 

Rollinsville,  (J4)..,  160 

Romeo,  (09) 200 

Rosemont,  (J6) 100 

Rosita,  07) 42 

Roswell,  (K6) 100 

Roubideau,  (C6)...  100 

Rouse,   (K9) 425 

Rugby,  (K9) 250 

Russell  Gulch,  (H4)  700 

Rye,  (K8) 250 

Saguache,  (07) 704 

Saint  Elmo,  (06)..  46 

Salida,    (H6) 4,425 

Salina,  (J3) 100 

San  Bernardo,  (D8)  150 

Sanford,  (H9) 564 

San  Luis,  09) 550 

San  Pablo,  (J9) ... .  100 

San  Rafael,  (09) .. .  261 

Sargents,    (07)....  100 

Sawpit,  (D7) 121 

Sedalia,  (KS) 100 

Sedgwick,  (02)....  400 

Segundo,  (K9) 650 

Seibert,  (05) 130 

Severance,  (K2).  . .  150 

Sheridan,  (J4) 498 

Sheridan  Lake,  (P6)  110 

Silt,  (D4) 275 

Silver  Cliff,  O?)-  ■.  250 

Silver  Plume,  (H4)  460 
Silverton,  (D8). ..  .2,153 

Simla,   (L5) 100 

Smuggler,  (D8)..  ..  150 

Sneffels,  (D8) 200 

Snyder,   (M3) 120 

Somerset,  (E6) 225 

Sopris,  (K9) 550 

South  Canon, 

(J7) 1,321 


South  Canon,  (E4)  100 

South  Fork,  (F8).  .  150 

Springfield,  (09) . . .  100 
Starkville,  (L9).  .  .  1,000 
Steamboat  Springs, 

(F3) 1,227 

Steriing,  (N2) 3,044 

Stratton,  (05) 400 

Sugar  City,  (M7). .  808 

Simshine,  (J3) 180 

Superior,  04) 349 

Swandyke,  (H4). . .  100 

Swink.  (M8) 310 

TarryaU,   05) 100 

Teller,  (F8) lOO 

Telluride,  (D8). ...  1,756 

Tercio,  (K9) 300 

Thomasville,  (F5). .  200 

Timnath,  (K2).  ...  150 

Tioga,  (K8) 100 

Tolland,  (H4) 100 

Towner,    (P7) 200 

Trinidad,  (K9). ..  10,204 

Turret,  (H6) 100 

Twin  Lakes,  (OS)..  130 

Victor,  (J6) 3,162 

Villagrove,  (07)...  130 

Vona,    (05) 150 

Walden,   (02) 162 

Waldorf,  (H4) !00 

Walsenburg,(K8)..  2,423 

Ward,  (H3) 129 

Weldona,  (M3) 100 

Wellington,  (K2)..  459 

Westcliffe,   (H7)...  232 

Westcreek,    05)...  34 

Weston,  (K9) 600 

Wetmore,    0?)   ■  ■  ■  100 

Whitehom,    (H6)..  150 

Whitewater,  (B6)..  150 

Wiggins,  (L3) 200 

Wild  Horse,  (N6) . .  225 

Wiley,  (07) 197 

Williamsburg,    (]1)  556 

Windsor,  (K2) 935 

Wolcott,  (F4) 100 

Woodland    Park, 

(K5) 163 

Wootton,(L9) 100 

Wray,   (P3) 1,000 

Yampa,  (F3) 332 

Yuma,  (03) 333 


CONNECTICUT 


Lime  Rock,  (CS)..  4S0 
Litchfield,  (D6)...  903 
Long  Hill,  (C7)....  400 
Longridge,  (B8)...     430 

Lyme,(G7) 680 

Madison,  (F7) 850 

Manchester,  (OS)..  3,600 
Manchester  Green, 

(G5) 300 

Man.sfield,  (OS)...  200 
Mansfield  Center, 

(HS) 3S0 

Mansfield  Depot, 

(OS) 250 

Marble  Dale,  (C6).     200 

Marion,  (E6) 250 

Marlboro,  (G6)....  260 
Massapeag,  (H7)..  100 
MechanicsviUe,  (JS)    600 

Melrose,  (FS) 130 

Meriden,  (E6) 27,265 

Merrow,(GS) 100 

Mianus,(B8) SOO 

Middlebury,  (D6).  750 
Middlefield,  (F6)..  650 
Middle  Haddam, 

(F6) 550 

Middletown,  (F6).  11,851 

Milford,  (D8) 4,000 

Milld.ale,  (E6) 350 

Millington,  (G7)...  100 
Mill  Plain,  (B7)...  350 
Millstone,  (H.7)....     180 

Milton,  (CS) 100 

Minortown,  (D6)..  160 
Mohegan,  (H7)....     220 

Monroe,  (D7) 275 

Montowese,  (E7)..  300 
Montville,(H7)....  1,000 

Moodus,(07) 750 

Moosup,  (J6) 2,300 

Morris,  (D6) 400 

Mount  Carrael,  (E7)  500 
Mount  Carmel  Cen- 

ter,(E7) 400 

Mv5tic,(J7) 3  900 

Naugatuck.  (D7).. 12,722 

Neraug,(ES) 100 

New  Boston,  (T4)..  100 
New  Britain,  (E6)  43,916 
New  Canaan,  (B8).  1,672 
New  Fairfield,  (B7)  100 
New  Hartford,  (D5)l,500 
NewHaven,(E7)  133,605 
Newington,  (F6)...  400 
Newington  Jc,  (F6)  200 
New  London,(H7)  19,659 
NewMilford,(C6).  4,100 
New  Preston,  (C6).     450 

Newtown.  (C7) 434 

Niantic,(H7) 1,200 

Nichols,  (D8) 300 

Noank,(J7) 1,100 

Norfolk,  (D5) 1,350 


Noroton,(B8) 600 

Noroton  Heights,(B8)  500 
North  Ashford, 

(H5) 140 

North  Branford, 

(F7) 370 

North  Canton,  (ES)  200 
Northficld,  (D6)...  600 
Northford,  (E7)...  370 
North  Franklin, 

(H6) 550 

North  Granby,  (E4)  420 
North  Grosvenor 

Dale,  (JS) 2,500 

North  Guilford, 

(F7) 508 

North  Haven,  (E7)  1,700 
North  Kent,  (CS)..  ISO 
North  Lyme,  (G7).  ISO 
North  Madison, 

(F7) 300 

North  Ridgefield, 

(B7) 140 

North  Stamford,  (B8)  860 
North  Sterling,  (JS)  130 
North  Stonington, 

(J7) 480 

Northville,  (C6). . .  275 
North  Westchester, 

(06) 250 

North  Wilton,  (C8)  400 
North  Windham, 

(116) 200 

North  Woodbury, 

(D6) 350 

North  Woodstock, 

(HS) 280 

Norwalk,  (C8) 6,954 

Norwich,  (H6)...  20,367 
Norwichtown,  (H6)  1,800 

Oakdale,  (H7) 330 

Oakville,  (D6) 600 

Cecum,  (H6) 300 

Old  Lyme,  (07)...  730 
Old  Mystic,  (J7)...  400 
Old  Saybrook,  (G7)     675 

Oneco,  (J6) 410 

Orange,  (D7) 1,500 

Orehill,(C5) 120 

Oronoque,  (D8)...     400 

Oxford,  (D7) 400 

Packerville.  (T6)...  200 
Pendleton  Hill.  (T6)  100 
Pequabuck,  (E6)..  350 
Phoenixville,  (HS).  100 
Pine  Meadow,  (DS)  ISO 
Pineorchard,  (E7).  500 
Plainfield,  (T6)....  1,200 

Plainville,  (E6) 2.500 

Plantsville,(E6)...  1,800 
PLittsville,  (C8)...  310 
Pleasant  Vallev.  (ES)  300 
Plymouth.  (D6)...  2,400 
Pomfrel,  (JS) 1,100 


PomfretOnter, 

(HS) 300 

Poquetanu'ck,  (H7)  500 
Poquonock,  (FS)..  900 
Poquonock  Bridge, 

(H7) 250 

Portland,  (F6) 2,300 

PrestonCitv,  (J6)..     SOO 

Putnam,  (J  S) 6,637 

Quaker  HUI,  (H7).  180 
Quinebaug,  ( J4). . .     300 

Rainbow,  (FS) 300 

Redding,  (C7) 600 

Redding  Ridge, 

(C7) 240 

Reynolds  Bridge, 

(D6) 200 

Ridgebury,(C7)...  250 
Ridgefield,  (B7)...  1,114 
Riverbank,  (B8)...     300 

Riverside,  (B8) 250 

Riverton,  (ES) 200 

Rock'ill,  (F6) 200 

Rockville,(G5)....  7,977 

Rockyhill,  (F6) 1,050 

Roundhill,  (158)...  1,000 
Rowayton,  (C8)...  1,150 

Roxbury,  (C6) 300 

Roxbury  Falls,  (C6)  125 
Roxbury  Station, 

(C6) 300 

Salem,  (07) 470 

Salisbury,  (CS) 2,250 

Sandy  Hook,  (C7).  1,000 

Sanford,  (C7) 340 

Saugatuck,  (C8)...  600 

Saybrook,  (G7) 700 

Scitico,(FS) 540 

Scotland,  (116) 480 

•Seymour,  (D7)....  4,000 
Shailerville,  (F7)...  100 
Shaker  Station,  (F4)    120 

Sharon,  (CS) 1,000 

Sharon  Valley,  (CS)     300 

Shelton,  (07) 4,807 

Sherman,  (C6) 400 

Short  Beach,  (E7).  300 
Silverlane,  (FS)....  250 
Silver  Mine,  (C8)..     400 

Simsburv,  (ES) 1,600 

Somers,  (OS) 430 

Somerville,(GS)...  880 
Sound  Beach,  (B8).  1,000 
South  Britain,  (C7)  450 
Southbury,  (D7)...  400 
South  Cheshire, 

(E7) 200 

South  Coventry,  (GS)  9S0 
Southford,  (D7)...  200 
South  Glastonbury, 

(F6) 1,100 

Southington,  (E6).  3,714 
South  Killinglv,  (IS)  150 
South  Lyme,  '(Gl).     175 


South  Manchester, 

(G6) 9,000 

South  Meriden, 

(E6) 700 

South  Norwalk, 

(C8) 8,968 

Southport,  (C8)...  1,200 
South  Wethersfield, 

(F6) 175 

South  Willington, 

(05) 250 

South  Wilton,  (C8)  210 
South  Windham, 

(H6) 400 

South  Windsor, 

(FS) 1,075 

South  Woodstock, 

(JS) 280 

Springdale,  (B8)...     540 

Stafford,  (GS) 900 

Stafford  Springs, 

(05) 3,059 

Staffordville,  (04).  450 
Stamford,    (B8)..  25,138 

Stanwich,  (B8) SOO 

Stepney,  (C7) 300 

Stepney  Depot,  (D7)    225 

Steriing,  (J6) 450 

Sterling  Hill,  (J6)..  100 
Stevenson,  (D7)...  150 
Stonington,  (J7)...  2,083 
Stony  Creek,  (E7).  1,200 

Storrs,(G5) 200 

Stratford,  (DS) 4,000 

SufEeld,  (F5) 2.300 

Taftville,  (116) 4,500 

Talcoltville,  (GS)..  475 
TarilTville,  (ES)...  300 
Tcrryville,  (D6)...  2,400 
Thomaston,  (D6). .  3,200 
Thompson,  (JS)...  625 
Thorn  psonville, 

(F4) 6,000 

Tolland,  (G  5) 1,400 

Torrington,  (D5).  15,483 

Tracy,  (E6) 170 

Trumbull,  (D8)...  900 
TumervUle,  (06)..  150 
Tyler  City,  (07)...     150 

Tvlerville,  (07) 100 

Uncasville,  (H7)...     670 

Union,(HS) 100 

Union  City,  (D7)..  3,200 
Unionville,  (E5)...  2,200 

Vernon,  (GS) 325 

Vernon  Center,  (GS)  150 
Versailles,  (H6)....  190 
Vinton  Mills,  (F5).  100 
Voluntown,  (T6)...  600 
W.allinuford.(E7)..  8,690 
W.ipping,  (F5)....  550 
Warehouse  Point, 

(FS) 1,250 

Warren,  (C6) 380 


Warrenville,  (H5)..  100 
Washington,  (C6)..  430 
Washington    Depot 

(C6) 440 

Waterbury,  (D6).  73,141 
Waterford,(H7)...  2,550 
Walertown,  (D6)..  3,400 
Waterville,  (D6).  3,000 
Wauregan,  (16).,.,     400 

Weatogue,  (ES) 200 

West  Asnford,  (HS)  100 
Westbrook,  (G7)...  700 
West  Cheshire,  (E6)  300 
Westchester,  (G6).  250 
West  Cornwall,  (CS)   350 

Westford,  (HS) 100 

West  Goshen.  (OS)  175 
West  Granby,  (ES)  320 
West  Hartford, 

(ES) 3,000 

V/est  Hartland,  (E4)  120 
West  Haven,  (E7).  8,543 
Westminster,  (H6)  200 
West  Mystic.  (J7).  100 
West  Norfolk,  (05)  100 
West  Norwalk,  (C8)    500 

Weston,  (CS) 480 

Westport,  (C8) 3,200 

West  Redding,  (C7)  180 
West  Simsbury,  (ES)  200 
West  Stafford,  (GS)  240 
VVestSuirield,(F5).  820 
West  Thompson, 

,„0S) 150 

West  Torrington, 

,,(0S) 460 

West  Willington, 

,,(GS) 150 

West  Woodstock, 

(HS) 280 

Wethersfield,  (F6).  2,750 
Whitneyville,  (E7).  300 
Willimantic,  (H6)  11,230 
Willington,  (GS)...  260 
Wilsonville,  (J4)...     220 

Wilton,  (C8) 420 

Winchester  (Center, 

(DS) 960 

Windham,  {H6)...     600 

Windsor,  (F5) 2,600 

Windsor  Locks, 

(F5) 3,500 

Windsorville,  (FS).  250 
Winnipauk,  (C8)..     600 

Winsted,  (DS) 7,754 

Wolcott,  (E6) 200 

Woodbridge,  (E7).  800 
Woodbury,  (D6).. .  1,000 
Woodmont,  (D8)..  194 
Woodstock,  (JS)...  230 
Woodstock  Valley, 

(HS) 280 

Yalesville,  (E7) 1,500 

Yantic,  (H6) 600 


DELAWARE 


Ashland,  (HI) 160 

Bayard,  07) 220 

Beaver  Valley,  (HI)  290 

Bellevue,  OD 250 

Bethany  Beach,  (J6)  56 

Bethel,  (H6) 370 

Blackbird.  (H3)...  100 

Blades.  (H6) 350 

Bowers.  (J4) 212 

Brandywine 

Springs,  (H2).  .  .  100 

Bridgeville.   {H6)  939 

Camden  (H4) 553 

Cannon.  (H6) ino 


Centerville,  (HI)..  200 

Cheswold,   (H4).  ..  223 

Christiana,  (H2).  .  .  400 

Claymont,    (Jl)...  400 

Clayton,  (H3) 764 

Concord,    (H6) 350 

Coolspring,  (J6) .  .  .  150 

Dagsboro,    (J6) .  . .  176 
Delaware    City, 

(H2) 1,132 

Delmar,  (H7) 530 

Dover,    (H4) 3.720 

Edfemoor,    (Jl).  .  .  500 

Ellendale,   (JS) 216 


Elsmere,  (HI) 374 

Farmington,  (HS).  255 

Farnhurst,  (H2)..  .  330 

Faulkland,  (H2)...  250 

Felton,  (H4) 451 

Frankford,    06)...  395 

Frederica,   (H4).  .  .  659 
Georgetown.  (J6)..  1,609 

Glasgow,   (H2) 100 

Greenwood.  (H5)..  362 

Grubbs.  (Jl) 100 

Harbeson.  (J6).  ...  150 
Harrington.  (HS)..  1.500 

Hartly,  (H4) 200 


Henry  Clay  Fac- 
tory, (HI) 1,000 

Hickman,   (HS).  ..    300 
Hockessin,  (HI)..  .    400 

Hollyoak,   (Jl) 220 

Houston  Sta..  (JS).     150 

Kenton,   (H4) 209 

Kirkwood,  (H2)...     120 

Laurel,  (H6) 2.166 

Lebanon.  (J4) 200 

Leipsic.  (H4) 271 

Lewes,  (J5) 2,158 

Lincoln.  (J5) 400 

Little  Creek,  (J4)..    285 


Magnolia,  (H4).  .  .  210 
Marshallton,  (HI).  .  4.10 
Middletown,  (H3) .  1,399 

Midway,  (J6) 100 

Milford,  05) 2,603 

Millsboro,  06) 451 

Millville,  (J6) 193 

Milton,   05) 1,038 

Montchanin,  (HI).  130 
Mount  Cuba,  (HI)  100 
Mt.  Pleasant,  (H2).    200 

Nassau.  {J6) 150 

Newark,  (H2) ....  1.913 
Newcastle,  (H2).. 3,351 


Newport,  (H2)....  722 

Oakel,   (H6) 100 

Ocean  View,  (J6) .  .  .  302 

Odessa,  (H3) 585 

Omar,  (J6) 100 

Port  Penn,  (H2)...  299 

Redlion,  (H2) 100 

Rehoboth  Beach, 

06) 327 

Risingsun,  (H4)..  .  300 

Rockland.   (HI)...  400 

Roxana.  06) 155 

Saint  Georges.  (H2)  264 

Seaford.  (H6) 2,108 


Selbyville,    07)...  .342 

Smyrna,  (H3) 1,843 

Stanton,  (H2) 300 

Stockley,  06) 170 

Summit  Bridge, 

(H2) 130 

Taylors   Bridge, 

(H3) 250 

Townsend,  (H3)...  494 

Viola,  (H4) 250 

Whitesville,  07)...  100 

Willowgrove,  (H4)  200 
WILMINGTON, 

02) 87,411 


Winterthur,  (H2)..  220 

Wooddale.  (HI)...  200 

Woodland.  (H6)...  270 

Woodside,  (H4)...  300 

Wyoming.   (H4).  .  .  517 

Yorklyn,  (HI) 33« 

DISTRICT  OF 
COLUMBIA 

Tacoma     Park, 

(E5) 1,159 

WASHINGTON, 

(E5) 331,069 


, 


INDEX  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES 


tFLORIDA— OEORGIAJ 


347 


FLORIDA 


Alachua,  (D2) 744 

Alafia,  (D4) 100 

Albert.  (E3) 25 

AKord,  (Al) 215 

Altha,  (AD 300 

Alton,  (CD 1,050 

Alloona,  (E3) 200 

Alva.  (ES) 200 

Anclote,  (D3) 100 

Anlhony,  (D2) 406 

Apalachicola,  (A2). 3,400 

Apopka.  (E3) 598 

Arcadia,  (E4) 3,504 

Arch  Creek,  (F6)  . .    200 

Archer.  (D2) 282 

Argyle,  (C6) 250 

Armstrong,  (E2)...    200 

Arran,  (Bl) 130 

Arredonda.  (D2)...    300 

Ashmore,  (Bl) 150 

Ashton,  (E3) 100 

Ashville,  (CD 100 

Auburndale,  (E3)..    511 

Aucilla,  (CD 500 

Avonpark,  (E4)....     418 

Bagdad,  (B7) 500 

Bakers  MUl.  (Dl)..     100 

Baldwin,  (ED 570 

Barberville,  (E2)...    100 

Bartow,  (E4) 3,412 

Bascom,  (Al) 100 

Bassenger.  (F4) 100 

Baxter.  (Dl) 90 

Bayard,  (El) 130 

Bayridge,  {E3) 140 

Bayview,  (E5) 121 

Bell,  (D2) 250 

Belleair,  (D4) 130 

Belleview,  (D2)....    182 

Bellville,  (CD 130 

Belmore,  (E2) 100 

Benhaden.  (Bl)....     100 

Benton,  (Dl) 100 

Beresford,  (E2)....  100 
BishopsviUe.  (E2)..  110 
Blackman.  (B6)....    250 

Bland.  (D2) 100 

Blitchton,  (D2)....  200 
Blountstown.  (Al).  927 
BluBsprings.  (A6)..  700 
Boardman,  (D2)...  150 
Bocagrande.  (D5)..    325 

Bonifay,  (Al) 1,107 

Bonita  Springs,  (E5)  200 

Bostwick,  (E2) 100 

Boulogne.  (El) 100 

Bowling  Green,  (E4)  670 

Boyett.  (D4) 100 

Boynton,  (F5) 200 

Bradentown,  (D4)  .3.305 

Bradley,  (E4) 295 

Brandon,  (D4) 100 

Branlord.  (D2) .  .  . .    411 

Bristol,  (Bl) 800 

Bronson.  (D2) 800 

Brooker.  (D2) 250 

Brooksville,  (D3)..  1,385 
Brownville,  (E4)..  .  250 
Bryceville.  (Dl) .  .  .  100 
Buckingham,  (E5).  170 
Buena  Vista.  (F6)..     100 

Bunnell.  (E2) 228 

Burbank.  (D2) 250 

Bushnell.  (D3) 343 

Byrd,  (E2) 200 

Callahan.  (El) 440 

Calvary.  (D2) 90 

Campbell.  (E3)....  100 
Campbellton.  (Al).  33i 
Carapville.  (D2) ...    260 


Candler.  (E2) 200 

Capps,  (CD 300 

Captiva,  (D5) 150 

Carrabelle,  (B2)...    950 

Caryville,  (C6) 150 

Cassia.  (E3) 100 

Caxambus,  (E6).  . .  75 
Cedar  Keys,  (C2)..  800 
Center  Hill,  (E3)  . .  495 
Centerville,  (Bl)..  .  HO 
Centralis.  (D3)....    200 

Century,  (A6) 100 

Chaires.  (Bl) 180 

Champaign,  (CI)..  40 
Charlotte  Harbor, 

(D4) 270 

Chaseville.  (El)  ...  100 
Chattahoochee,  (Bl)  500 

Chester,  (El) 310 

Chipley,  (Al) 1,571 

Christina,  (E4) 200 

Christmas,  (E3)...    200 

Chuluota,  (E3) 150 

Chumuckla,  (B6)..    300 

Citra,  (D2) 400 

Citronelle,  (D3).. . .    200 

Citypoint,  (F3) 150 

Clark,  (D2) 210 

Clarksville,  (AD...  400 
Clearwater,  (04)...  1,932 

Clermont,  (E3) 300 

Cleveland.  (E5)....     150 

Cocoa,  (F3) 807 

Cocoanutgrove,  (F6)  850 
Coldwater,  (A5) .  .  .     100 

Coleman.  (D3) 389 

Columbia,  (Dl)..  ..    200 

Concord,  (Bl) 250 

Conway,  (E3) 150 

Cook,  (Al) 150 

Coquina,  (El) 150 

Cottagehill,  (A6)...  130 
Cottondale,  (AD...  392 
Courtenay,  (F3).  .  .  130 
Cow  Creek,  (F3)..  .     100 

Crainlyn,  (E7) 130 

Crawford.  (El)....  100 
Crawfordville,  (Bl).  300 
Crescent  City,  (E2)  809 
Crestview,  (B6)....  100 
Crewsville,  (E4).. .    150 

Croom.  (D3) 300 

Cross  Bayou,  (D4).  100 
Crystal  River,  (D3)    900 

Cutler,  (F6) ISO 

Cypress,  (Al) 289 

Dade  City,  (D3)..  .1,950 

Daisy,  (E2) 100 

Dallas.  (D3) 200 

Dania,  (F5) 512 

Davenport.  (E3)..  .     167 

Day,  (CI) 250 

Daytona,  (E2) 4.526 

Daytona  Beach,  (F2)  582 

Deerfield,  (F5) 370 

De  Funiak  Springs, 

(B6) 2,142 

DeLand.  (E2) 3.490 

Deleon  Springs,  (E2)  304 

Dellwood,  (Al) ISO 

Delray,  (FS) 839 

Delta.  (A6) 110 

Denaud,  (ES) 100 

DeVon,  (D2) 150 

Dexter,  (E2) 100 

Doublesink,  (D2).  .     100 

Dover,  (D3) 110 

Dowling  Park,  (Dl)    210 
Drayton    Island,    ■ 
(E2) 100 


Drifton,  (CD 100 

Dukes,  (D2) 100 

Dunedin,  (D3) 429 

Dunnellon,  (D2)...    979 

Durbin,  (El) 100 

Dutton.  (D2) 300 

Duval,  (El) 100 

Eagle  Lake,  (E4)  . .  100 
East  Palatka,  (E2).  100 
Eatonville.  (E3)..  .  122 
Eau  Gallie,  (F3)...    543 

Ebb,  (CD 250 

Ebro,  (C7) 100 

Eden,  (F4) 125 

Eldridge,  (E2) 172 

Elfers,  (D3) 100 

Elkton,  (E2) 100 

Ellaville,  (CD 380 

Ellenton,  (D4) 497 

Ellzey,  (D2) 250 

Emporia,  (E2) 60 

Enterprise,  (E3).  ..    200 

Escambia,  (A7) 100 

Espanola.  (E2) 130 

Estero,  (E5) 170 

Estiffanulga,  (Bl)..     100 

Esto,  (Al) 276 

Etna,  (D3) 300 

Eulalia,  (El) 100 

Eureka,  (E2) 300 

Eustis,  {E3) 1,148 

Eve,  (D2) 100 

Evinston,  (D2) 100 

Fairbanks,  (D2)..  .    100 

Fairfield.  (D2) 120 

Falmouth,  (CD..  ..     HO 

Fanlew,  (Bl) 100 

Federal  Point,  (E2)  279 
Fellsmere,  (F4) ....  898 
Femandina,  (El).  .3.114 
Fessenden,  (D2). ..    200 

Festus,  (CD 100 

Fivay,  (D3) 100 

Flemington,  (D2)..  200 
Florahome.  (E2)...  150 
Floral  Bluff,  (El) . .  100 
Floral  City,  (D3) .  .  488 
Florida  City,  (F6)..  368 
Fogartyville,  (D4)  .  2S0 
Forest  City,  (E3)..  130 
Fort  Dade,  (D4)...  100 
Fort  De  Soto,  (D4)  150 
Fort  George,  (El)..  100 
Fort  Green.  (E4)..  .  100 
Ft.  Lauderdale,  (F5)  800 
Fort  McCoy,  (E2).  ISO 
Fort  Meade,  (E4)..  2,150 
Fort  Myers,  (E5).  .3,244 
Fort  Ogden,  (E4).  .  420 
Fort  Pierce,  (F4)...  1.942 
Fort  White.  (D2)..  329 
Fountain.  (Al).  ...     100 

Francis.  (E2) 250 

Freeman,  (D3) ....     100 

Freeport,  (C7) 600 

Frostproof.  (E4) ...  100 
Fruitland  Park,  (D3)  150 

Fulton.  (El) 180 

Gainesville.  (D2)... 6,736 

Gardner,  (E4) 100 

Gamiers,  (B7) ISO 

Garrett,  (03) 100 

Gary,  (04) 350 

Genoa,  (01) 100 

Georgetown,  (E2)..  200 
Georgiana,  (F3)....     110 

Gillette,  (04) 100 

Glendale,  (B6) 104 

Glen  Saint  Mary, 

(Dl) 150 


Kingston,  (E2) 
Kirkwood,  (02).  . 
Kissimmee.  (E3). . 
Knights  Key,  (E7) 

Komoko.  (02) 125 

LabeUe.  (E5) 240 


191S  ST.^TE  CENSUS  FIGURES 
Glenwood,  (E2)....     100     Kingsford,  (E4) 
Goldsboro.  (E3) .  .  .     286     "" 

Gotha.  (E3) 100 

Goulding,  (A7) 100 

Goulds,  (F6) 250 

Graceville,  (Al) 731 

Graham,  (02) 150 

Grahamsville,  (E2).    200 

Grandin,  (E2) 100 

Grand  Island,  (E3).  75 
Grand  Ridge,  (Bl).  300 
Greencove  Springs, 

(E2) 2,287 

Greensboro,  (Bl).  .  297 
Greenville,  (CI).  .  .  622 
Greenwood,  (Al)...    400 

Gretna,  (Bl) 131 

Griffin,  (E3) ISO 

"■        "'  180 

100 

170 


ISO 
200 
110 
4,221 
150 


100 


Grove  City,  (OS) 
Groveland,  (E3) .  . . 
Grove  Park,  (D2).. 
Gulf  Hammock, 

(D2) 

Gulfport,  (D4) 284 

Hague,  (D2) 200 

Haines  City,  (E3)..  378 

Hallandale,  (F5)...  407 

Hamburg,  (CI) 150 

Hampton,  (D2) 349 

Hampton  Springs, 

(CI) 175 

Harney,  (03) 200 

Harwood,  (E2) 100 

Hastings,  (E2) 558 

Havana.  (Bl) 486 

Hawks  Park,  (F3)..  178 

Hawthorn,  (D2). ..  496 

Hernando,  (D3). . .  592 

Hibernia,  (El) 100 

Highland,  (El) 200 

High  Springs,  (02). 1.265 

Hilliard,  (El) 429 

Hinson,  (Bl) 100 

Holder,  (D3) 370 

Hollister.  (E2) 200 

Holly  Hill,  (E2)...  378 

Holt,  (B6) loa 

Homeland,  (E4).  .  .  200 

Homestead,  (F6). . .  721 

Homossasa,  (03)  .  .  150 

Hosford,  (Bl) 370 

Hudson,  (D3) 210 

Hull.  (E4) 170 

Huntington,  (E2) . .  100 

Hurds.  (E2) 130 

lamonia.  (Bl) 190 

Inglis.  (02) 300 

Interlachen,  (E2) .  .  350 

Inverness,  (03) 350 

Inwood.  (Bl) 100 

Islamorada,  (F7)...  ISO 

Island  Grove.  (D2).  170 

Istachatta.  (03).  ..  230 
Jacksonville.  (EI)  66.850 

Janney,  (02) 100 

Jasper.  (01) 1.631 

Jennings,  (CD 682 

Jensen,  (F4) 200 

Johnstown,  (Dl)..  .  90 

Jonesville.  (D2)....  230 

Judson,  (02) 160 

Juliette.  (D2) 110 

Kathleen,  (03) 361 

Kendrick,  (02) 100 

Kent,  (EI) 100 

Keuka,  (E2) 100 

Keystone   Park, 

(03) 100 

Key  West,  (E7).. .  18,495 

Kings  Ferry,  (El)..  230 


Lacoochee,  (D3) ...  150 

La  Crosse,  (02) ...  350 

Lady  Lake.  (E3). .  .  110 

Lake  Alfred,  (E3) . .  253 

Lake  Butler,  (01).  832 
Lake  City.  (Dl)... 3,422 

LakeComo,  (E2).  .  200 

Lake  Helen.  (E3) .  .  786 

Lake  Jackson,  (Bl)  100 
Lakeland,  (03). ..  .7,287 
Lake  Maitland, 

(E3) 1S7 

Lake  Mary,  (E3)  . .  100 

Lake  Weir,  (E2)...  100 

Lakewood,  (E6) ...  324 

Lake  Worth,  (FS)..  612 

Lament.  (CI) 490 

Largo,  (D4) 552 

Laurelhill,  (B6) 300 

Lawtey,  (01) 532 

Lecanto,  (03) 130 

Lee,  (CI) 212 

Leesburg.  (E3) 1,360 

Lemon  City,  (F6)..  300 

Lessie,  (El) 150 

Levon.  (03) 300 

Levyville,  (D2)....  280 

Limestone,  (E4).  .  .  100 

Limona.  (D4) 100 

Lisbon,  (E3) 100 

Lithia,  (D4) 100 

Little  River,  (F6)..  300 

Liveoak.  (CI) 3,294 

Lloyd,  (Bl) 300 

Lochloosa,  (D2).  .  .  110 

Longwood.  (E3) ...  200 

Loretto,  (El) 100 

Lotus.  (F3) 100 

Loughman,  (E3)...  100 

Lovett,  (CD 150 

Lowell,  (02) 100 

Lukens,  (C2) 200 

Lulu,  (01) 250 

Lumberton,  (03).  .  200 

Luraville,  (CD 100 

McAlpin,  (01) 100 

McDavid,  (A6) 100 

Mcintosh,  (D2) 206 

McRae,  (E2) 100 

Macclenny,  (DD...  368 

Madison. (CD 1.763 

Maitland,  (E3) 145 

Malone,  (Al) 633 

Manatee.  (04) 1,487 

Manavista,  (D4)..  .  60 

Mandarin,  (EI)....  S50 

Marathon,  (F7)..  ..  200 

Marco.  (E5) 100 

Margaretta,  (01)..  50 

Marianna.  (Al) 2.357 

Martel.  (02) 160 

Mascotte,  (E3) 100 

Mayo,  (CD 719 

Mayport,  (El) 500 

Maytown,  (F3) 100 

Melbourne,  (F3)...  408 

Melrose.  (D2) 191 

Meredith,  (02) 300 

Miakka.  (D4) 100 

Miami.  (F6) 15,592 

Micanopy,  (D2).  .  .  617 

Miccosukee,  (Bl).  .  130 

Middleburg,  (EI)..  340 


Midway,  (Bl) 150 

Millcreek,  (E2).  ...    100 

Milligan.  (B6) 250 

Millvicw,  (A7) 500 

Millville,  (Al) 692 

Milton,  (B6) 1.415 

Minncola.  (E3) ISO 

Modello,  (F6) 100 

Molino,  (A6) 220 

Montbrook,  (D2).  .  295 
Montevista,  (E3).  .     l.!0 

Monticello.(Cl) 2.040 

Montverde,  (E3). .  .  120 
Morriston.  (02).  .  .    296 

Morse,  (E3) 100 

Moseley  Hall,  (CI).    300 

Mossbluff,  (E2) 280 

Mossyhead,  (B6)...  100 
Mount  Dora.  (E3).  576 
Mount  Pleasant, 

(Bl) 100 

Mulat,  (B6) 100 

Mulberry,  (E4) 1,121 

Murdock,  (D4) 2S0 

Muscogee,  (A6).. . .    100 

Naranja.  (F6) 300 

Narcoossee.  (E3).. .     120 

Nashua,  (E2) 200 

Nassauville,  (EI). .  50 
New  Augustine, 

(E2) 1,716 

New  Berlin,  (El).  .  150 
Newberry,  (02).  .  .1,000 
New  River,  (D2)...  130 
New  Smyrna,  (F2). 2,012 

Newtown,  (02) 200 

Niceville,  (B7) 150 

Nichols,  (04) 200 

Nixon,  (A  1) 180 

Nocatee,  (E4) 250 

Norma,  (Al) 832 

Norw.alk,  (E2) 120 

Oakhill.  (F3) 100 

Oakland,  (E3).-....    250 

O'Brien,  (Dl) 280 

Ocala,  (02) 5,370 

Ocoee,  (E3) 130 

ejus,  (F6) ISO 

Okahumpka,  (E3)..  200 
Okeechobee,  (F4)..    982 

Olive,  (A7) 100 

OIney,  (F4) ISO 

Olustee.  (01) 300 

Orangebend,  (E3)..  .  75 
Orange  City,  (E3)..  506 
Orange  Heights, 

(02) 150 

Orangepark,  (El).  .  341 
Orange  Springs,  (E2)  200 

Orient.  (04) 150 

Orlando,  (E3) 6,448 

Ormond,  (E2) 857 

Osteen,  (E3) 300 

Ottercreek,  (D2)..  .     100 

Oviedo,  (E3) 250 

Oxford.  (D3) 330 

Ozena.  (D3) 152 

Pablo  Beach,  (El)    1,000 

Paisley.  (E3) 80 

Palatka.  (E2) 4,622 

Palatka  Heights, 

(E2) 734 

Palm  Beach,  (F5)..    113 

Palmetto.  (04) 1.625 

Panama  City,  (El). 2,013 
Panama  Park.  (EI)  100 
PanasoSkee,  (D3)..     200 

Paola.  (E3) 100 

Parish,  (04) 350 

Passagrille,  (D4). .  .     109 


Pauway,  (E3) 200 

Paxton,  (B6) 359 

Pedro,  (03) 150 

Pembroke,  (E4)....  200 
Pensacola,  (B7)..  .23.219 

Perry,  (CD 1.911 

Picolata.  (E2) 200 

Piedmont.  (E3) 100 

Pierce,  (E4) 200 

Pierson,  (E2) 250 

Pine,  (D2) 120 

Pine  Barren,  (A6)..  300 
Pinecastle,  (E3)....  100 
Pinehurst,  (EI)...  .  ISO 
Pinellas  Park,  (D4)  223 
Pinemount,  (Dl)...    275 

Pinetta,  (CI) 225 

Plant  City,  (D3)...  3,229 

Planter,  (F6) 300 

Piatt,  H)4) 100 

Point  Washington, 

(B7) 300 

Pomona,  (E2) 438 

Pompano,  (F5) 484 

Ponce  De  Leon, 

(C6) 295 

Ponce  Park,  (F2).  .     150 

Portland,  (B6) 75 

Port  Orange,  {E2)..  296 
Port  Tampa,  (04).  100 
Port  Tampa  City, 

(04) 1,071 

Princeton,  (F6) 100 

Providence,  (02) .  .  300 
PuntaGorda,  (E5). 1,772 
Putnam  Hall,  (E2).    100 

Quincy,  (Bl) 3,451 

Railord,  (Dl) 500 

Reddick,  (02) 191 

Redland,  (F6) 130 

Redlevel,  (02) ISO 

Rerdell.  (03) 150 

Rio.  (F4) 100 

River  Junction,  (Bl)  600 

Rochelle.  (02) 200 

Rockledge.  (F3).  .  .     100 

Rockwell.  (02) 100 

Rosalie.  (E4) 100 

Rosewood.  (D2).  .  .     250 

Sagano.  (03) ISO 

Saint  Andrew,  (Al)  1.400 
St.  Augustine.  (E2)  5,471 
St.  Catherine,  (03) .  100 
Saint  Cloud,  (E3).  .2,080 
St.  Johns  Park,  (E2)  200 
Saint  Joseph,  (03).     ISO 

Saint  Leo.  (D3) 100 

Saint  Marks,  (Bl)  .  200 
Saint  Nicholas,  (El)  350 
St.  Petersburg,  (04)  7,186 
Sampson,  (02).  ...  100 
San  Antonio,  (D3).     131 

Sanborn,  (Bl) ISO 

Sanderson,     (Dl)..     150 

Sanford,   (E3) 4.998 

Sanibel,    (05) 100 

San  Mateo,  (E2)...  327 
Santa  Rosa.  (B7)..    200 

Sarasota.    (04) 1.682 

Seabreeze,  (F2) 443 

Sebastian.  (F4) 220 

Sebring,  (E4) 398 

Seffner,  (03) 300 

Seville,    (E2) 200 

Shady  Grove,  (CD  100 
Silver  Spring,  (E2)  100 
Smithcreek,   (Bl)..     150 

Sneads,  (Bl) 571 

Socrum,    (E3) 160 

Sopchoppy,    (Bl)..    150 


Sorrento,  (E3) ISO 

South  Jacksonville, 

(El) 1,522 

S.  Lake  Weir.  (D3)  100 
South  Port,  (AD...  200 
Spring  Garden,  (E2)  150 
Springhill,    (Bl)...    200 

Starke,   (02) 1,239 

Steinhatchee,  (C2).    150 

Stuart.  (F4) 599 

Summerfield,    (02)    230 

Summit,  (E2) 120 

Sumner,  (D2) 150 

Sumterville,  (E3). .  200 
Sutherland,   (03)..    300 

Suwanee.    (CI) 125 

Svea,  (B6) 150 

Sweetwater,  (E4)..     150 

Taft,  (E3) 216 

TALLAHASSEE, 

(Bl) 5,193 

Tampa,  (D4) ...  .48,160 
Tangerine.  (E3)...  100 
Tarpon    Springs, 

(03) 1,938 

Tavares,  (E3) 449 

Telogia,  (Bl) 200 

Terra  Ceia,  (04)..    200 

Terrell,  (03) 150 

Thonotosassa.  (03)    300 

Titusville,  (F3) 1,310 

Tompkins,  (Al)...    200 

Trenton,  (02) 550 

Trilby,  (D3) 290 

Turners,  (ES) 100 

Tyler,  (02) 300 

Umatilla.    (E3) 527 

Verdie,  (El) 100 

Vereen,  (Bl) 100 

Vernon,  (Al) 160 

Vicksburg,   (Al)...     100 

Wakulla.  (Bl) 100 

Waldo.  (D2) 550 

Walkill,  (E2) 150 

Warrington,  (B7)..  1,400 
Watertown,  (Dl)..    2S0 
W.iuchula,   (E4)...  1.839  ' 
Waukeenah,  (CI).  .    300 

Wausau,  (Al) 400 

Webster,  (03) 307 

Weirsdale.  (E3) 150 

Welaka.    (E2) 350 

Welcome.  (D4) 100 

Wellborn,  (Dl).  ...  341 
West  Bay,  (C7)....  100 
Westlake.  (CD...  200 
W.  Palm  Beach.(F5)4,090 
West  Tampa,  (04)  7,837 

Westville,  (C6) 650 

Wewahitchka,  (Al)  250 
WhiteCity,  (F4).  .  .  350 
White  Springs.  (01)  900 
Whitfield.  (B7)...  .  250 
Wildwood,  (03)..  .  .i85 
Willeford,  (D2)....  100 
Williston,  (02)....    800 

Wilmarth,  (CI) 70 

Windsor.  (02) 300 

Winter  Garden.  (E3)  648 
Winterhaven,  (E3)  1,226 
Winter  Park,    (E3)    787 

Wiscon.    (03) 100 

Woodville,   (Bl).  ..     180 

Valaha,  (E3) 100 

Youkon,  (El) ISO 

Yulee,  (El) 250 

Zellwood,   (E3) 100 

Zephyrhills,  (D3)..  1,450 

Zolfo.  (E4) 350 

Zuber,  (02) 100 


GEORGIA 


Abba,  (F7) 100 

Abbeville,  (F7). ..  .1,201 

Acree.  (E7) 200 

Acwortb,  (C2) 1,043 

Ada,(E7) 100 

Adabelle.  (J6) 100 

Adairsville,  (C2)...    751 

Adel,  (F8) 1,902 

Adrian,  (G5) 816 

Aikenton,  (E4) 99 

Ailev,   (G6) 306 

Aimar,  (J7) 100 

Ainslie,   (F6) 100 

Alamo.   (G6) 249 

Albany,  (D7) 8,190 

Alexunderville,  (G9)    100 

Aline,    (H6) 100 

Allapaha,  (F8)....  532 
Allatoona,  (C2)....  100 
Allenhurst,  (J7)...  200 
Allentown,   (F5)...     150 

Alma,  (H7) 458 

Alpharetta,  (D2)..  356 
Altamaha.   (H7)...     100 

Alto.  (E2) 109 

Ambrose.  (F7)....  200 
.Americus,  (06). ..  .8,063 
Amsterdam.  (09).  .  250 
Andersonville,  (C7)  174 
Apalachee,   (F3) ...    481 

Appling.  (H3) 200 

Arabi.  (E7) 433 

Aragon.  (B2) 800 

Arcadia,  (K7) 150 

Argyle.  (G8) 280 

Arlington,  (C8) ....  1 ,308 

Armena,  (D7) 162 

Armuchee.   (B2)...    200 

Ashburn.  (E7) 2.214 

Atco.  (C2) 200 

Athens.     (F3). ...  14.913 

Atkinson.  (J8) 200 

ATt-ANTA, 

(1)1 1    154,8.39 

Atlant.i  Hts.,  (D3)  .  100 
Attapulgus,    (C9)..     360 

Atwater,  (OS) .59 

Auburn.   (E2) 217 

Augusta,  (13).... 41. 040 
Auraria.   (E2) ISO 


Austell,  (C3) 755 

Autreyville,   (E8)..  200 

Avalon,  (F2)..'. ...  60 

Avera,  (G4) 228 

Babcock,  (C8) 402 

Baconton,  (08) 391 

Baden.  (E9) ISO 

Bainbridge,(C9)... 4.217 

Bairdstown.  (F3)..  100 

Baldwin.  (E2) 280 

Ball  Ground,   (02)  448 

Banning.  (C4) 470 

Bannockburn,   (F8)  350 
Barnesville.  (D4).. 3,068 

Barnett,  (G3) 450 

Barney,  (F8) 303 

Bartow,    (05) 384 

Barwick,  (E9) 381 

B.itson,  (F6) 100 

Battle  Hill.  (03)...  300 

Baxley,    (H7) 831 

Beach,  (G8) 358 

Beachton,(D9)....  210 

Beards  Creek,  (J7)  ISO 

Beaumont,  (Bl)...  ISO 

Belfast,    (K7) 300 

Bellton,  (E2) 193 

Bellville,  (H6) 400 

Bemiss.  (F9) 100 

Benevolence,     (C7)  200 

Bethlehem.  (E3)...  209 

Between,  (E3) 104 

Beverly.  (02) 14 

Bibb  City,  (B5)...  463 

Big  Creek,  (D2)...  200 

Bingen.  (C9) 200 

Birmingham,    (02)  100 

Bishop.  (F3) 258 

Blackshear,  (H8)..  1.235 

Blairsville,  (ED...  203 
Blakely.    (C8)   ....1.838 

Blanton,   (F9) 100 

Bloomingdale.  (Ke)  KKI 

Blue  Ridge,  (Dl)..  898 

Bluffton,  (C7) 325 

BIythe,  (H4) .300 

Bogart.  (E3) 257 

Bold  Springs.   (E3)  111 

Bolingbroke.  (E5)..  144 

Bolton.  (D3) 150 


Boston,  (E9) 1,130 

Bostwick,  (E3) ....    333 

Bowdon,  (B3) 541 

Bowersville,  (F2)..    398 

Bowman,  (F2) 738 

Boxspring,  (C6)...    100 

Boy<L  (KS) 100 

Boykin,  (C8) 64 

Brag,   (J6) 100 

Braganza,  (H8) . . . .    100 

Braswell,  (C3) 95 

Bremen,  (B3) 890 

Brentwood.  (H7)..    100 

Brewton,(G5) 214 

Bridgeboro,  (E8)..  350 
Bridgetown,  (G8)..     130 

Brinson,   (C9) 707 

Bristol,  (H8) 198 

Bronwood,  (D7)...  465 
Brookfield.  (F8)...    150 

Brooklet,  (J6) 361 

Brooks,  (04) 300 

Browntown,    (J8)..     ISO 

Broxton.  (G7) 1.040 

Brunswick,  (J8)..  10,182 
Buchanan,  (B3)...  462 
Buckhead,  (F3)...  384 
Buena  Vista,  (C6)  1.016 

Buford.  (E2) 1,683 

Bullochville,  (C5)..  204 
Burroughs,  (K7)...  100 
Burtsboro,  (02)...     150 

Burwell.   (B3) 150 

Bushnell.  (F7) 173 

Butler,  (05) 705 

Butts.  (H5) 100 

Byromville,    (E6)..    300 

Byron.  (ES) 400 

Cadwell,  (06) 154 

Cairo,  (D9) 1.505 

Calhoun,    (C2) 1.652 

Calvary,  (09) 250 

Camak,  (G3) 241 

Camilla,  (08) 1,827 

Campania,  (H4).  . .  300 
Campbellton.    (C3)    110 

Campion.  (E3) 145 

Canoe,    (tt6) 100 

Canon.  (F2) 728 

Captoa.  (02) 2,002 


Capel,  (09) 100 

Captolo,  (JS) 100 

Carbondale,  (Bl)..    100 

Carl,  (E2) 166 

Cariton,  (G2) 325 

Camesville,    (F2)..    322 

Caroline,  (C6) 150 

Carrollton,  (B3)..  .3,297 
Carts  Station,  (F4)  100 
Carsonville,  (D5)..  100 
Cartecay,  (01)....  150 
Cartersville,  (C2).. 4,067 
Cass  Station,  (C2)..  150 
Cassville,  (C2)....  200 
CaveSpring,  (B2)..    805 

Cecil,  (F8) 354 

Cedartown,(B2)... 3,551 

'Cement,  (C2) 100 

Center,   (F2) 208 

Centralhatchee.  (B4)  119 
Chalybeate,  (CS)..  147 
Chamblee.  (D3)...     129 

Charing,  (D6) 100 

Chatsworth,  (CI)..  314 
Chattahoochee,  (C3)  800 
Chauncey,   (F6)...    350 

Cherokee,  (C2) 100 

Chester,    (F6) 278 

Chestlehurst,  (C4)  100 
Chestnut  Mt.,  (E2)  100 
Chickamauga,  (Bl)  312 
China  Hill,  (F7)...    180 

Chipley,   (CS) 742 

Chula,  (E7) 130 

Cisco,   (CI) 100 

Clarkesville,  (Fl)..  528 
Clarkston,  (03)...    349 

Claxton,  (J6) 1,008 

Clayton,  (FI) 541 

Clefland,  (F8) 100 

Clem.   (B3) 100 

Cleveland,    (El)...    200 

Clifton,  (K7) 100 

Climax,    (P9) 328 

Clinton.  (F4) 350 

Clyde.  (K6) 100 

Clyo,    (K,6) 20D 

Coal  Mountain,  (02)  lOD 

Cobb,  (07) 160 

Cobbtown,  (H6)...    254 


Cochran,  (F6) 1,638 

Coffee,   (H7) ISO 

Cohutta,  (CI) 320 

Colbert,  (F2) 2S5 

Cole  City,  (Al)....  300 
Coleman,  (C7)....  354 
Collegepark,  (C3)..2,173 

Collins,  (H6) 327 

Colquitt,  (C8) 600 

Columbus,   (C6).. 20,554 

Comer,    (F2) 868 

Commerce,  (E2)... 2,238 

Concord,  (D4) 450 

Condor,    (GS) 100 

Conley,  (03) 100 

Constantine,  (E2)..     100 

Conyers.  (03) 1,919 

Cooksville,  (B4)...  100 
Coolidge,  (E8)....  303 
Cordele,     (E7). ..  .5,883 

Corinth,   (C4) 147 

Cork,  (E4) 150 

Cornelia,  (El) 1,114 

Corsica,   (H6) 150 

Cotton,    (D8) 290 

Council,  (09) 250 

Covena,  (HS) 150 

Covington,  (E3)... 2,697 
Covington     Mills, 

(E3) 150 

Crandall,  (CI)....  220 
Crawford,  (F3)....  871 
CrawfArdville.  (03)  688 
Creighton.  (02)...    300 

Crest.  (05) 159 

Crosland,   (E8) 198 

Culloden,  (OS) 365 

Culverton,  (04)...  340 
Gumming,   (02)...    305 

Cusseta,  (C6) 341 

Cuthbert,  (C7). ..  .3,210 

Cyrene,  (C9) 150 

Dacula,  (E3) 169 

Daffin.  05) 100 

Dahlonega,  (ED...    829 

Daisy,    (J6) 350 

Dallas.  (C3) 1.2S9 

Dalton.  (CI) 5,324 

Damascus,  (C8)...  100 
Danburg,  (03)....    272 


Danielsville,  (F2)..    323 

Danville.  (F5) 299 

Darien,  (K8) 1,391 

Dasher,  (F9) 100 

Davisboro,  (05)...    589 

Dawson,  (07) 3,827 

Dawsonville,  (02). .    179 

Dearing,  (H4) 200 

Debruce,  (H4) 100 

Decatur.  (03) 2,466 

Deepstep,  (G4) 149 

Deercourt,   (FI)...     100 

Deraorest,  (EI) 760 

Denton,   (G7) 300 

Desoto,    (07) 228 

Devereux,  (F4) 350 

Dexter,  {F6) 550 

Dickey,  (C7) 173 

Diffee,  (C9).. 400 

Dillard,  (Fl) 106 

Dixie,   (E9) 242 

Doctortown,  07)..     100 

Dodge,   (Bl) 250 

Doerun,    (E8) 630 

Doles,  (E7) 12S 

Donald,  (J7) ISO 

Donalsonville,  (C8)    747 

Dooling,  (E6) 163 

Doravillc,  (03)....  147 
Dorchester.  (K7)..    250 

Douglas,  (G7) 3.550 

Douglasville,  (C3)..  1,462 

Dover,  05) 150 

Draketowtl,  (B3)..  200 
Drybranch,  (F5)...    ISO 

Dublin,  (GS) 5,795 

Dudley,  (FS) 200 

Duluth,  (03) 469 

Dunwoody.  (D3)..  125 
Du  Pont,  (G9)....     342 

Durand.  (C5) 100 

EastEllijay.  (OI)..  291 
East  Lake,  (03)...      73 

Eastman.    (F6) 2,355 

Eastonollee,  (Fl)..  100 
East  Point,  (D3)  .  .3,682 
E.Thoraaston.  (OS)    385 

Eastville,  (F3) 127 

Eatonton,  (F4) 2.036 

Eden,   (K6) 100 


Edison,  (C7) 841 

Edith,  (09) 100 

Egan,  (03) 200 

Egypt,  06) 400 

Elberton.  (G2). ..  .6.483 
Eldorendo,  (C8)...  130 
Elizabeth,    (03)...    123 

Elko,  (E6) 273 

Ellabell,  (J6) 250 

Ellaville,  (D6) 672 

Ellenton.  (E8) 225 

Ellenwood.  (03)...    210 

Ellerslie,  (CS) 100 

Ellijay.  (01) 659 

Elmodel.  (D8) 150 

Elsie.  (G8) ISO 

Emerson.  (C2)....    316 

Emit.  06) 100 

Empire,  (F6) 250 

Enal,  06) 100 

Enecks,  (K5) ISO 

Enigma,  (F8) 338 

Enterprise,  (F3)...     100 

Epworth.  (DD 218 

Esom  Hill.  (B3)...    ISO 

Etna,  (B3) 80 

Eton.  (CI) 307 

Eudora.  (E4) 200 

Euharlee.   (C2)....    200 

Evelyn.  (K8) 200 

Everett  City,  08)..    ISO 

Ewing.   (09) 100 

Experiment.  (D4)..  500 
Faceville,  (C9)...  .  330 
Fairburn,  (C3). ...  1,395 
F.-iircloth,  (08)....    225 

Fairfax.  (08) 100 

Fair  Mount,  (C2)..    326 

Fargo,  (G9) 300 

Farmdale,  (C4) 100 

Farmington,  (F3)..  SOO 
Fayetteville,  (C4)..    709 

Felton,  (B3) 200 

Ficklin,  (G3) 211 

Fife.  (C3) 150 

Finleyson.  (E6) 232 

Fish.   (B3) 100 

Fitzgerald.   (F7)... 5,795 

Fleming.  (K7) 200 

Flemington,  (K7)..     100 


Flint.    (D8) 100 

Flintstone,  (Bl)...     142 

Flippen.  (03) 150 

Florence.  (B6) 150 

Flovilla,    (E4) 495 

Flowery  Branch,  (E2)373 

Folkston,  (H9) 355 

Folsom,  (C21 100 

Forest  Park.  (D3)..     173 

Forsyth.  (E4) 2,208 

Fort  Gaines.  (C7).  .1,320 
Fort  Screven.  (L7)  ISO 
Fort  Valley,  (ES).. 2.697 
Fowlstown,  (C9).  .  .  250 
Franklin,    (B4)....    340 

Frazier.  (F6) 95 

Freehomes.  (02).  ..  100 
Freemansville,  (02)    100 

Frolona,  (B4) 225 

Fruitland.  (G9)....    200 

Fry,  (DD 326 

Funston.  (E8) 236 

Gabbettville.  (BS)  100 
Gainesville.  (E2).    .5,925 

Gardi.    (J7) 100 

Garfield.  (H5) 319 

Gay,    (C4) 210 

Geneva,  (CS) 210 

Georgetown.  {B7): .    313 

Gibson.    (04) 367 

Gillsville.    (E2)....    216 

Girard.  (J4) 227 

Glenmore,  (08)....  200 
Olennville,  (J7)...  640 
Glenwood.   (06).  .  .    347 

Glovers.    (E4) 150 

Godfrey,  (E4) 337 

Good  Hope,  (E3)..     151 

Gordon,  (F5) 702 

Gordy,    (E8) 100 

Gough.  (H4) 200 

Graham.  (07) 193 

Grantville.  (C4>...  1,132 

Gratis.  (E3) 95 

Gray.  (F4) 300 

Graymont.  (H5).. .    417 

Grayson.  (E3) 278 

Graysville.  (Bl).  .  .     152 

Green,  06) 100 

Greensboro,   (FJ).  2,120 


348 


(GEORQIA-IDAHO-ILLINOIS) 


INDEX  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES 


Greenville,  (C4)...  909 
Greshamville,    (F3)    150 

Griffin,  (D4) 7,478 

Griswoldville,  (F5)  100 
Grovania.  (E6). ...  61 
Groveland,  (J6)...  350 
Grovetown,  (H4) . .    558 

Guysie,  (G7) ISO 

Guyton,  (K6) 545 

Habersham,  (El)..  200 
Haddock,   (F4)....    312 

Hagan,  Qfi) '84 

Hahira.  (F8) 650 

Halcyon  Dale,  (J5)  200 
Hamilton,  (C5)....  403 
Hammctt,  (D5)...  250 
Hampton,  (D4)...  1,093 
Hapeville,  (D3)....  864 
Haralson,    (C4)....     174 

Harlem,   (H4) 736 

Harrison,  (G5)....  383 
Harrisonville,  (H4)  1,882 
Hartsfield,  (E8)...  150 
Hartwell,    (G2).  ..  .2,007 

Harvest,  (El) 200 

HarviUe,  (J6) 100 

Hasty,  (G8) 100 

Hawkinsville,  (E6)  3,420 
Hayneville,  (E6)...  100 
Hazlchurst,  (G7).. 1,181 
Heardvillc,  (D2)...  100 
Heartsease,  (F8)...     100 

Helena.  (G6) 890 

Hemphill,  (C3)....  100 
Henderson,  (E6)...  130 
Hephzibah,  (H4)..  656 
Hermann,   (J8)....     190 

Hemdon,  (H5) 100 

Herod,    (D7) 214 

Hiawassee,  (El)...    226 

Hickox,   (J8) 231 

Higgston,  (H6)....  207 
High  Shoals,  (F3)..  550 
Hightower,  (D2)...  100 
Hillsboro,  (E4)....    209 

Hilton,    (B8) 93 

Hinesville.  U7)....     174 

Hiram,   (C3) 254 

Hogansville,  (C4)..  1,230 
Hollysprings,  (D2)  251 
Honywood,  (Fl)..  .     100 

Homer,  (E2) 228 

Homerville,  (G8)..  437 
Hortense,    (J8)....     125 

Hoschton,  (E2) 429 

Howard.  (DS) 100 

Howell,  (F9) 194 

Hubert,   (J6) 100 

Huching,  (F3) 200 

Huff,  (D2) 100 

Hull,  (F2) 133 

Huntsville,  (C2)...    150 

Ice,  (H8) 100 

Ideal,   (D6) 186 

Indian  Springs,  (E4)   100 

Inman,  (D4) 100 

Iron  City,  (C8)....    459 

Irwinton,    (F5) 249 

Irwinville,  (F7) 300 

Isabella,   (E7) Ill 

IsleofHope,  (K7)..     150 

Ivey,  (F5) 100 

Ivy  Log,  (Dl) 100 

Jackson,  (E4) 1,862 

Jacksonville,  (F7).  .  450 
Jakin,   (C8) 622 

Ahsahka,(B3) 100 

Albion,  (E7) 392 

Almc,  (E7) 300 

Alpha,  (C5) 100 

American  Falls,  (F7)  953 

Amnwn,  (G6) 214 

Arbon,(F7) 150 

Archer,  (06) 250 

Arco,'(E6) 322 

Artesian  City,  (D7)  100 

Ashton,(G5) 502 

Athol,(B2) 281 

AUanta,(C6) 300 

Avon,(B3) 100 

Badger,  (G6) 100 

Bancroft,  (G7) 200 

Basalt,  (F6) 200 

Basin,(E7) 250 

Bates,  (G6) 100 

Bayhorse,  (D5) 150 

Bellevue,  (D6) 702 

Bennington,  (G7)..  100 

Bem,(G7) 150 

Blackloot,  (F6) 2,202 

Bloomington,  (G7).  700 

BOISE,  (B6) 17,358 

Bonnets  Ferry,  (Bl)  1,071 

Bourne,  (B5) 200 

Boyer,(Bl) 100 

Bndge,(E7) 100 

Bryan,  (F6) 300 

Buhl,(D7) 639 

Burke,  (C2) 1,400 

Burley,  (E7) 500 

Cabinet,  (CI) 250 

Cache,  (G6) 100 

Caldwell,  (B6) 3,543 

Cambridge,  (B5),..  349 

Cameron,  (B3) 100 


iames,  (F5) 100 

asper,  (D2) 332 
eSerson,  (E2)....  1,207 

effersonville,  (F5).  740 

enkinsburg,    (D4).  237 

Jerome,   (}6) 200 

Jersey,  (E3) 191 

Jesup,    (17) 1,415 

Jewell,  (G4) 570 

Jonesboro,  (D3)...  970 

Julia,  (C6) 100 

Juliette,  (E4) 100 

lulinton,  (K7) 100 

Junction  City,  (D5)  225 

Juniper,    (C5) 100 

Kennesaw,  (C2)...  573 

Kestler,  (C8) 413 

Keysville,  (H4)....  150 

Kinderlou,  (F9) 150 

Kingsland,  (J9)....  190 

Kingston,  (C2) 522 

Kingwood,  (E8)...  267 

Kirkland,  (G8)....  250 
Kirkwood,  (D3)...  1,226 

Kite,  (G5) 241 

Knoxville.  (E5) 211 

Lacey,(K7) 200 

La  Fayette,  (HI)..  1,590 
Lagrange,  (B4). ..  .5,587 

Lake  Park,  (F9)...  285 

Lambert,  (J7) 200 

Lavonia.  (F2) 1,712 

Lawrenceville,  (E3)  1,518 

Lawtonville,  (J5)..  200 

Lax,    (F8) 100 

Lays,    (D2) 100 

Leary,  (C8) 430 

Leatherwood,    (F2)  77 

Leesburg,  (D7)....  705 

Leia,   (C9) 531 

Leliaton.  (G8) 300 

Lenox,  (F8) 206 

Leon,  (F6) 100 

Leslie,  (D7) 393 

Letford,  (J6) 250 

Lexington,  {F3) ....  545 

Lexsy,  (H6) 100 

LibertyHill,  (D4)..  100 

Lide,  (G6) 100 

Lifsey,    (D4) 100 

Lilburn,  (D3) 150 

Lilly,  (E6) 221 

Limerick,  (K7)....  200 

Limesink,  (D9)....  150 

Lincolnton,    (H3)..  375 

Lindale,    (B2) 2,650 

Linton,   (F4) 200 

Linwood,    (Bl)....  533 

Lithia  Springs,  (C3)  227 
Lithonia,   (D3). ...  1,428 

Lizella,   (E5) 150 

Locust  Grove.  (D4)  716 

Loganville,   (E3)...  600 

Lone  Oak,  (C4)....  247 

Long  Pond.  (G6)..  250 

Lothair,   (G6) 130 

Louisville,   (H4)...  1,039 

Louvale,     (C6)....  54 

Lovejoys  Sta.,  (D4)  198 

Lovett,  (G5) 165 

Ludowici,    (J7)....  541 

Ludville,  (C2) 100 

Luella,   (D4) 100 

Lula,  (E2) 309 

LuIaton,(J8) 150 

Lumber  City,  (G7)  1,195 

Carey,(E6) 700 

Carmen,  (E4) 200 

Caslle  Creek,  (B6).  100 

Cataldo,  (B2) 100 

Cavendish,  (B3)....  100 

Centerville,(C6)...  130 

Central,  (G7) 100 

Challis,  (D5) 338 

Chapin,(G6) 130 

Cherrycreek,  (F7)...  100 

Chester,  (G6) 250 

Chesterfield,  (G7)...  330 

Chilly,  (E5) 110 

Clarkfork,  (Bl)....  100 

Clawson,  (G6) 310 

Clayton,  (D5) 100 

Clearwater,  (C3)...  100 

Cleveland,  (G7)....  150 

Clifton,  (F7) 500 

Coeiu"  d'Alene, 

(B2) 7,291 

Colburn,  (Bl) 100 

Conant,(E;) 100 

Concord,  (C4) 100 

Cottonwood,  (B4).  555 

Countltr^BS) 312 

Crawford,  (CS)....  100 

Culdesac,  (B3) 436 

Cuprum,  (B4) 100 

Custer,  (D5) 200 

Delamar,(B6) 500 

Dempsey,  (G7) 310 

Denver,  (B4) 100 

Dcsmet,  (B2) 200 

Dewey,  (B6) 150 

Downey,  (F7) 300 

DriKgs,(G6) 250 

Dubois,  (F5) 200 

Eagle,  (B6) 150 


Lumpkin,  (C6). ...  1,140 
Luthersville,  (C4) . .    349 

Lyerly,   (B2) 322 

Luxomni,  (D3) 150 

Lyons,  (H6) 927 

Lytle,   (Bl) 100 

McCall,  (C2) 100 

McCan,  (J7) 100 

McCaysville,  (Dl)  1,253 
McDonald,  (G8)...  250 
McDonough,  (D4)  882 
Mcintosh,  (K7)...  250 
Mclntyre,  (F5)...  225 
McKinnon,  (J8). ..    100 

McRae,    (G6) 1,160 

Mabel,  U8) 100 

Mableton,  (C3). ...  300 
Machen,  (E4)...:.  160 
Machinery  City,  (C3)  74 
Macon,     (E5). ..  .40,665 

Madison,    (F3) 2,412 

Madras,   (C4) 100 

Malone,    (E7) 110 

Malvern,  (HS)....  100 
Manassas,  (H7)...  200 
Manchester,  (05)..    922 

Manor,  (G8) 270 

Mansfield,  (E4)....  589 
Marblehill,  (D2)...  400 
Marietta,   (C3). ..  .5,949 

Marion,   (Dl) 300 

Marlow,  (K6) 100 

MarshallviUe,  (E6)  1,082 

Martin,  (F2) 377 

Mason,  (B4) 100 

Massee,  (F8) 150 

Matthews,  (H4)...    210 

Maxeys,   (F3) 334 

Mayfield,  (G4)....  100 
Maysville,  (E2)....  805 
Meansville,   (D4) . .    233 

Meats,  (J5) 130 

Meigs,  (D8) 697 

Meinhard,  (K6)...  140 
Meldrim,   (K6)....    200 

Melrose,   (F9) 100 

Menlo,    (B2) 376 

Meriwether,  (F4)..  100 
Merrillville,   (E9)..    109 

Mesena,  (G4) ISO 

Metcalf,  (D9) 314 

Metter,    (H6) 408 

Midland,  (CS)....  110 
Midville,    (H5)....    603 

Milan,  (F6) 287 

Milford,   (C8) 100 

Milledgeville,  (F4)  4,385 

Millen,    (J5) 2,030 

Millerville,  (E6)...  100 
Millhaven,  (J5)....    200 

Mill  Ray,  (J5) 100 

Milltown,  (F8)....  1,247 
Millwood.  (G8)....    200 

Milner,  (D4) 400 

Milstead,   {E3)....    400 

Mineola,  (F9) 100 

Mineralblufl,  (Dl)  338 
Mitchell,    (G4)....    212 

Mobley,  (J5) 150 

Modoc,  (HS) 200 

Molena,  (D4) 398 

Moniac,   (H9) 184 

Monroe,   (E3) 3,029 

Monte,  (H6) 300 

Montezuma,  (E6).  .1,630 
Monticello,  (E4)...  1,508 


Montrose,  (F5) ISO 

Moreland,  (C4) 312 

Morgan,  (C7) 302 

Morganton,  (Dl).  .  195 

Morris  Sta.,  (C7)...  110 

Morrison,  (J6) 100 

Morrow,  (D3) 250 

Morven,  (E9) 383 

Moultrie,    (E8) 3,349 

Mountain  City,  (Fl)  158 
Mountain  Scene,  (El)  250 

Mount  Airy,  (Fl).  .  256 
Mount  Vernon,  (G6)  605 

Mountville,    (C4)..  226 

Moye,  (C7) 100 

Munnerlyn,  (JS). ..  125 

Murrayville,  (E2)..  100 

Musella,  (D5) 100 

Myers,   (H6) 100 

Myrtle,  (E6) 100 

Mystic,  (F7) 140 

Nacoochee,  (El)...  200 

Nahunta,  (H8)....  150 

NashviUc,  (F8) 990 

Naylor,  (F9) 538 

Needham,    (H8),..  150 

Nellieville,  (J4)....  503 

Nellwood,   (J6) 100 

Nelson,  (D2) 550 

Newborn,  (E4)....  47S 

Newell,  (H9) 200 

New  England,  (Al)  139 

New  Holland,  {E2)  400 

Newnan,  (C4) 5,548 

Newton,  (D8) 364 

Nicholls,  (G7) 720 

Nicholson,    (F2)...  167 

Nielly,  (G7) 100 

Nile,    (E9) 100 

Nona,  (F4) 200 

Norcross,  (D3) ....  968 

Norman  Park,  (ES)  648 

Norristown,  (H5)..  87 

Norwood,  (G4) 340 

Nuberg,   (G2) 100 

Nunez,  (H6) 174 

Nye,   (G3) 300 

Oakfield,  (E7) 276 

Oakhurst,  (D3) 233 

Oakland.  (C4) 100 

Oak  Park,  (H6) 144 

Oakwood,  (E2) 110 

Ochlochnee,  (D9)..  350 

Ocilla,  (F7) 2,017 

Odessadale,    (C4)..  161 

Odum,    (H7) 258 

Offcrman,    (H8)...  483 

Ogeechee,    05)....  130 

Oglethorpe,   (D6)..  924 

Ohoopee,   (H6)....  101 

Ola,  (D4) 150 

Oliver,  QS) 243 

Olyrapia,  (F9) 200 

Omaha,  (C6) 209 

Omega,  (E8) 274 

Orange,  (D2) 100 

Orchard  Hill,   (D4)  100 

Orland,  (G6) 457 

Orsman,  (B2) 100 

Osierfield,  (F7)....  300 

Ousley,   (F9) 100 

Owensbyville,    (B4)  150 

Owens  Ferry,  (J9) . .  200 

Oxford,  (E3) 655 

Ozell,  (F,9) 200 

Palmetto,  (C3)....  922 


Parish,  (J6) 100 

Parrott,    (D7) 360 

Patten,  (E9) 32 

Patterson,   (H8)...  264 

Pavo,    (E9) 572 

Payne,  (C2) 100 

Pearson,  (G8) 558 

Pelham.   (D8) 1,880 

Pembroke,  (J<>)---  467 

Pendergrass,  (E2)..  239 

Penfield,  (F3) 475 

Penia,  (E7) 100 

Pepperton,  (E4)...  454 

Perkins,  (J5) 230 

Perry,  (E6) 649 

Pettyville,   (H8) ...  100 

Pfeiffer,  (KS) 150 

Phinizy,  (H3) 100 

Pidcock,   (E9) 310 

Pineblbom,  (G8) ...  200 

Pine  Grove,  (G7)..  ISO 

Pinehurst,    (E6)...  451 

Pinepark,  (D9)....  130 

Pineview,  (E6)...,  708 

Pitts,  (E7) 279 

Plains,    (D6) 400 

Plainville,  (C2)....  148 

Pleasant  HUl,  (D5)  110 

Point  Peter.  (F3)..  250 

Pooler,   (K6) 337 

PopesFerry,  (E5)..  100 

Poplar,  (DS) 100 

Portal,  US) 200 

Porterdale,  (E3). . ,  1,000 

Potterv-ille.    (DS)..  300 

Poulan,  (E8) 652 

Powder  Springs,  (C3)  315 

Powelton,     (G4)...  100 

Powersville,  (E5)..  100 

Prattsburg,    (D5)..  100 

Preston,  (C6) 259 

Pretoria,  (D8) 369 

Pride,   (G4) 100 

Primrose,    (C4)....  57 

Princeton,  (F3)....  63 

Pulaski,  06) 207 

Quitman,    (E9) 3,915 

Raccoon  Mills,  (B2)  113 

Raleigh,   (CS) 150 

Ranger,  (CI) 150 

Rayle,  (G3) 110 

Raymond,    (C4)...  150 

Rays  Mill,  (F8)....  300 

Rebecca,  (F7) 252 

Redan,  (D3) 120 

Red  Oak,  (D3)....  100 

Register,  (J6) 300 

Reidsvillc,    (H6)...  454 

Remerton.  (F9) 100 

Rentz,  (G6) 275 

Resaca,  (CD 112 

Resource.  (K5) ISO 

Rex,    (D3) 175 

Reynolds,  (D5)....  521 

Reynoldsville,  (C9)  110 

Rhine,  (F7) 321 

Richland.  (C6) 1,250 

Richwood,   (E6)...  300 

Riddleville,    (C5)..  140 

Ridgeville,  (K8)...  300 

Rincon.  (K6) 100 

Ringgold,  (Bl)....  398 

Rising  Fawn,   (Bl)  225 

Ritch,  (H7) 210 

Rivcrdale,    (D3)...  139 

Riverside,  (E8)....  170 


Roberta,  (DS) 227 

Rochelle,  (F7) 860 

Rockingham.  (H7)  100 
Rockledge,  (G6).  ..  152 
Rockmart,  (B2).  .  .1,034 
Rocky  Ford.  (JS)..  385 
Rocky  Mount,  (C4)      61 

Rogers,  (HS) 300 

Rolston,  (Dl) 100 

Rome,    (B2) 12,099 

Roopville,  (B4) 173 

Rosewood,  (H7)...  100 
Rossville,  (Bl)....  1,059 

Roswell,  (D2) 1,158 

Round  Oak,  (E4)..     100 

Roy,  (Dl) 100 

Royston,  (F2) 1,422 

Ruckersville,  (G2)  88 
Rural  Vale,  (CI)..,    100 

Ruskin,  (H8) 100 

Russell,  (E2) 120 

Rutledge,  (E3) 696 

Saint  Charles,  (C4)  91 
Saint  Clair,  (H4) . .  200 
Saint  George,  (HIO)  272 
SaintMarks,  (C4)..  54 
Saint  Marys.  (J9).  .  691 
St.  Simons  Mills,(K8)  230 
Sale  City.  (D8).  ...  402 
Sandersville,(G5)..  2,641 

Sardis,  (JS) 300 

Sargent,   (C4) 200 

Sasser,    (D7) 441 

Satilla  Bluff,  U9)..  300 
Savannah,   (K6).. 65,064 

Scarboro,  OS) 150 

Scotland,    (G6)....    150 

Scott,   (GS) 212 

Scottdale,  (D3) 400 

Scottsboro,  (F4)...    150 

Screven,  (H8) 276 

Seabrook.  (K7) 100 

Seney,  (B2) 120 

Senoia,   (C4) 1,111 

Sessoms,  (G8) 100 

Seville,    (E7) 193 

Shady  Dale,  (E4)..    344 

Sharon,  (G3) 246 

Sharpe,  (Bl) 100 

Sharpsburg,  (C4) . .     166 

Shaw,   (Bl) 100 

Shellman,  (C7)....  985 
SheltonviUe,  (D2).,    150 

Shiloh,    (CS) 250 

Shingler,  (E7) 100 

Siloam,  (F3) 300 

Smarrs,  (E5) 200 

Smiley,  (J7) 100 

Smhhonia,  (F2)...  266 
Smithville.  (D7)...    574 

Smyrna,  (D3) 599 

Snapping  Shoals,(D4)  250 

Snider,  (Dl) 100 

Snow,    (E6) 150 

Social  Circle,  (E3)  1,590 
Sonoraville,  (C2)..  100 
Soperton,  (G6)....    469 

Southwell,  (J6) 100 

Spann,    (G5) 100 

Sparks,  (F8) 842 

Sparta,   (F4) 1,715 

Spread,  (H4) 370 

Springfield,  (K6)..  504 
Springhaven,  (F6)  100 
Spring  Place,  (CD  242 
Springvale,  (C7).  . .     162 


Starrsville,  {E3)...  200 
Statenville,  (F9).  ..  150 
Statesboro,   Q6)...2,529 

Statham,  (E3) 621 

Staunton,  (F8) 100 

Stellaville,   (H4).  ..     149 

Stephens,    (F3) 200 

Sterling.  (J8) 171 

Stevens  Pottery,  (F5)  200 

Stilesboro,  (C2) 200 

Stillmore,  (H6) 645 

Stillwell,  (K6) 100 

Stilson,  (J6) 150 

Stockbridge,  (D3)..    500 

Stockton,  (G9) 200 

Stone  Mtn.,  (D3).. 1,062 
Stonewall,  (C3)....  170 
Sugar  Valley,  (Bl)  197 
Summertown,  (H5)  125 
Suramerville,  (B2)  657 
Summerville,  (H4), 4,361 

Summit,  (HS) 566 

Sumner,   (E7) 336 

Sumter,  (D7) 110 

Sunnyside,  (D4)...  200 
Surrency,  (H7)....  259 
Suwanee,  (D2)....  250 
Swainsboro,  (HS)..  1,313 

Swords,  (F3) 107 

Sycamore,  (E7)....    296 

Sylvania,  (JS) 1,400 

Sylvester,  (E7). ...  1,447 
Talbotton,  (CS)...  1,081 
Talking  Rock,  (Dl)  108 
Tallapoosa,  (B3),.2,117 
Tallulah  Falls,  (Fl)      85 

Talmo,    (E2) ISO 

Tarboro,    (J9) 150 

Tarrytown,    (G6).  .    236 

Tarver,  (G9) 150 

Tate,  (D2) 500 

Taylors  Creek,  (J 7)  140 
Taylorsville,  (C2)..  197 
Tazewell,  (D6)....     130 

Temple,    (B3) 711 

Tempy,  (E8) 100 

Tennga,    (CI) 145 

Tennille.  (GS) 1,622 

Texas,  (B4) 150 

Thebes,  (K7) 100 

Thelma,   (G9) 200 

The  Rock,  (DS)...  138 
Thomaston,  (DS).. 1,645 
Thoraasville.(E9)..  6,727 
Thomson,  (H4). ..  .2,151 
Thunderbolt,  (K6).    750 

Tifton,  (F8) 2,381 

Tiger,  (Fl) 125 

Tignall,  (G3) 320 

Tilton,  (CD 242 

Toccoa,  (Fl) 3,120 

Toomsboro,   (FS)..    404 

Towns,  (G7) 275 

Traders  Hill,   (H9)    100 

Trenton,  (Al) 302 

Trion,  (Bl) 1,721 

Tucker,  (D3) ISO 

Tunnel  Hill,  (Bl)..    295 

Turin,  (C4) 263 

Tybee,  (L7) 786 

Tyrone,  (C4) 100 

TyTy,  (E8) 276 

Unadilla,  (E6) 1,003 

Union  City,  (C3) .  .  534 
Union  Point,  (F3)..  1,363 
Upton,   (G7) 100 


IDAHO 


Egin,(G6) 130 

Elba,(E7) 300 

Elk  City,  (C4) 200 

Emmett,(B6) 1,351 

Fairview,  (F7) 400 

Farnum,(G6) 200 

Featherville,(C6)..  100 

Ferdinand,  (B3)....  140 

Filer,  (D7) 214 

Firth,  (F6) 100 

Fishhaven,(G7)...  100 

Fletcher,  (B3) 150 

Forney,  (D5) 100 

Franklin,  (G7) 534 

Fnlitland,  (B5) 100 

Garden  Valley,  (B5)    ISO 

Gem,(C2) 375 

Genesee,  (A3) 742 

Geneva,(H7) 170 

Gentile  Valley,  (F7)  200 

Georgetown,  (G7)..  410 

Gibbonsville,  (E4).  500 

Gibbs,  (B2) 100 

Giflord,  (B3) 153 

Gilbert,  (B3) 100 

Gilmore,(E5) 100 

C-lenns  Ferry,  (C6)  800 

GIenwood,(C4)....  100 

Gooding.  (D6) 1,444 

Graagf!ville».(C4).  .  1,534 

GrariSe,  (Bl) 250 

Grant,  (F6) 200 

Gray.(G6) 200 

Haden,(G6) 500 

Hagcrman,  (D7)...  100 

H.alley,(D6) 1,231 

Harpster,  (C3) 100 

Harrisburg,  (C3)...  110 

Harrison,  (B2) 932 


Harvard,(B3) 100 

Hatch,  (G7) 103 

Hayden  Lake,(B2)     100 

Heyburn,  (E7) 440 

Holbrook,  (F7) 100 

Hope,(Bl) 215 

Horseshoe  Bend,  (B6)  200 

Idaho  City,  (C6)...  262 
Idaho  Falls,  (F6)...  4,827 

Ilo,(B3) 209 

Independence,  (F6)  300 

Indian  Valley,  (B5)  100 

Inkom,(F7) 200 

lona,  (G6) 353 

Irwin,  (G6) 250 

Island,  (D7) 130 

Jackson,  (E7) 130 

Jerome,(D7) 970 

Juliaetta,  (B3) 414 

Junction,  (ES) 100 

Kamiab,(C3) 324 

Kellogg,  (B2) 1,273 

Kendrick,  (B3) 543 

Ketchum,  (D6) 200 

Kenterville,  (B3)...  100 

Kimheriy,(D7)....  100 

King  Hill,  (C6)....  100 

Kingston,  (B2) 100 

Kippen,  (B3) HI 

Kooskia,  (C3) 301 

Kootenai,  (Bl) 250 

Lacle3J,(Bl) 150 

Lago,(G7) 420 

Lakeview,  (B2) 100 

Lane,(B2) 200 

Lapwai,  (B3) 500 

Lardo,  (B5)., 100 

Leland,(B3) 500 

Lenox,  (C6) 100 


Lejttiston,  (A3) 

LewisvTlle,  (F6).... 

Liberty,  (G7) 

Lincoln,  (G6) 

Lookout,  (B3) 

Lorenzo,  (F6) — .. 
Lost  River,  (E6)... 

Lund,  (G7) 

Lyman,  (G6). . . , , , 
McArthur,(Bl).... 
McCammon,  (F7).. 

Mackay,(E6) 

MaladCity,  (F7)... 

Manard,  (D6) 

Marion,  (E7) 

Market  Lake,  (F6). 
M.^rysville,  (G5)... 

May,(ES) 

Meadows.  (B4) 

Menan,  (F6) 

Meridian,  (B6) 

Middleton,  (B6)... 

Midvalc,{BS) 

Milner,  (E7) 

Minidoka,  (E7) 

Minkcreek,  (G7)... 

Mohler,(B3) 

Montpclier,  (G7)... 

Moore.  (E6) 

Moravia,  (Bl) 

Moscow,  (A3) 

Mountain  Home, 

(C6) 

Mount  Idaho,  (C4) 

Mullan,  (C2) 

Murphy,  (B6) 

Murrav.  (C2) 

Murtaueh,  (D7)... 
Nampa,  (B6) 


6,043 

Naples,  (Bl) 

.     250 

346 

Neeley,(F7) 

.     160 

100 

New  Plymouth, 

400 

(B6) 

.     274 

200 

Nezperce.  (B3).... 

.      599 

230 

Niter,(G7) 

.     400 

300 

Notus,(B6) 

.      100 

200 

Nounan,(G7) 

.      100 

400 

Oakley,  (D7) 

.     911 

100 

Oneida,  (F7) 

.      100 

321 

Ora,(G5) 

.      100 

638 

Orchard,  (B6) 

.      100 

1,303 

Oreana.(B6) 

.     300 

150 

Orofino,  (B3) 

.     384 

500 

Osburn,(C2) 

.      100 

180 

Ovid,(G7) 

.     350 

298 

Oxford,  (F7) 

.     640 

100 

Paragon,  (C2) 

.      100 

250 

Paris,  (G7) 

.  1,038 

294 

Parker,  (G6) 

.     432 

1,000 

Parma,  (B6) 

.     338 

450 

P.avette,  (B5) 

.  1,948 

100 

Pearl,  (B6) 

.     123 

200 

Pebble,  (G7) 

.     100 

100 

Peck,(B3) 

.      235 

200 

Perrv,  (G7) 

.      100 

500 

Picabo,(D6) 

.     130 

1,924 

Pierce,  (C3) 

.     220 

100 

Pioneerville,  (C6). 

.     100 

100 

Placerville,(C6),. 

187 

3,670 

Piano,  (G6) 

.     180 

Pocatello,(F7).... 

.9.110 

1,411 

PollocC  (B4) 

.  •  100 

100 

Ponderav.  (Bl)... 

.     100 

1,667 

Postfalls,  (B2).... 

.     658 

100 

Pollatrh.  (nS) 

.  1.500 

500 

Preston.  (G  "  .... 

.2,110 

100 

Priest  River,  (Bl). 

.     248 

4,205 

Princeton,  (B3)... 

.     200 

ILLINOIS 


Abingdon,  (D4). . . .  J,464 

Adair,  (C5) 300 

Adams,  (B6) 250 

Addieville,(E9)....  269 

Addison,  (H2) 579 

Adeline,(Fl) 155 

Akin,(G10) 200 

Albany,(D2) 618 

Albion,  (H9) 1,281 

Alden,(Gl) 200 

Alcdo,(C3) 2,144 

Alexander,  (D6)...  200 

Alexis,  (C3) 829 

Algonquin,  (HI) 642 

Alhambra,  (E8)...  433 

Allendale,  (J 8) 350 

Allentown,(F4)....  100 

Allenville,(H6)....  245 

Allerton.  (J6) 364 

Alnia,(G8) 380 

Alpha.  (D3) 358 

Alacy.(D6^ 150 


Altamont,(G7)....  1,328 

Alton,  (D8) 17,528 

Altona,  (D3) 528 

Alto  Pass,  (FIO)...     551 

Alvin,(J5) 319 

Amboy,  (F2) 1,749 

Ambrose,  (C5) 100 

Anchor,  (04) 250 

Ancomi,(G3) 150 

Andalusia,  (C3)....     299 

Andover,  (D3) 222 

Anna,  (FU) 2,809 

Annapolis,  (T7)....     200 

Annawan.  (E3) 398 

Antioch,  (HI)    ....     682 
Apple  River,  (Dl).     581 

Appleton,  (D4) 150 

Areola,  (H6) 2,100 

Arenzville,  (D6)...     518 

Argenta,  (06) 519 

Argo,(J2) 100 

Argyie,(ai) 150 


Arlington, (F3)....  3?0 
Arlington  Heights, 

(HI) 1.943 

Armington,  (F5). . .  327 
Armstrong,  (JS)...  300 
Arrowsmitb,  (G5).     366 

Arthur,  (H6) 1.080 

Ashkum,(H4) 416 

Ashland,  (D6) 1,095 

Ashley,  (F9) 913 

Ashmore,  (H6) 511 

Ashton,(F2) 779 

A.ssumption,(F6)..  1,918 

Astoria,  (D5) 1.357 

Athens.  (E6) 1,340 

Athensville,  (D7)..  200 
Atkinson,  (D3)....     805 

Atlanta,  (F5) 1,367 

Atterbcrry,  (E5)...     100 

Atwater,  (E7) 130 

Atwood,  (H6) 659 

Auburn,  (E6) 1,814 


Augusta,  (C5)....'.  1,14« 

Aurora,  (H2) 29,807 

Ava,(F10) 780 

Avena,  (G8) 130 

Averyville,  (E4)...  2,568 

Aviston,  (E8) 397 

Avon,(D4) 865 

Baden  Baden,  (E8)     200 

Bader,  (D5) 120 

BaileyvUle,  (El)...     400 

Baker.(G2) ISO 

Balcom.(Fll) 100 

Baldwin.  (E9) 358 

Banner,  (E4) Ill 

Barclay,  (E6) 252 

Bardolph.(C4)....     188 

Bamett,  (E7) ISO 

Barrington,  (HI)..  1.444 

Barrow.(D6) 1.0 

Barry.  (B6) 1,647 

Barstow,  (D2) 100 

Bartelso,  (FS) 344 


Bartlett,  (HI) 408 

Bartonvillc,(E4)...  1,200 

Basco,(B5) 255 

Batavia,  (H2) 4,436 

Batchtown,  (C7)...     300 

Bates,  (E6) 100 

Bath,(D5) 475 

Baylis,(C6) 385 

Beardstown,  (DS).  6,107 

Beason,  (FS) 300 

Beavercreek,  (F8).  ISO 
Beaverville,  (J4). . .  401 
Beckemever.  (F8)..     764 

Bcecher,(T3) 543 

Beecher  Citv,  (G7).     355 

BeIgium,(TS) 433 

Belknap,  (Gil)... .     404 

Bellair,  (J7) 100 

Belle  Prairie.  (09).  87 
Belle  Rive,  (G9). . .     312 

Belleview,  (C7) 100 

Belleville,  (E8)...  21.122 


Benewood.(r2)....     943 
Bellflower.  (G5)...     394 

Bellmont,  (J9) 550 

Bclvidere,  (Gl) 7,253 

Bemcnt,  (G6) 1,530 

Benbow  City,  C~$)     205 

Benld,(E7) 1,^.2 

Bensenville,  (J2)...     443 

Benson,  (F4) 362 

Bentlcy,  (BS) 89 

Benton,  (GIO) 2,675 

Berdan,  (D7) 100 

Beriin,  (E6) 251 

Bernadotte,  (DS)..     200 

Bcrnice,  (T2) 150 

Berwick,  (C4) 150 

Berwyn,(T2) 5,841 

Bethalto,  (D8) 447 

Bethamy,  (06) 859 

Beveriv,  (C6) 100 

Bible  Grove,  (H8).     200 
Bigi[svilIe,(C4)....     400 


Prospect,  (G6) 200 

Quartzburg,(C5)..  100 
Rathdrum,  (A2),..  725 
Raymond,  (H7)....     150 

Reno,(F5) 200 

Rexburg,(06) 1,893 

Reynolds,  (B6) 100 

Richfield.  (D6) 158 

Rigbv,(G6) 555 

Roberts.  (F6) 192 

Robin,  (F7) 250 

Rockcreek,  (D7)...  I<i0 
Rockybar,  (C6)....     200 

Roosevelt,  (CS) 110 

Rosebcrrv,  (CS)....  120 
Roseworth,  (D7)...     100 

Rossfork,  (F6) 1,400 

Rudy,  (06) 200 

Rupert,  (E7) 297 

Saint   Anthony, 

(GS) 1,238 

Saint  Charies.  (G7)     500 

Saint  Joe,  (B2) 540 

Saint  Maries,  (B2).     869 

Salmon,  (E4) 1.434 

S.alubria,  (BS) 300 

Samaria,  (F7) 356 

Sandpoint,(Bl)....  2,993 

Santa,  (B2) 100 

Shelley.  (F6) 537 

Shoshone,  (D7) 1,155 

Silver  Cilv,  (B6)...  1,300 
Soda  Springs,  (G7)     501 

Soldier,  (D6) 266 

South  Boise,  (B5)..  885 
Southwick,   (B3)..     300 

Spencer,  (FS) 150 

Spirit  Lake,  (B2).. .  907 
Springston,  (B2). . .     150 


Big  Rock,  (G2)....  250 

Bingham,  (F7) 191 

Birds,  (J8) 382 

Birkner,  (D8) 400 

Bishop  Hill,  (to3)..  289 

Bismarck,  (JS)....  200 

Blackstone,  (03)..  250 

Blair,  (E9) 100 

Blandinsville.  (C4).  987 

Bloomfield,  (OH).  100 

Bloomingdale,  (H2)  452 
Bloomington,  (FS)  25,768 
Blue  Island,  (J2)..  8,043 

Blue  Mound,  (F5).  ;0O 

Bluffs,  (C6) 756 

Bluffsprings,  (Cj).  220 

Bluford,  (G9) 150 

Bolton.  (GIO) 485 

Bondville,  (H5)....  250 

Bone  Gap,  (H9). . .  517 

Bonfield,  (H3) I«2 

Bonnie,  (G9)i 150 


Uvalda,  (G5) SCO 

Valambrosa,  (FS). .  lOO 
Valdosta,    (F9).... 7,656 

Van  Wert,  (B3) 189 

Varnells  Sta.,  (CD.  100 

Vidalia,    (H6) 1,776 

Vidette,   (H4) 75 

Vienna,  (E6) 1,564 

VilUinow,   (Bl) 100 

Villa  Rica.  (C3)....  855 

Vinings.   (D3) 250 

Waco.  (B3) 326 

Wadley,  (HS) 872 

Walden,   (ES) 140 

Waleska.  (C2) 243 

Walnutgrove,    (E3)  112 

Walter,  (H4) 100 

Walthourville,    (J7)  100 

Waresboro,  (G8) ...  149 

Waring,  (F3) 100 

Warm  Springs,  (C5)  100 
Warrenton,  (G4) . . .  1,368 

Warthen,   (G4)....  151 

Warwick,  (E7) 226 

Washington,  (03).  .3,065 

Wassaw,  (K6) 543 

Watkinsville,     (F3)  483 

Waverly  Hall,  (C5)  300 
Waycross,  (H8)..  14.485 
Waynesl)oro,  (H4)  2,729 

Waynesville,  (J8)..  420 

Waynmanville,  (D5)  200 

Wayside,  (E4) 100 

Ways  Station,  (K7)  100 

West  Buford,  (D2)  250 

Weston,    (C7) 319 

West  Point,  (B5).  .1,906 

Whaley.   (G4) 100 

Whigham,    (D9)..  .  627 

White,  (C2) 150 

White  Hall,  (F3)...  230 

White  Plains,   (F4)  407 

Whitesburg,  (C4)..  315 
White     Sulphur 

Springs.  (CS). ...  SO 

Whitesville,   (CS)..  100 

Wilcox.  (07) 130 

Willacoochee,    (G8)  960 

Willett.  (C6) 100 

Williamson,   (D4)..  179 

Wilsonville.   (G8)..  100 

Winder.    (E3) 2,443 

Winokur,  (J8) 204 

Winston,  (C3) 168 

Winterville.    (F3)..  465 

Withers.  (09) 100 

Woodbine.  (J9).  ...  155 

Woodbury,  (C5)...  917 

Woodcliff,  (JSl...  100 

Woodland,  (CS)...  189 

Woodstock,  (D2)..  442 

Woodville,   (F3)...  250 

Woolsey.   (D4)....  150 

Wooster,  (C4) 100 

Worth,    (F7) 169 

Worthville,  (E4)...  150 

Wray,  (F7) 260 

Wrayswood,  (F3).  .  100 

Wrens,   (H4) 616 

Wrightsville,  (GS)  1,389 

Yatesville,  (DS)...  366 

Yorkville,  (C3)....  120 

Young  Harris,  (EI)  283 

Zaidee,  (H6) 200 

Zebulon,  (D4) 602 

Zeigler,  aS) 100 

Squirrel,  (G6) 200 

Star,(B6) 300 

Stites,  (B3) 300 

Sublett,  (E7) 130 

Sugar,  (G6) 391 

Sweet,  (B6) 150 

Tahoe,  (C3) 100 

Teton,  (06) 70O 

Thatcher,  (F7) lOO 

Thornton,  (G6) 400 

Thurman.  (C5) 100 

Tilden,(F6) 180 

Treasureton,  (07).  150 

Troy,  (B3) 543 

Twin  Falls,  (D7)...  5,258 

Twinsprings,  (C6).  100 

Tvson,  (B2) 100 

Ulysses,  (D4) 100 

Union,  (06) lOO 

Vanwyck,(BS) 279 

Victor,  (G6) 300 

Vollmer,  (B3) 332 

Wallace,  (C2) 3,00»- 

Wardner,  (B2) 1.359 

Warren,  (C4) 100 

Wavan,  (07) 120 

Weiser.  (AS) 2.500 

Wendell,  (D7) 482 

Westonj_(F7) 398 

Whitebifa,  (B4)....  SQO 

Whitney.  (G7) JSo 

Wilson, (B6) 100 

Winchester,  (B3).. .  500 

Winona,  (04) 100 

"'oodland,  (C3)....  150 

vVoodruff,  (F7) 100 

Woodville.  (F6) 140 

Yellowjacket,  (D5)  110 

Yuma,(F5) 150 

Boody,(F5) 280 

Borton,(J6) 150 

Boulder,  (F8) ISO 

Bourbon,  (H5) 200 

Bourbonais,  (J3)..     611 

Bowen,  (BS) 506 

Boyleston,  (H9) lOO 

Braceville,  (H3)...     971 

Bradford,  (E3) 770 

Bradley,  (13) 1,942 

Braidwood,  (H3)..  1,958 
Breckenridge,  (F6)     150 

Breeds,  (E4) 20O 

Breese,  (E8) 2.128 

Bremen,  (EtO)....  100 
Brereton,  (D4)....  600 
Bri.irbluff,  (D3)...  150 
Bridgeport,  (T8)...  2,70J 
Brighton.  (D7)....     595 

Brimfield.  (E4) 574 

Bristol,  (H2) 39* 

BroadUnds,  (H6). .    418 


INDEX  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES 


(ILLINOIS) 


349 


iroadwell,  (ES)...     246 

Broclon,(J6) 558 

Brooklield,  (J2)...  2,186 
Brooklyn,  (U3)  ...  1,569 
Brooklyn,  (C5)....  300 
Brookixirt,  CGU)..  1,443 
BrookviUe,  (El)...  430 
Brookville,  (IS)...  398 
Broughton,  (GIO).  470 
Browning,  (D5)...     551 

Brown5,(H9) 419 

Brownstown,  (G8).     415 

Bruce,  (G6) 130 

Brussels,  (C8) 283 

Bryant,  (D5) 237 

Buckingham,  (H3).     272 

Buckley,  (H4) 495 

Buda,(E3) 887 

Buffalo,  (F6) 475 

Buncombe,  (Fll)..  150 
Bunker  Hill,  (E7)..  1,046 

Bureau,  (F3) 534 

Burksville,  (D9)...  187 
Burlington,  (Gl)...     282 

Burnhara,  (J2) 328 

Burnside,  (B4) 300 

Burnt  Prairie,  (H9)     350 

Burton,  (B6) 110 

Bush,  (FIO) 565 

Bushnell,  (C4) 2,619 

Bushton,  (H6) 130 

Butler,  (E7) 233 

Byron,  (Fl) 932 

Cabery,(H4) 321 

Cable,  (C3) 360 

Cadwell,  (G6) 100 

Cahokia,(D8) 300 

Cairo,  (Fll) 14,548 

Caledonia,  (Gl)...     290 

Calhoun,  (H8) 300 

Camargo,  (H6) 323 

Cambridge,  (D3)..  1,272 

Camden,  (C5) 190 

Cameron,  (C4) 310 

Campbell  Hill,  (ElO)  414 
Campgrove,  (E3)..  100 
Camp  Point,  (B5)..  1,148 

Campus,  (H3) 241 

Canton,  (D4) 10,453 

Cantrall,  (E6) 318 

Capron,  (Gl) 562 

Carbon  Cliff,  (D3).  366 
Carbondale,  (FIO).  5,411 
Carbon  Hill,  (H3).     820 

Cardiff,  (H3) 1,031 

Carlinville,  (E7)...  3,616 

Carlock,  (F4) 400 

Carlyle,  (F8) 1,982 

Carman,  (B4) 310 

Carmi,(H9) 2,833 

Carpenter,  (E8)...  200 
Carpentersville, 

(HI) 1,128 

Carriers  Mills,(G10)l, 558 
Carrollton,  (D7)...  2,323 
Carterville,  (FIO)..  2,971 

Carthage,  (B5) 2,373 

Cary  Station,  (HI).     679 

Ca5ey,(J7) 2,157 

Caseyville,  (E8)...     613 

Casner,  (G6) 100 

Castleton,  (E3) 200 

Catlm,(J5) 952 

Cave  in  Rock,  (HU)   306 

Cayuga,  (G4) 220 

Cedar  Point,  (F3). .  545 
Cedarville,  (El)...  311 
Centerville  Station, 

(D8) 310 

Central  City,  (H3)  287 
Central  City,  (F8).  1,179 

Centralia,  (F8) 9,680 

Cerro  Gordo,  (G6).  876 
Chadwick,  (El)...  527 
Chambcrsburg,  (C6)  310 
Champaign,  (H5).  12,421 

Ghana,  (F2) 320 

Chandlerville,  (D5)  884 
Channahon,  (H3)..     208 

Chapin,;D6) 552 

Charleston,  (H7)..  5,884 

Chatham,  (E6) 666 

Chatsworth,  (H4). .  1,112 

Chauncey,  (J8) 100 

Chebanse,  (J4) 590 

Chemung,  (Gl)....  500 
Cheneyville,  (J5)..      120 

Chenoa,  (G4) 1,314 

Cherry,  (F3) 1,048 

Cherry  Point,  (T6).  170 
Cherry  Valley,  (Gl)     433 

Chester,  (ElO) 2,747 

Chesterfield,  (D7).  364 
Chesterville,  (H6)..     100 

Chestnut,  (FS) 300 

Chicago,  (J2).. 2, 185,283 
Chicago  Heights, 

(J2) 14,525 

Chicago  Ridge,  (J2)     100 

Chili,  (B5) 100 

Chillicothe,  (F4). . .  1,851 

Choat,(Gll) 120 

Chrisman,  (J6) 1,193 

Christopher,  (FIO).  1,825 

Cicero,  (J2) 14,557 

Cisco,  (G5) 379 

Cisne,  (H8) 373 

CissnaPark,  (T4)..  652 
Claremont.  (H8)...     186 

Clarence,  (J5) 260 

Clarke  City,  (H3)..  230 
Clarksdale,  (F7)...  200 
Clay  City,  (H8)....     837 

Clayton,  (C5) 940 

Claytonville,  (J4)..  220 
Cleveland,  (D2)...     150 

aifford,(F10) 330 

Clifton,  (T4) 634 

Clinton,  (G5) 5,165 

Cloverdale,  (H2)...      100 

Clyde,(I2) 1.000 

Coal  City,  (H3)....  2,667 
Coal  Valley,  (D3)..  190 
Coatsburg,  (BS)...     262 

Cobden,  (FIO) 988 

Coffeen,  (F7) 980 

Colchester.  (C5)...  1,445 

ColeU,  (E2) 300 

eolf»x,(G4) 965 


CoUinsville,  (E8)..  7,478 

Collison,  (J5) 250 

Colona,  (D3) 217 

Columbia,  (D9)...  2,076 
Columbus,  (B5)...      134 

Colusa,  (B4) 200 

Como,  (E2) 200 

Compton,  (F2)....     387 

Concord,  (D6) 160 

Congerville,  (F4)..  150 
Congress  Park,  (J2)  300 
Cooks  MUls,  (H6).  180 
Cooksville,(G4)...  332 
Cooperstown,  (C6).     200 

Cora,  (ElO) 100 

Cordova,  (D2) 324 

Corinth,  (GIO) 100 

Cornell,(G3) 536 

Cornland,  (F6) 150 

Cortland,  (G2)....  207 
Cottonwood,  (HIO)  180 
Coulterville,  (E9)..     949 

Cowden,(G7) 711 

Crab  Orchard,  (GIO)  200 

Craig,  (F9) 250 

Crainville,  (FIO)...  446 
Creal Springs,  (GIO)  936 
Crescent  City,  (J4).     341 

Creston,  (G2) 323 

Crete,  (J3) 840 

Crockettsville,  (F3)     100 

Cropsey,  (G4) 250 

Crossville,  (H9)....     574 

Crotty,  (G3) 1,005 

Cruger.  (F4) 100 

Crystal  Lake,  (HI)  1,242 

Cuba,  (D4) 2,019 

CuIlom,(H4) 579 

Curran,(E6) 130 

Custer,  (F6) 110 

Custer  Park,  (H3).     100 

Culler,  (E9) 324 

Cypress,(Fll) 311 

Dahinda,  (D4) 150 

Dahlgren,  (G9) 654 

Dakota,  (Fl) 227 

Dallas  City,  (B4)..  1,288 
DaltonCity,  (G6)..     400 

Dalzell,  (F3) 949 

Damiansville,  (E8).     120 

Dana,  (G4) 254 

Danforth,  (H4) 410 

Danvers,  (F4) 593 

Danville,  (J5) 27,871 

Darmstadt,  (E9)...     510 

Darwin.  (J7) 280 

Davis,  (Fl) 352 

Davis  Junction,  (Fl)  250 

Dawson,  (F6) 620 

Dayton.(G3) 300 

Decatur,  (G6) 31,140 

Deer  Creek,  (F4).:     332 

Deerfield,  (Jl) 476 

Deer  Grove,  (E2)..     100 

DeKalb,  (G2) 8,102 

Delafield.  (G9) 150 

DeLand,  (G5) 503 

Delavan,(E5) 1,175 

Delhi,  (D7) 130 

DeLong,  (D4) 300 

Dennison,  (J7) 180 

Denver,  (B5) 200 

Depue,(F3) 1,339 

DeSoto,(F10) 644 

DesPlaines,  (Jl)..  2,348 

Detroit,  (C6) 127 

Dewey,(HS) 150 

Dewitt,  (G5) 220 

Dewmaine,  (FIO)..     900 

Diamond,(H3) 255 

Dieterich,  (H7) 493 

Dillon,  (E5) 150 

Diona,  ;H7) 100 

Disco,(C4) 150 

Divernon,  (E6) 1,519 

Dii,  (G9) 200 

Dixon,  (E2) 7,216 

Dolton,  (J2) 1.869 

Dongola,  (Fll) 702 

Donnellson,  (F7)..     405 

Donovan,(J4) 346 

Dorans,  (H6) 400 

Dorchester,  (E7)...  102 
Dorrisville,  (GIO)..  1,184 

Douglas,  (D4) 110 

Dover,  (F3) 181 

Dow,  (D7) 250 

Downers  Grove, 

(J2) 2,601 

Downs,  (GS) 300 

Drexel,  (J2) 100 

Dubois,  (F9) 351 

Dudley,  (J6) 180 

Duncan,  (E4) 110 

Duncans  Mills,  (D5)    150 

Dundas,  (H8) 230 

Dundee,  (HI) 4,100 

Dunfermline,  (E5).     500 

Dunlap.  (E4) 160 

Dupo,  (D8) 433 

Duquoin,  (F9) 5,454 

Durand,(Fl) 527 

Dwight,  (H3) 2,156 

Earlville,  (G2) 1,059 

East  Alton.  (D8)...  584 
East  Brooklyn, 

(H3) 446 

East  Carondelet, 

(D8) 212 

East  Dubuquc,(Cl)  1,253 
East  Dundee.  (HI)  1,405 
East  Galesburg, 

(D4) 753 

East  Grove,  (H2)..  110 
East  Lynn,  (J5)....  360 
East  Moline,  (D2).  2,665 

Easton,  (E5) 407 

East  Peoria,  (E4)..  1,493 
EastSl.Louis,(D8)58,547 
East  Wenona, 

(F3) 367 

East  Wood  River, 

(D8) 400 

Eaton,  (J7) 350 

Eddyville,  (GIO)...     145 

Edelstein,  (E4) 130 

Edgar,(J6) 200 

Edgewood,  (G8)...  419 
Edinburg,(F6)  ....     918 


Edison,  (Jl) 543 

Edwards,  (E4) 210 

Edwardsvllle,(E8).  5,014 
Ettingham,  (G7)...  3,898 

Eileen,  (H3) 677 

Ela,  (HI) 100 

Elburn,  (G2) 613 

Elco,  (Fll) 200 

ElDara,(C6) 195 

Eldena,  (F2) 130 

Eldorado,  (HIO). ..3,366 

Eldred,  (C7) 241 

Eleroy,  (El) 100 

Elgin,  (HI) 25,976 

Elizabeth,(Dl)....  703 
Elizabethtown,  (HI  1)633 

Elkhart,  (FS) 418 

Elkville,  (FIO) 732 

Elliott,(H5) 371 

Elliottstown,  (H8).  100 
Ellisgrove,(E9)....     252 

Ellisville,  (D4) 218 

Ellsworth,  (G5)....  220 
Elmhurst,  (J2)....  2,360 

Elmore,(E4) 190 

Elmwood,(E4) 1,390 

El  Paso,  (F4) 1,470 

EIsah,(D8) 267 

Elvaston,  (B5) 250 

Elwood,(H3) 211 

Emden,(F5) 411 

Emington,  (H4)...     190 

Emma,  (HIO) 180 

Enfield,  (H9) 927 

Enterprise,  (H8)...  150 
Equality,  (HIO)....  1,180 

Erie,(D2) 804 

Esmond,  (Gl) 250 

Essex,  (H3) 342 

Etna,(H7) 100 

Eureka,  (F4) 1,525 

Evanston,  (Jl)...  24,978 
Evansville,  (E9)...     562 

Evarts(Fl) 100 

Everett,  (Jl) 160 

Evergreen  Park,  (J2)  424 

Ewing,  (G9) 317 

Exeter,  (D6) 201 

Fairbury,  (G4) 2,505 

Fairdale,(Gl) 250 

Fairfield,  (H9) 2,479 

Fairland,  (H6) 250 

Fairmount,  (J5)...     847 

Fairview,  (J2) 150 

Fairview,  (D4) 482 

Fairview  Landing. 

(Hll) 200 

Fair  Weather,  (C6)     200 

Fancher,(G7) 215 

Fancy  Prairie,  (E5)     100 

Fandon,  (CS) 130 

Farina,  (G8) 774 

Farmer  City,  (GS).  1,603 
Farmersville,  (E7).  533 
Farmington,  (E4). .  2,421 

Fayette,  (D7) 180 

Fayetteville,  (E9)..     228 

Fayville,  (Fll) 140 

Fenton,  (D2) 200 

Ferris,  (B5) 299 

Fiatt,  (D4) 250 

Fidelity,  (D7) 211 

Fieldon,(C7) 227 

Fillmore,  (F7) 499 

Findlay,  (G6) 827 

Fisher,(H5) 850 

Fishhook,  (C6) 130 

Fithian,  (J5) 386 

Flanagan,  (G4) 590 

Flat  Rock,  (J8) 840 

Flora,  (G8) 2,704 

Floraville,  (D9)....     300 

Florence,  (C6) ISO 

Florence  Sta,  (El)..     100 

Florid,  (F3) 100 

FoosLand,  (H5) 300 

Fordville,  (FIO)...     385 

Fordyce,  (FIO) 392 

Forest  City,  (E5)..  306 
Forest  Park,  (J2)..  6,594 

Forrest,  (H4) 967 

Forreston,  (El) 870 

Forsyth,  (F6) 200 

Fort  Sheridan,  (Jl)  1,800 
Fosterburg,  (D8)..  90 
Fountain  Green, 

(CS) 250 

Fowler,  (BS) 210 

Fox  Lake,  (HI)....  400 
Frankfort,  (J3)....     273 

Franklin,  (D6) 696 

Franklin  Grove,  (F2)  572 
Franklin  Park,  (J2)  683 
Frederick,  (D5)....     300 

Freeburg,  (E9) 1,397 

Freedom,  (G3) 100 

Freeport.  (El)....  17,567 
French  ViIlage,(D8)  1,000 
Friendsville,  (J9)..  380 
Fullersburg,  (Jl)..     500 

Fulton,  (D2) 2,174 

Galatia,  (GIO) 745 

Gale,  (Fll) 200 

Galena,  (Dl) 4,835 

Galesburg,  (D4)..  22,089 
Galesville,  (G5)...     100 

Galt,(E2) 100 

Galva,(D3) 2,498 

Garden  Priirie,(Gl)  200 
Gardner,  (H3 )..-...     946 

Garrett.  (H6) 290 

Garv,  (J2) 200 

Gaskins  City,  (GIO)  685 

Gays,  (G7) 322 

Gene5eo,(D3) 3,199 

Geneva,  (H2) 2.451 

Genoa,  (Gl) 1.257 

Georgetown,  ( J6) . .  2,307 
Germantown,  (E8)  711 
German  Valley.  (Fl)  144 
Gibson  City,  (HS).  2,086 

Gifford,  (HS) 650 

Gilberts,  (HI) 268 

Gilchrist,  (C3) 150 

Gillespie,  (E7) 2,241 

Gilman,  (J4) 1.305 

Gilson.  (D4) 200 

Girard.  (E7) 1,891 

Gladstone,  (34)...     385 


Glasford,  (E4) 625 

Glasgow,  (D6) 215 

Glcnarm,  (E6) 200 

Glen  Carbon,  (E8).  1,220 

Glencoe,  (Jl) 1,899 

Glenellyn,  (H2)....  1,763 

Glenview,  (Jl) 652 

Glenwood,  (J2) 581 

Godfrey,  (D8) 63 

Godley,  (H3) 194 

Golconda,  (HU)..  1,088 

Golden,  (BS) 579 

Golden  Eagle,  (C8)  ISO 
Goldengate,  (H9)..     311 

Golf,(Jl) 500 

Goodenow,  (J3)...  200 
Goodfield,  (F4)....  100 
Good  Hope,  (C4)..     361 

Goodwine,  (J4) 100 

Goreville,  (GIO)...     554 

Gossett,  (HIO) 130 

Grafton,  (D8) 1,116 

Grand  Chain,  (GU)  580 
Grand  Detour,  (F2)  300 
Grand  Ridge,  (G3)  403 
Grand  Tower,(E10)  873 
Grandview,  (J6)...  210 
Granite  City,  (D8).  9,903 
Grantfork,  (E8)...  100 
Grantpark,  (J3)...  692 
Grantsburg,  (Gil).  300 
Grant  Works,  (J2).     500 

Granville,  (F3) 1,391 

Grape  Creek,  (J5).  740 
Graymont,  (G4)...  120 
Grayslake,  (HI)...  603 
Grayson,  (HIO)....     200 

Grayville,  (H9) 1,940 

Greenbush,  (C4)...  140 
Greenfield,  (D7)...  1,161 
Green  River,  (D3).     110 

Greenup,  (H7) 1,224 

Green  Valley,  (E5).  400 
Greenview,  (E5). . .  921 
Greenville,  (F8)...  3,178 
Greenwood,  (HI)..     100 

Gridley,  (G4) 750 

Griggsville,  (C6)...  1,262 

Grossdale,  (J2) 1,300 

Gross  Point,  (Jl)..  1,008 
Grove  City  (F6)...  170 
Groveland,  (F4)...     200 

Gurnee,  (Jl) 150 

Hagaman,  (D7)....  100 
Hagarstown,  (F8)..  140 
Hainesville,  (HI)..       66 

Haldane,  (El) 150 

Half  Day,  (Jl) 180 

Hallidayboro,  (FIO)  250 
Hallsville,  (FS)....  100 
Hamburg,  (C7)....     335 

Hamilton,  (B5) 1,627 

Hamlet,(C3) 100 

Hamletsburg,  (Gil)  215 
Hammond,  (G6)...  492 
Hampshire,  (Gl)..     697 

Hampton,  (D2) 348 

Hanaford,  (GIO)..  100 
HannaCity,  (E4)..     450 

Hanover,(Dl) 650 

Hardin,  (C7) 654 

Harmon,  (E2) 162 

Harmony,  (Gl) 100 

Harrisburg,  (GIO).  5,309 

Harrison,  (Fl) 100 

Harrisonville,  (D9)  130 
Harristown,  (F6)..  200 
Hartsburg,  (FS)...     350 

Harvard,  (Gl) 3,008 

Harvel,  (E7) 396 

Harvey,  (J2) 7,227 

Havana,  (D5) 3,525 

Hazel  Crest,  (J2)..  400 
Hazel  Dell,  (H7)...     200 

Hebron,  (HI) 644 

Hecker,  (E9) 187 

Henderson,  (D3)..     171 

Hennepin,  (F3) 451 

Henning,  (J5) 364 

Henry,  (F3) 1,687 

Henton,(G7) 150 

Herbert,  (Gl) 100 

Hermon,  (D4) 100 

Herrick,  (G7) 618 

Herrin,  (FIO) 6,861 

Herscher,  (H3) 461 

Hersman,  (C6) 150 

Hettick,  (D7) 306 

Heyworth,  (GS)...     681 

Hidalgo,  (H7) 190 

Highland,  (E8) 2,675 

Highland  Park, 

(Jl) 4,209 

Highwood,  (Jl)....  1,219 

Hildreth,  (J6) 100 

Hillerman,  (GU)..      500 

Hillery(J5) 351 

Hillsboro,  (F7)....  3,424 

Hillsdale,  (D2) 250 

Hillside,  (J2) 328 

Hillview,  (C7) 309 

Hinckley,  (G2) 661 

Hindsboro,  (H6)...     498 

Hinsdale,  (J2) 2,451 

Hodgkins,  (T2) 480 

Holcomb,   (Fl) 140 

Holder,  (GS) 130 

Hollowayville,  (F3)  196 
Hollywood,  (J2)...     100 

Homer,(J5) 1,086 

Homewood,  (J2). . .  713 
Honey  Bend,  (E7).  150 
Hoopeston,  (J5)...  4,698 

Hooppole,  (E2) 130 

Hopedale,  (FS) 586 

Horace,  (J6) 100 

Hornsby,  (E7) 190 

Houston,  (E9) ISO 

Hoyleton,  (F9) 451 

Hubbard  Woods,(Jl)  300 

Hudson,  (F4) 375 

Huey,  (F8) 205 

Hull,  (B6) 541 

Humboldt,  (H6)...     356 

Hume,  (J6) 572 

Humrick,  (J6) 200 

Hunt,(H7) 235 

Huntley,  (HI) 773 

Huntsvflle,  (C5)...     120 


Hurst,  (FIO) 345 

Hutsonville,  (J7)..  722 
Illinois  City,  (C3)..     130 

llliopolis,  (F6) 849 

Ina,  (G9) 484 

Indianola,  (J6) 365 

Industry,  (CS) 580 

Ingleside,  (HI) 100 

Ingraham,  (H8)...     200 

lola,  (G8) 380 

Ipava,  (DS) 652 

Iroquois,  (J4) 286 

Irving,  (F7) 678 

Irvington,  (F9) 223 

Irwin,(J3) 200 

Isabel,  (J6) 230 

Itasca,(H2) 333 

luka,  (G8) 364 

Ivesdale,  (H6) 429 

Ivy  Landing,  (D9).  100 
JacksonvUle,  (D6)  15,326 

Jamaica,  (J 6) ISO 

Jamestown,  (E8)..  ISO 
Janesville,  (H7)....  300 
Jeffersonville,  (H9)  237 
Jerseyville,(D7)...  4,113 

Iewett,  (H7) 366 
ohannisburg,  (E9)  150 
ohnsburg,  (HI)...  500 
ohnsonville,  (G8).  225 
ohnston  City, 
(GIO) 3,248 

ioliet,  (H2) 34,670 
onesboro,  (Fll)..  1,169 
oppa,  (GU) 734 
oy,  (C3) 516 
unction,  (HIO)...  300 
:ampsville,  (C7)..     506 

Kane,  (D7) 521 

Kaneville,(G2)....     150 

Kangley,  (G3) 380 

Kankakee,  (J3)...  13,986 

Kansas,(J6) 945 

Kappa,  (F4) 142 

KarbersRidge,(H10)300 

Karnak,  (Fll) 250 

Kasbeer,  (E2) 200 

Kaskaskia,  (ElO)..     142 

Keenes,  (G9) 220 

Keensburg,  (J9)...  405 
Keithsburg,  (C3)..  1,515 

Kell,(G9) 250 

Kemper,  (D7) 100 

Kempton,  (H4)....  269 
Kenilworth,  (Jl)...     881 

Kenney,(FS) 570 

Kent,(El) 150 

Kewanee,(E3) 9,307 

Keycsport,  (F8)  ...     670 

Kickapoo,  (E4) 270 

Kilbourne,  (DS)...  424 
Kinderhook,(B6)..     371 

Kings,  (F2) 150 

Kingston,(Gl) 294 

Kingston  Mines, 

(E4) 492 

Kinmundy,  (G8)..     997 

Kinsman,  (G3) 219 

Kirkland,  (Gl) 685 

Kirksville,  (G6)...  250 
Kirkwood,  (C4)...  926 
Knoxville,  (D4)....  1,818 

Kolze,  (J2) 500 

Kramm,  (E4) 130 

LaClede,  (G8) 200 

Lacon,(F3) 1,495 

Ladd,  (F3) 1,910 

La  Fayette,  (D3)..     287 

Lafox,  (H2) 110 

Lagrange,  (J2) 5,282 

Lagrange  Park, 

(J2) 1,131 

LaHarpe,  (C4)....  1,349 
Lake  Bluff,  (Jl)...  726 
Lake  City,  ((16)...  200 
Lake  Forest.  (J  1)..  3,349 

Lakefork,  (F6) ISO 

Lake  Villa,  (HI)...  342 
Lake  Zurich,  (HI).     304 

Lambert,  (J2) 230 

Lamoille,  (F2) 555 

Lanark,  (El) 1,175 

Lancaster,  (J8) 200 

Lane,  (GS) 200 

Lansing,  (J2) 1,060 

La  Place,  (G6) 300 

La  Prairie,  (CS)...     187 

La  Rose,  (F4) 415 

La  Salle,  (F3)....  11,537 

Latham,  (F6) 438 

Laura,  (E4) 110 

Lawndale,  (FS)....  200 
Lawn  Ridg:e,  (E3).  150 
Lawrenceville,  (J8)  3,235 
Leaf  River,  (Fl)...     469 

Lebanon,  (E8) 1,907 

Ledford,  (GIO)  ...     599 

Lee,  (G2) 303 

Lee  Center,  (F2)...     310 

Leland,  (G2) 545 

Lemont,  (J2) 2,284 

Lena,  (El) 1,168 

Lenz,(E8) 200 

Lcnzburg,  (E9) 463 

Leonore,  (G3) 203 

L'Erable,  (J4)....     145 

Lcrna,  (H7) 391 

LeRoy,  (GS) 1,702 

Lewistown,  (D5)...  2,312 
Lexington,  (G4)...  1,318 

Liberty,  (B6) 500 

Libertyville,  (HI)..  1,724 
Lickcreek,  (FIO)...     100 

Lilylake,  (H2) 100 

Lima,(B5) 797 

Lincoln,  (FS) 10,892 

Lindenwood,  (Fl).     300 

Lisbon,  (G3) 197 

Lisle,  (H2) 100 

Litchfield,  (E7)...  5,971 
Literberrv,  (D6)...     150 

Littleton,  (CS) 300 

Little  York,  (C3). .  358 
Liverpool,  (DS)....  150 
Livingston,  (E8). . .  1,092 

Loami,(E6) 530 

Lockport,(H2)....  2,555 
Locust  Grove,  (GIO)  100 
Loda,(H4) 603 


Lodge.  (G5) 100 

Lomax,(B4) 150 

Lombard,  (H2)....  883 
Lombardville,  (E3)  170 
London  Mills,  (D4)  555 
Long  Point,  (G3)..  239 
Long  Prairie,  (G9).  130 
Longview,  (HO)...  257 
Loogootee,(G8)...     140 

Loraine,  (BS) 417 

Lostant,  (F3) 458 

Louisville,  (H8)...     670 

Lovejov,  (D8) 1,500 

Lovington,  (G6)...  1,011 

Lowder,  (E6) 150 

Lowpoint,  (F4) 150 

Loxa,(H6) 130 

Ludlow,  (H5) 305 

Lyndon,  (E2) 390 

Lynn  Center,  (D3).     100 

Lynnville,  (D6) 94 

Lyons,  (J2) 1,483 

McClure,  (Fll)....  300 
McConnell,  (El)..  250 
McDowell,  (G4). . .  130 
McHenry,  (HI)....  1,031 

McKeen,(J7) 100 

McLean,  (FS) 707 

McLeansboro,  (G9)  1,796 

McNabb,  (F3) 150 

Macedonia,  (G9)..  285 
Mackinaw,  (F4)...  '725 
Macomb,  (C5)....  5,774 

Macon,  (F6) 683 

Madison,  (D8) 5,046 

Maeystown,  (D9)..     284 

Magnolia,  (F3) 368 

Mahomet,  (H5)....  565 
Makanda,(F10)...     400 

Maiden,  (F3) 255 

Malta,  (G2) 450 

Manchester,  (D6)..  480 
Manhattan,  (J3)...     443 

Manheim,  (J2) 150 

Manito,  (E5) 696 

Manlius,  (E3) 218 

Mansfield,  (GS)...     681 

Manteno,  (J3) 1,229 

Maple  Park,  (G2).     389 

Mapleton,  (E4) 170 

Maquon,(D4) 472 

Marblehead,  (B6).  ISO 
Marcelline,  (BS). . .     140 

Marengo,  (Gl) 1,936 

Marietta,  (D4) 329 

Marine,  (ES) 685 

Marion,  (GIO) 7,093 

Marissa,  (E9) 2,004 

Mark.  (F3) 1,025 

Marley,  (J2) 100 

Maroa,  (GS) 1,160 

Marquette,  (F3)...  494 
Marseilles,  (G3)...  3,291 

Marshall,  (J7) 2,569 

Martinsville,  (J 7)..  1,500 

Martinton,  (J4) 312 

Marysville,  (T5)  ..     742 

Maryvillc,  (E8) 729 

Mascoutah,  (E9)..  2,081 

Mason,  (G8) 345 

Mason  City,  (E5)..  1,842 

Massac,  (Gil) 150 

Matteson,  (J2) 461 

Matloon,  (H7)...  11,456 

Maunie,  (H9) 512 

Maysville,  (C6)....     190 

Mayton,  (04) 100 

Maywood,(J2) 8,033 

Mazon,  (H3) 411 

Meadows,  (G4)....  180 
Mechanicsburg,  (F6)  417 

Media,  (C4) 226 

Medora,  (D7) 444 

Melrose,  (J7) 100 

Melrose  Park,  (J2).  4,806 

Melvin,(H4) 509 

Mendon,  (BS) 640 

Mcndota,  (F2) 3,806 

Meppen,(C8) ISO 

Meredosia,  (C6)...     951 

Merriam,  (H9) ISO 

Merrimac,  (D9)...     ISO 

Merrill,  (D6) 170 

Metamora,  (F4)...     694 

Metcalf,  (J6) 449 

Metropolis,  (GU).  4,655 

Meyer,  (B5) 180 

Middlegrove,  (D4).  200 
Middletown,  (ES).  751 
Midland  City,  (FS)     200 

Milan,  (C3) 727 

Miles  Station,  (D7)     100 

Milford,(J4) 1,316 

Millbrook,  (G2)...     ISO 

Millburn,  (HI) ISO 

Millcreek,(Fll)...  221 
Milledgeville,  (E2).  630 
Millersburg,  (E8)  .  417 
Millersburg,  (C3)..  310 
Millington,(G2)...  223 
Mill  Shoals,  (H9)..  700 
Millstadt,(D9)....  1,140 

Milmine,  (G6) 200 

Milton,  (C6) 330 

Mineral,  (E3) 349 

Minier,  (F5) 690 

Minonk,  (F4) 2,070 

Minooka,  (H3)....  361 
Mitchellsville,  (GIO)  200 
Moccasin,  (G7)....     150 

Mode,  (G7) 100 

Modesto,(E7) 298 

Modoc,  (D9) 190 

Mokena,  (J2) 359 

Moline,  (C2) 24,199 

Momence,  (J3) 2,201 

Monee,(J3) 411 

Monica,  (E4) 120 

Monmouth,  (C4)..  9,128 
Monroe  Center,  (Fl)  250 
Montgomery,  (H2).  371 
MonticeIlo,'(G5)...  1,981 
Montrose,  (H7)....  347 
Morgan  Park,  (J2).  3,694 

Moro,  (E8) 200 

Morris.  (H3) 4,563 

Morrison,  (D2) 2,410 

Morrisonville,  (F7)  1,126 
Morton,  (F4) 1,004 


Morton  Grove,  ( J 1 )  83  6 
Morton  Park,  (J2).  1,000 

Mossville,  (E4) 150 

Mound  City,  (Fll)  2,837 

Mounds,  (Fll) 1,686 

Mound  Station,(CS)  194 
Mount  Auburn,  (F6)  463 
Mount  Carmel,(J9)  6,934 
Mount  Carroll,(El)  1,759 
Mount  Erie,  (H8). .  299 
Mount  Greenwood, 

(J2) 276 

Mount  Morris,  (Fl)  1,132 
Mount  Olive,  (E7).  3,501 
Mount  Palatine.(F3)  100 
Mount  Pulaski,(F5)  1,511 
Mount  Sterling, 

(C6) 1,986 

Mount  Vernon, 

(G9) 8,007 

Mount  Zion,  (G6).  330 
Moweaqua,  (F6)...  1,513 

Mozier,  (C7) 300 

Mulberry  Grove, 

(F8) 716 

Mulkeytown,  (FIO)     250 

Muncie,  (JS) 251 

Murdock,  (H6) 350 

Murphysboro, 

(FIO) 7,485 

Murrayville,  (D6).     450 

Nachusa,  (F2) 180 

Nameoki,  (D8) 200 

Naperville,(H2)...  3,449 

Naples,  (C6) 457 

Nashville,  (F9) 2,135 

National  City,  (D8)  253 
National  Stock 

Yards,  (D8) 2,700 

Natrona,  (E5) 100 

Nauvoo,(B4) 1,020 

Nebo,  (C7) 520 

Nekoma,  (D3) 150 

Nelson,  (E2) 130 

Neoga,  (H7) 1,074 

Neponset,  (E3) 542 

Nevada,(G3) 150 

Newark,  (G2) 406 

New  Athens,  (E9).  1,131 
New  Baden,  (E8)..  1,372 
New  Bedford,  (E2)  250 
New  Berlin,  (E6)..  690 
New  Boston,  (C3).  718 
New  Burnside, 

(GIO) 369 

New  Canton,  (B6).  473 
New  Columbia, 

(GU) 160 

New  Douglas,  (E8)  499 
New  Grand  C^hain, 

(Fll) 490 

New  Hartford,  (C6)  200 
Newhaven,  (HIO)..  514 
New  Hebron,  (J8).  100 
New  Holland,  (ES)  387 
New  Lebanon,  (Gl)  100 
New  Lenox,  (J2)..  200 
New  Liberty,  (HI  1)     100 

Newman,  (J6) 1 ,264 

New  Memphis,  (E9)  243 
NewMilford,  (Fl).  200 
NewMindcn,  (F9).  245 
New  Philadelphia, 

(D4) 300 

New  Salem  (C6)...    260 

Newton,  (H8) 2,108 

New  Windsor,  (D3)     660 

Niantic,(F6) 685 

Niles,(Jl) 569 

NilesCenter,(Jl)..     568 

Nilwood,(E7) 401 

Niota,  (B4) 150 

Noble,  (H8) 618 

Nokomis,  (F7) 1,872 

Nora,  (El) 251 

Normal,  (G4) 4,024 

Norris,  (D4) 560 

Norris  City,  (HIO).  1,055 
North  Alton,  (D8).  1,200 
North  Aurora,  (H2)  352 
North  Chicago,  (J  1)3,306 
North  Chillicothe, 

(E4) 911 

North  Crystal  Lake, 

(HI) 689 

North  Henderson, 

(C3) 200 

North  Utica,(F3).     976 

Nunda,(Hl) 750 

Oakdale,  (F9) 150 

Oakford,(E5) 317 

Oak  Glen,  (J2) 260 

OakHill,(E4) 140 

Oakland,  (H6)....  1,159 

OakIawn,(J2) 287 

Oakley,  (G6) 81 

Oak  Park,  (J2)...  19,444 

Oakwood.  (IS) 423 

Oblong,  (J8) 1,482 

Oconee,  (F7) 293 

Odell,  (G3) 1,035 

Odin,(F8) 1,400 

O'Fallon,  (E8)....  2,018 

Ogden,(J5) 428 

Oglesby,  (F3) 3,600 

Ohio,  (F2) 527 

Ohlman,  (F7) 200 

Okawville,  (E9)...  579 
Old  Marissa.  (E9).  314 
OldRiplev,  (E8)...  146 
Olive  Branch,  (Fll)    150 

01iver,(J7) 100 

Olmsted,  (Fll) 288 

01ney,(H8) 5,011 

Omaha,  (HlO) 586 

On.arga.(T4) 1,273 

Oneco,(En 100 

Oneida,(D3) 589 

Ontarioville,  (HI).     150 

Opdyke,  (G9) 170 

Ophiem,  (D3) 100 

Oquawka.(C4)....  907 
Orangeville,  (El)..     370 

Oraville,  (FIO) 160 

Orchard  Place,  (J2)     150 

Orean.a,  (G6) 100 

Oregon,  (F2) 2,180 

Orion,  (D3) 655 

Orland,  (J2) 369 


03C0,(D3) 100 

Oskaloosa,  (G3)...     100 

Oswego,  (H2) 600 

Ottawa,  (G3) 9,535 

Otterville,  (D7) 179 

Owaneco,  (F7) 365 

Ozark,(G10) 110 

Palatine,  (HI) 1,144 

Palestine,  (J8) 1,399 

Palmer,  (F7) 401 

Palmyra,  (D7) 87J 

Paloma,(BS) 130 

PalosPark,  02)...     300 

Pana,(F7) 6,055 

Panama,  (F7) 708 

Panola,  (G4) lOg 

Papineau,  (J4)....     183 

Paris,  (J6) 7.664 

Parker  (GIO) 250 

Parkersburg,  (H8).  238 
Park  Ridge,  (Jl)...  2,009 

Parrish,  (GIO) 250 

Patoka,  (F8) 676 

Patterson,  (C7) 200 

Pawnee.  (E6) 1,399 

Pawpaw,  (G2) 709 

Paxton,  (HS) 2,91? 

Payson,  (B6) 467 

Pearl,(C7) 842 

Pearl  City,  (ED...  485 
Pecatonica,(Fl)...  1,022 

Pekin,  (E4) 9,897 

Penfield,  (JS) 300 

Peoria,  (E4) 66,950 

Peoria  Heights,  (E4)    582 

Peotone,(J3) 1,207 

Percy.  (E9) 1,033 

Perry,(C6) 649 

Peru.(F3) 7,984 

Pesotum,  (H6) 376 

Petersburg,  (ES)...  2,587 
Philadelphia,  (D6).  550 
Phillipstown,  (H9).     105 

Philo,  (H6) 562 

Phoenix,  (J  2) 679 

Piasa,  (D7) 100 

Pierron,  (E8) 150 

Pierson  Station,  (G6)  180 
Pinckneyville,  (F9)  2,722 
Pingree  Grove,  (HI)    135 

Pinkstaff,  (J8) 150 

Piper  City,  (H4)...     663 

Pistakee,  (HI) 500 

Pittsburg,  (GIO)...     227 

Pittsfield,  (C6) 2,095 

Pittwood,  (J4) 300 

Plainfield,  (H2)....  1,019 
Plainview,  (E7)....  150 
Plainville,  (B6)....     251 

Piano,  (G2) 1,627 

Plattville,  (H2)....  150 
PlcasantHill,(C7).  576 
Pleasant  Mound, 

(F8) 200 

Pleasant  Plains,  (E6)  625 
Pleasant  View,  (CS)  150 
Plumlield,  (GIO)..  200 
Plum  River,  (Dl)..  200 
Plymouth,  (CS)....  829 
Pocahontas,  (E8)..     749 

Polo,  (E2) 1,829 

Pomona,  (FIO)....     200 

Pontine,  (G4) 6,090 

Pontoosuc,  (B4)...  285 
Poplar  Grove,  (Gl)  297 
Port  Byron,  (D2)..  642 
Porterville,  (J7)....     200 

Portland,  (F3) 3,194 

Posen,  (J2) 343 

Potomac,  (JS) 800 

Pottstown,  (E4)...  300 
Prairie  Center,  (G3)  100 
Prairie  City,  (D4). .  719 
Prairie  du  Rocher, 

(D9) 511 

Prairietown,  (E8)..  150 
Preemption,  (C3)..     250 

Prentice,  (E6) 160 

Preston,  (E9) 110 

Princeton,  (F3) 4,131 

Princeville,  (E4)...  785 
Prophetstown,  (E2)  1,083 

Pulaski,  (Fll) 592 

Putnam,  (F3) 250 

Quincy,  (B6) 36,587 

Radom,  (F9) 310 

Raleigh,  (GIO) 238 

Ramsey,  (F7) 769 

Randall,  (D4) COO 

Rankin,  (J5) 858 

Ransom,  (G3) 370 

Rantoul,  (H5) 1,384 

Rapatee,  (D4) 200 

Rapids  City,  (D2).     143 

Rardin,  (H6) 250 

Raritan,  (C4) 93C 

Ravinia,  (Jl) 500 

Ray,(D5) 200 

Raymond,  (E7) 881 

Red  Bud,  (D9) 1,240 

Reddick,  (H3) 288 

Redmon,  (J6) 240 

Red  Oak,  (El) 110 

Reed  City,  (E4)....     130 

Reeves,  (FIO) 658 

Renault,  (D9) 241 

Reno,  (F8) 200 

Rentchler,  (E8)....     100 

Reynolds,  (C3) 367 

Richmond,  (HI)...     554 

Richview,  (F9) 366 

Ridge  Farm,  (J6)..  967 
Ridgefield,  (HI)...  200 
Ridge  Prairie,  (E8)  360 
Ridgway,  (HIO)...  1,054 

Ridott,  (Fl) 173 

Riggston,  (D6) 110 

Rinard,  (G8) 100 

Ringwood,(ifJl)...     300 

Rio,(D3) 300 

Ripley,  (C5) 234 

Ritchev,  (H3) 100 

Riverdale,  (J 2)  ...  917 
River  Forest,  (12)..  2,456 
River  Grove,  (J2)..  418 
Riverside,  (J2)....  1,702 

Riverton,  (E6) 1,911 

Riverview,(Jl) 312 

Roanoke,  (F4).  ...  1.311 


350 


(ILLINOIS—  INDIANA) 


INDEX  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES 


Roberts,  (H4) 466 

Robinson,  (J7) 3,863 

Rochellc,  (1''2) 2,732 

Kochcster,  lE6)....  444 
Rockbridge,  (D7)..  275 
Rock  City,  (Fl)....  122 
Rockdale,  (H2)  ...  1,101 
Rockefeller,  (HI)..  358 
RockFalls,(E2)...  2,657 
Rockford,(Fl)...  45,401 
Rock  Grove,  (El)..  180 
Rock  Island,  (C3)  24,335 

Rockport,  (C6) 300 

Rocklon,  (Fl) 841 

Rockwood,  (ElO)..     140 

Rollins,(Hl) 200 

Romd  (G9) 233 

Rome,  {F4) 200 

Romcoville,  (H2)..  98 
Roodhouse,  (D7)..  2,171 

Roscoe,(Gl) 500 

Rose  Hill,  (H7) 229 

Roselle,(Hl) 400 

Rosemond,  (F7)...     300 

Roseville,  (C4) 882 

Rosidare,  (Hll)...     609 

RossviUe,  (JS) 1,422 

Round  Grove,  (E2)  150 
Round  Lake,  (HI).  182 
Rovalton,  (FIO)...     357 

Rozetta,  (C4) 200 

Ruma.  (E9) 138 

Rushville,  (C5) 2,422 

Russellville,  (J8)...      257 

Rutland,  (F4) 754 

Sacramento,  (H9)..      150 

S.adorus,  (H6) 336 

Sailor  Springs,  (H8)  388 
Saint  Anne,  (J3)...  1,065 
Saint  Augustine, 

(D4) 187 

Saint  Charles,  (H2)  4,046 
Saint  David,  (D5).  915 
Saint  Elmo,  (G7)..  1,227 
Sainte  Marie,  (H8).  450 
Saint  Francisvtile, 

(J8) 1,391 


Saint  George,  (J3).  100 
Saint  Jacob,  (Eg)..  534 
Saintjohn,  (F9)...  370 
Saint  Joseph,  (H5).  681 
Saint  Libory,(E9).  328 
Saint  Peter,  (G8)..  313 
Saint  Rose,  (£8)...     150 

Salem,  (GS) 2,669 

Saline,  (E8) 112 

Saline  Mines,  (HIO)     100 

Salisbuty,  (E6) 150 

Samoth,  (Gil) 150 

Sandoval,  (F8) 1,563 

Sandusky,  (Fll)...  150 
Sandwich,  (G2)....  2,557 

San  Jose,  (E5) 446 

Sato,  (FIO) 49 

Saunemin,  (H4)...     357 

Savanna,  (Dl) 3,691 

Savoy,  (H5) 300 

Sawyersville,  (E7).  445 
Saybrook,  (G5)....  805 
Scales  Mound,  (Dl)  388 
Schaumberg,  (HI).  180 
Schram  City,  (F7)     516 

Sciota,  (C4) 160 

Scottland,  (J6) 400 

ScottvUle,  (D7) 301 

Sears,  (C3) 236 

Seaton,  (C3) 326 

Seatonville,(F3)...  1,370 

Secor,(F4) 358 

Sechom,  (B6) 150 

Seneca,  (G3) 2,100 

Serena,  (G3) 150 

Sesser,(F9) 1,292 

Seward,  (Fl) 100 

Seymour,  (H5) 220 

Shabbona,  (G2)...  594 
Shabbona  (jrove, 

(G2) 100 

Shannon,  (EI) 633 

Shattuc,  (F8) 100 

Shawneetown, 

(HIO) 1,863 

Sheffield,  (E3) 1,009 

Shelbyville,  (G7).,  3,590 


Sheldon,  (J4)......  1,143 

SheldoDs  (jrove, 

(D5) 150 

Sheridan,  (G2) 506 

Sherman,  (E6) ISO 

Shermerville,  (Jl).  441 

Sherrard,  (D3) 906 

ShetlervUle,  (HU).  250 

Shiloh,  (E8) 395 

Shipman,  (D7) 392 

Shirland,(Fl) 100 

Shirley,  (F5) 120 

Shobonier,  (F8)....  306 

Shumway,  (G7)...  291 

Sibley,  (H4) 385 

SideII,(J6) 741 

Sidney,  (H5) 481 

Sigel,(G7) 308 

Silvis,  (D3) 1,163 

Simpson,  (Gil)....  161 

Sims,(G9) 399 

Smithboro,  (F8)...  301 

Smithfield,  (D4)...  389 

Smithshire,  (C4)...  250 

Smithton,  (D9) 380 

Sollitt,  (J3) 100 

Solon  Mills,  (HI)..  160 

Somonauk,  (G2)...  591 

Sorento,(E8) 1,018 

South  Beloit,  (Fl).  600 
South  Chicago 

Heights,  (J3)...  552 

South  Elgin,  (HI)..  580 

South  Heights,  (C3)  250 

South  Holland,  (J2)  1,065 
South  Wilmington, 

(H3) 2,403 

Sparland,  (F3) 461 

Sparta,  (E9) 3,081 

Spaulding,  (E6)...  308 

Speer,  (E3) 100 

Spencer,(J3) 110 

Spillertown,  (GIO).  249 

Springbay,  (F4)...  119 

Springerton,  (H9)..  418 
SPRINGFIELD, 

(E6) 51,678 


Spring  Forest,  (J2)  334 
Spring  Garden,  (G9)  300 
Spring  Grove,  (HI)  203 
Spring  Hill,  (D2)  . .  100 
Spring  Valley,  (F3)  7,035 
Standard,  (F3)....     793 

Stanford,  (F5) 525 

Staunton,  (E7) 5,048 

Steeleville,(E9)....     708 

Steelton,  (J5) 300 

Steger,(J3) 2,161 

Sterling,  (E2) 7,467 

Steward,  (G2) 353 

Stewardson,  (G7)..     720 

Stickney,  (J2) 100 

Stillman  Valley,  (Fl)  550 

Stillwell,  (B5) 250 

Stockland,  (J4) 160 

Stockton,  (El) 1,096 

Stone  Church,  (E9)  100 
Stonefort,(GI0)...  500 
Stonington,  (F6). . .  1,118 

Stoy,(J8) 488 

Strasburg,  (G7)....     526 

Strawn,  (H4) 277 

Streator,  (G3) 14,253 

Stronghurst,  (C4)..     762 

Sublette,  (F2) 287 

Sugar  Grove,  (H2).     ISO 

Sullivan,  (G6) 2,621 

Summerfield,  (E8).  337 
Summer  Hill,  (C6).     170 

Summit,  (J  2) 949 

Summum,  (D5)...     200 

Sumner,  (J8) 1,413 

Sunfield,  (F9) ISO 

Swan  Creek,  (C4). .     150 

Swansea,  (E8) 889 

Swedona,  (D3) 97 

Sweetwater,  (E5)..  150 
Sycamore,  (G2)....  3,926 

Symerton,  (H3) 157 

Table  Grove,  (D5).     544 

Taft,  (F3) 400 

Tallula,  (E6) 742 

Taraaroa,  (F9) 910 

Tamins,(Fll) 400 


Tampico,  (E2) 849 

Taylor  Sprs,  (F7).  380 
Taylorville,  (F6)...  5,446 

Techny,(Jl) 330 

Tennessee,  (C5)...  274 
Terre  Haute,  (C4)  .     180 

Tessville,  (Jl) 359 

Teutoix)lis,(H7)...  592 
Thackery,  (H9)....  200 
Thawville,  (H4)...     318 

Thayer,  (E6) 1,012 

Thebes,  (Fll) 717 

Thomas,  (E2) 200 

Thomasboro,  (H5).  321 
Thompsonville,(G10)  573 

Thomson,  (D2) 487 

Thornton,  (J2) 1,030 

Tice,  (E5) 2()0 

Tilden,  (E9) 774 

Tilton,  (JS) 710 

Time,(C6) 1S8 

Timewell,  (CS) 230 

TinleyPark,  (J2)..     309 

Tioga,(B5) 300 

Tiskilwa,  (E3) 857 

Todds  Point,  (G6).     100 

Toledo,  (H7) 900 

Tolono,  (H6) 760 

Toluca,  (F4) 2,407 

Tonica,  (F3) 483 

Topeka,  (ES) 130 

Torino,(H3) 514 

Toulon.  (E3) 1,208 

Towanda,  (G4) 404 

Tower  Hill,  (G7)..  1,040 

Tremont,  (F4) 782 

Trenton,  (E8) 1,694 

Trilla,  (H7) 260 

Trimble,  (17) 130 

Triumph,  (G2) 150 

Trivoli,  (E4) 150 

Troy,  (E8) 1,447 

Troy  Grove,  (F3). .  289 
Tunnel  Hill,  (GIO).     ISO 

Tuscola,  (H6) 2,453' 

Ullin,  (FII) 670' 

Union,  (Gl) 432 


Union  Hill,  (H3)...  250 
Unibnvaie,(Gll)..     300 

Unity,  (Fll) ISO 

Upper  Alton,  (D8).  2,918 

Urbana,  (HS) 8,245 

Ursa,  (B5) 170 

Utica,(F3) 1,500 

Valier,  (F9) 200 

Valley,  (C6) 800 

Vandalia,  (F8) 2,974 

VanOrin,  (F2) 190 

Varna,  (F3) 406 

Vcnedy,  (E9) 160 

Venice,  (D8) 3,718 

Vera,  (F;) 130 

Vergennes,  (FIO)..     342 

Vermilion,  (J6) 287 

Vermilion  Grove,(J6)  200 
Vermont,  (D5)....  1,118 

Vernon,  (F8) 333 

Verona,  (G3) 300 

Versailles,  (C6) 557 

Victoria,  (03) 334 

Vienna,(GlI) 1,124 

Villa  Grove,  (H6)..  1,828 
Villaridge,  (FII)...     700 

Viola,  (C3) 760 

Virden,  (E7) 4,000 

Virginia,  (D6) 1,501 

Volo,  (HI) 180 

Wadsworth,  (JO...  150 
Waggoner,  (E7)...     270 

Waldron,  (J3) 261 

Walnut,  (E2) 763 

Walnut  Hill,  (F8)..  160 
Walpole,  (GIO)....  130 
Walshville,  (E7)...  169 
Waltonville,  (F9)..     250 

Wanlock,  (C3) 150 

Wapella,  (GS) 498 

Warren,  (EI) 1,331 

Warrensburg,  (F6).  504 
Warrenvillc,  (H2)..     100 

Warsaw,  (BS) 2,254 

Wasco,  (H2) ISO 

Washburn,  (F4)...  777 
Washington,  (F4). .  1,530 


Wasson,  (GIO) 350 

Wataga,  (D3) 444 

Waterloo,  (D9) 2,091 

Waterman,  (G2)...  398 
Watertown,  (D2)..     525 

Watseka,  (J4) 2,476 

Watson,  ((17) 330 

Wauconda,  (HI)...  368 
Waukegan,  (Jl)..  16,069 

Waverly,  (E6) 1,538 

Wayne,  (H2) 150 

Wayne  City,  (G9)..  620 
Waynesville,  (F5). .     546 

Webster,  (b5) 100 

Wedron,  (G3) 200 

Weldon,  (G5) 521 

Wellington,  (J4)...     300 

Wenona,  (F3) 1,442 

West  Brooklyn,  (F2)  266 
West  Chicago,  (H2)  2,378 
West  Dundee,  (HI)  1,380 
Western  Springs,  (J  2)  905 
Westervclt,  (G7)...     180 

Westfield,  (J7) 927 

West  Frankfort, 

(GIO) .....2,111 

West  Hammond, 

(J2) 4,948 

West  Jersey,  (E3). .  100 
West  Liberty,  (H8)     220 

Weston,  (G4) 260 

West  Point,  (BS)...  292 
West  Salem,  (H8). .  725 
West  Union,  (J7)..     400 

WestvUle,  (JS) 2,607 

West  York,  (J 7)...     300 

Wetaug,  (Fll) 218 

Wethcrsfield,  (E3).  1,593 

Whcaton,  (H2) 3,423 

Wheeler,  (H7) 255 

Wheeling,  (Jl) 260 

Whiteash,  (GIO)...  353 
White  City,  (E7)  ..  421 
WhiteHall,(D7)..  2,854 
While  Heath,  (HS).  200 
Whiterock,  (Fl)...  100 
Wichert,(J3) 130 


WUliamsaeld,  (D4)  4gO> 
Williamson,  (E8)  ..  648. 
WUliamsville,  (F6).  600 
Willisvillc,  (ElO)...  1,082 
Willow  Hill,  (J 8)..  444 
Willow  Springs,  (J2)    ISO 

Wilmclte,  (Jl) 4,943 

Wilmington,  (D7).  204 
Wilmington,  (H3).  1,450 
Winchester,  (D6)..  1,639 

Windsor,  (G7) 987 

Winfield,  (H2) 150 

Wing,  (H4) 120 

Winnebago,  (Fl)..     415 

Winnetka,(JI) 3,168 

Winslow,  (El) 426 

Winthrop  Harbor, 

(Jl) 439 

Wireton  Park,  (J2)     ISO 

VVitt,(F7) 2,170 

Wobum,  (F8) 250 

Wolcott,  (E4) 100 

VVolrab  Mills,  (HIO)    140 

Womac,(E7) 170 

Woodbine,  (Dl)...  100 
Woodburn,  (D7)...  175 
Woodhull,  (D3)...  692 
Woodland,  (J4)....  295 
Woodlawn,  (>'9)...  315 
Woodriver,  (D8)...       84 

Woodson,  (D6) 257 

Woodstock,  (HI)..  4,331 
Woodworth,  (J4)..     ISO 

Woosung,  (E2) 100 

Worden,  (E8) 1.082 

Worth,  (J2) 200 

Wrights,  (D7) 200 

■Wyanet,  (E3) 872 

Wyoming,  (E3) 1,506 

Xenia,  (G8) 634 

Yale,  (H7) 120 

Yates  City,  (D4). . .     586 

York,  (J7) 169 

Yorkville,  (H2) 431 

Youngstown,  (C4).     100 

Zeigler,  (FIO) 500 

ZionCity,(Jl) 4,789 


INDIANA 


Abington,  (F9) 150 

Acton,  (E9) 400 

Adams,  (ElO) 400 

Adamsboro,  (D4)..     150 

Advance,  C8 416 

Adyeville,  (CIS)....     100 

Aetna,  (BI) 161 

Akron,  (D3) 800 

Alamo,  (B8) 209 

Alaska,  (CIO) 200 

Albany,  (F6) 1,289 

Albion,  (F2) 1,213 

Aldrich,(A15) 150 

Alert,(Ell) 250 

Alexandria,  (E6>...  5,096 
AlfordsviUe,  (B13).     200 

Algiers,  (B14) 100 

Alquina,  (F9) 100 

Altoga,(CI4) 250 

Alton,  (D 1 5) 161 

Altona.(F2) 349 

Ambla,  (A6) 359 

Amboy,(E5) 521 

Amity,  (DIO) 100 

Amo,  (C9) 500 

Anderson,  (E7)...  22,476 
Andersonville,  (FIO)   330 

Andrews,  (E4) 957 

Angola,  (GI) 2,610 

Annapolis,  (B8).. . .     240 

Anoka,  (DS) 100 

Anthony,  (F6) 100 

Arba,(G7) 150 

Arcadia,  (E7) 990 

Areola,  (F3) 380 

Argos,  (D3) 1,088 

Arlington,  (E9) 400 

Aroma,(E7) 120 

Arthur,  (B14) 400 

Ashboro,  (BIO)  ...  200 
Ashersville,  (BIO)..     400 

Ashland,  (F8) 100 

Ashley,  (Fl) 639 

Athens,  (D3) 150 

Atherton,  (B9) 300 

Atlanta,  (E7) 876 

Attica,  (B6) 3,335 

Atwood,  (E2) 350 

Auburn,  (F2) 3,919 

Auburn  Jc,  (F2)...     200 

Augusta,  (314) 250 

Aurora,  (GU) 4,410 

Austin,  (E13) 410 

Avilla,  (F2) 579 

Avoca,(CI2) 500 

Avon,  (D9) 100 

Avonburg,(F12)...     100 

Ayrskire,  (BI4) 410 

Azalia(Ell) 120 

Bainbridge,  (C8)...     449 

Balbec,(F5) 100 

Baldwin,  (G3) 130 

Barbers  Mills,  (F4)  150 
BarbersvUle,  (FI2).  100 
Bargersville,  (D9)..     100 

Barnard,  (C8) 100 

BatesviUe,  (FIO).  ..2,151 
Battle  Ground,(C5)  443 
BcanBlossom,(D10)   230 

Beck,  (Dll) 100 

Bedford,  (DI2).... 8,716 
Beech  Grove,  (D9)  568 
Belle  Union.  (C9)        100 

Belleville,  ((:9) 300 

Bellmore,  (B8) 300 

Ben  Davis,  (D9)...     150 

Benham,(F12) 100 

Bennington,    (F12)     100 

Benton,  (El) 200 

Bentonville,  (F9).. .     100 

Benwood,  (B9) 100 

Berne,  (GS) 1,316 

Bethel,(G8) 120 

Bethlehem,  (EI3)..     100 

Bicknell,(BI2) 2,794 

Bigspring,  (D8)....  100 
Billingsville,(G9)..  100 
Bippus,(E4) 350 


Bu'dseye,  (€14) 439 

Blackhawk,  (BIO)..  130 
BlairsviUe,(AIS)...  160 
Bloomtield,(ClI)..  2,069 
Bloomingdale,  (B8)  528 
Blooming  Grove, 

(F9) 130 

Bloomingport,  (F7)  120 
Bloomington,  (CI I)  8,838 
BlountsviUe,  (F7)..     200 

Blue,  (GI2) 100 

Blueridge,  (E9)....  230 
Blue  River,  (E13).      100 

Bluffton,  (F5) 4,987 

Boggstown,  (E9)...     200 

Bono,(D13) 150 

Boonville,  (BIS)...  3,934 

Borden,  (El 4) 430 

Boston,  (G8) 122 

Boswell,  (BS) 814 

Boundary,  (G6)....     200 

Bourbon,  (D2) 1,163 

Bovine,  (B14) 100 

Bowling  Green,(CIO)  336 

BoxIey,(D7) 150 

Boyleston,  (D6).. . .  ISO 
Bradford,  (D 14)...  200 
Branchville,    (CIS)     100 

Brazil,  (B9) 9,340 

Bremen,  (D2) 2,008 

Brewersville,  (EII).  130 
Bridgeport,  (D9)...  400 
Bridgeton,  (B9)....     250 

Bright,  (Gil) 100 

Brimheld,  (F2) 300 

Bringhurst,  (D5)...     400 

Bristol,  (EI) 535 

Bristow,  (CIS) ISO 

Broad  Ripple,  (D8)     770 

Bronson,  CF7) 300 

Brook,  (B4) 1,067 

Brookaeld,  (E9)....     400 

Brooklyn,  (D9) 572 

Brooksburg,  (FI3)  150 
Brookston,  (CS)  ...  907 
Brookville,  (FIO)...  2,169 
Brownsburg,  (D8).  876 
Brownstown,  (DI2)  1,492 
Browns  Valley,(B8)  130 
Brownsville,  (G9)..  300 
Bruce  Lake,  (D3)..  350 
Bruceville,  (B13)...     400 

Bryant,  (G 5) 400 

Bryant  Creek,(D  10)  150 
Buck  Creek,  (C6)..     250 

Buell,(BIl) 300 

Buffalo,  (C4) 100 

BuSlaloville,  (CIS)  150 
Bunker  Hill,  (D5).     668 

Burket,  (E3) 400 

Burlington,  (D6)...     800 

Burnett,  B9) 120 

BurncttsvUle,  (CS)..    489 

Burney,(E10) 210 

Burns  City,  (C12).     200 

Burr  Oak,  (D3) 100 

Burrows,  (CS) 150 

Butler,(G2) 1,818 

Butlerville,  (Fl)...  300 
ByrnevUle,  (D14)...     100 

Cadiz,  (E8) 209 

(Cambridge  City, 

(F8) 2,237 

Camden,(D5) 557 

Cammack,  (E7)....  200 
Campbellsburg, 

(D13) 666 

Canaan,  (F12) 200 

Cannelburg,  (013).  300 
Cannelton,  (C16)..  2,130 

Canton,(D13) 200 

Carbon,  (B9) 493 

Cardonia,  (B9) 500 

Carlisle,  (B12) 850 

Carlos,  (F7) 110 

Carmel,(D8) 626 

Carpentersville, 

(C8) ISO 


CarroUton,(E9)....  400 

Cartersburg,  (D9)..  300 

Carthage,  (E9) 873 

Cass,  (BID 300 

Cassville,  (D5) 100 

Castleton,  (D8) 194 

Cataract,  (CIO) 150 

Catlin,  (B9) 200 

C:ayuga,  (B8) 911 

Cedar  Grove,  (GIO)  300 

Cedar  Lake,  (B2)..  400 

CedarviUe,  (F3)....  120 

Celestine,  (CI4)....  130 

Cementville,  (E14).  650 

Center,  (D6) 300 

Centerpoint,  (BIO).  414 

Centerton,  (D9)....  300 

Center  Valley,  (C9).  100 

Centerville,  (F8). . .  1,019 

Ceylon,  (G  5) 100 

Chalmers,  (CS)....  513 
Chambersburg, 

(D13) 100 

Chandler,  (BIS)....  ISO 

Charlestown,  (EI4)  864 
Charlottesville,  (E8)    450 

Chester,  (G8) 140 

Chesterfield,  (E7)..  285 

Chesterton,  (BD...  1,400 
Chestnut  Ridge, 

(EI2) 100 

Chili,  (D4) 250 

China,(F12) 250 

Chri5ney,(BlS)....  524 

Churubusco,  (F3)..  870 

Cicero,  (D7) 990 

Clarke  Station,(BI)  100 

Clarksburg,  (FIO)..  450 

ClarkshiII,(C7)....  463 

Clarksville,  (EI4)..  2,743 

Clark5viUe,(E7)...  200 

Clay  City,  (BIO)...  1,213 

Claypool,  (E3) 408 

Claysburg,  (EI4)...  380 

Clayton,  (C9) 497 

Clear  Creek,  (CI  1).  100 

Clear  Sprs,  (D12)  .  210 

Clermont,  (08) 205 

Cleveland,  (E8)....  130 

Clifford,  (ElO) 210 

Clifty,  (EIO) 250 

Clinton,  (B9) 6,229 

Cloverdale,  (C9). . .  624 

Cloverland,  (B9)...  150 

Clymers,  (D5) 160 

Coal  Bluff,  (B9)....  600 

Coal  City,  (BIl)...  300 

Coal  Creek,  (B7)...  250 

Coatesville,  (C9)...  472 

Cochran,  (Gil)....  900 

Coesse,  (F3) 250 

Colbum,  (CS) 300 

Colfax,  (C7) 801 

Collamer,  (E3) 150 

College  Park,  (F4).  103 

Collett,(G6) 200 

CoUms,(F3) 100 

Coloma,(B8) 200 

Columbia  City, 

(E3) 3,448 

Columbus,  (Ell)...  8,813 

Commiskey,  (E12).  100 

Connersville,  (F9)..  7,738 

Converse,  (ES) 1,164 

Cooper,  (Dll) 150 

Correct,  (Fll) 150 

Cortland,(E12)....  200 

Corunna,(F2) 318 

Cory,  (BIO) 300 

Corydon,  (DIS)....  1,703 

Covington,  (B7)....  2,069 

Cowan,  (F7) 200 

CoxsMUIs,  (G8)...  150 

Coxvnie,(B9) 400 

Craigville,  (F4) 200 

Crandall,(D14)....  133 
CrawfordsvQle, 

(O). 9,371 


Creston,(B2) ISO 

Crisman,(Bl) 200 

Crocker,(Bl) 150 

Cromwell,  (E2) 520 

Cross  Plains,  (FI2).  140 

Crothersville,  (E12)  1,038 

Crowleyville,  (AI4)  100 

Crown  Point,  (B2).  2,526 

Crumstown,  (Dl). .  120 

Cuba,  (CIO) ISO 

Culver,  (D3) 810 

Cumback,(B13)...  300 

Cumberland,  (E8).  300 

Cunot,(C10) ISO 

Curryville,(F4)....  140 

Curtisville,  (E6)....  150 

Cutler,  (CS) 160 

Cynthiana,  (A15)...  610 

Dale,(CI5) 583 

Daleville,  (E7) 630 

Dana,(A8) 748 

Danville,  (C8) 1,640 

Darlington,  (C7)...  780 

Davis,  (C2) 150 

Dayton,  (C6) 700 

Dayville,  (BI6) ISO 

Decatur,  (G4) 4,471 

Decker,  (B13) 800 

Deedsville,  (D4)...  130 

Deerfield,  (F7) 100 

De  Gonia  Sprmgs, 

(BIS) 100 

Delaware,  (Fll)...  200 

Delong,  (D3) 300 

Delphi,  (CS) 2,161 

Deming,(D7) ISO 

Demotte,  (B3) 250 

Denham,  (C3) 100 

Denver,  (D4) 900 

Depauw,  (014) 130 

Deputy,  (E12) 250 

Derby,  (CIS) 180 

Diamond,  (B9) 1,070 

Dickeyville,(BIS)..  250 

Dillsboro,  (Fll)....  425 

Disko,  (E4) 100 

Donaldson,  (D2)...  100 

Dora,(E4) 100 

Dover,  (Gil) 200 

Doverhill,  (CI3)...  300 

Dresden,  (C12) 100 

Dublin,  (F8) 704 

Dubois,  (CI4) 100 

Duggcr,  (Bll) 1,226 

Dundee,  (FS) 100 

Dundee,  (E6) 200 

Dune  Park,  (BI)...  150 

Dunkuk,(F6) 3,031 

DunIaps,(El) 100 

Dunlapsville,  (F9).  100 

Dunn,(B5) 120 

Dunreith,  (F8) 181 

Dupont,(E12) 180 

Dyer,  (A2) 500 

Eaglctown,(D7)...  300 

Earl  Park,  (B5)....  609 
East  Chicago,  (BI)  19,898 
East  Coimersville, 

(F9) 706 

EastGary,(BI)....  484 
East  Gerraantown, 

(F8) 302 

Eaton,  (F6) 1,428 

Eck,(D8) 130 

Eckerty,  (CM) 210 

Economy,  (F8) 310 

Edgerton,  (G3) 300 

Edinburg,  (EIO)...  2,040 

Edwards,  (B9) ISO 

Edwardsport,  (BI2)  800 

Edwardsville,  (£14)  170 

Effncr,  (B4) 150 

Ehrmandale,  (B9)..  200 

Ekin,(D7) lOO 

Elberfeld,  (BIS)....  438 

Elizabeth,  (EI5)...  238 
ElizabethtowQ, 

(Ell) 350 


ElizavUle,  (D7) 130 

Elkhart,  (EI) 19,282 

EllettsvUle,(Cll)..     676 

Elnora,  (BI2) 961 

Elrod,(FlI) 130 

Elston,(C6) 100 

EIwood,(E6) 11,028 

Eminence,  (C9) 300 

English,  (D14) 583 

English  Lake,  (C2).     100 

Epsom,  (BI2) 100 

Etna  Green,  (D2)..     431 

Eugene,  (B8) 450 

Eureka,  (B16) ISO 

Evansville,  (A16)  69,647 

Everton,  (F9) 180 

Ewing,  (D12) 2,500 

Fairbanks,  (All)...     ISO 

Fairfield,  (G9) 250 

Fan-land,  (£9) 700 

Fairmount,  (£6). ..  2,506 
Fau-Oaks,  (B3)....     350 

Fairview,  (F6) 110 

Fairview  Park, 

(B9) 630 

Falmouth,  (F9) 180 

Farmer,  (CI I) ISO 

Farmersburg,  (Bll)  1,115 
Farmers  Retreat, 

(F12) 150 

Farmland,  (F7)....  907 
Fayetteville,  (C12).  ISO 
Ferdinand,  (CIS)...     827 

Fillmore,  (C9) 180 

FincasUe,  (C8) 180 

Fishers,  (£8) 188 

Fishersburg,  (E7). .  200 
Flat  Rock,  (EIO)...     400 

Flint,  (Fl) 130 

Flora,  (CS) 1,386 

Florence,  (G 12)....     250 

Florida,  (E7) 200 

Floyds  Knobs.  (£14)  350 
FolsomvUle,  (BIS).     410 

Fontanel,  (B9) 700 

Foresman,(B4)....     130 

Forest,  (D6) 300 

Foresthill,  (£11)...  Ill 
FortBranch,(A15).  1,182 
FortRitner,  (DI2)..     110 

Fortville,  (£8) 1,174 

Fort  Wayne,  (F3).  63,933 
Fountain  City,  (G8)  448 
Fountaintown,  (£9)     460 

Fowler,(B5) 1,491 

Fowlerton,(£6)....  293 
FrancesvUle,  (C4)..  729 
Francisco,  (B 14)...  407 
Frankfort, (C6)....  8,634 
Franklin,  (DIO)....  4,502 

Frsinkton,  (E7) 936 

Fredericksburg, 

(C7) 300 

Fredericksburg, 

(D14) 271 

Freedom,  (CI  1)....  300 
FreeLand  Park, 

(AS) 200 

Freelandville, 

(BI2) 500 

Freeport,  (E9) 100 

Freetown,  (D12)...     300 

Fremont,  (Gl) 694 

French  Lick,  (CU).  1,803 
Friendship,  (Fl 2)..  250 
Friendswood,  (D9).     100 

Fulda,(CI5) 150 

Fulton,  (D4) 296 

Furnessville,  (BI)..     150 

Galena,  (E14) 200 

Galveston,  CD5)....     658 

Garrett,  (F2) 4,149 

Gary,(BI) 16,802 

Gas  City,  (£6) 3,224 

Gaston,  (E6) 638 

Geetingsville,  (D6).     100 

Geneva,  (GS) 1,140 

Geneva,  (EIO) 150 


Gentry ville,  (BIS)..  383 

Georgetown,  (D5)..  130 
Georgetown,  (£14).     331 

Gessie,  (B7) 160 

Gibson,  (BI) 100 

Gilead,  (D4) 160 

Gilman,(E7) 500 

Gamour,(BlI) 150 

Ging,  (F9) 130 

Glendora,  (BID...  100 

Glenwood,  (F9).. . .  266 

Goeglcin,  (F3) 100 

Goldsmith,  (D6)...  230 

Goodland,  (B4)....  1,105 

Goshen,  (EI) 8,514 

Gosport,  (CIO) 776 

Grabill,  (G3) 130 

Grammer,  (Ell)...  100 

Grand  View,  (C16).  735 

Grantsburg,  (DI4).  200 

Granville,  (F6) 100 

Grass  Creek,  (D4).  200 

Grasselli,  (BI) 200 

Graysville,  (AID...  100 

Greencastle,(C9)..  3,790 

Greendale,  (Gil)..  697 

Greene,  (G6) 100 

Greenfield,  (£8)....  4,448 

Greenhill,  (B6) 170 

Greensboro,  (F8)....  250 

Greensburg,  (FIO)..  5,420 

Greens  Fork,  (F8)..  400 

Greentown,  (E6)...  1,166 

Greenville,  (£14)....  227 

Greenwood,  (D9)..  1,608 

Griflin,  (AIS) 275 

Griffith,  {B2) 523 

Groveland,  (C8)...  100 

Guilford,  (GI I)....  250 

Guthrie,  (CI2) 200 

Gwynnevillc,  (E9).  200 

Hackleman,  (£6)..  100 

Hagerstown,  (F8). .  936 

Hall,(C9) 200 

Hamilton,  (Gl) 800 

Hamlet,  (C2) 579 

Hammond,  (Al)..  20,925 

Hanfield,  (ES) 150 

Hanna,  (C2) 500 

Hanover,  (FI3) 3S6 

Hardinsburg,  (D14)    254 

Harlan,  (G3) 900 

Harmony,  (B9) 1,200 

Harrisville,  (G7)...  100 

Harrodsburg,  (ClI)  400 

Hartford,  (Gil)....  ISO 

Hartford  Cilv,(F6)  6,187 

Hartsville,  (EIO)....  358 

Hartwell,  (BI4)....  300 

Hatfield,  (BI6) 200 

Haubstadt,(A15)..  500 

Hayden,(EI2) 300 

HaysvUle,(C14)....  200 

Hazelwood,(C9)...  100 

Hazleton,(AI4)....  648 

Headlee,(C4) 150 

Hebron,  (B2) 821 

Hecla,(£3) 200 

Helmer,(Fl) 150 

Helm5burg,(D10)..  100 

Heltonville,  (D12)..  600 

Hemlock,  (06) 300 

Henryville,  (EI3)...  400 

Herbst,  (£5) 250 

Hessville,  (BI) 400 

Hibbard,(D3) 200 

Highland,  (BI)....  500 

Hillham,(CI3)....  220 

HilIisburg,(D6)....  300 

Hillsboro,  (B7) 528 

Hillsdale,  (B8) 200 

Hoagland,  (G4).. . .  300 

Hobart,(BI) 1,753 

Hobbieville,  (C12)..  200 

Hobbs,  (E6) 200 

Holland,  (BIS) 300 

Hollandsburg,  (B8)  100 

Holtan,(Fll) 280 


Homer,  (E9) 130 

Honey  Creek,  (F7).  190 
Hoosierville,  (BIO).     150 

Hoover,  (D4) 150 

Hope,  (EIO) 1,223 

Hortonville,  (D7)...     200 

Hosmer,  (BI4) 130 

Houston,  (DID 120 

Howe,  (Fl) 800 

Howell,  (A16) 2,100 

Howesville,(Bll)..  300 
Howlands,  (08)....     150 

Hudson,  (Fl) 390 

Huntertown,  (F3)..  400 
Huntingburg, 

(CI4) 2,464 

Huntington,  (E4)..  10,272 
HuntsviUe,  (£8)....     160 

Huron,  (C13) 197 

Hymera,  (BID 1,515 

likvUle,  (C5) 500 

Iiam5ville,(E4)....  170 
Independence,  (B6)  500 
Indiana  Harbor, 

(BI) 4,850 

INDIANAPOLIS, 

(D8) 233,650 

Indian  Sprs,  (CI2).     250 

Ingalls,(E8) 322 

Inglefield,  (AI5)...     150 

Inwood,  (02) 300 

Ireland,  (B14) 280 

Irvington,  (09) 1,500 

Jackson,  (D6) 100 

Jacksonburg,  (F8)..  100 
Jackson  Hill,  (Bll)     300 

•alapa,  (ES) 150 

amestown,  (CS).. .     690 
asonville,  (Hll).. .3,295 

lasper,(CI4) 2,196 

[efierson,  (C6) 310 

'effersonvUIe, 

(E14) 10,412 

Jerome,  (E6) 200 

Jessup,  (B9) 150 

Jolietville,  (D7)....     350 

Jonesboro,  (£6) 1,573 

Jonesville,  (£11)...     213 

Tudson,(B8) 141 

Kempton,  (D6) 600 

Kendallville,(F2)..  4,981 

Kennard,(£8) 449 

Kentland,  (B4) 1,209 

Kewanna,  (D3) 728 

Keystone,  (FS) 242 

Killion,  (C13) 150 

KUImore,  (D6) 100 

Kimmell,(£2) 300 

King,(AI4) 100 

Kingman,  (B8) 535 

Kingsbury,  (CI)...  250 
Kmgsland,(F4)....     100 

Kinzie,  (£3) 150 

Kirklin,(D7) 699 

Klondike,  (C6) 120 

Knightstown,  (£8).  2,008 
Knightsvillc,  (B9)..  1,081 

Knox,  (C2) 1,644 

Kokomo,  (DS)....  17,010 

Koleen,  (C12) 150 

Kouts,  (B2) 500 

Kramer,  (B6) 200 

Kratzville,(A16)...     100 

Kurtz,  (012) 300 

Kyana,  (CI4) 130 

Laconia,  (DIS) 82 

Lacrosse,  (C2) 400 

Lacy,  (CI3) 200 

Ladoga,  (C8) 1,148 

Lafayette,  (C6)...  20,081 
La  Fontaine.  (£5)..  683 
Lagrange,  (Fl)....  1,772 

Lagro,  (£4) 463 

Laketon,  (E4) 700 

Lake  Village,  (B3)..     150 

Lakeville,(Dl) 227 

Lincaster,  (F4) 200 

Lancaster,  (£12)...     100 


Landess,(E5) 200 

Lanesville,(DlS)...  290 

Laotto,  (F2) 350 

Lapaz,  (D2) 390 

Lapel,  (£7) 1,045 

Laporte,  (CI) I0,S2S 

Larwill,  (E3) 400 

Laud,  (F3) 320 

Laurel,  (F9) 503 

Lawrence,  (08) 400 

Lawrenceburg, 

(Gil) 3,930 

Lawrenceville, 

(GIO) 100 

Leavenworth, 

(DIS) 690 

Lebanon,  (C7) 5,474 

Leesburg,  (E2) 401 

Leesville,  (D12)...  ISO 

Leisure,(£6) 180 

LeitersFord,  (D3).  200 

Lena,(B9) 340 

Leo,  (F3) 300 

Leopold,  (CIS) 600 

Leroy,  (B2) 150 

Lester,  (C12) 250 

Letts,(Ell) 180 

Lewis,  (BIO) 230 

LewisviUe,(F8)....  446 

Lexington.  (£13)..  330 

Liberty,  (G9) 1,338 

Liberty  Center,  (FS)    400 

Liberty  Mills,  (E3).  300 

Ligonicr,  (£2) 2,173 

Lima,(Fl) 600 

Lincoln,  (DS) 200 

Lincoln  City,  (CIS)  ISO 

Lincolnville,  (ES)..  ISO 

Linden,  (C7) 556 

Linngrove,  (FS)...  ISO 

Linton,  (Bll) 5,906 

Linwood,  (E7) 130 

Lisbon,  (F2) ISO 

Littles,  (B14) 350 

Little  York,  (£13).  195 

Livonia,  (D 13) 197 

Lizton,(C8) 224 

Lochiel,(B5) 150 

Lockspring,  (Fll).  250 
Logansport,  (D4).  19,050 

London,  (£9) 200 

Loogootee,  ((;i3)..  2,154 

Losantville,  (F7)...  600 

Lowell,  (B2) 1,235 

Lucerne,  (D4) 230 

Lynn,  (G7) 917 

Lynnville,  (BIS)...  297 

Lyons,(B12) 993 

Lyons  Station,  (F9)  ISO 

Lyonton,  (BID 300 

McCool,(BI) ISO 

McCordsville,  (£8)  300 

Mace,(C7) 300 

Macy,  (D4) 320 

M,idison,  (FI2)....  6,934 

M.ahalasville,  (DIO)  260 

Majenica,  (F5) 30O 

Manchester,  (FII).  450 

Manhattan,  (C9)..  100 

ManUla,  (£9) 400 

Mansfield,  (B9)....  300 

Manson,  (C7) 20O 

Maples,  (F3) 150 

Maplewood,  (C8)..  100 

Marblehill,  (F13)..  100 

Marco,  (BI2) 300 

Marengo,  (D14)...  686 

Mariah  Hill,  (CIS).  100 

Marietta,  (EIO)....  280 

Marion,  (£5) 19,359 

Markland,(FI2)...  150 

Markle,  (F4) 820 

Marklevillc.  (£8)..  250 

Marsh.-ill,  (B8)....  334 

Marshfield,  (B7)...  300 

Martinsville,  (DIO)  4,529 

Martz,  (BIO) 400 

MarysviUe,(E13)..  220 


INDEX  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES 


(INDIANA  -  IOWA) 


351 


Matthews,  (F6)....  688 

Mauckport,  (Dl5).  279 

Max,  (C7) 100 

Maxinkuckee,  (D3)  100 

Maiville,  (C16)....  100 

Maxwell,  (E8) 400 

Mays,(F9) 200 

Maywood,  (D9)...  130 

Mecca,  (B9) 1,200 

Mechanicsburg, 

Boone  Co.,  (D7)  100 
Mechanicsburg, 

Henry  Co.,  (E7)  200 

Medaryville,  (03)..  710 

Medora,  (D12) 800 

Mellott.  (B7) 372 

Memphis,  (E14)...  200 

Mentone,  (D3) 728 

Merom,  (AH) 521 

Merrillville,  (B2)..  200 

Metamora,  (FIO)..  300 

Metz,  (Gl) 400 

Mexico,  (D4) 500 

Miami,  (D5) 300 

Michael,  (E5) 130 

Michigan  City, 

(CI) 19,027 

Michigantown,  (D6)  395 

Middlebury,  (El)..  600 

Middlefork,  (D6)..  100 
Middletown.  (E7).  1,174 

Midland,  (Bll) 500 

Mier,(E5) 300 

Milan,  (Fll) 557 

Mildred,  (Bll) 100 

Milford,    Decatur 

Co.,  (ElO) 169 

Milford,  Kosciusko 

Co.,  (E2) 814 

Mill  Creek,  (CI)...  100 

Miller,  (Bl) 638 

Millersburg,  (El)..  428 

Millersburgh,  (B15)  130 

Millersville,  (D8)..  200 

Millgrove,  (F6) 250 

Millhousen,  (Fll).  211 

Milltown,  (D14)...  586 

Millville,  (F8) 200 

Milncrs  Corners,(E8)  150 

Milroy,  (FIO) 760 

Milton,  (F8) 601 

Mineral,  (C12) 150 

Mishawaka,  (Dl).  11,886 
Mitchell,  (D13)....  3,438 

Modoc,  (F7) 261 

Mohawk,  (E8) 150 

Mongo,  (Fl) 150 

Monon,  (C4) 1,184 

Monroe,  (G5) 334 

Monroe  City,  (B13)  630 

Monroeville,  (G4).  910 

Monrovia,  (D9)...  400 

Monterey,  (D3)...  260 
Montezuma,  (B8)..  1,537 

Montgomery,  (B 13)  511 
MonticeUo,(C5)...  2,168 

Montmorenci,  (B6)  330 
Montpelier,  (F5)...  2,786 

Moorefield,  (F12)..  94 

Moorehnd,  (F8)...  455 

Moores  Hill,  (Fll).  424 
Mooresville,  (D9)..  1,608 

Moral,  (E9) 200 

Moran,  (C6) 270 

Morgantown,  (DIO)  667 

Morocco,  (B4) 927 

Morris,  (FIO) 350 

Morristown,  (E9) . .  622 

Moscow,  (ElO) 200 

Mount  Auburn,(E10)  167 


Abbott,(H3) 100 

Abingdon,  (K5)...     200 

Ackley,  (H2) 1,109 

Ackworth,  (H5)...     113 

Adair,  (E5) 1,011 

Adaza,  (F3) 110 

Adel,  (F4) 1,425 

Afton,  (F5) 1,007 

Agency,  (K6) 374 

Ainsworth,  (L5)...     432 

Akron,  (A2) 1,235 

Albert  City,  (E2)..     417 

Albia,  (J5) 5,138 

Albion,  (J3) 477 

Albumctt,  (L3)....      169 

Alden,(H2) 806 

Alexander,  (H2)...     302 

Algona,  (Fl) 3,593 

Allerton,  (H6) 1.015 

Allison,  (12) 535 

Alpha,  (til) 100 

Alta,  (D2) 1.078 

AltaVista,  (Kl) 364 

Alton,  (B2) 988 

Altoona,  (H4) 520 

Mvord,  (Bl) 363 

Amana,  (L4) 450 

Amber,  (M3) 100 

Ames,  (G3) 5,091 

Anamosa,  (M3)..„  2,822 

Andrew,  (N3) 332 

Angus,  (F4) 248 

AnRa,  (E5) 1,210 

Ankeny,  (G4) 526 

Anthon.  (C3) 758 

Aplington,  (J2)....     510 

Arcadia.  (D3) 381 

Archer,  (CI) 139 

Arcdale,  (J2) 100 

Arion,  (D4) 237 

ArUpc.(F6) 127 

Arlington,  (L2)....     787 
Armstrong,  (Fl)...     753 

Arnold,  (F2) 150 

Arnolds  Park, 

(Dl) 408 

Arthur,  (D3) 259 

Ashton,  (CI) 597 

Aspinwall,  (D4) 108 

Atalissa,  (M4) 205 

Athektan,  (E6) 148 

Atkins,  (L4) 220 

Atlantic,  (D5) 5,039 

AtUca,  (H5) 110 

Auburn,  (E3) 410 

Audubon,  (E4) 2,084 

Augusta,  (M6) 100 

AureIia,(D2) 654 


Mount  Ayr,  (B4)..     231 

Mount  C^rmel,  (G10)142 
Mount  Comfort,(E8)  100 
Mount  Etna,  (E5).  148 
Mount  Meridian. 

(C9) 150 

Mount  Sterling,  (F12)180 
Mount  Summit,(F7)  300 
Mount  Vernon, 

(.•\16) 5,563 

Mount  Zion,(F5)..     300 

Mulberry,  (C6) 800 

Muncic,  (F7) 24,005 

Munster,(Al) 543 

Mureu,  (B14) 100 

Murray,(F5) 180 

Nabb,  (E13) 100 

NaiKjleon,  (FID...  400 
Nappanee,  (E2)...  2,260 
Nashville,  (DU)...  354 
National  Military 

Home,  (E5) 2,300 

Nebra5ka,(Fll)...  150 
Needham,  (D9)....  200 
Needmore,  Brown 

Co.,  (DU) 100 

Needmore,  Lawrence 

Co.,  (C12) 100 

New  Albany,(E14)  20,629 
New  Alsace,  (Gil).  200 
New  Amsterdam, 

(DIS) 134 

Newark,  (Cll) 150 

New  Augusta,  (D8)  300 
NewBellsville,  (DU)  150 
Ncwbern,  (Ell)...  250 
Newberry,  (CI 2)...  455 
New  Bethel,  (D9). .  200 
New  Britton,  (E8).  110 
Newburg,  (B16)...  1,097 
New  Carlisle,  (CI).  612 
Newcastle,  (F8)...  9,446 
New  Chicago,  (Bl)  105 
NewCorydon,  (G5)  200 
New  Goshen,  (B9).  180 
New  Harmony, 

(A15) 1,229 

New  Haven,  (F3)..  1.038 
NcwLancaster.(E7)  130 
New  Lebanon.  (Bll)  100 
New  Lisbon,  (F8)..  190 
New  London,  (D6)  150 
New  Marion,  (Fll)  200 
New  Market,  (C8).  334 
New  Maysville,  (C8)  150 
New  Middletown, 

(D15) 145 

New  Mount  Pleasant, 

(F6) 150 

New  Paleslinc.  (E9)  450 
New  Paris,  (E2)...  400 
New  Pckin,  (IJ13).  246 
New  Philadelphia, 

(E13) 150 

New  Point,  (FIO)..     341 

New|)ort,  (B8) 732 

New  Providence,. . 

(E14) 350 

New  Richmond,  (C7)  464 
New  Ross,  (C8)....  296 
New  Salem,  (F9). .  200 
NewSalisbury,(D14)  150 
Newton  Stewart, 

(C14) 100 

Newtonville.  (C16).  150 
Newtown,  (B7)....  350 
New  Trenton,  (GIO)   300 

Newville,(G2) 100 

New  Washington,   . 

(E13) 270 


Aurora,  (L2) 293 

Avcry,(J5) 475 

Avoca,(D5j 1,648 

Ayrshire,  (El) 300 

Badger,  (F2) 222 

Bagley,  (F4) 466 

BaUey,  (Jl) 226 

Baldwin,  (N3)....  257 

Bancroft,  (Fl) 893 

Barnes  City,  (J5)...  384 

Barnum,  (F2) 152 

Bartlett,  (C6) 120 

Bassett,  (Kl) 132 

Batavia,(K6) 605 

BatUe  Creek,  (C3).  688 

Baxter,  (H4) 572 

Bayard.  (E4) 705 

Bayfield,  (M5) 100 

Beacon,(J5) 489 

Beaconsfield,  (F6).  163 

Beaman,(J3) 239 

Bear  Creek,  (:J6)...  70 

Beaver,  (F3) 137 

Bedford,  (E6)   1,950 

Belknap,  (K6) 100 

Belle  Plaine,  (K4).  3,668 

BeUevue,(03) 1,708 

Belmond,  (G2) 1,419 

Bennett,  (N4) 320 

Bentlry,  (C5) 175 

Benton, (F6) 213 

Bentonsport,  (L6).  141 

Berkley.  (F4) 117 

Berlin,  (J3) 143 

Bernard,  (N3) 110 

Bertram,  (M  4) 124 

Bettendorf,  (N4)..  1,376 

Bevington,  (G5)...  220 

Big  Rock.  (N4)....  120 

Birmingham.  (K6).  581 

Blairsburg,  (02)...  298 

Blairstown.  (K4)..  584 

Blakesburg,  (J6)..  339 

Blanchard,  (D6)...  422 

Blencoe,  (B4) 307 

Blockton,  (E6) 649 

Bloomfield,  tK6)...  2,282 

Blue  Grass,  (N4)..  227 

BIyth,  (75) 100 

Bode,(F2) 428 

Bolton,  (J5) 200 

Bonaparte,  (L6) ...  643 

Bondurant,   (H4)..  302 

Boone.  (G3) 12,253 

Booneville,  (G4)  ..  100 

Bouton,  (F4) 204 

Boxholm,  (F3) 225 

Boyden,  (Bl) 394 


New  Waverly.  (04)  300 
New  Winchester, 

(C9) 170 

Ninemile,  (F4) 100 

Nineveh,  (DIO)....     300 

Noah,  (E9) 150 

Noblesville,  (E7)..  5.073 
Normal  City,(F7)..  1.122 
Normanda.  (D6)...  150 
Norman  Station, 

(D12) 150 

Northgrove,  (E5)..  400 
North  Judson.  (C3)  1,143 
North  Liberty,  (Dl)  681 
North  Madison, 

(F13) 900 

North  Manchester, 

(E4) 2,428 

North  Salem,  (C8).  569 
North  Vernon, 

(Ell) 2,915 

North  Webster,  (E2)   400 

Norway,  (C5) 150 

Norwood,  (D8) 400 

Notre  Dame,  (Dl).  1,200 
Nottingham.  (F5)..  110 
Nyesvillc.  (B8)....     100 

Oaklord,  (D6) 150 

Oakland  City, 

(B14) 2,370 

Oaklandon,  (E8)..  360 
Oaktown.  (B12)...     608 

Oakville.  (F7) 200 

Ober.(C3) 200 

Ockley,  (C6) 150 

Odell,  (B6) 100 

Odon,  (B12) 1,064 

Ogden,  (F8) 300 

Ohio  Falls,  (E14)..  240 
Oldenburg,  (FIO)..  956 
01iver,(A15)....;.     100 

Omega,  (E7) 100 

Ontario,  (Fl) 200 

Onward,  (D5) 200 

Oolitic,  (C12) 1,079 

Ora,(C3) 250 

Orange,  (F9) 200 

Orangeville,  (C13).     100 

Orestes,  (E6) 420 

Oriole,  (CI  5) 150 

Orland  (Fl) 500 

Orleans,  (D13) 1,367 

Orrville,(A14) 100 

Osceola,  (Dl) 250 

Osgood,  (Fll) 1,159 

Ossian,  (F4) 661 

Oswego,|(E2) 100 

Otis.(Cl) 250 

Otisco.  (E13) 220 

Otterbein.  (U6) 652 

Otwell,  (B14) 3uO 

Ovid.  (E8) 100 

Owensburg,  (C12).  450 
Owensville.  (A14).  1.237 

Oxford.  (BS) 1,010 

Packerton,  (E3)...     300 

Palestine,   (E3) 100 

Palmyra,  (D14)....     252 

Paoli,  (D13) 1,278 

Paragon,  (CIO) 409 

Paris  Crossing,  (E12)  500 

Parker,  (F7) 800 

Parkersburg,  (C8).     130 

Parr,  (B3) 300 

Patoka,  (A14) 657 

Patricksburg,  (CIO)     400 

Patriot,  (G12) 340 

Patton,  (C5) 100 

Paxton,(BU) 170 

Pekin,(D13) 150 


Pence,  (B6) 110 

Pendleton,  (E8)...  1,293 

Pennville,  (F6) 800 

Peoria,  (E5) 100 

Perkinsville,(E7)..  300 
Perrysvillc,  (B7)...     650 

Perth,  (B9) 700 

Peru,  (D4) 10,910 

Petersburg.  (B 14)..  2,170 
Philadelphia,  (E8).     200 

Pickard,  (D7) 300 

Pierceton,  (E3) 817 

Pierceville,  (Fll)..  200 
Pikespeak,  (DU)..  100 
Pikeville,  (B14)...     110 

Pimento,(B10) 100 

Pine  Village,  (B6)..     352 

Pittsboro,  (D8) 408 

Pittsburg,  (C5) 400 

Plainfield,  (D9)....  1,303 
Plainville,  (B12)...  500 
Pleasant  Lake,  (Gl)  600 
Ple,asant  Mills,  (G4)  250 
Pleasant  Plain,  (E5)  100 
Pleasantville,  Pike 

Co.,(B15) 300 

Pleasantville,  Sulli- 
van Co.,  (B12).     230 

Plumtree,  (F5) ISO 

Plymouth,  (D2)...  3,838 

Poe,  (F4) 100 

Point  Isabel,  (E6).     200 

Poland,  (CIO) 160 

Poneto,  (F5) 308 

Porter,  (Bl) 524 

Portersville,  (B14).  150 
Port  Fulton,  (E14)  1,060 
Portland,  Fountain 

Co.,(B7) 100 

Portland,  Jay  Co., 

(G6) 5,130 

Poseyville,  (A15)..     780 

Powers,  (F5) 120 

Prairie  Creek,  (BIO)  160 
Prairieton,  (BIO)..     300 

Preble,  (F4) 120 

Prescott,  (ElO) 100 

Princeton,  (A14)...  6,448 

Pulaski,  (C4) 100 

Putnamville,  (C9)..  300 
Pyrmont,  (C6) 130 

aucensville,  (Ell).  120 
uincy,(CIO) 300 

Radley,  (E6) 100 

Radnor,  (C5) 220 

Raglesville,  (B12)..  150 
Ramsville,  (B6)....     150 

Raleigh,  (F8) 160 

Ramsey,  (D14) 100 

Raub,  (B5) 250 

Ray,(Gl) 300 

Raysville,  (E8) 500 

Rcdkey,(F5) 1,714 

Reed,(F7) 100 

Reelsville,  (C9) 200 

Reese  Mill,  (D7)...  130 
Reiffsburg,  (F5)...  100 
Remington,  (B4)..     982 

Reno,  (C9) 100 

Rensselaer.  (B4). ..  2.393 

Reiville,  (F12) 100 

Reynolds,  (C5) 377 

Richland,  Rush  Co., 

(FIO) 100 

Richland,  Spencer 

Co.,  (B16) 300 

Richmond,  (G8)..  22,324 
Richvalley,(E4)...  150 
Ridgeview,  (D4)  . .  440 
Ridgeville,  (F6)....  1,302 


Rigdon,  (E6) 210 

Riley,  (UIO) 550 

Rising  Sun,  (G12).  1,513 
River  Park,  (Dl)..  1,505 
Riverside,  (F7)....  863 
Roachdale.  (C8)...     849 

Roann.  (E4) 447 

Roanoke.  (F4) 699 

Roby.(Bl) 320 

Rochester,  (D3)...  3,364 
Rock  Creek.  (F4)..  100 
Rockfield.  (C5)....  300 
Rockford.  (E12)...  200 
Rocklane.  (D9)....  130 
Rockport.(B16)...  2,736 
Rockvillc,  (B8)....  1,943 

Roll,  (F5) 100 

Rolling  Prairic,(Cl)    400 

Rome,(C16) 150 

RomeCitv,  (F2)...     450 

Romney,  (C7) 200 

Romona,  (CIO) 100 

Roseburgh,  (E5)...  150 
Rosedale,  (B9)....  1,165 

Roselawn,  (B3) 300 

Rosston,  (D7) ISO 

Rossville,  (C6) 677 

Royal  Center,  (C4)     909 

RoyaUon,(D8) 100 

Royerton,  (F6) 300 

Rushville,(F9)....  4,925 
Russellville,  (C8)..  443 
Russiaville,  (D6)..  800 
Saint  Anthony,  (CI 4)  150 
Saint  Bernice,  (A9)     130 

Saint  Toe,  (G2) 391 

Saint  John,  (B2)...  200 
Saint   Joseph   Hill, 

(E14). 100 

Saint  Leon,  (GIO).  261 
Saint  Louis,  (ElO).  100 
Saint  Louis  Crossing, 

(ElO) 200 

Saint  Marys,  (A9)..  200 
Saint  Maurice,  (FIO)  150 
Saint  Meinrad.(C15)  538 
Saint  Omer.  (ElO).  390 
Saint  Paul,  (ElO)..  1  400 
Saint  Peters,  (FIO).  200 
Saint  Wendells, 

(A15) 130 

Salamonia,  (G6). . .  169 
Salem,  Jay   Co., 

(G6) 100 

Salem  W.:shington 

Co.;  (D13) 2,283 

Salem  Center,(Fl).  200 
Saline  Cily,  (BIO)..      350 

S.-iltillo,  (D13) 152 

Sandborn,(B12)...     445 

Sandford,  (A9) 250 

Sandusky,  (FIO)...  200 
San  Pierre,  (C3)...     400 

Santa  Fe,(D5) 100 

Saratoga,  (G7) 410 

Sardinia.  (EU) 180 

Scalesville.  (BIS)..  100 
Schererville,  (B2)..  250 
Schnellville,  (C14).     200 

Scipio,(Ell) 250 

Scircleville,(D5)...     250 

Scotland,  (C12) 200 

Scottsburg,  (E13)..  1,669 

Sedalia,  (C6) 400 

Seelyville,  (BIO)...  1,188 
Sellersburg,  (E14).     575 

SeIma,(F7) 350 

Selvin,(B15) 300 

Servia,(E4). 300 

Seymour,  (E12)....  6,30S 


Shakespeare.  (E2).  150 

Shannondale,  (C7).  120 

Sharpsvillc,  (D5). .  700 

Shclburn,  (BID...  2,055 

Shelby,  (B3) 200 

Shclbyville,(E9)...  9,500 

Sheldon,  (F4) 200 

Sheridan,  (D7) 1,768 

Shideler,  (F5) 200 

Shipshewana,  (El).  500 

Shirley,  (E8) 1,519 

Shu-ley  City,  (G3).  375 

Shoals,  (C13) 1,015 

Shrock,  (El) 100 

Sidney,  (E3) 400 

Silver  Grove,  (E14)     783 

Silverlake,  (E3) 493 

Sims,(E5) 250 

Smithland,  (ElO)..  150 

Smithville,  (CU)..  400 

Snyder,  (E8) 150 

Solsberry,  (CU)...  200 

Somerset,  (E5) 310 

Somerville,  (B14)..  100 
South  Bend,  (Dl).  53,584 

South  Milford,  (Fl)  380 

South  Peru,  (D4)...  866 

Southport,  (D9)...  352 
South  Whitley, 

(E3) 1,175 

Spades,  (Fll) 100 

Sparksville,  (D12).  158 

Spartanburg,  (G7).  300 

Spearsville,  (DIO).  150 

Spencer,  (CIO) 2,150 

Spencerville,  (G2).  300 

Spiceland,  (F8) 622 

Spring  Grove.  (G8)  122 

Springport,(F7)...  150 

Springville,  (C12)..  300 

Stanford.  (Cll) 100 

StarCity,  (C4)....  450 

State  Line,  (B7)...  194 

Staunton,  (BIO)...  745 

Stendal,  (B14) 250 

Stevenson,  (BIS)..  140 

Stewartsville,  (AIS)  300 

Stilesville,  (C9) 400 

Stillwell,  (CI) 300 

Stinesville,  (CIO)..  497 

Slips  Hill,  (FIO)...  110 

Stockwell,  (C5) 500 

Stonebluflf,  (B7)...  300 

Stonington,  (D13).  100 

Straughn,  (F8) 234 

Strawtown,  (E7). ..  100 

Stroh,(Fl).... 500 

Sullivan,  (Bll) 4,115 

Sulphur  Springs, 

(F8) 209 

Summit  Grove,  (B9)    100 

Summitville,(E6)..  1,387 

Sunman,  (Fll) 353 

Surprise.  (D12) 100 

Swan.  (F2) 100 

Swanington.  (BS) . .  1  SO 

Swayzec,  (ES) 836 

Sweetsers.  (E5) 740 

SwitzCitv.  (Bll)..  600 

Sycamore.  (E5) 300 

Sylvania,  (B8) 300 

Svracuse.  (E2) 1.379 

Talbot.  (B5) 150 

Talma.  (D3) 150 

Tampico.  (E12)...  170 

Taneier,  (B8) 300 

Taswell,  {C14) 200 

Taylorsville,  (ElO).  500 

Teegarden,  (D2)...  200 

Tefft,(C3) 200 


Tell  City,  (C16)...  3,369 
Templeton,  (B5)...  300 
Tennyson,   (BIS)..     371 

Terbune,  (D7) 150 

TerreHaute,(B10)  58,157 
Tetersburg,  (D6)..     100 

Thayer,  (B3) 200 

Thorntown,  (C7)..  1,508 

Tiosa,  (D3) 150 

Tippecanoe,  (D3)..     400 

Tipton,  (D5) 4,075 

Tobinsport,  (C16).     SOO 

Tocsin,  (F4) 120 

Tolleston,(Bl) 1,000 

Topeka,  (El) 500 

Tracy,  (C2) 100 

Trafalgar,  (DIO)...     400 

Treaty,  (ES) 100 

Trenton,  (F6) 3CX) 

Trinity  Springs,  (C12)100 

Troy,  (C16) 510 

Tunnellton,  (D12).     240 

Turner,  (B9) 300 

Twelve  Mile,  (D4).     200 

Tyner,  (D2) 200 

Ubee,(F4) 200 

Underwood,  (E13).     130 

Union,  (B14) 300 

UnionCity,(G7)..  3,209 
Uniondale,  (F4)...  189 
Union  Mills,  (C2)..  500 
Unionport,  (F7)...  100 
UnionvilIe,(Dll)..  100 
Universit  y  Heights, 

(B9) 102 

Upland,  (F5) 1,080 

Upton,(A16) 250 

Urbana,(E4) 300 

Utica,  (E14) 400 

Valeenc,  (D14) 100 

Valley  Mills,  (D9).  150 
Vallonia,  (D12)....  550 
Valparaiso  (B2)...  6,987 
Vanburen,(E5)....  1,189 
Van  Buren,  (El)...  130 
Veedersburg,  (B7).  1,757 

Velpen,  (B14) 250 

Vera  Cruz,  (F5)...     133 

Vemon,(E12) 453 

Versailles,  (Fll)...     486 

Vevay,(F12) 1,256 

Vienna,  (El 3) 200 

Vincennes.  (B13).  14,895 

Vistula,(El) 100 

Wabash,  (E4) 8,587 

Wadena,  (B5) 100 

Wadcsville.  (A15)..  1,000 

Wagoner,  (D4) 100 

Wailesboro,  (Ell).  160 
Wakarusa,  (Dl)...  859 
Waldron,  (ElO)....  400 
Walkerton,(C2)...  1,003 

Wallace,  (BS) 116 

Wallen,  (F3) 150 

Walnut,  (D3) 150 

Walton,(D5) 579 

Wanatah,  (C2) 800 

Warren,  (F5) 1,189 

Warrington,  (E8) . .     300 

Warsaw.  (E3) 4.430 

Washington.(B13).  7.854 
Waterford,  (CD...  150 
Waterford   Mills, 

(El) 150 

Waterloo,  (F2) 1,167 

Waterman,  (B8)...     200 

Watson,  (E14) 250 

Waveland,  (B8)...     575 

Waverly,  (D9) 130 

Wawaka,(F2) 400 


Wawpecong,  (D.".  210 
Waymansville,  vbll)  110 

Waynesburg,  (EU)  100 

Waynesville,  (Ell).  110 

Waynetown,  (B7)..  734 

Webster,  (G8) 30O 

Weisburg,  (Fll)...  100 

Wellsboro,  (C2)...  200 

West  Baden,  (C13)  746 
West  College  Corner, 

(G9)  432 

Westfield,  (D7) 700 

West  Fork,  (CIS)..  200 

West  Harrison, 

(GIO)   281 

West  Lafayette,.. . 

(C6) 3,867 

West  Lebanon,  (B6)  642 
West  Middleton, 

(D6)  200 

West  Newton,  (D9)  400 

Westpoint,  (B6)...  300 

Westport,  (EU)...  67S 
West  Terre  Haute, 

(BIO) 3,083 

Westville,  (CI) 503 

Wheatfield,  (B3)...  357 

Wheatland,  (B13).  400 

Wheeler,  (Bl) 250 

Wheeling,  (F5)....  110 

Whitcomb,  (GIO)..  100 

Whiteland,  (D9)...  343 

Whitelick,  (D8)  ...  200 

Whitestown,  (D8).  800 

Whitesvillc,  (C8)..  120 

White  Water,  (G8).  112 

Whiting,  (Bl) 6,587 

Wilbur,  (C9) 100 

Wilfred,  (Bll) 150 

Wilkinson,  (E8)...  500 

Williams,  (C12)...  350 

Williamsburg,  (F8).  300 
Williamsport,  (B6).  1,243 
Williamstown,  (FIO)    120 

Willow,  (E8) 140 

Wilmington,  (GU)  150 

Winamac,  (C3) 1,507 

Winchester,  (F7)..  4,256 

Windfall,  (E6) 899 

Windsor,  (F7) 120 

Wingate,(B7) 446 

Winona,  (C3) 100 

Winona  Lake,  (E3)  1,000 

Winslow,  (B14)....  932 

Winthrop,  (B6) 100 

Witt,(G10) 100 

Wolcott,  (BS) 873 

Wolcottville.  (Fl)..  627 

Wolllake.  (E2) 450 

Woodburn.  (03)...  300 

Woo<lbury.  (E8)...  120 

WoodKand.  (Dl)...  100 

Woodruff.  (D8)  ...  833 

Worthington,  (Bll)  1,732 

Wyatt.  (Dl) 130 

Yankeetown, 

(B16) ISO 

Yeddo,(B7) 200 

Yenne,  (C13) 150 

Yeoman,  (C5) 180 

Yorktown,  (E7)...  1,100 

Yorkville.(Gll)...  15(1 
Young  America, 

(D5) 509 

Youno,  (DU) 109     . 

Yountsville,  (B7)..     130     ' 

Zanesville,  (F4)....  300 

Zenas.  (Fll) 100 

Zionsville.  (D8) 840 

Zipp,  (A15) 100 


IOWA 


1915  STATE  CENSUS  FIGURES 


Braddyville,  (E5). .     325 

Bradgate,  (F2) 207 

Brandon,  (K3) 349 

Brayion,  (E4) 197 

Brazil,  (J5) 550 

Breda,(E3) 413 

Bridgewater,  (E5).     352 

Brighton,  (LS) 1,023 

Bristow,  (J2) 338 

Britt,(Gl) 1,445 

Bromley,  (H3) 150 

Bronson,  (B3) 250 

Brooklyn,  (K4)...  1,485 

Brooks,  (E6) 120 

Brunsville,(B2)...     Ill 

Bryant,  (04) 175 

Buckeye,  (H3) 193 

Buckgrove,(D4)...       92 

Buffalo,  (N5) 493 

Bufifalo  Center,  (Gl)  908 
Burchinal,  (HI)...  100 
Burlington,  (M5).  24,261 

Burnside,  (F3) 100 

Burroak,  (LI) 650 

Burt,  (Fl) 524 

Bussey,05) 555 

Buxton,  (J5) 4,300 

Cairo,  (M5) 100 

Calamus,  (N4) 393 

Callender,  (F3) 398 

Calmar,  (Ll) 952 

Calumet,  (C2) 208 

Caraanche,  ((34) 647 

Cambria,  (H6) 190 

Cambridge,  (H4)..     683 

Canton,  (N3) 150 

Cantril,  (K6) 465 

Carbon,  (E5) 304 

Carbondale,  (G4)..     130 

Carlisle,  (G5) 633 

Carnarvon,  (E3)...  150 
Carpenter,  (HI)...     144 

Carroll,  (E3) 4,031 

Carson,  (pS) 656 

Cartersvflle.  (H2)..     250 

Cascade,  (M3) !,316 

Casey,  (E4) 801 

Castalia,  (LI) 252 

Castana,  (C3) 441 

Caslle  Grove,  (M3)      100 

Cedar,  (J  5) 100 

Cedar  Bluff,  (M4).  100 
Cedar  Falls,  (K2)..  6,284 
Cedar  Rapids, 

(L4) 40,667 

Cedar  Valley,  (M4)  130 
Center  Junction, 

(M3) 232 


Centerpoint,  (L3)..  910 
Centerville,  (J6)..  7,803 
Central  City,  (L3).  735 
Centralia.  (N3)...       98 

Chapin,  (H2) 250 

Chariton,  (HS) 5,235 

Charles  City,  (Jl).  6,374 
Charleston,  (L5)..     110 

Charlotte,  (04) 384 

Charter  Oak,  (C3).  799 
Chatsworth,  (B2)..     135 

Chelsea,  (K4) 582 

Cherokee.  (C  2) 4,704 

Chester,  (Kl) 290 

Chester  Center,  (14)  100 
Chillicothe,  (JS)...     193 

Churdan,  (E3) 694 

Cincinnati,  (J6)...  1,629 

Clare,  (F2) 284 

Clarence,  (M4) 671 

Clarinda,  (D6) 4,478 

Clarion,  (G2) 2,553 

Clarkdale,  (J6)....  200 
Clarksville,(J2)...     965 

CIay,(LS) 200 

Clayton,  (M2) 141 

Clearfield,  (E6)....  695 
Clear  Lake,  (HI)..  2,741 

Cleghom,  (C2) 220 

demons,  (H3) 245 

Clermont,  (LI)...  714 
Cleveland,  (G5)...       55 

Clinton,  (04) 25,091 

Clio,  (H5) 264 

Clutier,  (K3) 276 

Coalfield,  05) 300 

Coalville,  (F3) 150 

Coburg,  (D6) 176 

Coggon,  (L3) 569 

Coin,  (D6) 665 

Colesburg,  (M2)...     320 

Colfax,  (H4) 2,607 

College  Sprs.,(D6).     585 

Collins,  (H4) 569 

Colo,(H3) 536 

Columbia,  (H5).. . .  200 
Columbus City.( MS)  390 
Columbus  Jc.  (M5)  1,107 
Commerce,  (G4) . . .  200 
Conesville.  (MS)...     332 

Conover,  (LI) 170 

Conrad,  (13) 620 

Conway,  (E5) 277 

Coon  Rapids,  (E4).  1,218 

Cooper,  (F4) 150 

Coppock,  (L5) HI 

Coralville,  (L4) 148 

Corning,  (E6) 1,884 


Correctionville,(C3)  1,056 

Corwith,  (G2) 557 

Corydon,  (H6) 1,757 

Cotter,  (.MS) 134 

Coulter,  (H2) 307 

Council  Bluffs, 

(CS) 31,354 

Craig,  (B2) 135 

Crawfordsville,  (L5)  323 

Crescent,  (CS) 380 

Cresco,  (Kl) 3,199 

Creston,  (F5) 7,572 

Cricket,  (J5) 210 

Cromwell.  (FS)....     179 

Croton,  (L6) 100 

Crystal  Lake,  (Gl)  177 
Cumberland,  (ES)..  574 
Gumming,  (G5)...     200 

Curlew,  (E2) 173 

Cushing,  (C3) 286 

Cylinder,  (Fl) 151 

Dahlonega,  (K5)„.     100 

Dakotah,  (F2) 447 

Dallas,  (H5) 329 

Dallas  Center,  (G4)    856 

Dana,(F3) 213 

Danbury,  (C3) 578 

Danville,  (M5) 280 

Darby ville,  (16)...  200 
Davenport,  (N4).  48,483 

David,{Jl) 110 

Davis  City,  (G6)...     636 

Dawson,  (F4) 306 

Dayton,  (F3) 806 

Daytonville,(L5)..     100 

Decatur,  (G5) 341 

Decorah,  (LI) 4,021 

Dedham,  (E4) 435 

Deep  River,  (K4)..  516 
Defiance,  (D4)....  401 
Delaware,  (M3)...     225 

Delhi,  (M3) 438 

Delmar,  (N4) 553 

Deloit,  (D3) 266 

Delphos,  (F6) 140 

Delta.  (K5) 721 

Denison,  (D3) 3,455 

Denmark,  (M6)...     300 

Denver,  (K2) 478 

Derby,  (H6) 323 

DES  MOINES. 

(G4) 105,652 

DeSoto,  (F4) 298 

DeWitt,  (N4) 1,877 

Dexter,  (F4) 810 

Diagonal,  (F6) 492 

Diamond,  (H5) 100 

Dickens,  <DD 291 


Dike,(J3) 379 

Dixon,  (N4) 291 

Dodgeville,  (M5)  ..     100 

DoUiver,  (El) 108 

Donahue,  (N4)....  85 
Donnellson,  (L6)...     425 

Doon,  (,B1) 612 

Douds  Leando, 

(K5) 47S 

Dougherty,  (H2)...  232 
Douglass,  (LI)....  300 
DowCity,(C4)....  571 
Downey,  (M4) . . . .     1 50 

Dows,  (G2) 1.001 

Drakesville,  (K5)..  273 
Dubuque.  (N2)...  41,795 

Dumont,  (J2) 582 

Duncombe,  (G2)..     476 

Dundee,  (L2) 300 

Dunkerton.(K2)..      300 

Dunlap,  (C4) 1,393 

Dunreath.  (HS)..  250 
Durango,  (N2)...         59 

Durant,  (N4) 729 

Durham,  (J  5) 100 

Dyersville,  (M3)...  1,885 

Dysart,  (K3) 937 

Eagle  Center,  (K3)  100 
Eagle  Grove,  (G2).  4,038 

Earlham,  (F5) 749 

Earlmg,  (D4) 307 

EarlviUe,  (M3) 582 

Early,  (D3) 534 

East  Peru,  (G5)....  300 
East  Pleasant  Plain, 

(L5) 240 

EddyvUle,  (T5) 1,046 

Edgewood,  (M2)..     525 

Ehler,  (M3) 100 

Elberon,  (K3) 339 

Eldon,  (K6) 2,030 

Eldora,  (H3) 2,720 

El  Dorado,  (LI)...     ISO 

Eldridge,  (N4) 236 

Elgin,(L2) 611 

Elkader,  (M2) 1,213 

Elkhart,  (G4) 151 

Elk  Horn,  (D4) 527 

Elkport,  (M2) 210 

Elliott,  (DS) 558 

Ellston,  (F6) 212 

Ellsworth,  (G3)....     530 

Elma,  (Kl) 871 

Elwood,  (N4) 180 

Ely,(L4) 182 

Emerson,  (D5) 464 

Emmetsburg,{El).  2,647 
Enterprise,  (G4)...     350 


Epworth,(N3) 452 

Essex,  (D6) 797 

Estherville,  (El).. .4,123 

Evans,  (JS) 590 

Eveland,  (J5) 100 

Everist,  (T5) 250 

Everly,  (Dl) 472 

Exira,  (E4) 842 

Eiline,  (J6) 551 

Fairbank,(K2) 629 

Fairfax,  (L4) 260 

Fairfield,  (L6).....,.  6,113 

Fairport,  (NS) 210 

Fairview,  (M3) 250 

Fanslers,  (F4) 100 

Farley,  (M3) 729 

Farlin,  (F3; 150 

Farmersburg,  (M2)  280 

Farmington,  (L6) ..  1,194 

Farnhamville,  (F3)  355 

Farragut,  (D6) 511 

Farson,  (K5) 150 

Fayette,  (L2) 1,175 

Fenton,  (Fl) 304 

Ferguson,  (J 4),,..  161 

Fertile,  (HI) 232 

Festina,  (LI) 130 

Finchford,  (J2) 110 

Flagler,  (H55 409 

Floris,  (K6) 253 

Floyd,  (Jl) 352 

Fonda,  (E2) 1,105 

Fontanelle,  (E5)...  868 

Forbush.  (J6) 100 

Forest  City,  (G  I).. .  2,135 

Fort  Atkinson,(Kl)  305 
Fort  Des  Moines, 

(D4) 538 

Fort  Dodge.  (F2).  19,372 
Fort  Madison, 

(M6) 9,507 

Foster,  (J5J 129 

Fostoria,  (Dl) 146 

Fraker,  (JS) 150 

Franklin,  (L6) 133 

FrankvUle,  (LI)...  125 

Fraser,  (G3) 520 

Fredericksburg, 

(K2) 635 

Frederika,  (K2)...  204 

Fredonia,  (MS) 250 

Fredric,  (J5) 150 

Fremont,  (K5)....  520 
French  Creek, 

(M2) 100 

Fruitland,  tM5)...  250 

Fulton,  (N3) ISO 

Gaitibatt.O*)-..  200 


Galland,  (M7) lOO 

Gait,  (G2) 185 

Galva,(D2) 478 

Garber,  (M2) 128 

Garden  Grove.  (G6)  741 
Garnavillo,  (M2)...     368 

Garner,  (Gl) 1,226 

Garrison,  (K3) 489 

Garwin,  (J3) 513 

Gaza,  (CI) 200 

Geneva,  (H2) 205 

George,  (CI) 704 

Germania,  (Fl)....     426 

Giard,  (MI) 150 

Gibson,  (K5) 100 

GiSord,  (H3) 130 

Gilbert  Sta,  (G3)..  252 
Gilbertville,  (K3)...  200 
GiUett  Grove.  (Dl)     173 

Gilman,  (J4) 477 

Gilmore  City,  (E2)    935 

Givin,(J5) 200 

Gladbrook,  (J3)....     959 

Glasgow,  (L6) 100 

Glenwood,  (CS)....  3,291 

GUdden,  (E3) 913 

Goldfield.  (G2) 748 

GoodeU,(G2) 241 

Goose  Lake,  (04).     113 

Gowrie,(F3) 955 

Graettinger,  (El)..     743 

Graf.  (N3) 74 

Grafton,  (HI) 199 

Grand  Jc,(F3) 984 

Grand  Mound,  (N4)  481 
Grand  River,  (G6)  363 
Grandview,(M5)..     37S 

Granger,  (G4) 275 

Grant,(D5) 314 

Grant  City,  (E3)...  177 
Granville,  ((:2)....     4IS 

Gravity,  (E6) 549 

Gray,(D4) 184 

Greeley,  (M2) 370 

Greene,  (J2) 1,315 

Greenfield,  (FS)....  1,624 
Green  Island,  (03).  127 
Green  Mtn,  (J3)...  100 
Greenville,  (Dl)....     150 

Grimes,  (G4) 351 

Grinnell,  (J4) 5,061 

Griswold,  (D5)....  1,148 
Grovehai,  (K2)....  100 
Grundy  Cenler,(J3)  1,629 

Gruvcr,  (El) 110 

Guernsey,  (K4)....  177 
Guthrie  Center, 

(£4) 1,678 


352 


(IOWA-KANSAS) 


INDEX  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES 


Guttenberg,  (M2)..  1.886    Kellerton,(F6)_.  .     S84 

Halbur,(E4) 168   Kelley,  (G4) 222 

Hale,{M3) 200   Kellogg,  (14) 619 

Hamburg,  (C6) 2,204   Kendallvillc.  (LI)..     100 

Hamilton,  (J 5) 398   Kensett,  (HI) 4J0 

Hampton,  (H2)....  3,025   Kent,  (F6) 166 

Hancock,  (D5) 264   Kenwood  Park,^L3)    559 

Hanlontown,  (HI).     180  Keokuk,  (M7)....  15.239 

Hansen,  CH2) 110   Keosauqua,(L6)... 1.018 

Harcourt.  (F3) 303  Keota,  (L5) 1,071 

Hardy.  (F2) 100  Kesley,  (J2) 130 

Harlan,  (D4) 2,825  Keswick,  (K5) 359 

Harper,  (KS) 257   Keystone,  (K4)....     493 

Harpers  Ferry,  (Ml)    315   KevWest,  (N3)....      140 

Harris,  (Dl) 308   Kimballton,  (D4)  .     350 

Hartford,  (H5) 238  Kingsley,  (C2) 1,052 

HarUey,(Dl) 1,115  Kinross,  (L5) 152 

HartwicW.(K4)....     U3   Kirkman,  (D4) 198 

Harvard,  (H6) 130   KirkviUe,  (K5) 278 

Harvey,  (75) 400   Kiron,(D3). 239 

Haskins,(L5) J50  Klemme.iGl) 404 

Hastings,  (D5) 432   Knierim,  (F3) 193 

Havelock.  (E2) 278   Knowlton,  (F6)....     181 

Hawarden,  (A2)...  2,045   Knoxville,  (H5).... 3,541 

Hawkeye,  (L2)....     614  Kossuth,  (M5) 80 

HawleyviUe,  (E6)..     140  Koszta,  (K) 1,004 

Hayesville,(K5)...     130  Lacey.  (J5) 120 

Hayfield.(Gl) 130  Lacona.  (H5) 526 

Hadeton,  (U) 507    Laddsdale.  (K6). . .     250 

Hedrick,  (KS) 926   Ladora,  (K4). 215 

Henderson,  (C5)...     238   I.ake City,  (E3)....  2,224 

Hepburn,  (D6) 112    Lake  Mills,  (GO...  1,480 

Hesper,(Ll) 200   Lake  Park,  (Dl)...     709 

High,(L4) 150  Lakeview,  (D3)....     814 

Highland  Center,  Lakonta,  U5) 22  5 

(KS) 160   Lamoille,  (H3) 120 

HighlandvUle,  (LI)     350   Lamoni,  (G6) 1,778 

Hiris,{L4) 210    Lamont,(L2) 592 

HUlsboro,  (L6) 575    Lamotte,  (N3) 298 

Hillsdale,  (CS) 80   Lancaster,  (K5)...     ISO 

Hinton,  (B2) 291    Lanesboro,(E3)...     306 

Hiteman,  (J5) J.OSO  Lansing,  (Ml) 1,65S 

Hocking,  (16) 1,000   Laporte  City,  (K3).  1,541 

Holland,  (J3) 152   Larchwood,(Bl)...     476 

Holstein,  (C2) 1,137   Larrabee,  (C2) 192 

HolyCross(M2)..     134  Latimer,  (H2) 357 

Homestead,  (L4)...     300  Laurel,  (J4) 194 

HopeviUe,(G6).  ..      91   Laurens,  (E2) 848 

Hopkinton,  (M3)...     836  Lavinia.  (E3) 125 

Homick,  (B3) 309  I.awler,  (Kl) 656 

Hospers,  (CI) 557  Lawton,  (B3) 190 

Hubbard.  (H3) 663  Leando,  (K6) 180 

Hudson,  (K3) 411   Le Claire,  (04)....     688 

HuU,(Bl) 768  Ledyard.(FI) 240 

Humboldt,  (F2)....  2,061    Legrand,  (J4) 364 

Huraeston,(H6)...  1.034  Lehigh,  (F3) 1,290 

Huntington,  (El)..     100  Leighton,  (J5) 129 

Huron,  (M5) 100  Leland,  (Gl) 188 

Hurstville,(N3)...     200  Lemars,  (B2) 5,070 

Huxley,(G4) 357   Lenox,  (E6) 1,320 

Hynes,(J5) 410  Leon.(G6) 2,199 

Iconium,(H6) 120  LeRoy,(G6) 221 

Idagrove,  (C3) 2,090  Lester,  (Bl) 274 

Imogene,(D6) 314  Letts,  (MS) 456 

Independence,  (L3)  3,683  Lewis,  (DS) 652 

Indianapolis,  (KS)..     120  Liberty  Center,  (G5)  100 

Indianok.  (GS) 3,495  Libertyville,  (L6). .     300 

Inwood,(Bl) 713  Lidderdale,  (E3>...     176 

lon,(Ml) 100  Limespring,  (Kl)..    547 

Ionia,(Kl) 291   Linden,  (F4) 324 

Iowa  City,  (U)... 12,033   Lineville,  (H6) 752 

Iowa  Falls,  (H2)...  3,716  Linnburg,  (F3) 300 

Ira,(H4) 150  Linn  Grove,  (D2)..     320 

Ireton,  (B2) 670  Lisbon,  (M4) 879 

Irving,  (K4) ISO  Liscomb,  (J3) 307 

Irwin,  (D4) 347  Little  Cedar,  (Jl)..     175 

ackson  Jc.,(Ll)..     151  Littleport,  (M2)...     206 

amaica,  (F4) 403   Little  Rock,  (CO..     634 

amestown.(N5)..     200  LitUe  Sioux,  (C4)..     452 
ianesville,(K2)....     313  Livermore,  (F2)...     634 

eSerson,  (F3) 3,103  Lockman.  (J5) 160 

erome,  (H6) 300  Lockridge,  (L6)...     203 

esup,(K3) 789  Logan,  (C4) 1,641 

ewell,  (G3) 1,074  Lohrville,  (E3) 696 

oice,  (HI) 172  Lone  Rock,  (Fl)...     225 

olley.(E3) 246  Lone  Tree,  (MS)  ..     809 

'.alo,(F3J 27S   I.ong  Grove,  (N4)  .      146 

.alona,  (LS) 514  Lorimor,  (F5). 


Kalona,  I,— -, - 

Kamrar,  (G3) 268  Lost  Nation,  (:N4) . 

Kanawha. (G2)....    516  LoveUad,(C5).... 


Lovilia,(J5) 512 

Lowden,(N4) 630 

Lowell,  (M6) ISO 

Low  .Moor,  (04)...     262 

Luana,  (.Ml) 168 

Lucas,  (HS) 625 

Luther,  (G4) 141 

Luton,  (B3) 200 

Luveme,  (F2) 560 

Luxemburg,  (M2)..     120 

Luzerne,  (K4) 161 

Lynnville,  (]«) 453 

Lyons,  (04) 5,700 

Lytton.  (E3) 238 

McCallsburg,  (H3)  292 
McCausland,  (04).  110 
McClelland,  (CS)..  144 
McGregor,  (Ml)..  1.244 

Mclntire,  (J  1) 579 

Macedonia,  (D5)..  390 
Macksburg,  (F5)..     304 

Madrid,  (G4) 1,449 

Magnolia,  tC4) 297 

Malcom,(J4) 426 

Mallard,  (E2) 384 

Maloy,(F6) 119 

Malvern,  (C6) 1,254 

Manchester,  (M3)..  3,102 

Manilla.  (D4) 1,124 

Manly,  (HI) 482 

Manning,  (04) 1,611 

Manson,(E2) 1,309 

Maple  River,  (E3).     100 

Mapleton,  (C3) 1,200 

Maquokela,  (N3).  3,776 
Marathon,  (D2)...  581 
Marble  Rock,  (J2).     535 

Marcus,  (C2) 987 

MirenKO,(K4) 2,037 

Marion,  (L3) 4,675 

Marne,(D5) 297 

Marshalltown,(J3)  16,065 

Martelle,  (M3) 181 

Martinsburg,  (KS).  288 
Marysville,  (JS)....  216 
Mason  City,  (HI).  17,152 
Masoaville,  (L3)..  268 
Massena,  (ES)....  546 
Massillon,  (N4)...     100 

Matlock,  (CI) 76 

Maurice,  (B2) 307 

Maxwell,  (H4) 856 

Maynard,(L2)....  426 
Maysville,  (N4) ...  58 
Mechanicsville,  (M4)  816 
Mediapolis,  (MS)..  867 
Melbourne,  (H4)..     359 

Melcher.  (HS) 560 

Melrose,  (H6) 469 

Meltonville,  (HI)..     100 

Melvin,  (CI) 278 

Menlo,  (F4) 437 

Meriden,  (C2) 263 

Merrill.  (B2) 536 

Meservey,  (H2)....     257 

Meyer,(Jl) 421 

Middletown,  (M6)     106 

Miles,  (03) 316 

Milford,(Dl) 823 

Miller,  (GI) ISO 

Millersburg,  (K4)..     197 

MillviUe,  (M2) 100 

Milo,(HS) 607 

Milton.  (K6) 947 

Minburn.  (F4) 430 

Minden,  (CS) 429 

Mineola,  (CS) 250 

Mineral  Ridge,  (G3)    120 

Minerva,  (H3) 250 

Mingo,  (H4) 305 

Missouri  VaiUey, 

(C4).._ 3,764 

Mitchell,  (Jl) 225 

Mitchellville,  (H4).     816 

Modale,  (C4) 406 

Moingona,  (G3)...  250 
Mondamin,  (C4)..     452 

Moneta.  (Dl) 88 

Monmouth,  (N3)...  224 
Moaona,(Ml) 966 


Monroe,  (H4) 926 

Montezuma,  (K4)..  1.326 
Monticello.(M3)...  2,159 

Montour,  (J  3) 413 

Montpelier,(NS)...  300 
Montrose.  (M6)....     702 

Mooar,  (M7) 150 

Moorhead.(C4)...  381 
Moorland,  (F3)....     157 

Moravia,  (J6) 741 

Morley,  (M3) 100 

Morning  Sun,  (MS)    904 

Morrison,  (J3) 218 

Morse,(M4) 100 

Moscow,  (M4)....     280 

Moulton,  (J6) 1.352 

Mount  Auburn,  (K3)  273 
Mountayr,  (F6)...  1,708 
Mount  Etna,  (ES).  130 
Mt.  HamiU,  (Li)  ..  150 
Mt.  Pleasant,  (L6)  4,089 
Mount  Sterling, (L6)  243 
Mount  Union,  (MS)  200 
Mount  Vernon,(M4)l,568 

Moville,  (B3) 801 

Murray,  (G5) 847 

Muscatine,  (MS)..  15,785 

Mystic,  (J6) 2,695 

Nashua,  (K2) 1,282 

National,  (M2) 130 

Nemaha,  (D2) 210 

Neola,(C5) 977 

Nevada,  (H4) 2,686 

Nevinville,  (ES)...  :20 
NewAlbin,(Ml)..     613 

Newburg.  (J7) 175 

Newell.  (E2) 787 

Newhall,  (L4) 248 

New  Hampton,(Kl)2,664 
New  Hartford,(J2).  474 
New  Liberty,  (N4<.  116 
New  London.  (M6)  1,162 
New  Market,  (E6)  .  '  737 
New  Providence.(H3)  249 
New  Sharon,  (JS)..  1,225 

Newton,  (H4) 5,165 

New  Vienna,  (M2).  211 
New  Virginia.  (GS).     409 

Nichols,  (MS) 425 

Nilesvilie,  (Jl) 100 

Nodaway.  (E6) 359 

Nora  Springs,  (Jl).  1.148 

Norman,  (HI) 100 

Northboro.(D6)...  219 
North  Buena  Vista, 

(M2) 164 

North  English,  (K4)  933 
North  Liberty,  (L4)  186 
North  McGregor, 

(Ml) 57S 

North  Washington, 

(Kl) 123 

Northwood,(Hl)..  1,525 

Norwalk,(G5) 359 

Norway,  (L4) 493 

Norwoodville,  (G4)     220 

Numa,(J6) 738 

Oakland,  (DS) 1,196 

Oakville,  (MS) 416 

Oasis,  (M4) 100 

Ocheyedan,  (CI)..     725 

Odebolt,(D3) 1,236 

Oelwein,  (L2) 7,137 

Ogden,(F3) 1,403 

Okoboji,  (Dl) 170 

Olds,  (L5) 163 

Olin,  (M4) 706 

OIlie,  (KS) 341 

Onawa,  (B3) 2,210 

Onslow,  (M3) 231 

Ontario,  (G3) 100 

Orange  City,  (Bl).  1,417 

Orchard,  (Jl) 141 

Orient,  (F5) 496 

Orleans,  (Dl) 135 

Osage,  (Jl) 2,779 

Osceola,  (GS) 2,714 

Oskaloosa,  (JS).. .  10,485 

Ossian,  (LI) 853 

Osterdock,  (M2)...      97 


Otho,(F3) 350 

Otley,  (JS) 300 

Oto,(C3) 366 

OtrantoStation,(Jl)  100 

Otter  Creek.  (N3).  150 

Ottosen,  (F2) 153 

Ottumwa,  (J5)...  22,437 

Owasa,  (113) 200 

Oxford,  (L4) 577 

Oxford  Jc,  (N4)...  852 

Oxford  Mills,  (M4).  170 

Oyens,  (ii2) 82 

Pacific  Jc,  (C5) 660 

Packwood,  (KS)....  295 

Palmer,  (E2) 222 

Palmyra,  (H5) 150 

Palo,(L3) 222 

Panama,(C4) 168 

Panora,  {F4) 1,107 

ParU,  (L3) 100 

Parkersburg,  (J2)..  1,027 

Parnell,  (K4) 380 

Paton,  (F3) 359 

Patterson,  (GS) 132 

Paullina,(C2) 875 

Pekin,  (J5) 120 

PeIla,(J5) 3,096 

Peoria,  (JS) 100 

Percival,  (C6) 150 

Perlee,  (LS) 100 

Perry,  (F4) 5,455 

Persia,(C4) 382 

Peterson,  (D 2) 534 

Pierson,  (C2) 499 

Pilot  Mound,  (G3).  347 

Pioneer,  (F2) 108 

Pisgah,  (C4) 403 

Plainfield,  (K2)....  325 

Plainview,  (N4)  . . .  200 

Piano,  CH6) 150 

Pleasant  Grove,(M6)  150 

Pleasanton,  (G6)...  265 

Pleasant  Plain,  (LS)  172 
Pleasant  Valley,  (04)  150 

Pleasantville,  (HS).  825 

Plover,  (E2) 200 

Plymouth,  (HI)....  374 

Pocahontas,  (E2) . .  1,194 

Polk,  (G4) 257 

Pomeroy,  (E2) 935 

Popejoy,  (H2) 328 

Portsmouth,  (D4)..  338 

Postville,  (LI) 1,003 

Prairieburg,  (M3)..  227 

Prairie  City,  (H4)..  817 

Prescott,  CE5) 452 

Preston,  (03) 654 

Primghar,(Cl) 423 

Primrose,  (L6) 160 

Princeton.  (04)....  428 

Promise  City,  (H6).  278 

Protivin,  (Kl) 185 

Pulaski,  (K6) 456 

Quarry,  (J3) 230 

Quasqueton,  (L3).  466 

Quimby,  (C2) 286 

Quincy,  (ES) 77 

Radcli£fe,  (H3)....  729 

Rake,(Gl) 231 

Ralston,  (E3) 200 

Randalia,(L2)....  141 

Randall,  (G3) 200 

Randolph,  (C6)....  320 

Rathbun,  (J6) 622 

Raymond,  (K3)...  130 

Readlyn,  (K2) 319 

Reasnor,  (J4) 205 

Reddin?,  (F6) 992 

Redlield.  (F4) 669 

Redoak,  (DS) 5,601 

Reinbeck.(J3) 1257 

Rembrandt,  (D2)..  228 

Remsen,  (C2) 1,098 

Renwick,  (F2) 483 

Rhodes.  (H4') 451 

Riceville,  (Jl) 945 

Richland,  (L5) 619 

Richmond,  (L5). . .  150 
Rickardsv  lie,  (N2)       95 

Ricketts,  (C3) 143 


130 
200 
85 
637 
696 
357 
160 


Saint  Donalus,  (N3) 
Saint  Lucas,  (LI).. 
Saint  Olaf,(M2).. 
Saint  Paul,  (M3).. 


Ridgeway,  (Kl)...     389    Spaulding.  (F5)  ...    125 

Rinard,  (E3) 156   Spencer,  (Dl) 4,176 

Ringsted,  (El) 447   SpiUviUe,  (Kl) 314 

Rippey,  (F4) 403  Spirit  Lake,  (D 1). .  1,602 

Riverside,  (LS) 656  Spragucville,  (03).     101 

Riverton,  (C6) 654  Spring  Brook,  (03) 

Robins,  (U) 12S  Springdalc,  (M4).. 

Rochester,  (M4)...  150  Springhill.  (G5).... 
Rockdale,  (N3)....  140  Springville,  (M3).. 
Rock  Falls.  (HI). .  108  Stacyville,  ( J 1 ). . . . 
Rockford,  (Jl)....  1,138  Stanhope.  (G3).... 
Rock  Rapids  (Bl)  2,031  Stanley,  (L2).     ... 

Rock  V,illey.  (Bl).  1,306  Stanton,  (D6) 705 

Rockwell,   (H2)...      726  Stinwood,  (M4)...     547 
Rockwell  City.CE3)  1.864  State  Center,  (H3).  1,037 

Rodm.an,  (El) 161  Steamboat  Rock,(H3)414 

Rodney,  (B3) 175  Steriing,  (03) 300 

Roland,  (H3) 691  Stiles,  (K6) 100 

Rolfe,  (F2) 1,115  Stilson,  (Gl) 150 

Rome,(L6) 163  Stockport,  (L6)..,.     363 

Rose  Hill,  (KS)....     2S7   Stockton.  (N4) 121 

Ross,  (E4) 100  Stone  City,  (M3)...     600 

Rossie,(Dl) 100  Storm  Lake,  (D2)..  3,158 

Rossville,  (Ml)....     150  Story  City.  (G3)...,  1.576 

Rowan,(G2) 326  Stout,  (J2) 147 

Rowley,  (L3) 200  Stratford,  (G3) 601 

Royal,(Dl) 312   Strawberry  Pt.,(L2)  1,157 

Rudd,(Jl) 448   Struble,(B2) 160 

Runnells,  (H4)....     390  Stuart.(F4) 1,849 

RusseII.(H6) 660  Sully,(J4) 346 

Ruthven,  (El) 744   Summerset,  (HS)...     300 

Rutland,  (F2) 235   Summitville,  (M7) .     110 

Ryan,  (  M3) 483   Sumner,  (K2) 1,585 

Sabula,  (03) 944   Sunbury,  (N4) 100 

SacCity,(E3) 2,521    Superior,  (El) 188 

Saint  Ansgar,(Jl)..     851    Sutherland,  (D2)...     812 
Saint  Anthony.  (H3)    218   Swaledale,  (H2)....     207 

Saint  Benedict.  (Fl)    100   Swan,  (H5) 271 

Saint  Charles,  (GS).     455   SweaCitv,  (FU....     595 
150   Swedesburg.  (L5)..     100 

116   Tabor,  (C6) 1,018 

145    Taintor,  (J5) 100 

...  62    Talleyrand,  (K5)  . .     100 

Salem,  CL6) 516    Tama,  (J4) 2,621 

Salina,  (LS) 150   Templeton,  (E4)...     276 

Salix,(B3) 339   Tennant,  (D4j 150 

Sanborn,  (CI) 1,456    Terril,(El) 452 

Sandspring,  (M3)..     200    Thayer,  (FS) 188 

Sandyville,(H5)...     110    Thompson,  (Gl)...     565 

Saratoga,  (Kl) 80    Thor,  (F2) 297 

ScarvUlc,  (Gl)....     162    Thornburg,  (K5)  ..     221 

Schallcr,  (D2) 680    Thornton,  (H2)  .. .     311 

Schleswig,  (D3)....     567    Thurman.  (C6)....     357 

Scotch  Grove,  (M3)   100    Ticonic,  (C3) 120 

Scranton,  (E3) 902    Tiffin,  (L4) 196 

Searsboro,  (J4)....     207    Tingley,  (F6) 411 

Selma,  (K6) 200    Tipton,  (M4) 2,176 

Seney,  (B2) 100    Titonka,  (Fl) 353 

Sergeant  Bluff,  (B3)    507    Toddville,  (L3)....     100 

Sewal,  (H6) 200   Toledo,  (J3) 1,721 

Sexton,  (Fl) 150   Toolsboro,  (MS)...     150 

Seymour,  (H6) 2,146    Toronto,  iN4l 141 

Shambaugh,  (D6)..     298   Tracy,  (JS)...' 200 

Shannon  City,  (F6)     289   Traer,  (K3) 1,378 

Sharon  Center,  (L4)    100    Trenton,  (L5) 100 

Sharpsburg,(E6)..     166    Treynor,(C5) 205 

Sheffield,(H2) 1,035    Tripoli,  (K2) 854 

Shelby,  (D4) 623    Troy,  (K6) 180 

Sheldahl,  (G4) 226   Troy  Mills,  (L3)....     275 

Sheldon,  (CI) 3,323    Truesdale,  (D2)  ...     175 

Shellrock,  (J2) 829    Truro,(G5) 322 

Shellsburg,  (L3)...     605    Turin,  (C3) 202 

Shenandoah,  (D6).  5,637    Udell,(J6) 291 

Sherrill,  (N2) 122    Underwood,  (C5)...     295 

Shueyville,  (U)...     150    Union,  (H3) 600 

Sibley,(Cl) 1,755    Unionville,  (J6)...     475 

Sidney,  (C6) 1,074    University  Park, 

Sigourney,(K5)...  2,109        (JS). _ 435 

Silver  City,  (C5)...     483    Urbana,  (L3) 393 

SiouxCenter,(Bl).  1,209    Ute,  (C3) 560 

SiouxCity,(B2)..  61,774    Vail,  (D3) 685 

Sioux  Rapids,  (D2)  1,023    Valeria,  (H4) 92 

Slater,  (G4) 670    Valley  Jc,  (G4)...  3,026 

Sloan,  (B3) 588    Vancleve,  (J4) 150 

Smithland,  (C3)...     336    Van  Horn,  (K3)  ...     505 

Soldier,  (C4) 244    Vanmeter,  (G4)....     472 

Solon,  (M4) 441    Van  Wert,  (G6)....     469 

Somers,(F3) 178    Varina,  (E2) 245 

South  Amana,  (K4)    JOO    Ventura,  (HI) 300 

South  EnglUh,  (KS)  333    Vernon,  (L6) 100 


Victor,  (K4) 754 

Village  Creek,  (Ml)  170 

Villisca,  (E6) 2,132 

Vincennes,  (L7)....     100 

Vincent.  (F2) 183 

Vining.(K3) 164 

Vinton,  (K3) 3,996 

Viob,(M3) 230 

Volga,  (L2) 456 

Voorhies,  (K3) 100 

Wadena,  (L2).  ...  279 
Walcott,  (N4).  ...     461 

Walford,  (L4) 130 

Walker,  (L3) 526 

Wallingford,(El)..  188 
Wall  Lake,  (D3)....     726 

Walnut.  (D5) 1,008 

WapelIo,(MS) 1,532 

Ward,  (is) 100 

Ware,  (E2).    100 

Washington,  (LS)..  4.544 

Washta.  (C2) 432 

Waterloo.  (K2)...  33,097 
Waterville,  (Ml).  .     192 

Watkins,  (K4) 200 

Waubeek,  (U) 230 

Waucoraa,  (LI).  ..  449 
Waukee,  (G4)    ...     354 

Waukon,  (.Ml) 2,168 

Waverly,(J2)  ,...3,561 
Wayland,  (L5)...   .     560 

Webb,(E2) 185 

Webster.  (K.S) 126 

Webster  City.  (G3)  5,334 

Weldon.  (G6). 289 

Wellman,  (L5> 839 

Wellsburg,  (J3)    ..     385 

Welton,  (.\4) 75 

Wesley.  (Fl) 466 

West,(L4) 230 

West  Bend,  (F2)...  701 
West  Branch,  (M4)  712 
West  Burlington, 

fM6). 1,091 

West  Chester,  (LS)  233 
Western  College, 

(L4) 200 

West6eld,(A2) 198 

Westgate,  (L2) 266 

West  Grove,  (J6)..  200 
West  Liberty,  (M4)  1,760 
West  Mitchell,  (Jl)     138 

Weston,(C5) 100 

Westphalia,  (D4)...  150 
West  Point, (M6)..     564 

Westside,  (D3) 401 

West  Union,  (L2)..  1,773 

Wever,  (M6) 175 

Whatcheer,(KS)...  1,805 
Wheatland,  (N4)...  558 
White  City,  (J 5)..  125 
White  Sulphur, 

\NS) 250 

Whiting,  (B3) 642 

Whittemore.  (Fl)..     586 

Whitten,  {J3) 230 

Whittier,  (L3) 150 

Williams,  (G2) 550 

Williamsburg,  (L41  1,157 
Wilton  Jc.,(N'4)...  1,176 
Win6eld,  (.\I5)....  1,007 
Winterset,  (FS)  . . .  2,860 
Winthrop,  (U). ...     564 

Wiota,(ES) 245 

Woden,  (Gl) 163 

Woodbine,  (C4)...  I,6l3 
Woodbum,(G5)...  389 
Woodland.  (G6)...  100 
Woodward,  (G4) . .  820 
Woolstock,  (G2)....  337 
Worthington,  (M3)    327 

Wright,  (K5) 140 

Wyman,  (MS) 110 

Wyoming,  (M3). . .     707 

Yale,(F4) 305 

Yarmouth,    (MS).     175 

Yetter,(E3) 132 

Yorktown.  (D6)...     212 

Zearing,  (H3) 536 

Zwingle,(N3) 85 


KANSAS 

1915  STATE  CENSUS  FIGURES 


Abbyvnie,  (J6)....     250 

Abilene,  (L4) 4,267 

Ada,(K3) 184 

Admire,  (N4) 210 

Agenda,  (L2) 172 

Agra,(G2) 324 

Agricola,  (PS) 150 

Albert,  (H5) 131 

Alden,  (JS) 260 

Alexander,  (GS)...     120 
Aliceville,  (05)....     140 

Allen,  (N4) 311 

Alma,  (.N"3) 794 

Almena,  (F2) 543 

Altamont,  (P7)....     691 
Alta  Vista,  (N4)....     467 

Alton,  (H2) 428 

Altoona,  (06) 1,279 

Americus,  (N4)....     462 

Ames.  (1.2) 100 

Andale,  (K6) 296 

Andover,  (L6) 100 

Anson,  (L7) 100 

Anthony,  (J7) 2,435 

Arcadia,  (Q6) 746 

Argentine,  (Q3)...  4,850 

Argonia,  (K7) 450 

Arkansas  City,  (L7)  7,775 

Arlington,  ( J6) 465 

Arma,  (Q6) 1,792 

Arrington,  (P3)...     200 
Asherville,(K3)....     150 

Ashland,  (F7) 904 

Assari,-!,  (K4) 237 

Atchison,  (P2)....  15,263 

Athol,  (H2) 305 

AUanta,(M7) 319 

Attica,  (J7) 639 

Atwood,  (D2) 502 

Auburn,  (04) 100 

Augusta,  (M6)....  1,378 

Aulne,  (LS) 160 

Aurora,  (L3)......     261 

Avoca.(03) ISO 

Axtell.  (N2) 710 

Badger,(Q7) 175 


Baileyville,  (N2)...  20O 

Baker,(02) 118 

Baldwin  City,  (P4)  1,231 

Bancroft,  (02) 150 

Barclay,  (04) 150 

Barnard,  (J3) 408 

Barnes,  (M2) 417 

Barrett,  (N2) 100 

Bartlett,  (P7) 269 

Basehor,(Q3) 220 

Bassett,  (P6) 310 

Bavaria,  (K4) 130 

Baxter  Sprs.,  (Q7).  1,343 

Bazine,  (FS) 120 

Beagle,  (PS) 200 

Beattie,  (N2) 478 

Beaumont,  (M 6)..  230 

Bellaire,  (H2) 140 

Belle  Plaine,  (L7). .  817 

Bellevme,(K2)....  2,216 

Belmont,  (K6') 140 

Beloit,(J3) 3,240 

Belpre,  (G6) 411 

Belvue,  (N3) 218 

Bendena,  (P2) 130 

Benedict,  (06) 239 

Bennington,  (K3)..  402 

Bentley,  (L6) 130 

Benton,  (L6) 206 

Bern,(N2) 256 

Bethel,  (Q3) 100 

Beulah,  (Q7) 61 

Beverly,  (K3) 334 

Higelow,  (N2) ISO 

Bird  City,  (B2) 249 

Bison,  (G4) 285 

Black  Wolf.  (J4)..  110 

Blaine,  (N2) 117 

Bloom,  (F6) 100 

Blue  Mound,  (QS).  636 

Blue  Rapids.  (M2)  1,326 

BluSCity,(K7)..  .  258 

Bogue,  (F3) 100 

Boicourt.  (QS) 110 

Bonner  Sprs.,  (Q3)  1,541 

Brazilton,  (Q6)...  61 


Breezy  Hill,  (Q6)..  675 

Bremen,  (M2) 175 

Brewster,  (C3)....  200 

Bridgeport,  (K4)...  100 

Bronson,  (P6) 612 

Brookville,  (K4)...  261 

Broughton,(L3)...  120 

Brownell,  (F4) 175 

Bucklin,  (F6) 778 

Bucyrus,  (Q4) 150 

Buffalo,  (06) 736 

BuffviUe,  (07) 250 

Buhler,  (K5) 406 

Bunkerhill,(:H4)...  235 

Burden,  (M7) 410 

Burdett,  (GS) 200 

Burdick,  (M4) 210 

Burlingame,  (04)..  1,474 

Buriington,  (05)..  2,251 

Burns,(M5) 417 

Burroak,  (J2) 723 

Burrton,  (K5) 655 

Busby,  <:N7) 100 

Bushong,  (N4) ISO 

Bushton,  (JS) 288 

Caldwell,  (K7) 2,215 

Cambridge,  (M7)..  230 

Caney,  (07) 3,104 

Canton,  (LS) 659 

Capaldo,  (Q7) 416 

Carbondale,  (04). .  456 

Carlton,  (1,4) 210 

Cariyle.  (P6) 90 

Carneiro.  (J4)....  100 

Carona,  (Q7) 400 

Cassoday,  (MS)...  225 

Castleton,(K6) 200 

Cawker  City,  (J2)  .  840 

Cedar,(H2) 350 

Cedar  Bluffs,  (E2).  74 

Cedar  Junction(Q4)  160 

Cedar  Point.  (MS).  167 

Cedar  Vale,  (N7)..  978 

Centerville.  (Q5)...  200 

Centralia,  (N2)....  596 

CenUopoIis,(P4)..  100 


Chanute,(P6) 9,033 

Chapman,  (M4)...     746 

Chase,  (JS) 252 

Chautauqua,  (N7).     373 

Cheney,  (.K6) 662 

Cherokee,  (Q7) 1,149 

Cherryvale,  (07)..  4,235 

Chetopa,(P7) 1,899 

Chicopee,(Q7)....     273 

Cimarron,  (E6) 559 

Circleville,  (03)...     269 

Claflin,  (H4) 610 

Clay  Center,  (L3)..  3,472 

Clayton,  (E2) 173 

Clearwater,  (L6)...  547 
Cleburne,  (M2)...  170 
Clements,  (MS)...     150 

Clifton,  (L2) 342 

Climax,  (N6) 100 

Clinton,  (P4) 150 

Cloverdale,(N7)...     100 

Clyde,  (L2) 1,211 

Coats,  (H6) 269 

Codell,  (G3) 100 

Coffeyville,(07)..  15,228 

Colby,  (C3) 767 

Coldwater.  (G7)...  1,088 

Collyer,  (E3) 200 

Colony,  (PS) 504 

Columbus,  (Q7)...  3,500 

Colwich,  (K6) 257 

Concordia,  (K2)...  5,229 

Conway,  (KS) 100 

Conwav  Sprs,  (K7)    941 

Coolidge,  (B5) 105 

Corbin,  (L7) 180 

Corning,  (N2) 419 

Corwin,  (J7) 120 

Cottonwood  Falls, 

(MS) 921 

Council  Grove,(M4)  2,405 
Courtland,  (K2)...     441 

Coyville,  (06) 192 

Crestline,  (Q7) 200 

Croweburg,  (Q6)....  505 
Cuba,(L2) <  475 


CnBison,(H6) 256 

Culver,  (K4) 356 

Cummings,  (P3)..  150 

Cunningham,  (J6).  395 

Curranville,  (Q6)..  223 

Damar,  (F3) 200 

Danville,  (K7) 150 

Dearing,  (07) 193 

Deerfield,  (C6) 212 

Delavan,  (M4)....  100 

Delia,  (03) 110 

Delphos,(K3) 879 

Denison,  (03) 216 

Dennis,  (P7) 200 

Dcnsmore,  (F2).. .  150 

Denton,  (P2) 182 

Derby,  (L6) 258 

DeSoto,  (Q4) 343 

Detroit,  (L4) ISO 

Devon,  (Q6) 200 

Dexter,  (M7) 468 

Dighton,  (E5) 272 

Dillon,  (L4) 100 

Dodge  City,  (F6)..  4,101 

Doniphan,  (P2)...  128 

Dorrance,  (H4) 238 

Douglass,  (M6) 633 

Dover,  (04) 110 

Downs,  (H2) 1,552 

Dresden,  (E2) 167 

Dunavant,  (P3)...  100 

Dunkirk,  (Q7) 695 

Dunlap,  (N4) 320 

Durham,  (L5) 283 

Dwight,  (M4) 268 

Earleton,  (06) 127 

Easton,  (P3) 292 

Edgerton,  (Q4) 286 

Edmond.(F2) 250 

Edna,(P7) 467 

Edwardsville,  (Q3).  250 

Effingham,  (P2)...  736 

Elbing,  (L5) 100 

Eldorado,(M6)....  2,710 

Ogin,(N7) 400 

Elk  City,  (07) 653 


Elkfalls,  (N7) 332 

Ellinwood,(HS)....  1.032 

Ellis,  (F4) 1,457 

Ellsworth,  (.14) 1,982 

Elmdale,(M5)....     255 

Elmo,  (L4) 200 

Elsmore,  (1'6) 249 

Elwood,(Q2) 652 

Emmctt,  (.\3) 141 

Empire  City,  (Q7).  600 
Emporia,  (MS)...  10,664 
Englevale,(Q6)....  192 
Englewood,(F7)...  446 
Enterprise,  (L4)....     778 

Erie,(P6) 1,202 

Esbon,(J2) 337 

Eskridge,(.\4)....     808 

Eudora.(P4) 624 

Eureka,  (N6) 2,261 

Everest,(P2) 416 

Fairmount.  (Q3)...       61 

Fairview,  (02) 413 

Fall  River,  (06)....     334 

Falun,  (K4) ISO 

Farlington,(Q6)...  128 
Farlinville,(Q5)...     100 

Floral,  (M7) 110 

Florence,  (MS) 1,258 

Fontana,  (QS) 246 

Ford,  (F6) 270 

Formoso,  (J2) 412 

Fort  Dodge,  (I''6)..  300 
Fort  Leavenworth, 

(Q3) 2,500 

Fort  RUey,(M3)...  2,500 
Fort  Scott,  (Q4)...  11,422 

Fostoria,  (M3) 83 

Fowler,  {E7) 469 

Frankfort,  (M2)...  1,256 

Franklin,  (Q6) 1,649 

Frederick,  (J5) 159 

Fredonia,  (06) 3,473 

Freeport,  (K7) 108 

Friend,  (D5) 100 

Frontenac,  (Q7)... .  3,33« 
Fuller,  (Q6) 400 


Fulton,(Q6) 440 

Galena,  (Q7) 5,926 

Galesburg,(P7)...     204 

Galva,(K5) 347 

Garden  City,  (D6)..  3,016 
Garden  Plain,  (K6)     288 

Gardner,  (Q4) 536 

Garfield,  (GS) 320 

Garland,  (Q6) 350 

Garnett,  (P5) 1,999 

Garrison,  (M3) 150 

Gas,(P6) 631 

Gaylord,(H2) 368 

Gem,  (D3) 250 

Geneseo,  (JS) 543 

Geneva,  (P5) 102 

(Jeuda  Sprs.,  (L7).      45 

Girard,  (Q6) 2,917 

Glade,  (G2) 200 

Glasco,  (K3) 860 

Glen  Elder,  (J2)...     506 

Goddard,  (K:6) 253 

Gocssel,  (LS) 150 

Goff,(02) 343 

Goodland,  (B3)....  1,742 

Oorham,(H4) 155 

Govc,(D4) 134 

Grainfield,(E3)....  193 
Gr,antville,(03)....  200 
Gre.at  Bend,(H5)..  4,751 

Greeley,  (P5) 527 

Green,  (L3) 291 

Greenleaf,  (M2)...  797 
Greensburg,(G6)..  1,298 

Grenola,  (N7) 585 

Gridley.  (OS) 283 

Grinnell,  (D3)..,..     250 

Gross,  (Q6) 618 

Gypsum,  (U) 638 

Haddam,  (L2) 412 

Hallowell,  (1-7)....  250 
Halls  Summit,  (05)     ISO 

Habtca.l,  (K6) 1,040 

Hamilton,  (N'6)  ...     335 

Hamlin,  (02) 205 

Hanover,  (M2),...     100 


Hanston.  (FS) 177 

Hardtner,  (H7)...     297 

Harlan,  (H2) 130 

Harper,  (K7) 1,458 

Harris,  (PS) 150 

Hartfcrd,  (N5) 678 

HarveyviIle,(N4)..     282 

Havana,  (07) 276 

Haven,  (K6) 545 

HavensvUle,(N3)..     335 

Haviland,  (G6) 565 

Hays,(G4)._ 2,339 

Hazelton,  (J7) 331 

Healy,(D4) 180 

Heizer.  (H5) 100 

Hepler,(Q6) 259 

Herington,  (M4).. .  4,255 
Herkimer,  (M2)...     200 

Herndon,(D2) 279 

Hesston,  (L5) 340 

Hewins,  (N7) 230 

Hiattville,  (Q6) 190 

Hiawatha,(P2)....  2,878 
Highland,  (P2)....     736 

Hill  City,  (F3) 647 

Hillsboro,  (LS) 1,223 

Hillsdale,  (Q4) 260 

Hoisington,  (H4).. .  2,089 
Hollenberg,  (M2)..     169 

Holliday,  (Q3) 200 

Helton,  (03) 2,666 

Holyrood,  (J4) 438 

Home,(M2) 200 

Honiewood,  (P4)..     110 

Hope,(L4) 570 

Horace,  (BS) 135 

Horton,(02) 3,839 

Howard,  (N7) 1,080 

Hoxie,  (E3) 484 

Hovt,(03) 293 

Hudson,  (H5) 251 

Hugoton,(C7) 308 

Humboldt,  (P6)...  2,131 
Hunnewe!l,(L7)...      187 

Huron,  (P2) 216 

Hutchinson,  (KS).  19.200 


INDEX  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES 


(KANSAS-KENTUCKY) 


353 


Idana,(U)..„...  200 
Independence! 

(07) 12,144 

Industry,  (L3) 200 

Ingalls.  CE6) 200 

Inman,  (K5) 478 

lob,  (1'6) 7,866 

Ionia,  CJ2) 200 

Iowa  Point,  (P2)...     200 

Irving,  (M2) 388 

Isabel,  (117) 245 

Iuka,(H6) 228 

Jamestown,  (K2)..     577 

Jarbalo,  (P3) 100 

iefierson,  (07) 100 

Jennings,  (E2).....     227 

Jetraore,  (FS) 391 

Jewell,(J2) 757 

Johnson,  (116) 100 

Junction  City,(M3)  5,798 

Kackley,  (K2) 200 

Kanona,  (E2) 58 

KanopolU,  (J4)....  658 
Kanorado,  (B3)...  100 
Kansas  City,  (Q3)  91,658 

Keats,  (M3) 100 

Kechi,  (L6)- 125 

Kecne.(N4) 100 

Kelly,  (02) 200 

Kensington,  (H2)...  608 
Kickapoo,  (Q3)....     150 

Kimbal,  (P6) 160 

Kincaid,(P5) 402 

Kingman,  (J6) 2,255 

Kingsdown,  (F6)..     100 

Kinsley,  (G6) 1,794 

Kiowa,  (J7) 954 

Kipp,  (L4) 110 

Kirwin,<G2) 584 

Labette,  (P7) 300 

Lacrosse,  (G4)  ....  767 
LaCygne,(Q5)....  997 
Lafontainc,  (07)...  225 
La  Harpe,(P6)....  1,182 
Lake  City,  (H6)....    225 

Lakin,(C6) 480 

Lamont,  (N5) 125 

Lancaster,  (P2)....     207 

Lape,(P5) 323 

Langdon,  (J6) 216 

Lansing,  (Q3) 824 

Larkinburg,  (03). .     150 

Lamed,  (G5) 2,900 

Latham,  (M6) 287 

Lawrence,  (P4)...  12,884 
Leavenworth,(P3)  22,090 

Lebanon,  (H2) 695 

Lebo,(05) 535 

Lecompton,  (P3).. .     414 


Adairville,(H5)...  683 

Adams,  (Q2) 150 

Addison,  (H3) 100 

Adolphus.(]5) 100 

Afton,(Q2) 130 

Akersville,(K5)....  130 

Albany,(L5) 579 

Alexandria,  (Nl).. .  353 

Allen  Springs,  (J5).  100 

AUensviUe,  (G5)...  436 

Almo,(E5) 130 

Alphoretta,(Q3)...  110 

Alpine,  (MS) 300 

Alton,(M2) 150 

Alvaton,(JS) 200 

Ambrose,(M3) 150 

Ammie,(04) 110 

Amos,  (J5) 400 

Anchorage,  (K2)...  384 

Anthoston,  (F3)....  100 

Arlington,  (DS) 555 

Amoldton,(F3)....  100 

Artemus,  (05) 170 

Asbury,(N3) 200 

Ashbyburg,  (G3)...  150 

Ashcamp,(R4) 100 

Ashland,  (Ql) 8,688 

Athens,  (N3) 197 

Athertonville, 

(K3) 300 

Athol  (03) 100 

Auburn,  (H5) 631 

Augusta,(01) 1,787 

Backbone,  (Q2)....  100 

Bagdad,  (L2) 184 

Bandana,  (C4) 337 

Barbourvillc,  (05)..  1,633 

Bardstown,(K3)...  2,126 

Bardstown  Jc.  (K3)  100 

Bardwen.(D5) 1,087 

Barlow,  (C4) 532 

Barnetts  Creek, 

(Q3) 230 

Barnsley,  (G4) 357 

Barrenfork,(N5)...  500 

Baskett,(G3) 270 

Battle  Run,  (02)...  130 

Baxter,  (P5) 100 

Bear  Wallow,  (K4).  100 

Beattyville,  (03)...  1,360 

Beaverdam,  (H4)...  762 

Bedford,  (LI) 269 

Beech  Grove,(G3).  208 

Belleview,  (Ml)....  120 

Bellevue,  (Nl) 6,683 

Belljellico,  (05)....  100 

Benton,  (E5) 824 

Berea,  (N'3) 1,510 

Berlin,  (Nl) 130 

Bemstadt,  (N4)....  400 

Berrv,  (Nl) 339 

Bethel.  (02) 180 

Bethelridge,  (M4)...  100 

Bethlehem,  (L2)..  68 

Betsy  Lavne,  ((33)..  100 

Bevier,  (G4) 200 

Bewleyville,(J3)...  170 

BigClifty,  (J3; 260 

Bigcreek,  (04) 100 

Bigfork,  (P4) 100 

Big  Spring,  (J3)...  300 

Birdsville,  (E4) 200 

Birmingham,  (E5>..  349 

Blackford.  (F4) 449 

Blaine,  (Q2) 136 

Blanche,  (OS) 300 


Lehigh,  (LS) 366 

LeLoup,  (P4) 100 

Lenape,  (Q3) 69 

Lenexa,  (Q4) 432 

Lcnora,  (E2) 447 

Leon,(M6) 485 

Leona,  (P2) 250 

Leonardville,  (M3)     374 

Leoti,  (C5) 273 

LeRoy,  (OS) 773 

Lewis,  (G6) 412 

Liberal,  (C7) 2,314 

Liberty,  (07) 283 

Liebenthal,  (G4)...     125 

Lillis,  (N2) 100 

Lincoln,  (J3) 1,142 

Lincolnville,(M5).  258 
Lindsborg,  (K4)...  1,953 

Linn,(L2) 277 

Linwood,  (P3)  ...  373 
Little  River,  (K5)..     625 

Logan,  (F2) 670 

Lone  Elm,  (PS)...  ISO 
Longford,  (L3)....  159 
Long  Island,  (F2).     225 

Longton,(N7) 590 

Lorraine,  (J4) 204 

Lost  Springs,  (L4).  261 
Louisburg,  (Q4) . . .  62 1 
Louisville,  (N3)....     231 

Lovewell,  (J2) 150 

Lowell,  (Q7) 200 

Lucas,  (H3) 658 

Ludell,  (D2) 175 

Luray,(H3) 469 

Lyndon,  (04) 808 

Lyons,  (JS) 2,130 

McCracken,(G4)..     371 

McCune,  (P7) 662 

McDonald,  (C2)...  200 
McFarland,  (N3)..  438 
McLouth,(P3)....  580 
McPherson,  (K5)  .  4,057 
Macksville,(H6)...     753 

Madison,  (NS) 629 

Mahaska,  (L2) 201 

Maize,  (L6) 200 

Manchester,  (L3)..  288 
Manhattan,  (M3).  6,816 

Mankato,(J2) 1,054 

Maple  City,  (M7)..  100 
Maplehill,  (N3)....  266 
Mapleton,  (Q6)....  255 
Marienthal,  (C4)..  150 
Marietta,  (M2)  ._.     125 

Marion,  (M5) 1,951 

Marquette,  (K4)...  751 
MarysviUe,  (M2)..  2,166 
MatfieIdGieeu,(NS}220 


Mayetta,(03) 279 

Mayfield,(K7) 200 

Meade,  (E7) 764 

Medicine  Lodge, 

(H7) 1,304 

Melrose,  (Q7) 200 

Melvern,  (04) 415 

MenIo,(D3) 225 

Meriden,  (03) 471 

Merriam,  (Q3) 150 

Michigan  Valley,(O4)100 

Midway,  (Q7) 121 

Milan,  (K7) 253 

Mildred,  (P6) 236 

Milford,  (M3) 200 

Milton,  (K7) 150 

Miltonv.ale,(K3)..     912 

Mineral,  (Q7) 1,462 

Minneapolis,  (K3).  1,922 

Minneola,  (F7) 448 

Moline,  (N7) 910 

Monmouth,  (Q7)..       86 

Montana,  (P7) 180 

Mont  Ida,  (PS) 143 

Montrose,  (J2) 120 

Monument,  (C3)  .     100 

Moran,  (P6) 685 

Morehead,  (P7)...  150 
MorganviUe.  (L3)..     252 

Morland,  (E3) 225 

Morrill,  (02) 533 

Morrowville,  (L2).  210 
Mound  City,  (QS).  718 
Moundridse,  (K5).  694 
Mound  Vallcy,(P7).  888 
Mount  Hope,  (K6).     516 

Mulberrv,  (Q6) 1,662 

Mullinville,(G6)...     441 

Mulvane,  (L7) 1,024 

Munden,  (L2) 244 

Munjor,  (G4) 110 

Murdock.(K6) 150 

Muscotah,  (P2)...     465 

Narka.  (L2) 278 

Nashville,  (J/)....  130 
National  Military 

Home  (P3) 2,500 

Natoma,  (H3) 561 

Navarre,  (L4) ....     130 

Neal,  (N6) 180 

Nelson,  (Q7) 100 

Neodesha,  (07J...  3,011 
Neosho  Falls,  (06).  536 
Neosho  Rapids,  (05)  321 
NessCity,  (F3)....  675 
Netawaka,  (02)...  327 
New  Albany,  (06).  238 
New  Cambria,  (K4)  185 
New  Lancaster,  (Q5)  100 


New  Salem,  (M7).     100 

Newton,  (LS) 7,620 

New  Ulysses,  (C6).  116 
Nickerson,  (J5)  ...  1,167 

Niles,  (L4) 188 

Niotaze,  (N7). 313 

Norcatur,  (E2) 398 

Northbranch,  (J2)      150 

Norton,  (F2) 1,513 

Nortonville.  (P3)..  661 
Norway,  (K2)  ...     100 

Norwich,  (K7) 432 

Oakhill,  (L3) 200 

Oakland,  (03) 1,651 

Oakley,  (D3) 542 

Oak  Valley,  (N7)...      91 

Oberlin,  (D2) 1,019 

OSerle,  (F6) 100 

Ogallah.  (F4) 200 

Ogden,  (M3) 275 

Oketo,  (M2) 228 

Olathe,  (Q4) 3,335 

Olivet,  (05) ISO 

Olmitz,  (H4) 165 

Olpe,  (NS) 245 

Olsburg,  (M3) 182 

Onaga,  (N3) 817 

Oneida,  (02) 243 

Opolis,  (Q7) 185 

Oronoque,  (F2)...  100 
Osage  City,  (04)..  2,823 
Osawatomie,  (QS).  2,870 

Osborne,  (H3) 1,601 

Oskaloosa,  (P3)...     808 

Oswego,  (P7) 2,258 

Otego,  (J2) 200 

Otis,  (G4) 328 

Ottawa,  (P4) 9,127 

Ottumwa,  (05)....  130 
Overbrook,  (04)...  580 
Overland  Park,(Q4)    150 

Oxford,  (L7) 641 

Ozawkie,  (P3) 290 

Padonia,  (02) 100 

Palacky,  (J4) 100 

Palco,  (F3) 268 

Palmer,  (L2) 209 

Paola,  (Q4) 3,392 

Paradise.  (H3)  ....       97 

Parker,  (QS) 394 

Parkerville,  (M4)..     172 

Parsons,  (P7) 12,118 

Partridge.(J6) 231 

Pawnee  Rock,  (GS)  365 
Pawnee  Sta.,  (Q6)  -     100 

Paxico,  (N3) 234 

Peabody,(L5) 1,401 

Peck,(L7) 150 

Penalosa,  (J6) 130 


Peoria,  (P4) 160 

Perry,  (P3) 464 

Perth,  (L7) 200 

Peru,  (N7) 541 

Peterton,  (04) 200 

Petrolia,  (06) 119 

Pfeifer,  (G4) 250 

Phillipsburg,  (G2).  1,237 

Piedmont,  (N6)....  200 

Piercevi!le,(D6)...  90 

Piper,  (Q3) 100 

Piqua,  (06) 200 

Pittsburg,  (Q7)...  17,685 

Plains,  (D7) 333 

Plainville,  (G3) 1,008 

Pleasanton,  (Q5)..  1,516 

Plevna  (J6) 182 

Plymouth,  (N5)....  100 

Pomona,  (P4) 467 

Portis,  (H2) 321 

Potter,  (P3) 200 

Potwin,  (M6) 251 

Powhattan,  (02)..  294 

Prairie  View,  (G2).  180 

Pratt,  (H6) 3,797 

Prescott,  (Q5) 228 

Preston,  (H6) 278 

Pretty  Prairie,  (K6)  379 

Princeton,  (PS) 270 

Protection,  (F7)...  721 

Purcell,  (P2) 100 

Quenemo,  (04)...  630 

Quincy,  (N6) 200 

Huindaro,  (Q3)....  300 

uinter,  (E3) 289 

Radley,  (Q6) 1,183 

Rago,(J7) 110 

Ramona,  (L4) 259 

Randall,  (J2) 338 

Randolph,  (M3)...  363 

Ransom,  (F4) 201 

Ransomville,  (P5).  200 

Rantoul,(P4) 176 

Raymond,  (J5)  ...  150 

Reading,  (N4) 350 

Redfield,  (Q6) 255 

Reece,  (N6) 200 

Reno,  (P3) 120 

Republic,  (K2)....  427 

Reserve,  (02) 153 

Rexford,  (D3) 300 

Richfield,  (B7) 53 

Richland,  (04) 250 

Richmond,  (PS)...  350 

Riley,  (M3) 326 

Ringo,  (Q7^ 301 

Robinson,(P2) 508 

Rock,(M7) 140 

R»ckcreek,{03)...  200 


Rome,(L7) 100 

Rosalia,  (M6).  ...     110 

Rosedalc,  (Q3) 7,489 

Rose  Hill,  (L6)  .-.  200 
Roseland,(Q7)....     396 

Rossville,  (N3) 647 

Rozel,  (G5) 160 

Rushcenter,  (G5)..     178 

Russell,  (H4) 1,601 

RusscU  Sprs..  (C4)      115 

Sabetha,  (02) 1,856 

Saflordville,  (N5)..  250 
Saint  Francis,  (B2)  498 
Saint  George,  (N3).  254 
Saint  John,  (H5)...  1,637 
Saint  Joseph,  (L2).  100 
Saint  Marks,  (K6).  100 
Saint  Marys,  (N3)..  1,031 
Saint  Paul,  (P6)  ...  905 
Saint  Peter,  (E3)...     150 

SaIina,(K4) 10,488 

Santa  Fe,  (1)6) 200 

Savonburg,  (P6)...     221 

Sawyer,  (H5) 300 

Saxman.(J5) 125 

Scammon,  (Q7)...  2,311 

Scandia,  (K2) 621 

Schoenchen,  (G4)..  200 
Scott  City,  (D5)...     772 

Scottsville,  (J2) 236 

Scranton,  (04) 717 

Sedan,  (N7) 1,454 

Sedgwick,  (L6) 673 

Selden,  (D2) 308 

Seneca,  (N2) 1,961 

Severance,  (P2)...     334 

Severy,  (N6) 635 

Seward,  (H5) 225 

Sharon,  (J7) 308 

Sharon  Springs,  (B4)  645 

Shawnee,  (Q3) 450 

Sherman,  (P;y 150 

Sherwin  Jc,  (P7)  ..     100 

Shorey,(03) 130 

Silverdale,(M7)..  110 
Silver  Lake,  (03)..  202 
Simpson,  (K3)....     290 

Skiddy,  (M4) 100 

Skidmore,(Q7)....  200 
Smith  Center,  (H2)  1,405 

Smolan,(K4) 130 

Soldier,  (02) 327 

Solomon,  (L4) 1,110 

Somerset,  (Q4) 130 

South  Haven,  (L7).  433 
South  Hutchinson, 

(KS) 462 

South  Park,  (Q3)..  150 
Sparks,  (P2) 130 


SpearviIle,(F6)....  719 

Speed,(G2) 200 

Spivey,  (J7) 252 

Spring  Hill,  (Q4)..  540 

Stafford,  (H6) 1,728 

Stanley,  (04) 200 

Stanton,  (QS) 100 

Stark,  (P6) 208 

Sterling,  (J5) 2,214 

Stilwell,  (Q4J 300 

Stippville,  (Q7) 250 

Stockdale,  (M3)...  110 

Stockholm,  (B4)...  100 

Stockton,  (G3) 1,291 

StoneCity,  (Q7)...  250 

Strawn,  (OS) 150 

Strong,  (M5) 858 

Stuttgart,  ((32)  ...  130 

Summerfield,  (N2)  293 

Sun  City,  (H7)...  130 

Sycamore,  (07)....  140 

Sylvan  Grove,  (J4)  555 

Sylvia,  (J6) 593 

Syraci'*;,  (B6) 900 

Tablemound,  (07)  200 

Talmagc,  (L3) 150 

Talmo,  (K2) 103 

Tampa,  (L4) 210 

Tecumseh,  (03)...  150 

Tescott,  (K3) 501 

Thayer,  (P7) 512 

Tipton,  (J3) 200 

Tonganoxie,  (P3) .  954 
T0PEKA,(03)..  46,747 

Toronto,  (06) 694 

Towanda,  (M6)...  320 

Tradingpost,  (Q5).  130 

Traer,  (D2) 100 

Tribune,  (BS) 159 

Troy,  (P2) 1,109 

Turner,  ((23) 230 

Turon,  (J6) 567 

Tyro,  (07) 308 

Udall,  (L7) 323 

Uniontown,  (P6)..  283 

Urbana,(P6) 100 

Utica,  (E4) 243 

Valeda,  (P7) UO 

Valley  Center,  (L6)  356 

Valley  Falls,  (03)..  1,244 

Vance,  (Q3) 100 

Vassar,  (04) 130 

Vermillion,  (N2)..  295 

Vernon,  (06) 110 

Vesper,  (J3) 100 

Victoria,  (G4) 450 

Vining,  (L2) 91 

Viola.  (K6) 163 

VirgiI,(N6) 150 


Vliets,  (N2) 20O 

Wabaunsee,  (N3)-.  260 

Wakarusa,  (04)...  100 

Wakeeney,  (F4)...  702 

Wakefield,  (U)...  520 

Waldo,  (H3) 260 

Waldron,  Ul)  ....  217 

Wallace,  (B4) 150 

Walnut,  (P6) 620 

Walton,  (L5) 207 

Wamego,  (IV13) 1,572 

Washington,  (M2).  1,40S 

Waterville,  (M2)..  638 

Wathena,  (P2) 709 

Wauneta,  (N7)....  150 

Waverly,  (05) 689 

Wayne,  (L2) 116 

Webber,  (K2) 300 

Webster,  (G3) 200 

Weu-,  (Q7) 2,159 

Welda,  (P5) 250 

Wellington,  (L7)..  5,642 

Wellsford,  (G6)  ...  100 

Wellsvillt,  (P4)....  735 
West  Mineral,  (P7)  1,700 

Westmoreland,(N3)  469 

Westphalia,  (P5)  ..  368 

West  Plains,  (D7).  323 

Wetmore,  (02)....  554 

Wheaton,  (N2) 196 

White  Church,  (Q3)  100 

White  City,  (M4)..  608 

Whitedoud,  (P2)..  S6J 

Whitewater,  (L6)..  485 

Whiting,  (OZ) 390 

Wichita,  (1-6) 53,582 

Wilder,  (CJJ) lOO 

Willard,  (03) 141 

Williamsburg,  (P5)  390 

Williamstown,  (P3)  lOO 

Willis,  (02) 210 

Wilmore.  (G7) 112 

Wilmot,  (M7t 100 

Wilsey,  (M4) 291 

Wilson,  (J4) 1,026 

Winchester,  (P3)..  457 

Windom,  (K5) 193 

Winfield,  (M7) 6,138 

Winona,  (C3) ISO 

Wolcott,  (Q3) 150 

Woodbine,  (M4)..  302 

Woodruff,  (G2) 200 

Woodston,  (G3)...  367 

Xenia,  (P6) 100 

Yale,  (Q7) 610 

Yates  Center,  (06)  2,199 

Yocemento,  (G4)..  200 

Zenda,  (J7) 200 

Zurich,  (G3) too 


KENTUCKY 


Blandville,(D5)....  229 

Bledsoe,(Q4) 100 

Bloomfield,  (L3)...  352 

Bloominglon.(P3)..  300 

Bluff  City,  (G3)....  132 

Boaz,  (D5) 100 

Bob,(Q3) 150 

Bohon,  (M3) 110 

Boldman,  (Q3) 100 

Bonanza,(Q3) 200 

Bonayr,(J4) 150 

Bonham,  (N4) 200 

Bonnieville,(K4)...  257 

Booncville,  (04)...  236 

Boonsboro,  (N3)...  150 

Bordley,  (F3) 150 

Boston,(K3) 170 

Boston  Sta,  (Nl)  ..  93 

Bosworth,  (OS) 400 

Botland,  (L3) 200 

Bowen,  (03) 100 

Bowling  Green, 

(H4) 9,173 

BoxviUe,  (F3) 120 

Boyd,(Nl) 130 

Boydsville,  (DS)...  100 

Bradfordsville,  (L4)  330 

Brad5haw,(04)....  300 

Brandenbcrg.  (J3).  482 

Brassfield,  (N3)....  100 

Breeding,  (L4) 140 

Bremen,  (04) 254 

Brent,  (Nl) 300 

Briensburg,  (E5)...  77 

Brighton,  (N2) 460 

Brocade,  (MS) 100 

Brodhead,  (N4)....  477 

Bromley,  (Ml) 819 

Bronston.  (MS) 130 

Brooks,  (K2) 100 

Brooksville,  (Ol)...  492 

Browder,  (G4) 100 

Brownsboro,  (K2)..  150 

Brownsville,  (J4)...  313 

Bruce,  (J5) 250 

Bruin,  (Q2) 130 

Brushart.(Pl) 150 

Bryantsville,  (M3)..  85 

Buchanan,  (Q2)....  100 

Buckeye,  (M3) 160 

Buckhorn,  (P4) 100 

Buckner,  (L2) 150 

Buffalo,  (K3) 298 

Bulah,  (DS) 200 

Bunch,  (N4) 100 

Burgin,  (M3) 679 

Burkesville,  (L5)...  817 

Burkley,  (CS) 183 

Burlington,  (Ml)...  172 

Burning  Sprs,  (04)  100 

Bumside,  (MS) 1,117 

Bush,  (04) 100 

Busseyville,  (Q2)...  100 

Butler,  (Nl) 426 

Cadiz,  (F5) 1,005 

Cairnes  (OS) 200 

Cairo,  (F3) 121 

Calhoun,  (G3) 742 

California,  (Nl)....  248 

Calvert  City,  (E4)..  124 

Camargo.  (02) 140 

Campbellsburg,(Ll)  269 
Campbellsville,(L4)  1,206 

Camp  Nelson,  (M3)  600 

Campsprings,  (Nl).  130 

Campton,  (03) 326 


Canada,  (R3) 300 

Cando,  (Q2) 100 

Cane  Spring,  (K3).  180 

Cane  Valley,  (L4)..  163 

Caney,  (P3) 480 

Caneyville,  (J4).. . .  430 

Canmer,(K4) 131 

CannelCity,(P3)..  200 

Carbondale,  (F4)....  200 

Carlisle,  (N2) 1,293 

Carrollton,(Ll)....  1,906 

Carrsville,  (E4) 298 

Carter,  (P2) 259 

Carthage,  (Nl) 100 

CaseyviUe,  (E3)....  230 

Catawba,  (Nl) 130 

Catlettsburg,  (Q2).  3,520 

Causev,  (P4) 100 

Cave  City,  (K4)....  645 

Cayce,(C5) 250 

Center,(K4) 100 

Center  Point,  (K5).  100 

Centertown,  (H4)..  299 

Centerville,  (N2)..  200 
Central  City,  (G4).  2,545 

Cerulean,  (F5) 272 

Chaplin,(L3) 170 

Charley,  (Q3) 100 

Chatham,  (Ol) 130 

Chesley,(G4) 200 

Chester.  (N4) 300 

Chicago,  (L3) 155 

Chinquapin   Rough, 

(04) 100 

Christianburg,  (L2)  ISO 

Cicero,(M2) 250 

Circle  City,  (F4)...  100 

Clahill,  (Ql) 200 

Clarkson,(I3) 376 

Claryville,(Nl)....  100 

Clay,(F4) 1,098 

Clay  City,  (03)....  581 

Clayhole,  (P4) 150 

Claysville,(Nl) 110 

Clay  Switch,  (D5)..  200 

Clay  Village,  (L2)..  130 

Clearfield,  (P2) 200 

Clemmons,  (P3)....  100 

Clermont,  (K3)....  200 

Clinton,  (DS) 1,497 

Clintonville,(N2)..  100 

Clover,  (QS) ISO 

Clover  Bottom,  (N3)   150 
Cloverport,  (H3)...  1,403 

Coalmont,  (N5)...  100 

Coalport,  (OS) 280 

Coalrun,  (Q4) 150 

Coalton,  (Q2) 40O 

Cold  Spring,  (Nl).  600 

Colesburg,  (K3)...  200 

Collcgehill,  (N3)...  250 

Colly,  (Q4) 200 

Colo,  (N4) 100 

Colson,  (Q4) 300 

Columbia,  (L4) 1,022 

Columbus,  (CS)...  970 

Commercial,  (F3)..  190 

Concord,(Pl) 213 

Concordia,  (J2) ISO 

Connersville,  (N2).  100 

Conway,  (N4) 200 

Coolidge,  (NS) 200 

Corbin,  (NS) 2,589 

Corinth,  (M2) 252 

Comishville,  (M3).  300 

Corydon,  (F3) 942 


Covington,  (Ml).  53,270 

Cowan,  (02) 190 

Crab  Orchard,  (.M4)  467 
Cranenest,  (OS)...     100 

Crayne,  (E4) 130 

Crescent  Sprs,(.\Il).  350 
Cre5twood,(L2)...     150 

Crider,(E4) 100 

Crittenden,  (Ml)..     189 

Crofton,(F4) 402 

Cromwell,  (114)....     163 

Crooks,  (02) 130 

Cropper,  (L2) 159 

Crossland,(E5)....     180 

Crow.(P4) 100 

Crutchfield,  (CS)..     100 

Culver,  (Q2) 100 

Cunningham,  (D5)  250 
Curdsville,(G3)...     235 

Curlew,(E3) 100 

Cut.shin,  (P4) 100 

Cynthiana,  (N2). . .  3,603 

Cyrus,  (P3) 130 

Daley,  (P4) 300 

Dalton,  (F4) 160 

Dan,(P3) 100 

Daniel  Boone,  (F4)     150 

Danville,  (M3) 5,420 

Dawson  Sprs.(F4)  .  1,350 

Dayton,  (Nl) 6,979 

Deanefield,  (H3)...     75 

Defoe,(L2) 141 

Dekoven,(E3) 600 

Democrat,  (Q4)...  100 
DeMossville,(Nl).     150 

Denton,  (Q2) 540 

Denver,(Q3) 130 

Dexter,  (ES) 260 

Dishman.(N5) 200 

Dixon,  (F3) 741 

Donerail,  (N2)....     100 

Doudton,  (Nl) 100 

Dover,  (Ol) 386 

Downingsville,  (Ml)  100 
Drakesboro,  (G4)..  1,126 
Dry  Creek,  (Q4)...      100 

Dryridge,(Ml) 300 

Dublin,  (DS) 125 

Duncan,  (M3) 130 

Dundee,  (H3) 200 

Dunmor,  (G4) 138 

Dunnville,(M4)...     144 

Durbin,  (Q2) 300 

Dwale,  (Q3) 150 

Dycusburg,  (E4)...  176 
EagleStation,  (Ml)     130 

Earles,  (G4) 130 

Earlington,(F4)...  3,931 
East  Bemstadt,  (N4)  698 
East  Fork,  (K4)...  100 
E.ast  Point,  (Q3)...     250 

Eastview,  (J3) 77 

Echols,  (H4) 330 

Eddyville,  (E4) 1,442 

Edcn,(Q3) 381 

Edmonton,  (K4)...     250 

Ekron,  (J3) 168 

Elic,  (Q4) 100 

Eliza  bethtown, 

(K3) 1,970 

Elizaville,  (02) 135 

Elkatawa,(P3) 130 

Elkhorn,  (L4) 94 

Elkton,{G5) 1,228 

Elliottville,  (P2)...  140 
Ellisburg,(M4)....    330. 


Elliston,  (Ml) 100 

Elmville,  (M2) 100 

Elsmere,  (Ml) 900 

Elvu-a,  (04) 300 

Elys,  (05) 150 

Emanuel,  (OS) 100 

Eminence,  (L2)....  1,274 

Emma,  (Q3) 100 

Empire,  (G4) 200 

English,(Ll) 130 

Epworth,(01) 200 

Erlanger,(Ml) 700 

Est,(Q4) 100 

Etty,  (Q4) 100 

Eubank,  (M4) 182 

Evelyn,  (03) 100 

Ever,  (P3) 150 

Ewing,  (02) 300 

Ezel,(P3) 128 

Fairfield,  (L3) 292 

Fairview,  (GS) 108 

Falcon,  (P3) 200 

Fallsburg,  (Q2)....  134 

Falls  of  Rough,  (H3)  250 
Falmouth,  (NO...  1,180 

Fancy  Farm,  (DS).  200 

Farmers,(02) 427 

Farmington,  (DS)..  136 

Ferguson.  (M4)...,  404 

Fielden,(Q2) 130 

Finley,(L4) 100 

Firebrick,  (PI) 310 

Fireclay,  (P2) 350 

Fiskburg,  (Ml) 250 

Fitch, (P2) 300 

Flambeau,  ((33)...  100 

Flanagan,  (N3) 100 

Flatgap.  (Q3) 68 

Flat  Lick,  (OS)....  250 

Flatrock,  (MS) 150 

Flemingsburg.  (02)  1,219 

Flippin,  (K5) 180 

Florence,  (Ml) 250 

Florence  Sta,  (DS).  100 

Floydsburg,  (L2)..  100 

Folsom,  (.Ml) 100 

Folsomdale,  (DS)..  250 

Ford,(N3) 702 

Fordsville,  (H3)...  649 
Forks  of  Elkhorn, 

(M2) 190 

Fortbranch,  (P4)..  300 

Fort  Mitchell,(Ml)  80 

Fort  Thomas,  (Nl)  500 

Foster,(Nl) 158 

Fountain  Run.  (KS)  188 

Fourmile,  (05) 130 

Foxport,(02) 150 

Fraley,  (P2) 100 

FRANKFORT, 

(M2) 10,465 

Franklin,  (HS) 3,063 

Fredonia,  (E4).'...  421 

Frenchburg,  (03)..  172 

Fulton,  (DS) 2,575 

Gallup,  (Q2) 100 

Gamaliel,  (KS) 130 

Gapville,  (Q3) 180 

Gamettsville,  (J3).  200 

Garrison,(Pl) 200 

Gauley,(N4) 100 

Geneva,(F3) 100 

Georges  Creek,  (Q3)  130 
Georgetown,  (N2).  4,533 

Germantown,  (Ol)  287 

Gest,(M2) 87 


Gethsemane,  (K3).  130 

Ghent,(Ll) 421 

Gilbertsville,  (ES).  458 

Gilead,  (03) 100 

Gillmore,(P3) 130 

Gimlet,  (P2) 100 

Glasgow,(K4) 2,316 

Glasgow  Jc,  (J4)  ..  303 

Glencaira,  (03)...  130 

Glencoe,(Ml) 237 

Glendale,(K3) 150 

Glen  Dean,  (J3)...  200 

Glensboro.  (L-i)...  2S0 

Glenville,  (G3) 100 

Gordonsville,  (OS).  43 

Gourd,  (P4) 300 

Gracey,(F5) 157 

Gradyville,(L4)...  190 

Graefenburg,  (L2).  170 

Grahamton,  (J3)..  330 

Grand  Rivers,  (E4)  300 

Grange  City,  (02).  106 

Gratz,  (M2) 213 

Gravity,  (OS) 100 

Gray,(05) 400 

Grayfox,  (P3) 100 

Grayson,  (Q2) 735 

Great  Crossings, 

(M2) 130 

Greensburg,  (K4)..  450 

Greenup.  ((30 680 

Greenville,  (G4)...  1,504 

Greenwood,  (NS)..  400 

Grit,(04) 300 

Grove  Center,(E3).  130 

Grundy, 'M4) 100 

Guage,(P3) 130 

Gubser  (Nl) 150 

Guston,(J3) 130 

Guthrie,  (GS) 1,095 

Hadensvillc,  (GS)..  130 

Hailewell,  (C5) 100 

Haldeman,  (P2)....  200 

Halifax,  (JS) 100 

Halsey,  (N5) 300 

Hamby  Sta,  (F4)...  200 

Hampton,  (E4) 150 

Hanly,  (M3) 100 

Hanson,  (G4) 509 

Hardin,  (ES) 366 

Hardinsburg,  (J3)..  737 

Hardyvillc,  (K4)...  210 

Harlan,  ^PS) 500 

Hamed,  (J3) 100 

Harrisonville,  (L2).  100 

Harrodsburg.  (M3)  3,147 

Hartford,  (H4) 976 

Hartley,  (Q4) 100 

Hawesville,  (H3)...  1,002 

Hayncs,(N4) 100 

Hazard,  (P4) 537 

Hazel,(ES) 300 

Hazel  Green,  (P3)..  257 
Head  Quarters, 

(N2) 100 

Hebbardsville,  (G3)  350 

Hebron,  (Ml) 100 

Hedges,  (N2) 100 

Heights,  (ES) 130 

Hellier,  (Q4) 525 

Hematite,  (E5)....  250 
Henderson,  (F3)..  11,452 

Hendricks,  (P3)....  130 

Henshaw,  (E3) 300 

Hemdon.  (FS) 150 

Hesler,  (.M2) 100 


Hickman,  (CS) 2,736 

Hickory  Grove,(D5)  148 

High  Bridge,  (M3).  200 

Highland,  (M4)....  100 
Highland  Park,(K2)  1,977 

Highway,  (L5) 100 

Hilda, (02) 100 

Hillsboro,  (02) 182 

Hillside,  (G4) 500 

Hindman,  (Q4)....  370 

Hinkleville.(D4)...  100 

Hiscville,  (K4) 179 

Hodgenville,(K3)..  744 

Holland,  (15) 150 

Hopkinsville,  (GS).  9,419 

Horse  Branch,  (H4)  103 

Horse  Cave,  (K4)..  881 

Horlense,(P3) 100 

Horton,(H4) 150 

Humble,  (L4) 100 

Huntsville,  (H4)...  118 

Hustonville,  (M4)..  384 

Hutchison,  (N2)...  100 

Hyden,(P4) 316 

Ibex,(P2) 100 

Idamay,  (03) 200 

Indcpendence,(Ml)  153 

Inez,(Q3) 100 

Irvine,  (03) 272 

Irvington,  (J3).....  665 

Island,  (G4) 547 

Jackson,  (P3) 1,345 

lacksonville,  (N2)..  120 

lackstown,  (N2)...  100 

[aracstown,  (LS).. .  177 

(effersontown,  (K2)  345 

leffersonville,  (03)  86 

lellico  Creek,  (N5)  545 

,'ericho,  (L2) 100 

[ohnsvillc,  (Nl)....  180 

ionesville,  (Ml)....  648 

Jordan, (CS) 130 

Josephine.  (M2)...  100 

Junction  City,(M3)  747 

Keene,  (M3)„ 650 

Kelly,(G5) 200 

Kensee,(NS) 200 

Kenton,  (Nl) 100 

Kevil,(D4) 200 

Kewanee,(Q4) 200 

Keysburg,  (G5)....  180 

Kidds  Store,  (M4).  300 

Kiddville,  (N3) 150 

Kings  Mm,  (M4)..  350 

Kingston,  (N3) 130 

Kirby,(P4) 100 

Kirkmansville,(G5)  200 

Kirksev.  (ES) 200 

Kirksville,  (N3) 180 

Knidey,  (L4) 100 

Knob  Lick,  (K4)...  100 

Knottsvillc,  (H3)...  212 

Kohler,(Nl) 150 

Kuttawa,  (E4) 889 

La  Center,  (C4).. . .  426 

Lackey,  (Q4) 150 

La  Fayette,  (FS)...  266 
La  Grange,  (L2)...  1,152 

Lair,  (N2) 120 

Lairsville,  (L5). ...  12 

I^akeville,  (P3) 150 

Lamasco,  (FS) 180 

Lancaster,  (M3)... .  1,507 

Lane,(P3) 130 

Latonia,  (Nl) 3,000 

La  wrenceburg,(M2)  1,723 


Lawton,(P2) 130 

Layman,  (PS) 200 

Laynesville,  (Q3)...  100 

Leadingham,  (P2)..  100 

Lebanon,  (L3) 3,077 

Lebanon  Jc,(K3)..  807 

Lee  City,  (P3) 269 

Leesburg.  (N2) 100 

Legal, (N5) 100 

Leighton,  (03) 150 

Leitchfield,  (J4)....  1,053 

Lenoxburg,  (Nl)...  65 

Lcon,(P2) 130 

Lesbas,  (N4) 200 

Leslie,  (LS) 150 

Lester,  (Q4) 100 

Levce,(03) 130 

Lewisburg,  (GS)...  253 

Lewisport,(H3)....  5  6 
Lexington,  (N2)..  35,099 

Liberty,  (.M4) 330 

LickFalls,(P2)....  100 

Lida,  (04) 100 

Lily,(N4) 161 

Lima,  (Q4) 100 

Linecrcek,  (N4)....  130 

Lisman,(F4) 154 

Litc,(N4) 100 

Little,  (Ql) 200 

Little  Cypress,  (E4)  100 
Little  Hickman,(M3)  250 

Littlerock,  (N2)....  200 
Livermore,  (G4). . .  1,220 

Livingston,  ( N4). . .  685 

Locknane,  (N3)....  130 

Lockport,  (M2) 153 

Logana,  (N3) 100 

Lola,  (E4) 100 

London,  (N4) 1,538 

Longlick,  (M2) 100 

Long  Ridge,  (Ml)..  100 

Loretto,  (L3) 140 

Lot,(N5) 250 

Louisa,  (Q2) 1,355 

Louisville,  (K2)..  223,928 

Lovelaceville,  (D5)  400 

Lowder,  (P2) 100 

Lowell,  (N3) ISO 

Lower  Greasy, (Q3)  120 

Lowes,(D5) 200 

Ludlow,(MI) 4,153 

Lusby,(Ml) 190 

Luzeme,(G4) 100 

Lynnville,  (DS)...  118 

McAfee,  (M3) 100 

McDaniels,(J3)...  100 

McHenry,  (H4)....  530 

McKee,  (N4) 145 

McKinney,  (M4)...  300 
McKinneysburg, 

(Nl) 100 

McNarv,  (G4) 100 

McNeil,  (Q2) 250 

Maceo,  (H3) 100 

M.ackoy,  (Ql) 100 

Mackville,  (L3) 190 

Madisonville,  (F4).  4,956 

Maggard,  ((34) 100 

Magnolia,  (K4) 100 

Mains,(Nl) 100 

Manchester,  (04)..  525 

Mannington,  (F4)..  130 

Mannsville,  (L4). . .  109 

Maplesville,  (N4)..  100 

Marion,  (E4) 1,527 

Marlow,  (L5) 100 


354 


(KENTUCKY  -  LOUISIANA) 


INDEX   OF   THE   UNITED   STATES 


Marrow  Bone,  (K5).  130 

Martha.  (Q2) 130 

Martinsburg.  (P2). .   160 

Maryddl,  (04) 100 

Mason,  (Ml) 130 

Maxcn  Mill,  (D4).. .  300 

Mayfield,  (D5) 5,916 

Mays  Lick,  (Ol). .. .  308 

Maysville,  (Ol) 6,141 

Mavtown,  {P3) 140 

Maywood,  (M4) 100 

Melber,(D5) 150 

Melbourne.  (Nl).. . .   100 

Mentor.  (Nl) 250 

Mercer,  (G4) 1,200 

Middleburg,  (M4) ..  98 
Middlesboro,  (05).. 7,305 
Middletown,  (K.2).  .  380 

Midway,  (M2) 937 

MUburn.  (D5) 207 

MHford,  (Nl) 180 

Milledgevitle, 

(M3) 100 

Millersburg,  (N2)...  799 
MUlerstown,  (J4)...   160 

Milltown,  (L4) 130 

Milton,  (LI) 355 

Minerva,  (Ol) 154 

Mining  City,  (H4)..  250 
Mitchellsburg,  (L3).  290 

Monroe,  (K4) 120 

Monterey,  (M2) 260 

Monticello,  (MS)...  1,338 
Moorefield,  (02). .. .  200 
Moores  Creek,  (04).  100 
Moores  Ferrv,  (02)  .  500 
Morehead,  (P2)  ....1,105 
Moreland,  {.M4)....  250 
Morgan8eld,(F3)... 2,725 
Morgantown,  (H4)..  569 
MorningView,(Ml) .  100 

Morrow,  (M5) 100 

Mortons  Gap,  (G4)  1,266 
Mortonsville,  (M3) .   200 

Moscow,  (CS) 500 

Moseleyville,  (G3)..  100 
Mountain  Ash,  (N5)  100 
Mt.  Carmel,  (02). . .     81 

Mt.  Eden,  (L2) 157 

Mt.Olivet,  (Nl)....  321 
Mt.  Pleasant,  (PS)..  657 
Mt.  Sterling,  (02).. 3,932 


Mt.  Vernon,  (N4)...  930 
Mt.  Washington, 

(L2) 1,400 

Mouthcard,  (R4).  ..   250 

Mullis,  (NS) 100 

Munfordville,  (K4)  .  475 
MurphysviUc,  (01)  .   860 

Murray,  (E5) 2,089 

Myers,  (02) 200 

Nancy,  (M4) 100 

Nealy,  (Q4) 100 

Nebo,  (F4) 293 

NelsonvUle,  (K3).  . .   ISO 

Nepton,  (02) 233 

Nerinx,  (L3) 200 

Nevada,  (M3) 200 

New  Castle,  (L2).  . .  468 
New  Columbus, 

(M2) 118 

Newcombe,  (P2)....  100 
Newfoundland,  (F2)  72 
New  Haven,  (K3).. .  405 
New  Hope,  (K3)....  240 
New  Liberty,  (Ml)  .  214 
Newmarket,  (U). . .  7 
Newport,  (Nl).. .  .30,309 

New  Roe,  (J5) 130 

Newtown,  (N2) 150 

Nicholasville,  (M3)  2,935 

Nolin,  (K3) 150 

Normal,  (Q2) 300 

No.  Fork,  (Ol) 200 

No.  Middletown, 

(N2) 390 

No.  Pleasureville, 

(L2) 235 

Nortonvaie,  (G4)...  254 

Oakdale,  (03) 100 

Oakdale,  (K2) 2,073 

Oakland,  (14) 257 

Oakton,  (<:S) 200 

Oak  View,  ((J2) 100 

Oakwood,  (02) 130 

Oddvillc,  (N2) 120 

Olin,  (04) 200 

Olive  Hill,  (P2) 1,132 

Olympia,  (02) 200 

Omaha,  (Q4) 150 

Omer,  {P3) 130 

Oppy,  (R3) ISO 

Orangeburg,  (Ol)...   100 
Ovenfork,  (Q4) 100 


Owensboro,  (H3)  .16,011 
Owenton,  (Ml).  ...1,024 
Owingsville,  (02)  . .  942 

Packard,  (N5) 150 

Pactolus,  (Q2) 130 

Paducah,  (D4)  ...22,760 
Paint  Lick,  (N3).. . .  270 

Paintsville,  (Q3) 942 

Paisley,  (MS) 130 

Panola,  (N3) 130 

Paradise,  (G4) 91 

Parina,  (Nl) 100 

Paris,  (N2) 5,859 

Parkers  Lake,  (N5)..   200 

Parksville,  (M3) 200 

PatcsviUe,  (H3) 300 

Pawpaw,  (R4) 150 

PeachOrchard,  (Q3).  500 

Pellville,  (H3) 104 

Pembroke,  (G5) 731 

Penrod,  (G4) 68 

Peoples,  (N4) 100 

Perryville,  (M3) 407 

Petersburg,  (Ml)...  393 

Pcttit,  (G3) 200 

Pewee  Valley,  (L2). .   651 

Peytona,  (L2) 100 

Peytontown,  (N3).  .  200 

Phelps,  (R3) 150 

Pikeville,  (R4) 1,280 

Pilotoak,  (D5) 100 

Pinckard,  (M3) 100 

Pinckneyville,  (E4).  100 
Pine  Grove,  (N2)...   130 

Pinehill,  (N4) 500 

Pine  Knot,  (NS)....  200 

Pineville,  (05) 2,161 

Pink,  (M3) 130 

Pittsburg,  (N4) 934 

Pleasant    Home, 

(M2) 100 

Pleasant  View,  (NS).  500 
Pleasure  Ridge  Park, 

(K2) 200 

Pleasureville,  a2).  .  522 
Plummers   Landing, 

(02) 110 

Poindexter,  (N2).. . .   120 

Pollard,  (Q2) 1,500 

Poole,  (F3) 179 

Poorfork,  (Q5) 150 

Poplar  Grove,  (Ml).   ISO 


Poplar  PUins,  (02)..  190 
Portersburg,  (04). ..  100 
Port  Royal,  (LI)....   152 

Potter,  (Q2) 100 

Pottertown,  (ES).  . .   100 

Powderly,  (G4) 300 

Praise,  (R4) 300 

Preachersville,  (M3).  100 
Prestonsburg,(Q3). 1,120 
Prestonville,  (LI)...  162 

Priccville,  (J4) 110 

Princess,  (Q2) 300 

Princeton,  (F4).  ...3,015 

Proctor,  (03) 143 

Providence,  (F4). .  .2,084 
Pryorsburg,  (D5)...  242 

Puncheon,  (Q4) 300 

Quincy,  (PI) 285 

Quinton,  (MS) 500 

Rail,  (03) 120 

Randville,  (P2) 250 

Raywick,  (L3) 182 

Reclorville,  (Ol).,..   150 

Redash,  (NS) 500 

Rcdfox,  (Q4) 150 

Regina,  (R4) 200 

Render,  (H4) 300 

Rice,  (Q2) 150 

Richardson,  (Q3).  ..ISO 
Richmond,  (N3)....  5,340 
Rich  Pond,  (H5)...   115 

Riley,  (L3) 130 

Rim,  (OS) 100 

Rineyville,  (J3) 100 

Ringos  Mills,  (02).  .  130 

Riverton,  (Ql) 200 

Road,  (P2) 100 

Robard,  (F3) 334 

Robinet,  (N4) 200 

Robinson   Creek, 

(Q4) 250 

Rochester,  (H4) 437 

Rockfield,  (H5) 230 

Rocfcport.  (H4) 658 

Rocky  Hill,  (JS) 120 

Rocky  Hill  Station, 

(J4) 138 

Rolling  Fork,  (M4)  .    130 

Rose  Hill.  (M3) 100 

Rosewood.  (G4) 89 

Rosine,  (H4) 166 

Rosslyn,  (03) 100 


Rothwell,  (03) 130 

Rowland,  (M3) 500 

Rowlctts,  (K4) 233 

Ruddels  Mills,  (N2).  320 

Rumsey,  (G3) 413 

Rural,  (R3) 200 

Rush,  (Q2) 300 

Russell,  (Ql) 1,038 

Russell  Springs,  (L4)  104 
Russcllvillc,  (HS).  .3,111 
Sacramento,  (G4). ..  438 

Sadicville,  (M2) 467 

St.  Catharine,  (L3)..  130 
St.  Charles,  (F4).. . .  660 

St.  Helens,  (03) 151 

St.  Mary,  (L3) 154 

St.  Matthews,  (K2).   160 

Salem,  (E4) 320 

Salt  Lick,  (02) 532 

Salvisa,  (M3) 300 

Salyersville,  (P3).  ..  310 

Sams,  (03) 100 

Samuels,  (K3) 190 

Sanders,  (LI) 250 

Sandyfork,  (05) 250 

Sandy  Hook,  (P2).. .    190 

Sardis,  (Ol) 261 

Saxton,  (NS) 100 

ScienceHill,  (M4).. .  257 

Scottsburg,  (F4) 100 

Scottsville,  (J5).. . .  1,327 

Scran  ton,  (03) 100 

Scbree,  (F3) 1,500 

Scdalia,  (D5) 250 

Select,  (H4) 100 

Seventy  Six,  (L5)...  150 
Shady  Grove,  (F4). .  240 
Shannondale,  (M2)  .  200 
Sharongrove,  (G5)..  300 
Sharpsburg,  (02).  ..  410 

Shawhan,  (N2) 300 

Shelby  City,  (M3).  .  280 
Shelbyville,  CL2)... 3,412 
Shepherdsville,  (K2)  318 
Sherburne,  (02)  ....  251 

Sherman,  (Ml) 300 

Shively,  (K2) 200 

Short  Creek,  (J3)...  130 
Shrewsbury,  (J4).  . .   100 

Sidney,  (R'3) 100 

Silvercreek,  (N3).  ..  150 
Simcoe,  (03) 100 


Simpsonville,  (L2).  .  185 

Skaggs,  (Q2) 100 

Skilesville,  (H4) 53 

Slade,  (03) 400 

Slaughterville,  (G4).  443 
Sloans  Valley,  (MS).  200 
Smilhfield,  (L2).  ...  350 
Smithland,  (E4)....  557 
Smith  Mills,  (F3)...  300 
SmithsGrove,(J4)..  726 
Somerset,  (M4).. . .  4,491 

Sonora,  (K3) 2S0 

Sorgho,  (G3) 130 

So.  Carrollton,  (G4).  365 
So.  Elkhorn,  (M2).  .   100 

Southgate,  (Nl) 627 

So.  Park,  {K2) 100 

So.  Portsmouth,  (PI)  660 
Sparks  Quarry,  (N4)  100 

Sparta,  (Ml) 107 

Spottsville,  (G3). ...  448 
Springfield,  (L3)....  1,329 
Springlake,  (Nl).. . .  100 
Spring  Lick,  (H4)....  190 
Spurlington,  (L4). . .  130 
Stamping  Ciround, 

(M2) 381 

Stanford,  (M3) 1,532 

Stanton,  (03) 278 

Steams,  (N5) 100 

Stephens,  (Q2) 130 

Stephensburg,  (T3). .  130 
Stephensport,  (H3)  .   205 

Stepstone,  (02) 150 

Stewartsvillc,  (Ml)  .  200 

Stinson,  (Q2) 200 

Stithlon,  (K3) 300 

Stonewall,  (M2) 100 

Stowers,  (H5) 120 

Sturgis,  (F3) 1,467 

Sulphur,  (LI) 255 

Summer  Shade,  (K5)  250 
Summersville,  (K4).  320 

Sweeden,  (J4) 100 

Switzer,  (M2) 380 

Talcum,  (P4) 200 

Tavlor  Mines,  (H4).  430 
Tavlorsport,  (Ml).  .  150 
Taylorsville.  (L3). . .  622 

Tcmpler,  (N4) 200 

Texas,  (L3) 130 

Thealka,  (Q3) 100 


The  Ridge,  (P2)....  150 

Thor,  (P2) 100 

Thornton,  (Q4) 100 

Tnine,  (E4) 100 

Tilton,  (02) 113 

Tolesboro,  (Ol) 400 

Tolu,  (E4) IBO 

Tompkinsville,  (KS)  639 
Torchlight,  (Q2)....  200 

Towers,  (Ml) 100 

Travellers  Rest  (04).  200 

Trenton,  (GS) 653 

Troy,  (M3) 100 

Turners  Station, (LI)  115 
Tumersville,  (M4). .  200 

Tyler,  (D4) 500 

Tvner,  (04) 130 

TjTone,  (M2) 544 

Union,  (Ml) 280 

Uniontown,  (F3). . .  1,356 

Upton,  (K4) 141 

Urban,  (04) 400 

Utica,  (G3) 300 

Valley  Station,  (K2).  210 
Valleyview,  (N3).  . .  630 
Vanceburg,  (PI).  ..1,145 
Vanderburd.  (F4)...  ISO 

Van  Lear,  (Q3) 100 

Verona,  (Ml) 200 

Versailles,  (M2)  ...2,268 
Vine  Grove,  (K3)... .   570 

Virgie,  (Q4) 130 

Visalia,  (Nl) 250 

Viva,  (N4) 250 

Wabd,  (N4) 100 

Waco,  (N3) 210 

Waddy,  (L2) 254 

Wakefield,  (L3) 130 

Wallace,  (M2) 130 

Wallins  Creek,  (PS).  ISO 

Wallonia,  (F5) 100 

Wallscnd,  (OS) 500 

Walnut  Grove,  (P2)    174 

Walton,  (Ml) 650 

Warficld,  (R3) 100 

Warsaw,  (Ml) 900 

Washington,  (Ol).. .  433 

Wasioto,  (OS) 300 

Waterford,  (L2) 210 

Watervaliev.  (D5).  .  228 

Waverlv,  (F3) 311 

Webbville,  (Q2) 200 


Wellsburg,  (Ol) 150 

Wentz,  (P4) 200 

VV.Covington,(Ml)  1,7S1 

W.  Irvine,  (03) ISO 

W.Liberty,  (P3)....  442 
W.  Louisville,  (G3)..  192 

Weston,  (E3) 140 

West  Point,  (K3)... .  782 

Westport,  (L2) iOO 

Wheatcroft,  (F4).  . .  490 
Whitehouse,  (Q3). . .  150 
White  Mills,  (K3).. .  100 

Whiteoak,  (P3) 130 

Whiteplains,  (G4).. .  281 

Whitepost,  (R3) 100 

Whitesburg,  (Q4)...  321 
White  Sulphur, 

(M2) 100 

Whitesville,  (H3)...  4S2 

Whitley,  (N5) 1S7 

Wicklififc.  (CS) 989 

Wildie,  (N4) 100 

Willard,  (Q2) 17/ 

Williamsburg, 

(NS) 2,004 

Williamsport,  (Q3). .  200 
\VilIi,amstown.  (Nl).  800 

Willisburg,  (L3) ISO 

Wilmore,  (M3) 1,000 

Wilsonville,  (L2)....   ISO 

Wilton,  (NS) 200 

Winchester.  (N3)... 7,156 

Wingo,  (DS) 404 

Wisemantown, 

(03) 100 

Wolf,  (P2) 300 

Wolf  Creek,  (J2)....   150 

Woodbine,  (NS) 100 

Woodbum,  (HS)....  217 
Woodbury,  (H4)....   173 

Woods,  ((33) 100 

Woodville,  (D4)  ...  250 

Worley,  (M5) ISO 

Worthville,  (Ml).  ..  326 
Wurtland,  (Ql)  ....   190 

Xena,  (03) 130 

Yaho,  (N4) 100 

Yale,  (P2) 200 

Yelvington,  (H3).  . .  40C 

Yosemite,  (M4) 9! 

Yost,  (G4) ISC 

Zion,(F3) 224 


LOUISIANA 


Abbeville,  (F;) 2,907 

Abita  Sprmgs,  (L6)  .  365 

Acy,  (J6) 500 

Adeline,  (G7) 800 

Albemarle,  (H7).... 1,200 

Alberta,  (D2) 500 

Alden  Bridge,  (CI)..  500 
Alexandria,  (F4)... 11,213 
Allemands,  (.K7)....  500 

Alto,  (G2) 150 

Alton,  (L6) 100 

Ama,  (K7) 800 

Amelia,  (H7)      400 

Amesville,  (K7) 200 

Araita,  (K5) 1,677 

Anchor,  (HS) 300 

Andrew.(F6) 150 

Angle,  (L5) 346 

Ansley,  (E2) 600 

Antrim,  (CI) 350 

Arabi,  (L7) 250 

Arbroth,  (HS) 300 

Arcadia,  (El) 1,079 

Areola,  (KS) 100 

Ariel,  (^J7) 100 

Arnaudville,  (G6)...  279 

Ashland,  (D2) 200 

Athens,  (Dl) 514 

Atkins,  (D2) 300 

Atlanta,  (E3) 311 

Avery  Island,  (G7)...200 

Avoca,  (H7) 200 

Ayers,  (D4) 250 

Baldwin,  (H7) 1,000 

Bancroft,  (CS) 200 

Barataria,  (K;) 300 

Barham,  (D4) 250 

Baskin,  (G2) 150 

Bastrop,  (Gl) 854 

Batchelor,  (G5).  ...  200 
BATON  ROUGE, 

(H6) 14,897 

Bayou  Barbary,  (J6)  150 
Bayou  Chicot,  (F5)  .  150 
Bayou Goula,  (H6). 1,000 
BayouSara,(:H5)...  630 

Baywood,  (J5) 300 

Belair,  (L7) 600 

Belcher,(Cl) 200 

Bell  City,  (E6) 330 

Belle  .'Uliance,(H6). 1,000 

Belledcan,  (F4) 400 

Belle  Helenc,(J6)...  300 
Belle  Rose,  (H6)....   500 

Benson,  (C3) 320 

Bentley,  (E4) 200 

Benton,  (CI) 318 

Bermuda,  (E3) 100 

Bcrnice,  (El) 781 

Bertrandville,  (L7)..  300 

Berwick,  (H7) 2,183 

Bethany,  (32) 250 

Bienville,  (E2) 606 

Bigcane,  (GS) 230 

Blairstown.  (75) 100 

Blanchard,  (CI) 200 

Bogalusa,  (L5) 1,850 

Bofeyn,  (D3) 350 

Bolinger,  (CI) 300 

Bonami  (DS) 300 

Bonita,  (Gl) 273 

Bordelonville,  (G4) .  200 
Bossier,  (CI) 77S 


Bourg,  07) 500 

Boutte,  (K7) 300 

Bowie,  (J  7) 1,200 

Boyce,  (E4) 865 

Breaux  Bridge,(G6)l,339 

Brockdalc,  (K4) 100 

Broussard,  (G6) 499 

Brunett,  (HI) 100 

Brusley    I.anding, 

(H6) 390 

Bryceland,  (E2) 250 

Buckeye,  (F4) 100 

Bunkie,  (F5) 1,765 

Buras,  (L8) 500 

Burnside,  (J6) 100 

Burton,  (J/) 400 

Cades,  (G6) 200 

Calhoun,  (Fl) 260 

Cameron,  (D7) 200 

Campti,  (D3) 664 

Canton,  (ES) 100 

Carencro,  (F6)..~ 609 

Carson,  (D5) 500 

Carville,  (H6) 300 

Ospiana,  (C2) 250 

Castor,  (D2) ISO 

Cataro,  (FS) 200 

Cecilia,  (G6) 130 

Centerville,  (H7).  . .   500 

Central,  (16) 200 

Chacahouta,  (J7).  ..    100 

Chalmette,  (L7) 100 

Charenton,  (G7) 400 

Chatham,  (F2) 181 

Chauvin,  (J8) 320 

Cheneyville,  (F4). . .  498 

Chcniere,  (Fl) 230 

Choudrant,  (El)....  200 
Church  Point,  (F6) .   481 

Cindare,  (H6) 400 

Clarks,  (F2) 750 

Clinton,  (J5) 918 

Clio.(J6) 220 

CloutierviUe,  (E3).  .  300 

Colfax,  (E3) 1,049 

Collinston,  (Gl) 333 

Columbia,  (F2) 500 

Convent,  (T6) 500 

Converse,  (C3) 200 

Cooper, (D4) 300 

Cottonport,  (FS) 866 

Cotton  Valley,  (CI).  750 

Coushatta,  (D2) 564 

Covington,  (K6).  ..2,601 

Crawford,  (G7) 250 

Crescent,  (H6) 150 

Cro.sskeys,  (C2) 200 

Crowley,  (F6) S,099 

Cutoff,  (K7) 20O 

Cypremort,  (G7) 200 

Daisy,  (U) 100 

D.arrow,  (H6) 500 

Delcambre,  (F7). ...  308 

Delhi,  (G2) 685 

Delta,  (J2) 200 

Denham  Springs,(J5)  574 

Denson,  (J6) 100 

DeQuincv,  (D6)....   715 
De  Kidder,  (DS).  ..2,100 

Diamond,  (L7) 300 

Dido,  (ES) 200 

Dime,  (L7) 200 

Dodson,  (E2) 845 


DonaIdsonvUle,(H6)4,090 

Donner,  (J7) 200 

Dorcyville,  (H6) 200 

Doss,(GI) IOO 

Doyline,(Dl) 150 

Dry  Prong,  (E3)....   100 

Dubach,  (El) 714 

Dubberly,  (Dl) 200 

Dubuisson,  (FS) 250 

Dunbar,  (L6) 200 

Duson,  (F6) 120 

Dutch  Town,  O')---    100 

Duty,  (G3) 100 

Dykesville,  (Dl)....   IOO 
East  Point,  (D2).. . .    100 

Echo,  (F4) 238 

Edgard,  (J7) 500 

Edna,  (E6) 200 

Egan,  (F6) IOO 

Elizabeth,  (ES) 200 

Ellendale,  (J7) 100 

Elton,  (E6) 100 

Empire,  (L8) 270 

Engelwood,  (H2). .  .  100 

Eola,  (FS) 400 

Erath,  (F7) 575 

Eros,  (F2) 898 

Esther,  (F7) 100 

Estherwood,  (F6). . .  544 

Eunice,  (F6) 1,684 

Evangeline,  (F6).. . .  400 

Evans,  (DS) 230 

Evergreen,  (FS) 299 

Fairmount,  (E4) 200 

Farmerville,  (Fl)...  598 

Ferriday,  (G3) 577 

Fisher,  (D4) 200 

Flora,  (K3) 100 

Florence,  (G3) 1 10 

Florien,  (D4) 250 

Floyd,  (HI) 200 

Folsom,  (KS) 100 

Fordoche,  (G5) 200 

Forest  Hill,  (E4)....  200 
Fortjesup,  (D3)....   100 

Foster,  (H7) 100 

Franklin,  (G7) 3,857 

Franklinton,  (KS)...  814 

Frierson,  (C2) 300 

Fullerton,  (E4) 1,238 

Fulton,  (D6) 150 

Gansville,  (E2) 100 

Garden  City,  (H7)..  500 

Garyville,  (J6) 1,000 

Gassier,  (E6) IOO 

Geismar,  (16) 250 

Genesee,  (KS) 600 

Gheens,  (K7) 500 

Gibsland,  (Dl) 1,06S 

Gibson,  (H7)  200 

Gilbert,  (G2) 2S0 

Gilliam,  (CI) 150 

Gillis,  (D6) 100 

Girard,  (G2) 100 

Gladis,  (KS) 500 

Glencoe,  (GT) 100 

Glenmora,  (ES) 100 

Glenwild,  (H7) 500 

Gloster,  (C2) 130 

Goldonna,  (E2) 150 

Gonzales.  (J6) 150 

Good  Pine,  (F3) 500 

Gordon,  (Dl) 100 


Grace,  (E3) 250 

Gramercy,  06) 100 

Grand  Cane,  (C2).. .  485 
Grand  Coteau,  (G6).  392 
Grand  Isle,  (L8)....  350 
Grappes  Bluff,  (D3).  300 

Grayson,  (F2) 200 

Greensburg,  (J5).. ..  268 
Greenwood,  (B2). .  .  250 

Gretna,  (K7) 3,700 

GrosseTete,  (G6)...   500 

Gueydan,  (E7-) 1,081 

GullettsStation,(JS)  200 
Hackberry,  (D7)....  200 

Hackley,  (KS) 100 

Hadlev,  (C2) 100 

Hahnville,  (K7) 300 

H.aile,  (Fl) 120 

HaUCity,  (CS) 800 

Hammond,  (KS)... 2,942 
Hard  Times  Lanciing 

(H2) 200 

Harrisonburg,  (G3)  .361 

Harvey,  (K7) 340 

Haughton,  (D2) 249 

Hawthorn,  (D4) 200 

Haynesville,  (Dl)...  663 
Head  of  Island,  (J6).    100 

Heckcr,  (D6) 400 

Hermitage,  (H5).. . .  200 

Hessmer,  (F4) 100 

Hineston,  (E4) ISO 

Hobart,  (J6) 130 

Hodge,  (E2) 300 

Hohen  Solms,  (H6)..   170 

Holly,  (C2) 400 

Homeplace,  (Lii) 180 

Homer,  (EI) 1,855 

Hope,  (D2) 200 

Hopedale,  (L7) 100 

Hope  Villa,  (H6).. . .   100 

Hornbeck,  (D4) 459 

Hosston,  (CI) IOO 

Houma.  (J7) 5,024 

Howcott,  (F3) 500 

Husser,  (KS) 200 

Hydropolis,  (F4).. . .   500 

Ida,  ((fl) 600 

Independence,  (K5)I,004 
Indian  VUlage,  (H6).  100 

Iota,  (E6) 769 

Iowa,  (E6) 100 

IrishBencl,(H7)....   150 

Iackson,  (HS) 2,146 
acoby,  (G5) 280 
eanerette,(G7).... 2,206 
ena,  (F3) 689 
ennings,  (E6) 3,925 

Jesuit  Bend.  (K7)...  350 

Tones,  (Gl). 100 

Jonesboro,  (E2) 1,134 

Jonesville,  (G3) 287 

Junction  City,  (El)  .  396 

Kaplan,  (F6) 315 

Keatchie,  (C2) 500 

Keithville,  (C2) 100 

Kelloggs  Landing, 

(H2) 3S0 

Kelly,  (F3) ISO 

Kenncr,  (K6) 1,500 

Kentwood,  (JS) 3,609 

Kilbourne,  (HI) ISO 

Kinder,  (£6) 635 


Kingston,  (C2) 500 

Kipling,  (DS) 200 

KlotzviUe,  (H6) 500 

Knowlton,  (H6).  ...   100 

Laark,  (HI) 120 

Labadieville,  (H7).  .   500 

Lacomb,  (K6) 600 

Lafayette,  (F6) 6,392 

Lafourche  Crossing, 

(J7) 400 

Lake,  (J6) 300 

Lake  Arthur,  (E6).. 1,093 
LakeCharles,(D6)ll,449 

Lakeland,  (H5) 100 

Lake  Providence, 

(HI) 1,568 

Lakeside,  (E6) 230 

Lamourie,  (F4) 150 

Lanesville,  (Dl) 400 

Laplace,  (K6) 320 

L' Argent,  (H3) 200 

I.arose,  (K7) 190 

Lauderdale,  (J 6)....   100 

Laura,  (H7) 200 

Lawrence,  (L7) 150 

Lecompte,  (F4) 1,058 

LeesviUe,  (D4) 2,043 

Lena  Station,  (E4). .   200 

I.eonville,  (G6) 300 

Lettsworth,  (G5).  ..   750 

Lewiston,  (KS) 100 

Libertyhill,  (E2). ...   ISO 

Lillie,  (El) ISO 

Lions,  (J 6) 200 

Lisbon,  (El) 100 

Livonia,  (GS) 300 

Lobdell,  (H6) 500 

Lockport,  (K7) 669 

Lofton,  (E3) 200 

Logansport,  (C3).  . .   420 

Logtown,  (F2) 200 

Lonepine,  (FS) 130 

Longbridge,  (F4).  . .  500 

Ix)ngleaf,  (E5) 500 

Longstreet,  (B2) 100 

Longwood,  (H 1 ) 250 

Loreauville,  (G6).  . .  291 

Loring,  (C3) 700 

Ludington,  (D5) 300 

Ludivine,  (K7) 200 

Luling,  (K7) 350 

Lutcher,  (J6) 1800 

McCall,  (H6) 700 

McDonoghvUle, 

(K7) 2,700 

McNutt,  (E4) 100 

Madisonville,  (K6).  1,028 

Magda,  (F4) 100 

Maillard,  (G7) 200 

Mamou,  (FS) 100 

Manchac.  (H6) ISO 

Mandcville,  (K6)...  1,166 

Mangham,  (G2) 470 

Mansfield,  (C2) 1,799 

Manske,  (LS) ISO 

Mansura,  (F4) 695 

Many,  (C3) 633 

Marco,  (E3) 300 

Maiingouin,  (G6). ..  447 

Marion,  (Fl) 226 

Marksville,  (04). .  .1,076 
M.irthavillo,  (D3).. .  285 
Mathews,  (J7) 1,300 


Maud,  (L6) 150 

Maurepas,  (J6) 150 

Maxie,  (F6) 100 

Melville,  (GS) 1,093 

Merraenton,  (E6). . .  323 
Mer  Rouge,  (Gl).  ..   536 

Midland,  (E6) 200 

MiUikens,  (HI) 200 

Milton,  (F6) 200 

Minden,  (Dl) 3002 

Mira,  (CI) 150 

Moberly,  (K7) SOO 

Monroe,  (Fl) 10,209 

Montegut,  (K8).  ...  150 
Montgomery,  (E3). .  174 

Montpelier,  (J5) 600 

Montrose,  (D3) 250 

Mooringsport,  (BI).  700 
Moreauville,  (G4).. .  728 
Morgan  City,  (H7).  5,477 
Morganza,  (GS).  ...  296 

Morrow,  (FS) 150 

Morse,  (F6) 237 

Mossville,  (DS) 20O 

Mt.  Airy,  (J6) ISO 

Mt.  Lebanon,  •(D2).  250 
Myrtistown,  (Bl). .     250 

Nairn,  (L8) 300 

Naomi,  (K7) 220 

Napoleonvillc,  (H7)  1201 
Natalbany,  (KS)....  ISO 
Natchitoches,  (D3)  2,532 

Neame,  (DS) 500 

Neptune,  (L8) 300 

Newellton,  (H3) 424 

New  Iberia,  (G6)... 7,499 

Newlin,  (DS) 200 

NcwOrleans,(L7)339,07S 
New  Roads,  (H5).  .1,352 
New  Verda,  (E3).  ..   182 

NichoUs,  (U) 250 

Noble,  (C3) 453 

Oakdale,  (ES) 500 

Oak  Grove,  (HI)....  398 

Oaklcv,  (G3) 100 

Oak  Ridge,  (Gl)....  332 

Oberlin,  (ES) 232 

Oil  City,  (CI) 400 

Olivier,  (G7) 100 

Olla,  (F3) 260 

Opelousas,  (FS) 4,623 

Orange,  (D4) 400 

Ouachita,  (Fl) 100 

Oxford,  (C3) 150 

Paincourtvillc,  (H7).  550 
Parcperdue,  (F6).  . .  200 

Parks,  (G6) 350 

Patterson,  (H7).... 2,998 

Pearl,  (D6) 200 

Pearl  River,  (L6).  . .  277 

Pelican.  (C3) 300 

Perry,  (F7) IOO 

Phoenix,  (L7) IOO 

Pickering,  (DS) 750 

Pineville,  (F4) 1,202 

Pioneer,  (HI) ISI 

Pitkin,  (ES) ISO 

Plain  Dealing,  (CI).  474 
Plaquemine,  (H6)... 4,955 

Plattenvillc,  (J7; 150 

Plaucheville,  (G5).. .  380 
PleasantHill,(C3)..  442 
PointalaHacbe,(L7)500 


Point  Pleasant,  {H2)  130 

Pollock,  (F4) 675 

Ponchatoula,  (K6) .  1,055 
Port  Allen,  (H6). .. .  7S0 
PortBarre,  (GS)....  600 
Port  Barrow,  (J6)...  800 
PortEads,  (M8)....  200 
Port  Hudson,  (HS)..  350 
Port  Vincent,  06).  .  200 

Potash,  (L8) 320 

Potier,  (G6) IOO 

Powhatan,  (D3)  ...  200 

Prairieville,  06) 200 

Pride,  05) 150 

Provencal,  (D3) 262 

Quitman,  (E2) 215 

Raccourci,  (GS).  ...   100 

Raceland,  (J7) 700 

Ramos,  (H7) 250 

Ramsay,  (KS) 425 

Randall,  (GS) 300 

Randolph,  (El) 500 

Rayne,  (F6) 2,247 

Rayville,  (Gl) 1,079 

Reserve,  (J6) 400 

Riceville,  (E6) 150 

Richardson  town, 

(LS) 319 

Ringgold,  (D2) 400 

Rio,(L5) 265 

Robeline,  (D3) 438 

Rochelle,  (F3) 600 

Rodessa,  (Bl) 100 

Rogillioville,  (H5).. .    100 

Roosevelt,  (HI) 100 

Roscdale,  (G6) 400 

Roseland,  (KS) 586 

Rosepine,  (D5) 325 

Routon,  (F3) ISO 

Ruddock.  (K6) 900 

Ruston,  (E2) 3377 

Rustville,  (D4) 250 

Saint  Amant,  (J6)...  ISO 
Saint  Amelia,  (J7)...  250 
Saint  Bernard,  (L7).  500 
Saint  Francisville, 

(HS) 966 

Saint  G.abriel,(H6)..  750 
Saint  James,  (J 7).  ..  150 
Saint  Joseph,  (H3).  .  740 
St.  Martinville, 

(G6) 2,318 

Saint  Maurice,  (E3).  100 
Saint  Patricks.  (J7).  200 
Saint  Rose,  (K7)....  500 
Saint  Tammany,(L6)  280 

Saline,  (D2) 346 

Sarcpta,  (Dl) 300 

Scanlon,  (K5) 100 

Scott,  (F6) 239 

Sellers,  (K6) 200 

Selma,  (F3) 800 

Seymourville,  (H6)..    500 

Shamrock,  (D3) ISO 

Shongaloo,  (Dl) 100 

Shrevcport,  (CI).. 28,015 

Simsboro,  (EI) 282 

Singer,  (DS) 100 

Slabtown,  (DS) ISO 

Slaughter.  (HS) 287 

Slidell.  (L6) 2,188 

Smithland,  (G5). ...  IOO 
Smoke  Bend,  (U6). .  600 


Solitude,  (H5). 20( 

Spearsville,  (El) 12( 

Springfield,  06) 25( 

SpringhiU,  (Dl) 75( 

Springville,  (J6) 10( 

Stables,  (D4) 60( 

Stamboul,  (Hi) 301 

Standard,  (F3) 301 

Starlding,  (L6) 201 

Stcrlington,  (Fl).. . .  401 
Stevenson,  (Gl).  ...   lOl 

Stonewall,  (C2) I.il 

Stonypoint,  OS) lOl 

Strader,  (K6) 201 

Strange,  (E3) 15l 

Sulphur,  (D6) 351 

Suramerfield,  (El).  .   10( 

Sun,  (LS) 251 

Sunrise,  (L8) 10 

Sunset,  (F6) 37 

Sycamore,  (E4) 20 

Tallulah,  (H2) 84 

Tangipahoa,  (KS).. .  39 

Thibodaux,  (J7) 382 

Thomastown,  (72).  .  I2i 
Timberton,  (J6).  ...  SO 

Tioga,  (F4) 63 

Torras,  (G5) 50 

Tremont,  (Fl) 50 

Trenton,  (C3) 10 

Trilby,  (F6) 10 

Trout,  (F3) 50 

Tullos,  (F3) 10 

Turkcv  Creek,  (FS).   10 

Tyne,  (D3) 10 

Urania,  (F3) 2Si 

Vacherie,  (J7) 25 

Venice,  (M8) 60 

Verda,  (E3) 25 

Vernon,  (E2) 10 

Victoria,  (D3) 35' 

Vidalia,  (H3) 1.34 

Vienna,  (El) SO 

Ville  Platte,  (FS)....  60 

Vinton,  (D6) 80 

Vivian,  (CI) 82 

Walker,  (J5) 59 

Wallace,  (J7) 30 

WallsUke,  (K5)...  20 

W'ard,  (ES) IS' 

Warnerton,  (KS).. .  .  IS' 
Washington,  (GS)..  1,52 
Waterproof,  (H3)...  44 

Weeks,  (G7) 20 

Welcome,  (J6) 10 

Welsh,  (E6) 1.2S 

Westkke,  (D6) 1,70 

West  Monroe,  (Fl).  1,12 
Wcstwego.  (K7)....   70 

■Wetzlcr,  (E5) 10 

VXTiite  Castle,  (H6)  2,28 

Whitehall,  (J6) 20 

Wilcox,  (HS) 10 

Wilson,  (HS) 76 

Winnfield.  (E3) 2,92 

Winnsboro,  (G2)....  82 

Winona,  (E2) 20 

Wyatt,  (E2) 30 

Yellow  Pine,  (D2)..  1,00 
Youngsville,  (F6)...   32 

Zachary,  (HS) 41 

Zimmerman,  (E4)...  50 
Zwollc,  (C3) 97 


INDEX  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES  (maine) 

MAINE 

"  =  POPULATION  OF  TOWNSHIP 


355 


Abbot  Village,  (D6)    550        (G3) "529    Eastport,  (H7) 4,961  Howland,  (tO) -494  MUo  Junction,  (ut>)    IW  Unent,   (tiS) -187  Smyrna  Mills,  (M) -411  Walnut  HUl,  (B9). .    ( 

Acadia,  (G J) 550  Center  Bclmont,(D8)  140  East  Raymond,  (1)9)  125  Hudson,   (E7) "403  MUton    PlantaUon,  Orland,  (E7) ■1,224  Snow  Corner,  (E7)    180    Walpole,  {C9) 1 

Acton      (A9) "603  Center     Lebanon,  E.  Sangerville,  (D6)    400  Hulls  Cove,  (F8). . .     100        (A8) "204  Orono,  (E7) "3,555  Snows  Falls,  (B8). .    250  Waltham,  (F7). . .  .  ■: 

Addison,     (G7)...."985         (AlO) 100  East   Sebago,    (A9)    200  Hurricane    Island,               Minot,  (B8) "786  Orrington,    (E7).  ."1,219  Soldier  Pond,   (E2)    100  Warren,   (D8)...."l,i 


Abbot     (D6) "705  Caswell  Plantation,  East  Poland.  (B8) . .    175  Howes  Comer,  (B8)    190    Milo,  (E5) "2,556  Oquossoc,  (A7). .. ;    100  Smithfield,  (C7). . .  "427  Wallagrass,  (E2).  ."1,004 

Abbot  Village,  (D6)    550    ^  (G3)^. -„'^'^t  S^^'R?"^'  '^'','-,v,,;,'''?SJ  H°"'''"''',4'??*- ' ' '  Zf't  wn? •'"""'"I' 1?*'    "^    S'l™';   iS5,' i.'H'  §'">'™  *''"^'  ,'£*! 'f  li    ^M"!"",'*^,':'.' ('*''■    *<* 

■182 

„..,     ,_ -         ---     ,      ,  - ,    ,      .  _- i,8I2 

Albany    (A8) "410  Center  Lovell,  (A8)    260  E.  Stoneham,  (A8)    120         (E8) "256    Minturn,  (F8) 150  Orrs  Island,  (C9). .    300  Solon,   (C7) "1,034  Washburn,  (F3).  ."1,582 

Albion     (D7) "922  Center     Montville,  East  Sullivan,  (F7)    250    Iceboro,    (C8) 130  Monarda,  (FS). . . .    200    Otis,  (F7) "115  Somerset,  (C6) ... .    210  Washington,     (D8)  "814 

Alexander,  (G5).... "374        (D8) 360  East  Sumner,  (B8)    300  Indian  River,  (G7)    200  Monbegan,    (D9).."120    Otisfield,  (A8) "632  Somerville,  {D8). . .  "291  Waterboro,  (A9). . .  "997 

Alfred    (AlO) "890  Charleston,  (E6) ...  "864  East  Surry,  (F7). . .     190    Industry,   (B7) "465  Monmouth,  (C8)  "1,386  Ottercreek,  (F8). . .    150  Sorrento,  (F8) "147  Waterford,  (A8) . . .  "934 

Allegash    (E2) "245  Charlotte,    (H6).,."290  East  Union,  (D8).  .    100    Intervale,  (B9) ISO    Monroe,  (D7) "872  Owls  Head,  (D8) . .     ISO  South  Acton,  (A9) . .    100  WaterviUe,  (C7). .  11,458 

Aliens  Mills,  (C7)..     100  Chase  Mills,  (B8). .    200  E.  Vassalboro,  (C8)    350  Island  Falls,  (F4)  "1,686    Monson,  (D6) "1,243    Oxbow,  {F4) "181  South  Addison,  (G7)    190    Wayne,  (B8) "595 

Alna  (C8)     "457  Chebeague     Island,  E.  Waterboro,  (A9)    130  Isle  au  Haut,  (E8)  "160  Monticello,  (G4).  ."1,297    Oxford,  (A8) 473  S.  Atkinson,  (D6). .     100  Webbs  Mills,   (A9)    200 

Alton    (E6) "259        (B9) 500  E.  Waterford,  (A8)    200  Islesboro,  (E8). . . .  "877  Montville,  (D8). ..  "850    Palermo,  (D8) "690  S.  Berwick,  (AIO)  "2,935  Weeks  MJIs,   (D8)    350 

Amherst,    (F7)...."275    Chelsea,  (C8) "3,216  East  Wilton,  (B7). .    430    Islesford,  (F8) ISO    Moody,  (AlO) 120  Palmyra,   (D7). ...  "960  S.  Blue  Hill,  (E8). .     100  Welchville,  (B8). . .     180 

Amity,    (05) "375  Cherryfield,  (07)  "1.499  East  Winn,  (F6). . .     150  Jackman,   (BS). . . .  "667  Moose  River,  (B5)    2SI    Paris,  (B8) 300  South  Brewer,  (E7)    980    Weld,    (B7) "574 

Andover,(A7) "757     Chester,   (E6) "349    Eaton,  (G5) 150    Jackson,  (D7) "416    Morrill,  (D8) "353  Paris  Hill,  (B8). ..  .    262  S.  Bridglon,  (A8). .    350  Wellington,    (C6).."393 

Anson  (C7) "2,209  Chesterville,  (C7). .  "627  Eddington,  (E7). . .  "6U  Jacksonville,  (H7)..    100    Moscow,  (C6) "518  Parker  Head,   (C9)    130  South  Bristol,  (C9)    500    Wells,  (AlO) "1,908 

ApDleton,  (D8)....  "842    China,  (C8) "1,297    Eden,  (F8) "4,441    Jay,  (B7) "2,987  Mountainview,  (A7)    100  Parkman,  (D6). . . .  "646  S.  Brooksville,  (E8)    260  Wellsbranch,  (AlO)    110 

Argyle,   (E6) "233  Chisholm,  (B7). . . .    800  Edes  Falls,  (A9). . .     1.10  Jefferson,  (D8)... "1,030  Mount  Chase,  (E5)  "227  Parsonsfield,  (A9)  "1.057  South  Buxton,  (B9)    100  Wells  Depot,  (AlO)    150 

Arrowsic,   (C9)....  "147  Christmas  Cove,  (C9)  120  Edgecomb,  (C9). . .  "513  Jemtland,  (F2). . . .    300  Mt.  Desert,  {F8).  ."1,569  Passadurakeag,  (E6)  "445  S.  Carthage,  (B7). .     100    Wesley,  (G7) "172 

Ashdale,  (C9) 100  Citypoint,  (E8)   . . .     180  Eggemoggin,     (E8)    100    Joice,  (C8) 220  Mt.    Desert  Ferry,  Pattagumpus,    (FS)    100  South  Casco,  (A9) .     100  West  Athens,  (C7)    150 

Ashland,  (F3) "2,173  Clarks  Mill.  (A9).  .     120    Egypt,  (F7) 100  Jonesboro,   (G7). . .  "519        (F8) 100    Patten,   (F5) "1,406  S.  Chesterville,  (B7)    100  West  Auburn,  (B8)    100 

Ash  Point,  (D8) ..  .     130  Cleveland,  (F2). .. .     100    Eliot,  (AlO) "1,530  Jonesport,    (G7). ."2,074  Mount  Vernon,  (C7)  "898  Peak  Island,  (B9). .    540  South  China,  (C8) .    230  West  Baldwin,  (A9)    400 

Ashville,  (F8) 100  Cliff  Island,  (B9). .     180    Ellsworth,  (F7) 3,549  Katahdin     Iron  Muscongus  Bay,(D9)  610  Pejepscot,    (B9)...    200  South  Corinth,  (E7)    200  West  Bath,  (C9) ...  "230 

Athens,  (C  7) "914    Clifton,     (E7) "217  Ellsworth  Falls,  (E7)  420        Works  (D6) 60    Myrick,  (F4) 200  Pemaquid,  (D9).  . .    380  South  Cushing,  (D8)   130  West  Bethel,  (A8). .    240 

Atkinson,  (D6)....  "528    Clinton,  (C7) "1,268    Elmore,    (09) 120    Keegan,   (G2) 700    Naples,  (A9) "736  Pemaquid    Beach,  S.  Deer  Isle,  (E8) . .    450  West     Boothbay 

Atlantic,  (F8) 250  Columbia,    (G7)..."564    Elms,  (AlO) 120  Keens  Mills  (B8). .     100    Naskeag,  (E8) 150        (D9) 120  South  Dover,  (D6)    200  Harbor,  (C9). .. .     100 

Auburn,   (B8) 15,064  Columbia Falls,(G7  )"663    Embden,  (C7) "529  Kenduskeag,  (E7).  .  "481  Newburg,  (E7). . . .  "694  Pemaquid     Point,  South  Durham, (B9)    180  West  Bowdoin,  (C8)    425 

AUGUSTA,  (C8)  13,211     Concord,  (C6) "256  Emery  Mills,   (A9)    120  Kennebunk,  (BIO) "3,099  Newburg     Center,                   (D9) 120  South  Eliot,  (AlO)    800  Westbrook,  (B9). .  .8,281 

Aurora,  (F7) "114    Cooper,  (H6) "190    Enfield,  (E6) "970  Kennebunk    Beach,                 (D7) 180  Pembroke,  (H7).  ."1,378  South  Etna,  (D7). .     100  West  Brooklin,  (E8)    200 

Bailey  Island,  (C9)    510  Coopers  Mills,  (C8)    350    Etna,    (D7) "523        (BIO) 100  New  Castle,  (C8)  "1,066  Penobscot,  (E8) ...  "985  South  E.xeter,  (D7)    120  W.  Brooksville,  (E8)  200 

Bailcyville,  (G6).  "1,137     Corea,  (G8) 180    Eustis,  (B6) "508  Kennebunk    Port,               Newfield,   (A9) "620    Perham,   (F3) "785  S.  Freeport,  (B9). .     150  West  Buxton,  (A9)    800 

Bald  Mountain,  (A7)  100  Corinna,  (D7). ..  ."1,237    Exeter,  (D7) "888        (BIO) "2,130  New    Gloucester,                 Perry,     (H7) "1,153  S.  Gardiner,  (C8). .    490  W.  Charleston,  (D6)    180 

Baldwin,  (A9) "791  Corinth,   (E7). ..  ."1.034  Fairbanks,  (B7). . .    300  Kents  Hill,  (C8). . .    250        (B9) "1,228    Peru,  (B7) "746  S.  Gouldsboro,  (F8)    180  West    Cumberland, 

Bancroft,    (F5)...."344    Cornish,  (A9) "954    Fairfield,    (C7) 2,801  Kezar  Falls,  (A9) . .    500    Newhall,  (B9) ISO    Phair,  (G3) 100  South  Hancock,  (F8)  100  (B9)...      .              240 

Bangor,    (E7).  ..  .24,803  Cornville,  (C7). . . .  "720  Fairfield  Center,  (C7)  140  Kingfield,     (B7)..."927  New  Harbor,  (D9)    300    Phillips,    (B7) 823  S.  Harpswell,   (C9)    250  W.  Denmark,  (A9) . .   100 

Bar  Harbor,  (F8)..  3,000  Costigan,   (E6)....    240  Falmouth,    (B9). ."1,488  Kingman,  (F5). ...  "741  New  Limerick,  (G4)  "481  Phippsburg,  (C9)  "1,079  South  Hiram,  (A9)    250  West  Dresden,  (C8)    220 

Baring.  (H6) "228  Cousins  Island,  (B9)    100  Falmouth  Foreside,  Kingsbury,  (C6). ..  "108  Newport,  (D7). .  ."1,747  Pine  Point,  (B9). . .    350  South  Hollis,   (A9)    130  West  Durham,  (B9)    250 

Bar  Mills,  (A9) 140  Cranberry  l5les,(F8)  "399         (B9) 240    Kittery,  (AlO) "3,533  New  Portland,  (B7)  "882    Pittsfield,  (D7) 2,231  South  Hope,  (D8) . .    250  West  Eden,  (F8). . .    100 

Bath,  (C9) 9,396  Crawford.  (G6). ...  "114  Farmingdale,     (C8)  "823  Kittery  Depot,  (AlO)  150    Newry,  (A8) "271    Pittston,  (C8) 740  S.  Jefferson,  (C8). .    150  West  Enfield,   (E6)    100 

Bauneg  Beg.  (AlO)    110  Cross  Hill,  (C8). .. .     120  Farmington,  (B7).  .1,240  Kittery  Point,  (AlO)   700  New  Sharon,  (C7). .  "955  Pleasantdale,     (B9)    850  S.  Lagrange,  (E6) . .     100  W.  Falmouth,  (B9)    400 

Bayside,  (E8) 200  CrouseviIle,(F3). . .    280  Farmington     Falls,  Knightsville,     (B9)    600  New  Sweden,   (F3)  "905  Pleasant  Island,  (A7)  100  S.  Lebanon,  (AlO) . .    100  W.  Farmington,  (B7)  390 

Beals,   (G7) 500  Cumberland,  (B9)  "1,403         (C7) 430    Knox,  (D7) "511  New  Vineyard,  (B7)  "543  Pleasant  Point,  (D9)  200  South  Levant,  (D7)    200  Westfield,  (G3).  . . .  "689 

Belfast,  (D8) 4,618  Cumberland  Center,             Fayette,  (B8) "533  Knox  Station,  (D7)    250  Nobleboro,  (D8).  . .  "775  Pleasantville,    (D8)    100  South  Liberty,  (D8)    150  West  Franklin,  (F7)    300 

Belgrade,    (C8).  .  ."1,037         (B9) 680  Five  Islands,  (C9). .    200  La  Grange,  (E6) ...  "590  Norridgewock,  Plymouth,  (D7) ...  "590  S.  Limington,  (A9)    100  West  Gardiner,  (C8)  "629 

BelgradeLakes,  (C7)  300  Cumberland    Mills,  Flagstaff,   (B6). ...  "149  Lake  Moxie,  (C6). .    100        (C7) "1,608    Poland,  (B8) "1,382  South  Lincoln,  (E6)    150  West  Garland,  (D6)    100 

Belmont,  (D8) "335         (B9) 2,.500  Fort  Fairfield.  (03)  1,620    Lakeside,   (C8) 100  North  Amity,  (G5)    200  Pond  Cove,  (B9) .. .    130  S.  Litchfield,  (C8). .     100  West  Gorham,  (B9)    100 

Bemis,  (A7) 200  Cundys  Harbor,  (C9)  ISO  Fort  Kent,  (F2).  ."3,710  Lake  View,  (E6). ..  "245  North  Anson,  (C7)  1,200  Poors  Mills,  (E8).  .     100  S.  Livermore,  (B8)    120  W.Gouldsboro,  (F8)  210 

Benedicta,    (F5)..."292  Curtis  Corner,  (B8)    100  Foxcroft,  (D6). ..  ."1,867  Lakewood,  (F7).  . .     100  N.  Appleton,   (D8)    100  Popham  Beach,  (C9)  290  South  Lubec,  (H7)    100  West  Gray,  (B9) .. .     100 

Benton,  (D7) "1,194    Cushing,  (D8) "535  Frankfort,    (E7).  ."1,157  Lambert  Lake,  (G5)  "104  North  Auburn,  (B8)    200    Portage,   (F3) 450  S.  Monmouth,  (C8)    100  W.  Hampden,  (E7)    120 

Benton  Falls,  (D7)    240    Cutler,   (H7) "585  Franklin,  (F7). ..  ."1,161    Laraoine,  (F8) "482  North  Bath,  (C9). .     100  Port  Clyde.  (D9) . .    400  S.  Montville,   (D8)    200  West  Hancock,  (F7)    100 

Benton  Sta.,  (C7)..    150  Damariscotta,  (D8)  "771  Freedom,  (D7). ...  "480  Lamoine  Beach,  (F8)  100  N.  Belgrade,  (C7). .    240    Porter,    (A9) "864  S.  Newburg,  (D7). .     125  W.  Harpswell,  (B9)    120 

Berry  Mills,  (B7)..    250  Damariscotta  Mills,             Freeman,   (B7) "334    Larrabee.  (H7) 100  N.  Berwick,  (AlO)  "1,777  Portland,   (B9). .  .58,571  S.  New  Castle,  (C8)    100  W.  Harrington,  (G7)   100 

Berwick,    (AlO).  ."2,098        (D8) 150    Freeport,    (B9) 965    Lawry,  (D8) 100  North  Bethel,  (A8)    100    Pownal,  (B9) "625  S. Orrington,  (E7 ). .    300  West  Hollis,  (A9) .  .     100 

Berwick      Branch,  Damascus,  (D7). . .    130  Frenchboro,  (F8). .      85  Lebanon,  (AlO). .  ."1,316  N.  Bradford,  (E6) . .    200    Prentiss,  (F6) "472  South  Paris,  (B8). .  1,542  W.  Jonesport,  (G7)    400 

(AIO) 100  Danforth,  (G5)... "1,295  Frenchville,  (F2).  ."1,414    Lee,  (F6) "748  N.  Bridgton,  (A8). .    400  Presque  Isle,  (G3).  .2,938  S.  Penobscot,  (E8)    100  West     Kennebunk, 

Bethel,    (A8) 834    Danville,    (B8) 150  Friendship,    (D8).."776    Leeds,  (B8) "990  N.  Brooklin,  (F8).  .     100  Prides  Comer,  (B9)    100  South  Poland,  (B8)    375         (AIO) 300 

Biddeford.  (AIO)..  17,079  Danville  June,  (B8)    160  Fryeburg,  (A8) . . . .    540  Leeds  June,  (B8). .     100  N.  Brooksville,  (E8)    160  Princeton,  (G6). .  ."1,091  Southport,  (C9). . .  "409  W.  Lebanon,  (AIO)    180 

Biddcford  Pool,  (BIO)  480  Darkharbor,  (E8) . .     150  Fryeburg    Center,               Levant,  (E7) "707  N.   Buckfield,   (B8)    300    Prospect,    (E7) "597  S.  Portland,  (B9).  .7,471  West  Leeds,  (B8) . .     100 

Bingham,  (C7) "775     Davidson,  (E5) 200        (A8) 240  Lewiston,  (B8). .  .26,247  N.  Bucksport,  (E7)    130  Prospect  Ferry,  (E7)  275  S.  Presque  Isle,  (F3)    200  West  Levant,   (E7)    140 

Birches,  (A7) 120    Dayton.   (A9) "395    Gardiner,   (C8) 5,311  Lexington,   (B6). ..  "237  North  Carmel.  (D7)    150  Prospect    Harbor,  S.  Robbinston,  (H6)    250  West  Lubec,  (H7). .     100 

Birch  Harbor,  (G8)    100  Dead  River,  (B6) . .    "94    Garland,  (D6) "817    Liberty,   (D8) "650  North  Castine,  (E8)    225        (F8) 200  S.  Sanford,  (AIO). .     100  Westmanland,  (F3)  "104 

Blaine,  (G4) "1,013  Deadwater,  (C6). . .    300  Georgetown,  (C9) ..  "742    Ligonia,  (B9) 250  N. Chesterville,  (B7)  200  Prouts  Neck,   (B9)    350  S.  Somerville,  (D8)    120  West  Mills,  (B7).  . .    20O 

Blanchard,  (C6).  ..  "175    Dedham,  (E7) "353    Gerard,  (B6) 100    Lille,  (F2) 400  N.  Cornville,  (C7). .    200  Pulpit  Harbor,  (E8)    100  S.  Springfield,  (F6)    100  West  Minot,  (B8) . .    400 

Blue  Hill,  (E8).  .."1,462  Deer  Isle,  (E8). .  ."1,946  Gilbertville,  (B8) . .    250  Limerick,   (A9).  ...  "965  North  Cushing,  (D8)  100  Randolph,    (C8). ."1,017  S.  Standish,  (A9). .     180  West  Mount  Vemon, 

Blue  Hill  Falls,  (E8)    100    Denmark,  (A9) "596    Gilcad,   (A8) "233  Limestone,  (G3).  ."1,293  North  Cutler,  (H7)    200    Rangeley,  (A7) 695  South  Surry,  (E8). .    200        (B8) 100 

Bolsters  Mills,  (A8)    350  Dennysville,  (H7). .  "459  Glenbum,  (E7). . . .  "457  Limington,  (A9). ..  "980  N.  Deer  Isle,  {E8) . .     250  Raymond,    (B9)..."677  S.  Thomaston,  (D8)    500  West  Newfield,  (A9)    175 

Boothbay,  (C9)... "1,700    Detroit,   (D7) "461  Glen  Cove,  (D8). . .     100    Lincoln,    (F6) 1,167  North  Dexter,  (D6)    240  Razorville,  (D8). . .     150  South  Union,  (D8)    100    Weston,   (G5) "390 

Boothbay     Harbor,             Dexter,  (D6) "3,530    Glendon,    (D8) 120  Lincoln  Center,  (F6)   300  N.  Dixmont,  (D7). .    ISO  Readfield,    (C8)..."996  S.  Vassalboro,  (C8)    500  West  Palmyra,  (D7)    210 

(C9) "2,021     Dickey,  (D2) 100    Glenmere,  (D9) 100  Lincolnville,  (D8)  "1,020  Northeast    Harbor,  Readfield  Depot,  (C8)100  S.  Waldoboro,  (D8)    150  West  Paris,  (A8) .. .    700 

Bouchard,  (F2)....    200  Dickvale,   (B8). . . .     100  Glenwood,    (FS)..."128  Lincolnville  Center,                 (F8) 600  Red  Beach,  (H6). .    600  South  Warren,  (D8)    100  W.  Pembroke,  (H7)    600 

Boundary,  (G4)...    360  Dixfield,  (B7). ..  ."1,056  Goldenridge,  (F5). .     100        (D8) 350  N.  Edgecomb,  (C9)    250    Redding,  (B8) 110  S.  Waterford,  (A8)    225  W.  Penobscot,  (E7)    100 

Bowdoin     Center,  Dixfield  Center,  (B7)  180  Goodrich,  (G3). .. .    250    Linekin,  (C9) 100  N.  Fryeburg,   (A8)    210  Richmond,  (C8).  ."1,858  South  West  Harbor,  West  Pera,  (A8). .  .    350 

(C8) "814    Dixmont,  (D7) "757  Goodwins  Miils,(A10)  550    Linneus,  (04) "809  North  Gorham,  (B9)  180  Richmond    Comer,                 (F8) "888  West  Pittsfield,  (D7)  100 

Bowdoinham(C8)  "1,385  Dixmont     Center,               Gore,  (A9) 230    Lisbon,  (B8) "4,116  North  Gray,  (B9). .     100        (C8) 100  S.Windham,  (B9).  .  1,200  West  Poland,   (B8)    475 

Bowery  Beach,  (B9)    300        (D7) 100  Gorham,  (B9).  ..  ."2,822  Lisbon  Center,  (B8)    100  N.  Hancock,  (F7). .     100  Riddlonville,     (B7)    800  South  Windsor,  (C8)    150  Westport,  (C9) .  . .  .  "284 

Boyd  Lake,  (E6) . .     120    Dorman,  (G7) 200  Gouldsboro,  (G8)  "1,349  Lisbon  Falls.  (B8).  .2,300  N.  Harpswell,  (B9)-  120  Riggsville,    (C9)...    180  Springfield,  (F6) ...  "459  West  Pownal,  (B9) .   200 

Bradford,  (E6)....  "930    Dover,   (D6) "2,091  Grand  Isle,  (F2).  ."1,317  Litchfield,  (C8). ...  "964  North  Haven,  {E8)  "535    Riley,   (B7) 180  Springvale,  (AIO).  .2,000  W.  Rockport,  (D8)    20O 

Bradford  Center,(E6)  180  Dover  South  Mills,  Grand  Lake  Stream,  Litchfield    Comers,  North  Hermon,  (E7)  140    Ripley,  (D6) "434  Spruce  Head,  (D8)    100  West  Scarboro,  (B9)    400 

Bradley,  (E7) "634        (D6) 220        (G6) "290        (C8) 425  N.  Islesboro,  (E8) . .    630  Riverside,    (C8)...    200  Staceyville,  (E5). . .  "577  West     Searsmont, 

Bremen,  (D9) "550    Dresden,  (C8) "815    Grange,    (D8) 120  Litchfield     Plains,  North  Jay,  (B7). . .    450  Robbinston,  (H6). .  "691  Standish,  (A9). ..  ."1,637         (D8) 100 

Brewer,  (E7) 5,667  Dresden  Mills,  (C8)    230    Gray,  (B9) "1,270        (C8) 100  N.  Lebanon,  (AIO)    180  Robinsons,  (G4).  . .    325  Starks,  (C7) "549  West  Sedgwick,  (E8)   ISO 

Bridgewater  Center,             Dryden.   (B7) 200  Great  Works,  (E7)    400  Little  Deer  Isle,  (E8)  200  North  Leeds,   (B8)    100  Rockland,    (D8)..  .8,174  Steep  Falls,  (A9) . .    400  West  Sidney,   (C8)    100 

(G4) 590  Dry  Mills,  (B9)...    100  Greenbush,  (E6).  .  .  "485  Littlefield,    (A7)...     100  N.  Limington,  (A9)    200  Rockport,  (D8). .  ."2,022  Stetson,   (D7) "480  West    Southport, 

Bridgton,  (A8)....  1,474  Durham,  (B9).  ..  ."1,625    Greene,  (B8) "773  Littleton,  (04). .  ."1,026  N.  Livermore,  (B8)    100  Rockville,  (D8) . . . .     100  Steuben,  (G7) "890        (C9) 100 

Brighton,   (C6)....  "274  Dyer  Brook,  (F4).  .  "281  Greenfield,  (F6). ..  "195  Livermore,  (B8).  ."1,100  North  Lovell,  (A8)    100    Rome,  (C7) "440  Stickney     Comer,  West  Sullivan,  (F7)    375 

Bristol,  (D9) "2,415  Eagle  Lake,  (E2)  "1,421  Greenville,  (C6).  ."1,474  Livermore    Falls,  North  Lubec,  (H7)    280  Roque  Bluffs,  (H7)  "105        (D8) 130  West  Sumner,  (A8)    250 

Broad  Cove,  (D8)..     130  East  Andover,  (A7)    100  Greenville  Junction,                 (B8) 2,200  N.  Monmouth,  (B8)    250  Round  Pond,  (D9)    450  Stillwater,  (E7) 100  West  Tremont,  (E8)    lOO 

Brooklin,    (E8)...."936  East  Auburn,  (B8)    150        (C6) 200  Locke  Mills,  (A8) . .     180  N.  Newburg,   (D7)    125  Roxbury,  (A7). . . .  "311  Stockholm,  (F2). ..  "715  West  Troy.  (D7).  .  .     120 

Brooks,    (D7) "704  East  Baldwin,  (.M)    350  Greenwood,  (A8). .  "664  Longcove,  (D9)..  . .    300  N.  New  Castle,  (C8)    200    Roxie,  (OS) 110  Stockton    Springs,  West    Waldoboro, 

Brooksville,  (E8)  "1,176  East  Bangor,  (E7). .    150    Grimes,  (03) 130  Long  Island.  (B9). .    280  N.    New   Portland,  Rumford,  (A7). ..  .5,427         (E7) "1,103        (D8) 250 

Brookton,    (06).  .."237  East  Bethel,  (A8) ,  .     140  Groveville,  (A9) . .  .     100  Loudville,  (D9). .  . .    130        (C7) 400  Rumford     Center,  Stonington,  (E8).  ."2,038  West  Warren,  (D8)    100 

Brownfield,    (A9).."933  East  Blue  Hill,  (E8)    100  Guilford,    (D6). .  ."1,680    Lovell,  (A8) "668  North  Newry,  (A7)    125         (A8) 150  Stow,  (A8) "224  West     Washington, 

Brownville,(D5).. "1,808  East  Boothbay,  (C9)  500  Haines  Landing,  (A7)  lOO    Lowell,  (E6) "259  N.  Nobleboro,  (D8)    100  Rumford     Comer,  Stratton,  (B6) 300        (D8) 100 

Brownville  Junction,  E.  Bowdoinham,(C8)  100    Halldale,  (D7) 180    Lubec,  (H7) "3,363  N.  Orrington,  (E7)    120         (A8) 310  Strickland,  (B8) .. .    340  West  Windsor,  (C8)    lOO 

(D6) 380  Eastbrook,     (F7).  .  "213  Hallowell,  (C8).  ..  .2,864    Ludlow,  (F4) "412  N.  Palermo,  (D8) . .    130  Rumford  Point,  (A7)  300  Strong,  (B7) "720  West    Winterport, 

Brunswick,  (C9)... 5,341  E.  Brownfield,  (A9)    175  Hall  Quarry,  (F8) . .     150  McKinley,   (F8)...    250  North  Paris.  (A8) . .    100  Sabattus,   (B8). ...  1,200  Stroudwater,     (B9)    500        (E7) 130 

Bryant  Pond,  (A8)    250  East  Corinna,  (D7)    150    Hamlin,   (02) "657  Machias,  (H7). ..  ."2,089  N.  Parsonfield,  (A9)    150  Sabbathday     Lake,  Sullivan,  (F7). ..  ."1,132  West    Woolwich, 

Buckfield,  (B8)....    357  East  Corinth.  (D6)    525  Hampden.  (E7). .  ."2,380  Machias    Port,  N.  Penobscot,  (E7)    100        (B9) 100  Sumner,   (B9) "762        (C9) 130 

Bucks  Harbor.  (H7)    150  East  Denmark,  (A9)    180  Hampden      Center,                 (H7) "1,218  North  Perry,   (H6)    200    Saco,  (B9) 6,583  Sunset,   (E8) 300  Whitefield,  (C8).   "1,056 

Bucksport,  (E7).. "2,216  East  Dixfield,  (B7)    250        (E7) 150  Macwahoc.  (FS). . .  "147  Northport,  (E8). . .  "518  Saint  Agatha,  (F2)  "1,533  Sunshine.   (E8) ... .     150  Whiterock,  (A9). .  .    280 

Bucksport     Center,  East  Dixmont.  (D7)    100  Hampden  Highlands,           Macy,  (A7) 200  Northport     Camp  Saint  Albans,  (D7)  "1,027  Surry,  (E7) "734    Whiting,    (H7) "368 

(E7) ISO  East  Dover,  (D6)..    150        (E7) 250  Madawaska,  (F2)  "1,831  Ground,   (E8) .. .     100  Saint  David,  (F2). .    400  Swans  Island,  (E8)  "749  Whitneyville,    (G7)  "258 

Bunganuc,  (C9)...    100  E.  Eddington,  (F7)    450    Hancock,  (F7) "843  Madison,    (C7). ..  .2,408  North  Pownal,  (B9)    125  Saint  Francis,  (E2)  "918  Swanville,    (D7)..."467    Willard,  (B9) 500 

Bunkerhill,  (C8)...    120  E.  Edgecomb,  (C9)    100  Hancock  Point,  (F8)    100  Madison  Center,(C7)  120  N.  Raymond,  (B9)    125  Saint  George,  (D8)"2.201  Sweden,   (A8) "266  Willimantic,  (D6). .  "271 

Burdin,  (D6) 100  East  Franklin,  (F7)    100    Hanover,  (A8) "196    Madrid,    (B7) "264  N.  Rumford,  (A7). .    100  Saint  John,  (E2). ..  "571  Temple,   (B7) "403  Wilsons  Mills,  (A7)    100 

Burkettville,     (D8)    100  E.  Friendship,  (D8)    100    Harbor.  (A8) 210  Mainstream,  (C7), .    200  N.  Scarboro,  (B9) . .    300    Salem,  (B7) "181  Tenants     Harbor,               Wilton,  (B7) "2,143 

Burlington,    (F6).."370  E.  Fryeburg.  (A8) . .     100  Harmony.  (C6) ....  "730  Manchester.  (C8).  .  "601  N.  Searsmont,  (D8)    190  Salisbury  Cove,  (F8)  100        (D9) 1,700  Windham      Center, 

Bumham.    (D7)..."733  East  Gray,  (B9). .  .    100  Harpswell     Center,             Manset,    (F8) 230  N.  Searsport,  (D7)    100  Sandy  Creek,  (A8)    280  The  Forks,  (C6) .. .    240        (B9) 200 

Buxton,  (B9) "1,675  East  Hampden,  (E7)  150        (B9) 100    Maple,  (D6) 100  North  Sebago,  (A9)    100  Sandypoint,  (E7). .    370  Thomaston,  (D8)  "2.205    Windsor,  (C8) "706 

Buxton  Center,  (A9)    100  E.  Harpswell,  (C9)     240  Harrington,  (07)  "1.020  Maplegrove,  (03).  .    300  N.  Sedgwick,   (E8)    100  Sanford,   (AIO). .  ."9.049  Thomdike,  (D7). . .  "525  Windsorville,     (C8)    110 

Byron.    (A7) "187  East  Hebron,  (B8)    100  Harrison,   (A8). ...  "967  Mapleton,  (F3).  .  ."1,120  N.  Shapleigh,  (A9)    300  Sangerville,  (D6)  "1.319  Topsfield,  (G6) . . . .  "259    Winn,    (F6) "655 

Calais.  (H6) 6,116  East  Hiram,  (A9). .    210  Hartford.  (B8). ...  "592  Maplewood.  (A9). .     100  North  Sidney.  (C8)    100  Sargentville.  (E8).  .    200  Topsham,     (C9).. "2,016  Winnecook,  (D7). .    290 

Cambridge,   (D6).  .  "369  East  Holden,   (E7)    210  Hartland,  (D7). .  ."1,176  Maranacook,     (C8)    120  North  Sullivan,  (F7)   140  Scarboro,   (B9). .  ."1,945  Tremont,  (F8). ..  ."1,1 16  Winnegance,  (C9)        300 

Camden,  (D8).... "3,015  East  Jackson,  {D7)    175  Hastings,    (A8)....    230  Mariaville,  (F7). . .  "171  North  Troy,  (D7). .     140  Scarboro  Beach,  (B9)  150  Trevett,  (C9) 100  Winslow,  (C7).  ,.  ."2,709 

Camp  Ellis,  (BIO)..     180  East  Knox,  (D8). .     140    Haven,   (E8) 100    Mariner,  (B9) 3S0  North  Turner,  (B8)    180  Seal  Cove,  (F8) ... .     140  Troy,   (D7) "768  Winslows     Mills, 

Canaan,  (D7) "874  East  Lamoine,  (F8)    150  Haynesville,  (FS). .  "272    Marion.   (H7) "114  North  Union,  (D8)    100  Seal  Harbor.  (F8) . .    300  Turner,    (B8). ..  ."1,708        (D8) 400 

Canton,    (B8). ..  ."1,013  East  Lebanon,  (AIO)  180  Haywood.  (F3).  .. .    400  Mars  Hill,  (03). .  ."1,511  N.  Vassalboro,  (C8)    700  Searsmont,  (D8) ...  "828  Turner  Center,  (B8)    130  Winter     Harbor, 

Canton  Point,  (B8)    100  E.  Limington.  (A9)    100  Head  Tide,  (C8). . .     100    Martin,  (D9) 150  N.  Waldoboro,  (D8)    200  Searsport,  (E8). .  ."1,444  Union,    (D8) "1.233        (F8) "590 

Cape     Elizabeth,  E.  Livermore,  (B8)  "2,641    Hebron.  (B8) "603  Martinsville,     (D9)    100  N.  Waterboro,  (A9)    200    Sebago,  (A9) "536  Unionville,  (G7). . .     130  Winterport,  (E7)  "1,582 

(B9) "1,857  East     Livermore  Hebron     Station,  Masardis,  (F3) . . . .  "650  N.  Waterford,  (A8)    225  Sebago  Lake,  (B9)    200  Unity,  (D7) "899  Winterville,    (F3).  .  "267 

Cape  Jellison,  (E8)    100        Mills,  (B8) 180        (B8) 150  Matinicus,  (E9) . . .    ISO  North  Wayne,  (C8)    100    Sebec,  (D6) "549  Upper    Frenchville,  Winthrop,  {B8). .  ."2,IU 

Cape  Neddick,  (AIO)  200  East  Lowell,  (F6) . .    200  Hermon,  (E7). ..  ."1,210  Mattawamkeag,  N.  Whitefield,  (C8)    300  Sedgwick,  (E8) ....  "909        (F2) 250  Winthrop      Center, 

Cape  Porpoise,  (BIO)  600  East  Machias,  (H7)  1,300  Heron  Island,  (C9)    180        (FS) "517  N.  Windham,  (B9)    350  Shapleigh,  (A9). ...  "691  Upper     Gloucester,                 (C8) 1S§ 

Cape   Rozier,    (E8)    150  East  Madison,  (C7)    560    Hersey,  (F4) "186  Mechanic     Falls,  North  Windsor,  (C8)  140  Shawmut,  (C7). . . .    600        (B8) 300  Wiscasset,  (C8). .  ."1,287 

Capitol,    (C9) 150  East  Madrid.  (B7)    100  HighlandLake,  (B9)  320        (B8) "1,678  N.  Woodstock,  (A8)    200  Sheepscott,  (C8) . . .     175  Upton,  (A7) "306  Woodland,  (07). . .    600 

Caratunk,    (B6)..."235  E.  Millinocket,  (F5)  "923    Hillman,  (F4) 200  Meddybemps.  (H6)  "124  N.  Yarmouth,  (B9)  "686  Sheridan,    (F3)....    300  Van  Buren,  (G2).  ."3,065  Woodville,   (E5). . .  "125 

Cardville,  (E6)....     100  E.  Monmouth,  (C8)    100  Hinckley,  (C7). .. .     100  Medford,    (E6)....    262    Norway,  (A8) 2,215  Sherman,  (F5). ..  ."1,053  Vanceboro,  (H5), . .  "523  Woolwich,  (C9). ...  "868 

Caribou,  (F3).... "5.377  E.  Newcastle,  (C8)    100    Hiram,   (A9) "945  Medford  Center,(E6)  200    Oakfield,  (F4) "928  Sherman  Mills,  (FS)    800  Vassalboro,  (C8).  ."2,077    Wyraan,  (G7) 260 

Carmel,  (E7) "1,050  East  Newport,  (D7)    100  Hodgdon,  (G4). .  ."1,153  Medomak,  (D9). . .    390  Oakland,  (C7). ..  ."2,257  Sherman  Sta.,  (E5)    360  Veazie,   (E7) "557  Wytopitlock,     (FS)    110 

Carroll,  (F6) "472  Easton,    (03).  ..  ."1,300    Holcb,  (BS) 120    Medway,  (F5) "489    Oaks,  (A8) 420    Shiloh,  (B8) 100  Vienna,  (C7) "403  Yarmouth,  (B9).  ."2,358 

Carthage,  (B7) "292  East  Orland,  (E7).  .    450    Hollis,  (A9) "1,284    Mercer,  (C7) "441  Ocean  Park,  (BIO)    120  Shirley  Mills,   (C6)    250  Vinal  Haven,  (E8)  "2,334  Yarmouthville, 

Cary,    (OS) ".?40  E.  Orrington,  (E7)    200  Hollis  Center,  (A9)    .100    Mexico.  (A7) "2.065  Oceanville,  (E8) . . .    200    Sidney,     (C8) "927  Waite,  (G6) "162         (B9) 1,600 

Casco,  (A8) "688  East  Otisfield,  (A8)    220  Holt  Mills,  (D6). . .     100    Milford,    (E7) "967  Ogunquit,  (AIO) . .  .    375  Silvers  Mills,   (D6)    350  Waldo,  (D8) "386  York  Beach.  (AIO)    200 

Cashs  Comer.  (B9)    280  East  Palermo,  (D8)    ISO    Hope,  (D8) "497  Millbridge,  (07).  ."1,550    Olamon,   (E6) 100  Skowhegan,   (C7)  "5,341  Waldoboro,   (D8)  "2,656  York  Comer,  (AIO)    2.50 

Castine,    (E8) "933  E.  Parsonfield,  (A9)    150  Houlton,  (G4).  ..  ."5,845  Millinocket,  (ES)  "3,368  Old  Orchard.    (B9)  "961  Small  Point  Beach.  Waldo  Station,  (D7)    470  York  Harbor,  (AlO)  1,200 

CasUehill,  (F3)....  "532  East  Pittston,  (C8)      83  Howe  Brook,  (F4). .    180  MiUtown,  (H6). ...  1,000    Oldtown,  (E7) 6,317         (C9) 130  Wales,  (B8) "499  York  Village,  (AIO)  1,100 


356 


(MARYLAND-MASSACHUSETTS) 


INDEX  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES 


MARYLAND 


Aberdeen,  (G2)....  616 

Abingdon,  {G3) ....  200 

Accident,   (A2)....  200 

Adamstown.  (E3) . .  200 

Admiral.  (R) 120 

Aireys,    (06) 100 

Alberton,    (F3)....  750 

Alesia,  (F2) 100 

Allegany,    (B2)....  100 

Allen,   (H7) 300 

Andrews,  (G7)....  200 
ANNAPOLIS,  (F5)  8,609 
Annapolis  Junction, 

(F4) 100 

Antietam,  (D3) 190 

Aquasco,  (F6) 350 

Arlington,  {C7). ..  .1,000 
Arundel  on  the  Bay, 

(G5) 9 

Ashland,  (F2) 150 

Ashton,  (E4) 100 

Atholton,    (F4)....  100 

Baden.  (F6) 150 

Baldwin,  (G3) 300 

Baltimore.  (F3)..  558,485 

Barclay,  (H4) ISO 

Bamesville,    (E4)..  200 

Barton,  (A2) 2,000 

Bay  View,  (H2)....  290 

Beachvillc.  (G8)...  100 

Beckleysville,    (F2)  150 

Bel  Air,  (G2) 1,005 

Bel  Alton,  (F7) 100 

Belfast,  (F2) 100 

Bellevue,  (G6) 150 

Benedict,    (F6) ....  1 10 

Benevob,  (D2)....  120 

Bengies,   (G3) 100 

Bentley  Springs,  (F2)  ISO 

Berlin,  07) 1,317 

Berwyn,  (FS) 700 

Bethesda,  (E5)....  250 

Betterton.  (G3) 308 

Big  Pool.  (D2) 200 

Bishop,  (J7) 200 

Bishops  Head,  (07)  ISO 

Bishopville,  U7).  ..  262 

Bivalve,  (H7) 500 

Blackrock,    (F2)..  .  180 

Bladensburg,  (F5)..  460 

Bloomington,    (AJ)  372 

BlueMt..  (Dl)....  150 

Bolivar,  (D3) 100 

Boonsboro.  (D2)...  759 

Boothbyhill,  (03)..  140 

Bowens,  (F7) 140 

Bowie,  (F4) 496 

Boyds,  (E4) 180 

Bozman,  (06) 140 

Bradshaw.   (G3)...  500 

Branchville.  (F4)..  150 

Breathedsville.  (D2)  100 

Brentwood,  (B7)...  100 

Bridgetown,  (H4)..  19 

Brighton.  (E4) 100 

Brookeville.  (E4)...  835 

Brooklandville,  (F3)  300 

Brooklyn,  (D9) 1,200 

Brookview,    (H6)..  100 

Browningsville,  (E3)  110 

Bruceville,  (E2)...  150 
Brunswick,    (D3).. 3,721 

Buckeystown,   (E3)  420 

Budds  Creek,  (F7)  100 


Burkittevaie,  (D3)  228 
Burnt  Mills,  (F4)..  100 
Burrsville.   (H5)...     130 

Butler,  (F2) ISO 

Calvary,  (G2) 100 

Calvert,  (02) 200 

Cambridge,  (G6)  .6,407 
Capitol  Heights,  (F5)  ISO 

CardiB,  (01) 500 

Carlos,    (B2) 670 

CarroUton,  (F2)...  150 
Castleton,  (02) ....  100 
Catonsville,  (C8).. 4,500 
Cavetown,  (D2)....  150 
Cearfoss,  (D2)....  100 
CecUton,  (H3)....  518 
Cedar  Grove,  (E4)  100 
Centerville,   (04)..  1,435 

Chance,   (H8) 100 

Chaptico,  (F7)....  100 
Charlestown,    (H2)    274 

Chase,  (03) 300 

Cherry  Hill,  (H2)..  350 
Chesapeake  Beach, 

(G6) 100 

Chesapeake    City, 

(H2) 1,016 

Chester,   (G5) 350 

Chcstertown,  (G4)  2,735 
Chevy  Chase,  (A7)  250 
Chewsville,    (D2).  .     130 

Childs,   (H2) 100 

Chillum,  (B7) 200 

Choptank,  (H6)...  230 
Church  Creek,  (06)  400 
ChurchHill,  (H4)..  306 
Churchton,  (GS).  ..  500 
Churchville,  (G2) .  .    200 

Clara,  (H7) 100 

Clarksburg,  (E4).  .  170 
Clear  Spring,  (D2)    521 

Clinton,  (FS) 100 

Cockeysville,  (F3)   1,500 

Colg.ite,  (D8) 400 

College  Park,   (B7)    130 

Colora,  (G2) ISO 

Conococheague.  (D2)  100 
Conowingo,  (02)..  300 
Cordova,  (HS)....  110 
Cornersville,  (06) . .  100 
Corriganville,  (B2)  200 
Cowentown,  (H2).  .     190 

Crapo,  (07) ISO 

Creagerstown,  (E2)    140 

Crellin,  (A3) 200 

Crisfield,    (H9). ..  .3,468 

Croora,  (FS) 100 

Crumpton,  (H4)...    228 

Cub  Hill,  (F3) 100 

Cumberland,  (B2)  21,839 
Damascus,  (E3)...  170 
Dames    Quarter, 

(H8) 350 

Dargan,  (D3) 100 

Darlington,  (G2)..  205 
Darnestown,  (E4) . .  100 
Dawsonville,  (E4)  110 
Deal  Island,  (H8)..  2,000 
Deer  Park.  (A3).  ..    988 

Delmar.  (H7) »S9 

Denton,  (H5) 1,481 

Detour,    (E2) 140 

Dickerson,  (E4).  ..  230 
Doisey,  (F4) 180 


Downsville,  (D2)..  140 

Dublin,  {G2) 130 

East  Brooklyn,  (D9)  850 
East  New  Market, 

(H6) 280 

Easton,    (05) 3,083 

Eastport,   (05). ...  1,500 

Ecdeston,  (F3)....  100 
Eckhart     Mines, 

(B2) 1,700 

Eden,  (H7) 150 

Edesville.  (04)....  140 

Edgeraont,  (D2)...  ISO 

Edgewood,  (03). ..  100 

Eldorado,  (H6) ....  200 

ElkMilU,  (H2)....  300 

Elk  Ridge,  (F4)....  800 

Elkton,    (H2) 2,487 

Ellerslie,  (B2) 750 

Ellicott  City,  (F3)  1,151 

Elliott,  (H7) 150 

Emmitsburg,  (E2)  1,054 

Ewell,  (G8) 730 

Fairfield,  (D9) 400 

Fairlee,  (04) 120 

Fairmount,    (H8) . .  300 

Fairplay,   (D2)....  100 

Fallston,  (G2) 180 

Farmington,  (02)..  100 

Faulkner,  (F7)....  300 
Federalsbuig,  (H6)  1,050 

Finksburg,  (F3)...  150 

Fishing  Creek,  (G7)  650 

Flint  Stone,  (B2)..  320 

Fords  Store,  (OS),  .  650 

Forest  Glen,  (E4) ,  .  100 

Forest  Hill,  (02)...  350 

Forestville,  (FS).  ..  200 

Fork,  (03) 300 

Fort      Washington, 

(F6) 400 

Four  Locks,  (C2)..  250 
Franklin     Mines, 

(A2) 200 

Franklinville,  (G3)  100 
Frederick,    (E3)..  10,411 

Freedom,  (F3) 100 

Freeland,  (F2) 150 

Friendsville,  (A2)..  466 

Frizellburg,  (E2)..  150 
Frostburg,   (B2)... 6,028 

Fruitland,(H7)....  350 

Fulford,   (02) 100 

Fullerton,  (D7)....  500 

Funkstown,  (D2)..  568 

Gaithersburg,    (E4)  625 

Galena,  (H3) 262 

Galestown,  (H6)...  230 

Galloways,  (F5)...  250 

Camber,  (F3) 230 

Gardenville,  (D7)..  600 

Garrett  Park,  (E4)  185 

Garrison,    (C7)....  150 

Georgetown,  (H3)..  175 

Germantown,    (E4)  150 

Gilpen,   (B2) 140 

Oirdletree,  08).  ...  325 

Olenarm,  (F3) 100 

Glenburnie,    (F4)..  250 

Glencoe,  (F2) 200 

Glen  Echo,  (E5).  .  .  203 

Glenelg.  (F3) 200 

Glenndale,   (FS)..  .  100 

Olenville,  (02).  ...  100 


Glyndon,  (F3) 470 

Golden  Hill,  (07)..  150 

Golden  Ring,   (03)  100 

Goldsboro,  (H4)...  201 

GorsuchsMiUs,  (F2)  100 

Govans,   (D7) 1,500 

Graceham,  (E2)...  200 

Grange,  (03) 200 

Granite,    (F3) 800 

Grantsville,   (A2)..  248 

Greensboro,  (HS)..  609 

Guard,    (A2) 150 

Guilford,  (F4) SOO 

Habnab,  (H8) 200 

Hagerstown,  (D2)  16,507 

Halethorp,  (C9)...  300 
Hamilton,    (D7)... 1,500 

Hampstead,  (F2)..  555 

Hancock,    (CI)....  893 

Hanover,  (F4) 100 

Harford,  (03) 100 

Harmans,  (F4)....  300 

Harmony,    (D3)...  150 

Harney,    (E2) 170 

Harrisonville,  (F3)  400 
Havre    de     Grace, 

(02) 4,212 

Hayden,  (G4) 150 

Hazen,    (B2) 100 

Hebron,   (H7) 750 

Henderson,    (H4)..  150 

Hereford,    (F2)....  300 

Hillsboro,  (H5)....  209 

Hillsdale,   (C8)....  800 

Hill  Top,  (E7) 100 

Holbrook,  (F3)....  100 
Hollands    Island,* 

(08) 100 

Hollywood,  (F7)...  250 

Hoopersville,  (07).  300 

Hopewell.    (H8)...  100 

Houcksville,  (F2)..  100 

Howardsville,    (C7)  300 

Hughesville,  (F6)..  250 

Hurlock,  (H6) 516 

Hurry,  (F7) 100 

Hyattstown,  (E3)..  98 
Hyattsville,   (F5)..  1,917 

Ilchester,  (F4) 330 

Indianhead,  (E6)..  100 

Inglcside,  (H4) 250 

Tames,  (06) 250 

Jarrettsville,  (02)..  150 

Jefferson,  (D3) 350 

Jennings,    (A2) 150 

Jessups.    (F4) 150 

Jesterville,  (H7)...  300 

Johnsville,   (E2)...  180 

Keedysville,  (D3)..  367 

Keep  Tryst,  (D3)..  300 

Kennedyville,   (H3)  300 

Kensington,  (E4)..  689 

Keymar,  (E2) 200 

Kingston,  (H8)....  100 

Kingsville,  (03)...  210 

Kitzmiller,  (A3)...  865 

Klej  Orange.  (J8)..  100 

Knoxville,    (03)...  320 

Lakesville,  (G7)...  150 

Lamotte,  (F3) 100 

Lansdowne,   (F4) . .  600 

Lapidum,  (02)....  100 

La  Plata.  (F6) 269 

Lauraville,  {D7)...  1,000 


Laurel,  (F4) 2,415 

Laytonsvillc,     (E4)  133 

Leitersburg,  (D2)..  350 

Leonardtown,    (F7)  S26 

Level.  (02) 150 

Lewisdale,  (E3) ....  100 

Lewistown,  (E2). . .  230 

Liberty  Grove,  (02)  130 

Libertytown,     (E3)  700 

Lime  Kiln,  (E3)...  500 

Linden,  (E4) 100 

Lindnersville.    (B2)  100 

Lineboro,   (FI).  ...  100 

Lisbon,  (E3) 150 

Little  Orleans,  (C2)  140 
Loch  Lynn  Heights, 

(A3) 216 

Lonaconing,  (B2)..1,SS3 

Long  Green,  (F3)..  200 

Loreley,   (03) 200 

Lower     Marlboro, 

(F6) 180 

Luke,  (A3) 500 

Lutherville,  (F3) ...  800 

Lynch,    (03) 150 

McDonogh,   (F3)..  100 

Madison,   (06),  ...  350 

Madonna,  (F2)...  .  130 

Magnolia,  (03)....  100 

Manchester.  (F2).  .  523 

Manor,   (F2) 100 

Mardela     Springs, 

(H7) 300 

Marion     Station, 

(H8) 500 

Marriottsville,  (F3)  100 

Marshall  Hall,  (E6)  100 

Marydel.  (H4)....  300 
Maryland  Line, 

(Fl) 150 

Massey,  (H3) 130 

Maugansville,  (D2)  200 

Mayfield.    (F3)....  130 

Mayo.  (GS) 200 

Meadows,  (FS).  ...  300 

Mechanicsville,  (F7)  SOO 

Melrose,   (F2) 125 

Middleburg,  (E2)..  120 

Middleriver,  (03),.  100 

Middletown,     (03)  692 

Midland,  (B2) 1,173 

Midlothian,   (B2)..  100 

Millersville,   (F4)..  100 

Millington,    (H3),.  399 

Mitchellville,     (F5)  150 

Monie,  (H8) 200 

Monkton,  (F2) 300 

Monrovia,    (E3)...  125 

Morgan,  (E3) 100 

Moscow  MQIs,  (B2)  100 

Motters.  (E2) 200 

Mountain  Lake  Park, 

(A3) 335 

Mount  Airy,  (E3) , .  622 

Mount  Carmel,  (F2)  100 
Mount     Pleasant, 

(E3) 190 

Mount     Rainier, 

(B7) 1,242 

Mount    Savage, 

(B2) 3.600 

Mount  Vernon.  (H8)  460 
Mount  Washington. 

(C7) 1,600 


Mount     Winans, 

(F3) 1,500 

Muirkirk,  (F4)....  150 

Myersville,    (D2)..  280 

Nanticoke,  (H7)...  300 

Neavitt,  (06) 300 

Newark,    (J7) 200 

New  London,  (E3)  140 

New  Market,  (E3)  320 

New  Windsor,  (E2)  446 

Norbeck,  (E4) 100 

North  Beach,  (06)  200 

North  Branch,  (F3)  100 

Northeast,  (H2)...  974 

Nottingham,  (F6). .  110 

Oakland,  (A3) 1,366 

Ocean,  (B2) 100 

Ocean  City,  (J7)...  476 

Oella,  (F3) 670 

Oldtown.  (B2) 150 

Orangeville,  (08).  .  200 

Oriole,  (H8) 400 

Ottaway,  (A3) 100 

Overlea,  (03) 100 

Owings  Mills,  (F3)  300 

Oxford.  (06) 1,191 

Parkhall,    (G8)....  100 

Park  Mills.  (E3)...  100 

Ptirkton.  (F2) 300 

Parkville.  (07)....  200 

Parole.  (FS) 300 

Parsonsburg,  (J7)..  200 

Patapsco.   (F2) 250 

Pekin,  (B2) 200 

Perry  Hall,  (03)...  250 

Perryman,   (G3)...  350 

Perryville,    (02)...  635 

Petersville.  (03)...  200 

Phoenix.   (F2) 300 

Pikesville,  (C7)....  SOO 

Pilot,  (02) 100 

Piscataway,  (F6)..  73 

Pisgah,  (E6) 230 

Pittsville,  (J7)....  300 
Pleasant    Valley, 

(E2) 100 

Pocomoke     City, 

(H8) 2,369 

Point     of     Rocks, 

(D3) 460 

Pomfret,  (E6) 100 

Pomonkey,  (E6)...  250 

Pondsville,  (02)...  200 

Poolesville,  (E4),..  175 
Port  Deposit.  (02)  1.394 

Port  Republic,  (G6)  140 

Port  Tobacco,  (E6)  100 

Powhatan.  (C8),..  100 

Preston,  (H6) 288 

Prince     Frederick, 

(F6) 220 

Princess     Anne, 

(H8) 1,006 

Principio,  (02)....  120 
Principio    Furnace, 

(H2) SOO 

Providence.  (H2)..  100 

Purdum,  (E3) 100 

Pylesville.  (02)....  100 

Quantico,  (H7) 200 

Queen   Anne,   (H5)  200 

Queenstown,     (05)  279 

Randallstown,  (F3)  130 

Raspeburg,    (07)..  SOO 


Rawlings.  (B2) ....  100 

Reckord,  (G3) 180 

Reisterstown,  (F3)   1,000 

Relay,  (C9) 1,000 

Rhodes  Point,  (09)  100 

Riderwood,    (D7)..  300 

Ridge,  (08) 180 

Ridgely,  (H5) 943 

Ringgold,  (02)....  300 

Rising  Sun,  (G2)..  .  416 

Ritchie,  (FS) 100 

Riverdale,  (FS) 200 

Riverton,  (H6)....  130 

Rockhall,   (04)....  781 

Rock  Point,  (F7)..  100 
Rockville,  (E4). ...  1,181 

Rocky  Ridge,  (E2)  200 

Rohrersville,     (D3)  ISO 

Rosedale,   (F3)....  300 

Rossville.  (G3).  ...  600 

Rowlandsville,  (02)  170 

Roxbuty,  (02)....  100 

Royaloak,  (06)....  220 

Rumbley,  (H8)....  100 

Ru.\ton,  (F3) 3S0 

Sabillasville,  (E2)..  200 
Saint  George  Island, 

(F8) 130 

Saint  Helena,  (03)  150 

Saint  Inigoes,  (08)  300 

Saint  Leonard,  (07)  100 
Saint     Margarets, 

(04) 100 

Saint  Martin,  (J7)  100 
Saint      Michaels, 

(GS) 1.517 

Salisbury,  (H7),  ..  .6.690 

Sang  Run,  (A2)....  100 

Sassafras,  (H3)....  210 

Savage,  (F4) 1,000 

Secretary,  (H6) ....  409 

Security,  (D2) 300 

Selbysport,  (A2)...  300 

Sewcll,  (G3) 120 

Shaft,  (B2) 150 

Sharpsburg,  (03)..  960 

Sharptown,   (H6)..  722 

Showell.  (J7) 130 

Silver  Run,  (E2),  ..  100 

Silver  Spring,  (B7)  250 

Singerly.  (H2) 100 

Smithsburg,  (E2)..  481 

Smithville,  (H6)...  100 
Snow  Hill,  08)   ...1,844 

Sollers,  (F7) 100 

Solomons,  (07) 318 

Somerset,  (E5) 173 

South     Baltimore, 

(F4) 2,600 

Sparrows     Point, 

(G4) 2,000 

Spielman,  (D2)....  100 
State     Sanatorium, 

(E2) 100 

Stevenson,  (C7)...  130 

Stevensville.  (GS)..  350 

Stillpond,  (03),...  400 

Stockton,  (J8) 260 

SudbrookPark,  (C7)  100 

Sudlersville.  (H4)..  247 

Sudley,   (FS) ISO 

Suitland,  (F5) 200 

Sunny  Brook,  (F2).  150 

Swanton,(A3) 100 


Sykesvme,(F3)....  565 

Taneytown,  (E2)..  824 

Taylor,  (F2) 280 

Taylors  Island, 

(G7) 100 

Taylorsville,  (E3)..  210 

Templeville,  (H4)..  150 

Texas.  (F3) 1,000 

Thurmont,  (E2)...  903 

Tilghraan,    (06)...  500 

Timonium,  (F3). . .  280 

Toddville,  (07).,.,  200 

Tompkinsville,  (F7)  200 

Town  Point,  (H3)..  130 

Towson.   (F3) 3,700 

Trappe,    (06) 273 

Trego,  (03) 100 

Tunis  Mills.  (05)..  200 

Tuxedo,  (FS) 100 

Tyaskin.  (H7) 200 

Union  Bridge,  (E2)  804 

Union  Mills,  (E2).,  350 

Uniontown,   (E2)..  450 

Unionville,  (E3)...  280 

Unity,  (E4) 100 

Upper     Fairmount, 

(H8) 670 

Upper  Falls,  (03)..  480 
Upper    Marlboro, 

(FS) 361 

Urbana,  (E3) 300 

Vale  Summit,  (B2)  800 

Vienna,  (H7) 332 

Waldorf,  (F6) 100 

Walkersville,     (E3)  582 

Wallraan,  (A3).  ...  100 

Wango,   (J7) 150 

Warfieldburg,    (F2)  150 

Warren,  (F3) 680 

Warwick,  (H3)....  350 

Webster,  (02) 180 

Wenona,  (H8) 150 

Western  Port,  (A3)  2,702 
Westminster,  (E2)  3,295 

Westover,  (H8)..,.  100 
Westport,  (F3),  ...1,000 

Westwood,  (F6)...  110 

Wetipquin,  (H7)...  300 

Wevcrton.   (03).  ,  .  150 

Whaleysville,     07)  330 

Whiteford,  (02),..  200 

White  Hall,  (F2)..  500 

White  Haven,  (H7)  100 

White  Marsh.  (G3)  300 

Wicomico,  (F7) 150 

Widgeon,  (H8)....  130 

Willards,  (J7) 200 

Williamsburg,  (H6)  150 
Williamsport,  (D2)  1,571 

Williston,  (HS)....  180 

Wingate.  (G7) 250 

Woltsville,  (02)...  100 

Woodbine,  (E3),  ...  300 

Woodbrook,  (F3)..  430 

Woodensburg,   (F2)  140 

Woodlawn,  (02)...  250 

Woodsboro,   (E2)..  600 

Woodstock,  (F3)...  210 

Woodwardville,  (F4)  100 

Woolford,  (06)....  130 

Worton.   (03) 210 

Wye  Mills,  (05)...  160 

Wynne.  (t;8) 200 

Zion,  (H2) ISO 


MASSACHUSETTS 


1915  STATE  CENSUS  FIGURES 


=Population  of  Township 


Abington,(N4),.. "5,646 

Acoaxet,(M7) 150 

Acton,  (L3) ■2,151 

Acushnet,  (N6).  .."2,387 

Adams,  (D2) "13,218 

Adamsdale,  (L5)....  200 

Agawam,  (F4) "4,555 

Alford,  (C4) "  271 

Allerton,  (N3) 300 

Amesbury,(Nl)... "8,543 

Amherst,  (F3) "5,558 

Andover,  (M2)...."7,978 
Armisquam,  (02).  . .  550 
Arlington,  (M3).. "14,889 
Arlington  Hts,(M3)2,20O 
Asbury  Grove,  (N).  210 
Ashburnliam,  (J 2). "2 .059 

Ashby,  (J2) "922 

Ashfield,  (E2) "994 

Ashland,  (U) "2,005 

Ashley  Falls,  (C4).. .    160 

A.ssinippi,  (N4) 240 

Assonet,  (MS) 800 

Athol,  (H2) "9,783 

Attleboro,  (L5).. . .  18,480 
Atuetwro  Falls,  (L5)  810 

Auburn,  (J4) "3.281 

Aubumdale,  (M3)  .2,500 

Avon,(M4) "2,164 

Ayer,  (K2) "2,779 

BaldwinsvUle,  (H2).l,500 
Ballard  Vale,  (M2)..  540 

Bancroft,  (D3) 240 

Barnstable,  (P6).  .."4,995 

Barre,  (H3) "3,476 

Barre  Plains,  (H3)..  150 
Barrowsville,  (MS)    120 

Bay  State,  (F3) 450 

Bay  View,  (02) 200 

Becket,  (03) "  973 

Bedford,  (M3) "1,365 

Bedford  Sprs.  (M2).  100 
Beechwood,  (N4)...  100 
Belchertown,  (G3)."2,C62 
Bellingham,  (L4).. "1,953 
Belmont,  (M3).  ..."8,081 

Berkley,  (MS) "  985 

Berlin,  (K3) "  865 

Bemardston,  (F2).. "  790 

Beverly,  (N2) 22,959 

Beverly  Farms,(N2)  1.000 
Billerica,  (M2)  ..."3,246 
Blackinton,  (D2).  . .  500 
Blackstone,  (K4).. "5,689 
Blandford,  (E4).  .."  623 
Bolton,  (K3) ■  768 


Bondsvaie,  (G4)., . .  1,750 
BOSTON,  (M3). 745,439 

Bourne,  (06) "2,672 

Bournedale,  (05).  ..    100 

Boxford,  (M2) "714 

BoyUton  Center(K3)"783 

Bradstreet,  (F3) 240 

Braintree,  (M4)  .."9,343 
Brant  Rock,  (04). . .  300 
Brewster,  (QS).  ..."  783 
Bridgewater,  (M5)  "9,381 

Brier,  (E2) 100 

BriggsvUle,  (D2)....  410 
Brimfield,  (H4). ..."  934 
Brockton,  (N4).  ..62,288 
Brook6cld,(H4)...  "2,059 
Brookline,  (M3)..  "33,490 
Brookville,  (M4).. ..  210 
Bryantville,  (N4)...  300 
Buckland,(E2)... ."1,569 
Burlington,  (M2)..  "751 
Buzzards  Bay,  (06).  400 

Byfield,  (Nl) 880 

Cambridge,  (M3). 108,822 

Canton,  (M4) "5,623 

Canton  Jc,  (M4) 500 

Carlisle,  (L2) "  490 

Carver,  (N5) "1,701 

Caryville,  (L4) 580 

Cataumet,  (06) 100 

Centerville,  (P6)....  450 
Central  Village,(M6)  250 
Charlemont,  (E2). .  "977 
Ch.arles  River,  (M3).  100 

Charlton,  (J4) "2,213 

Charlton  City,  (H4).  500 
Charlton  Depot,(H4)  400 

Chartley,  (MS) 800 

Chatham,  (R6).... "1,667 
Chelmsford,  (L2)..."S,182 

Chelsea,  (M3) 43,426 

Cherry  Valley,  U4).  1,200 
Cheshire,  (D2).  ..."1,535 

Chester,  (E3) "I,3»4 

Chesterfield,  (E3). ."  559 
Chicopee,  (F4)  ...30,138 
Chicopee  Falls,(F4).8,50O 

Chilmark,  (07) "  288 

Chillonviile,  (OS)...   150 

City  Mills,  (L4) 310 

Clarksburg,  (02).  ."1,114 

Clififord,  (N6) 100 

Cliftondale,  (M3)  ..3,500 
Clinton,  (K3)  ..."13,192 

Cochesett,  (M4) 750 

CochJtuatc,(U).,. 1,300 


Cohasset,  (N3)..  .."2,800 
(ioldbrook  Springs, 

(H3) 220 

Colerain,  (F2) "1,829 

Collinsville,  (L2). .  .1,200 

Concord,  (L3) "6,681 

Concord  Ju,  (L3)..  1,850 

Conway,  (F2) "1,220 

Cordaville,  (K3). ...   220 

Cotuit,  (P6) 660 

Cummaquid,  (P6).. .  150 
Cummington,  (E3)."  660 

Gushing,  (Nl) 160 

Cushman,  (F3) 100 

Dalton,  (D3) "3,858 

Dana,(H3) "  712 

Danvers,(N2).... "11,177 
Danversport,  (N2)  .1,000 
Dartmouth,  (M6). "5,330 

Davis,  (F2) 210 

Dedham,  (M4)..  ."11,043 
Deerficld,  (F2)  ..."2,739 

DennLs,  (Q6) "1,822 

Dennis  Port,  (Q6).. .  560 

Dighton,  (MS) "2,499 

Dodge,  (J4) 250 

Dodgevitle,  (LS). ...   250 

Douglass,  (J4) "2,179 

Dover,  (L4) "999 

Dracut,  (L2) "4,022 

Drury,  (D2) 360 

Dudley,  (J4) "4,373 

Dunstable,  (K2)..."  362 

Duxbury,  (04) "1,921 

Dwight,  (G3) 310 

E.  Acton,  (L3) 200 

E.  Blactstone,  (L4).  lOO 
E.  Boxford,  (N2)...  100 
E.  Braintree,  (M4)  .1,200 
E.  Brewster,  (Q5). ..  100 
E.Bridgewater(N4)"3,689 
E.  Brimlield,  (H4)  ..  110 
E.  Brookfield,  (H4).  625 
E.  Dedham,  (M4).  3,800 
E.  Deerficld.  (F2)...  100 
E.Dennis.  (Q5)  ....  20O 
E.Douglass,  (K4).  1.501 
E.  Falmoulh.  (06)..  240 
E.  Foxboro.  (M4.)..  100 
E.  Freetown.(N5)...  200 

Eastham.  (R5) ■  545 

Easthampton,  (F3)  "9,845 
E.  Harwich,  (Q6)  ..  180 
E.  Holliston,  (L4)...  100 
E.  Hubbardston,(J3)  120 
E.Lee,(D3) 580 


E.  Lexington,  (M3)  .  840 
E.  Long  Meadow, 

(G4) "1,939 

E.  Mansfield,  (M4)  .  210 
E.  Mattapoisett,(N6)  100 
E.  Milton,  (M3)....  1,700 
E.  Northfield,  (G2)..  790 
E.  Norton,  (.\I5)....    150 

Easton,  (.\I4) "5,064 

Eastondale,  (M4)...  380 
E.Orleans,  (R5)....   280 

E.Otis,  (04) 110 

E.  Pembroke,  (N4)..  100 
E.  Pepperell,  (K2)..  2,400 
E.  Princeton,  (13)..  160 
E.  Sandwich,  (06).  .  100 
E.  Saugus,  (M3)....  960 
E.  Taunton,  (MS). .  1,000 
E.Templeton,  (H2)..7SO 
E.  Waliwlc,  (M4). . .  710 
E.  Warebam,  (05)..  350 
E.  Weymouth,  (N4)4,000 
E.  Whately,  (F3).  . .    100 

Eddyville,  (N5) 120 

Edgartown,  (07).  ."1,267 

Egypt,  (04) 210 

Ellis,  (M4) 110 

Elmwood,  (N4) 100 

Enfield,  (G3) "  806 

Erving,  (G2) "1,168 

Essex,  (N2) "1,677 

Everett,  (M3) 37,718 

Fairh.iven,  (N6)..  ."6,277 

Fairview,  (F4) 220 

Fall  River,  (M6). 124,791 
Falmouth,  (06)  .."3,917 

F.arley,  (02) 330 

Farnumsville,  (K4)..  480 

Fayville,  (K3) 420 

Feeding  HUIs,(F4).  500 
Fisherville,  (K4). ...   780 

Fiskdale,  (H4) 1,200 

Fitchburg,  (J2).. .  .39,655 

Florence,  (F3) 2,400 

Forestd.ile,  (06) 100 

Forge  Village,  (K2)  .  200 

Foxboro,  (L4) "3,755 

Framingham,(L3)"IS.860 
Franklin,  (L4).... "6,440 
Franklin  Park,(M3).  200 
Freetown,  (MS). .."1,663 

Furnace,  (H3) 180 

Gardner,  (n2)... "16,376 
Gay  Head,  (N7)...  "175 
Georgetown,  (N2).  "2,053 
aUbertviUe,(H3)„,  2,250 


Gill,  (F2) ■  951 

Gleasondale,  (K3).. .   710 

Glendale,  (C3) 100 

Globe  Village,  (H4).  2,300 
Gloucester,  (02).. . 24,478 

Goshen,  (E3) "  289 

Grafton,  (K4) "6,250 

Granby,  (G3) •  828 

Graniteville,  {L2).  .  1,200 

Granville,  (F4) ■  784 

Great  Barrington, 

(C4) "6,627 

Greenbusb,  (04). ...  200 
Greenfield,  (F2).  ."12,618 
Green  Harbor,(04)..  150 
Greenwich,  (G3).. ."  426 
Greenwich  Village, 

(G3) 100 

Greenwood,  (M3). ..  400 
Griswoldville,  (F2). .  110 

Groton,  (K2) "2,333 

Groveland,  (Ml).. "2,377 

Hadley,  (F3) "2,666 

Halifax,  (N5) "  638 

Hamilton,  (N2)...D1,879 
Hampden,  (04).. .."  670 

Hancock,  (C2) "  514 

Hanover,  (N4).. .  ."2,666 
Hanover  Center, 

(N4) 100 

Hanson,  (N4) "1,796 

Harding,  (L4) 210 

Hardwick,  (H3)  .."3,596 
Harvard,  (K2)..  .."1.104 
Harwich,  (Q6).... "2, 179 
Harwich  Port,  (Q6).  480 

Hatfield,  (F3) "2,630 

Hatherly,  (N4) 100 

Hathorne,  (M2) 100 

Haverhill,  (Ml)..  .49,450 

Hawley,  (E2) "  427 

Hayden  Row,  (K4)  .  100 
Haydenville,  (F3)..  1,100 

Heath,  (E2) ■  383 

Hebronville,  (L5). . .  800 
Hingham,  (N4).  .."5,264 
HinghamCen.  (N4).  700 
Hinsdale,  (D3).... "1,257 
Holbrook,  (M4)  .."2,948 

Holden,  (J3) "2,514 

Holliston,  (L4).... "2,788 
Holyoke,  (F4).  ...60,816 
Hopedale,(K4)...  "2,663 
Hopkinton,(L4)..  "2,475 
Hortonville,  (MS)...  500 
Uousalonic,  (,C3)..  .2,200 


Hubbardston,(H3)."l,084 

Hudson,  (K3) "6,758 

Hull,  (N3) "2,290 

Huntington,  (E4).. "1,427 
Hyannis,  (P6),  ...1,500 
Hyannis  Port,  (P6)  .  ISO 
Hyde  Park,  (M3)."15,507 
Indian  Orchard, 

(04) 6,200 

Ipswich,  (N2) "6,272 

Islington,  (M4) 150 

Jefferson,  (J3) 900 

Kendal  Green,  (L3)  .  600 
Kingston,  (OS).. .  ."2,380 
i:ake  Pleasant,  (G2).  150 
Lakeville,  (.N5)...  "1,491 
Lancaster,  (K3)  .."2,585 
Lanesboro,  (C2).  .."1,089 

Lanesville,  (02) 1,000 

Lawrence,  (M2)..  .90,259 

Lee,  (D3) "4,481 

Leeds,  (F3) 1,100 

Leicester,  (J3) "3,322 

Lenox,  (C3) 3,242 

Lenox  Dale,  (D3). . .  SOO 
Leominster,  (J2). .  17,646 

Leverelt,  (G3) ■  779 

Lexington,  (M3).  ."5,538 

Leyden,  (F2) "  344 

Lincoln,  (L3) "1,310 

Linwood,  (K4) 1,400 

Littleton,  (K2). .  .."1,228 
Littleton  C^oramon, 

(K2) 400 

Longmeadow,  (F4)"l,782 
Long  Plain,  (N6)....   230 

Loudville,  (F3) 130 

Lowell,  (L2) 107,978 

Ludlow,  (G4) "6,251 

Ludlow  Center,  (G4)  560 
Lunenburg,  (K2)..."1.610 

Lynn,  (N3) 95,803 

Lynnfield,  (N2)..  .."1,112 
Lynnfield  Center, 

(M2) 380 

Lyonsvillc,  (F2) 260 

Magnolia,  (02) 800 

Maiden,  (M3) 48,907 

Manchaug,  (K4)...  1,600 
Manchester,  (N2). "2,945 

Manomet,  (OS) 450 

Mansfield,  (M4).,  ."5,772 
Marblehead,(N2)..  7,606 

Marion,  (N6) "1,487 

M.arlboro,  (K3). .  .15,250 
MarsbJfield,  (04),  ,."1,72S 


Marshfield  Hills, 
(04) SOO 

Marstons  Mills,  (P6)  150 

Mashpee,  (06) "  263 

Matfleld,  (M4) 300 

Mattapoisett,  (N6)"l,352 
Maynard,  (L3).. .  ."6,770 
Medfield,(L4)....  "3,648 
Medford,(M3).... 30,509 

Medway,  (L4) "2,846 

Melrose,  (M3) 16,880 

Melrose  Highlands, 

(M3) 4,200 

Mendon,  (K4) "  933 

Merrick,  (F4) 1,300 

Merrimac,  (Ml)..  ."2,101 
Merrimacport,  (Ml)  150 
Methuen,(M2).. "14,007 
Middleboro,  (NS).  "8,631 
Middlefield,  (03).  ."  325 
Middleton,  (M2)."  1.308 
Milford,(K4).... "13,684 

Millbrook,  (04) 150 

Maibury,(K4)....  "5,295 
Millers  Falls,  (G2). .  400 
Millington,  (G3). .. .   260 

Minis,  (L4) "1,442 

Mill  River,  (D4) 210 

Millville,  (K4) 2,000 

Millwood,  (N2) 100 

Milton,  (M3) "8,600 

Mittineague,  (F4).  .3,000 
Monroe  Bridge,  (Ey  200 

Monson,  (G4) "5,004 

Montague,  (G2).  .."7,925 
Montague  City,  (F2)  400 
Monterey,  (D4).  .."  358 
Montgomery,  (E4)."  230 

Montville,  (D4) 170 

Monument  Beach, 

(06) 250 

Mt.  Blue,  (N4) 150 

Mt.  Hermon,  (F2).  .  150 

Mt.Tom,  (F3) 260 

Mount  Washington, 

(C4) ■    95 

Mund.ale,  (E4) 210 

Myricks,  (MS) 650 

Nahant,  (N3) "1,387 

Nantucket,  (Q7)..  ."3,166 

Natick,  (L3) "11,119 

Needham,  (L3).  .."6,542 
Needham  Heights, 

(.M3) 1,500 

New  Bedford, 

(N6) 109,568 


New  Boston,  (D4).  .  190 
New  Braintree,(H3)  ^53 

Newbury,  (Nl) "1,590 

Newburyport,  (Nl)15,311 
New  Lenox,  (03). . .  280 
NewMarIboro,(D4)"l,030 
New  Salem,  (G3)..."  625 

Newton,  (M3) 43,113 

Newton  Center, 

(M3) 4,500 

Newton  Highlands, 

(M3) 3,000 

Newton  Lower  Falls, 

(L3) 2,000 

Newton  Upper  Falls, 

(M3) 2,500 

Newtonville,  (M3)  .5,700 

Nobscot,  (L3) 200 

Norfolk,  (L4) "1,268 

No.  Abington,(N4). 2,300 
No.  Acton,  (L2).  ...  100 
No.  Adams,  (D2).  .22,035 
No.  Amherst,  (F3)  ...  100 
Northampton, 

(F3) 21,654 

No.  Andover,  (M2)"S,956 
No.  Attleboro,(LS)"9,398 
No.  Bellingham,(L4)  490 
No.  Billerica,  (L2).  .  630 
No.  Blandford, 

(E4) 160 

Northboro,(K3)..  "1,797 
No.  Brewster,  (QS)..  125 
Northbridge,  (K4)  "9,254 
Northbridge  (Center, 

(K4) 200 

No.BrookfieId(H3)"2,947 
No.  Carver,  (NS)...  500 
No.Chelmsford,(L2)  1,700 
No.  Coha3set,(N3).l,400 

No.  Dana,  (G3) 480 

No.  Dartmouth, 

(M6) 1,500 

No.  Dighton,  (MS).  1,000 
No.  Duxbury,  (04)..  100 
No.  Eastham,  (QS)..  160 
No.  Easton,  (M4).  .3,200 
No.  Egremont,  (C4).  125 
No.  Falmouth,  (06).  240 
Northfield,  (02).  ."1,782 
Northfield    Farms 

(G2) 220 

No.  Grafton,  (K4).. 2,400 
No.  Hadley,  (F3)...  250 
No.  Hanover,  (N4)..  230 
No.Huuoo,(N4)...  200 


INDEX  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES 


(MASSACHUSETTS— MICHIGAN) 


357 


No  Harwich,  (Q6). .  180 

No.  Hatfield,  (F3).  .  150 
No.  l^ominster, 

(J2) 1,910 

No.  Leverett,  (G2).  .  190 
No.  Lexington,  (U>.  lUO 
No.  MarshfieW,  (N4)  100 
No.Middlcboro,(N5)300 
No. Orange,  CG2)...  290 
No.Oxford,  04). ...  700 
No.  Pembroke,  (N4)  300 
No.  Plymouth,(O5).l,000 
No.  Prcscott,  (G3). .  120 
No.  Reading, 

(M2) "1,292 

No.  Rehoboth,(MS).  2 10 
No.  Rochester,(N5).  100 
No.  Rutland,  (13).. .  120 
No.  Scituate,(N4)..  1,000 
No.  Stoughton,(M4)  280 
No.  Sudbury,  (U).  .  100 
No.  Swansea,  (L5). .  100 
No.  Tisbury,  (07).. .    100 

No.  Truro,  (Q4) 300 

No.Uibridge,  (K4).  560 
No.  Wcstport,  (M6).  500 
No.  Weymoutli, 

(N4) 900 

No.  Wilbraham, 

(G4) 570 

No.  Wilmington, 

(M2) 300 

Norton,  (MS) "2,587 

Norwell,  (N4) "1,563 

Norwood,  (M4).  ."10,977 
Oak  Bluffs,  (07)... "1,245 

Oakdale,  (J3) 800 

Oakham,  (1I3) "  527 

Onset,  (06) 1,600 

Orange,  (G2) "5,379 

Orleans,  (QS) "1,166 

Osterraie,  (P6) ...     500 

Oti.s,  (D4) "442 

Otter  River,  (H2). ..  560 


Oxford,  (74) "3,476 

Palmer  (04) "9,468 

PaxtOQ,  (J3) ■  471 

Peaboaj,  (.N2)  .."18,625 

Pelltam,  (G3) "  499 

Pembroke,  (N4)... "1,337 
Pepperell,  (K2).  ..."2,839 

Peru,  (D3) "  195 

Petersham,  (H3)..."  727 
Phillipston,  (H2).. ."  390 
Pigeon  Cove,  (02).  .  900 
Pitt.sficld,  (D3).... 39,607 
Plainneld,  (E2)...."  375 
PlainviUe,  (L4).. .  ."1,408 
Pleasant  Lake,  (Q6).  100 
Plymouth,  (OS). . .  12,926 
Plympton,  (N5).  .."  599 

Pocasset,  (06) 330 

Ponkapog,  (M4) 300 

Pottersville,  (MS)...  510 

Pratts  Jc,  (J3) 100 

Prescott,  (G3) "  299 

Prides  Cro.ssing,(N2)  100 
Princeton,  {J3)...."  800 
Princeton  Depot, 

(J3) 100 

Provincetown,(Q4)"4,295 

Huinapoxet,  (J3).. . .   275 
uincy,  (N4) 40,674 

Quissett,  (06) 180 

Randolph,  (M4)... "4,734 
Raynham,(M5)...  "1,810 
Reading,  (M2)...."6,80S 
Readville,  (M4)  ...1,000 
Rehoboth,  (MS). .."2,228 

Revere,  (N3) 25,178 

Richmona,  (C3)...."  564 
Richmond  Furnace, 

(C3) ISO 

Ridge  Hill,  (N4). .. .   ISO 

Riverside,  (F2) 260 

Rochdale,  (T4) 450 

Rochester,  (N6).. "1,160 
Rock.(N5) 440 


Rocldand,(N4)... "7,074 
Rockport,(02)....  "4,351 

Rockville,  (L4) 300 

Rowe,  (E2) "424 

Rowley,  (N2) "1,481 

Royalston,  (HI)..."  862 

Russell,  (E4) "1,104 

Rutland,  (J3)  ...."1,895 

Sagamore,  (OS) 330 

Salem,  (N2) 37,200 

Salisbury,  (Nlj... "1,717 
Salisbury  Beach, 

(Nl) 630 

Sandislield,  (D4)  .."564 
Sandwich,  (OS).  .."1,500 
Saugus,(M3).... "10,226 
Saundersville,  (K4)  .  680 

Savoy,  (D2) "  524 

Savoy  Center,  (D2)  .  170 
Saxonville,(L3)....  1,500 

Scituate,  (04) "2,661 

Scotland,  (MS) 190 

Sea  View,  (04) 100 

Seekonk,  (L5) "2,767 

Segreganset,  (MS).  .    100 

Sharon,  (M4) "2,468 

Shattuckville.  (F2)    125 

Shawmut,  (N6) 100 

Sheffield,  (C4). .  .."1,862 
Shclburne,  (F2)..  ."1.484 
Shelburne  FaIls,(E2)l,300 
Sheldonville,  (L4)...  180 
Sherborn,  (L4).  ..."1,696 

Shirley,  (K2) "2,251 

Shirley  Center,  (K2)  200 
Shrewsbury,  (K3).."2,794 
Shutesbury,  fG3).."  292 

Siasconset,  (R7) 200 

Silver  Lake,  (N4)...  260 
Sixteen  Acres,  (G4)  .  250 

Smiths.  (G3) 150 

Somerset,  (MS)... "3,377 
Somerville,(M3)..  86,854 
So.  Acton,  (L3) 800 


So.  Amherst,  (F3).. .  100 
Southampton,  (E4).."9S0 
So.  Ashburnham 

(J2) 1,000 

So.  Ashfield,  (E2),..  270 

So.  Athol,  (H2) ISO 

So.  Attleboro,  (LS)..   5S0 

So.  Barre,  (H3) 450 

So.  Berlin,  (K3).  ...  100 
So.  Billerica,  (M2).  .  100 
Southboro,  (K3). .  ."1,898 
So.  Braintree,  (M4)  3,000 
Southbridge,(H4)"14,217 
So.  Carver,  (NS)....  440 
So.  Chatham,  ((36). .  290 
So.  Chelmsford,  (L2)  300 
So.  Dartmouth,  (N6)  600 
So.  Deerfield,  (F3)..  930 
So.  Dennis,  (Q6). ...  225 
So.  Duxbury,  (04). .  325 
So.  Easton,  (M4).  . .  700 
So.  Egremont,  (C4)  .  400 

So.  Essex,  (N2) 600 

Southfield,  (D4) 180 

So.  Framingham, 

(L3) 9,100 

So.  Groveland, 

(M2) 300 

So.  Hadley,(F3).. "5,179 
So  Hadley  Falls, 

(F4) 3,400 

So.  Hamilton,  (N2)  .  820 
So.  Hanover,  (N4)..  530 
So.  Hanson,  (N4). . .  660 
So.  Harwich,  (Q6)...  280 
So.  Hingham,  (N4)..  700 
So.  Hyannis,  (P6)...  110 
So.  Lancaster,  (K3).   800 

So.  Lee,  (C3) 390 

So.  Lincoln,  (L3)....  570 
So.  Middleboro  (NS)  440 
So.  Middleton,  (M2)  100 
So.  Milford,  (K4)...  130 
So.  Natick,(L3)....  900 


So.  Orleans,  (R5)...  110 
So.  Rehoboth,  (MS).  310 
So.  Royalston,  (H2)  500 
So.  Sherborn,  (L4)..  400 
So.  Sudbury,  (L3)..  700 
So. Swansea,  (M6)..    130 

Southville,  (K3) 150 

So.  Walpole,  (M4)..  300 
So.  Wareham,  (OS)  .  200 
So.  WcUfleet,  (RS)..  100 
So.  Westport,  (M6)  .  200 
So.  Weymouth,(N4)4,000 
Southwick,  (E4)... "1,365 
So.  WiUiamstown, 

(C2) 100 

So.  \Vorthington,(E3)130 
So.  Yarmouth,  {Q6).  590 
Spencer,  (J4).  .  . .  "5,994 
Springfield,  (F4).. 102,971 
State  Farm,  (NS)...    100 

State  Line,  (C3) 110 

Sterling,  (T3) "1,403 

Sterling  Jc.,(K3)..    175 

Still  River,  (K3) 200 

Stockbridge,  (C3).  "1,901 
Stoneham,  (M3).  ."7,489 
Stonybrook,  (L3)...  100 
Stoughton,  (M4).. "6,982 

Stow,(K3) "1,127 

Sturbridge,  (H4).."l,618 

Sudbury,  (U) "1,206 

Sunderland,  (F3)..  "1,278 

Sutton,  (K4) "2,829 

Swampscott,  (N3). "7,345 

Swansea,  (M6) "2,558 

Swansea  Center, 

(MS) 570 

Taunton,  (MS).  ...36,161 

Teaticket,  (06) 100 

Templeton,  (H2)..  ."4,081 
Tewksbury,  (M2).  "5,265 
Thorndike,  (G4).. ..  1,200 
Three  Rivers,  (G4)..  800 
ToUaiid,(D4) ■  199 


Topsfield,(N2).... "1,173 
Townsend,(K2)... "1.812 
Townsend  Harbor, 

(K2) 280 

Truro,  (Q4) "  663 

Tully,  (G2) 110 

Turners  Falls.  (F2). 5,200 
Tyngsboro,  (L2). .."  967 
Tyringham,  (D4).."  327 
UnionvUle,  (L4).  ...    100 

Upton,  (K.4) "2,036 

Uxbridge,  (K4)  ..."4,921 
VanDeusen,  (C4).. .  125 
Vineyard  Haven, 

(07) 810 

Waban,  (xM3) 500 

Wadsworth,  (L4).  ..110 
Wakefield,  (M2)..  "12,781 

Wales,  (H4) "  337 

Walpole,  (M4) "5,490 

Waltham,  (L3)  ...30,154 

Wamcsit,  (M2) 150 

Waquoit,  (06) 130 

Ward  Hill,  (M2)....    100 

Ware,  (H3) "9,346 

Wareham,  (OS)..  .."5,176 

Warren,  (H4) "4.268 

Warwick,  (G2)...."  477 
Washington,  (D3).."  275 
Watertown,  (M3)"16,51S 
Waterville,  (H2). ...   600 

Waverly,  {M3) 1,500 

Wayland,  (L3).  ..."2,033 
Webster,  04).... "12,565 
Wellcsley,  (L3).. .  ."6,439 
Wellesley  Hills,(L3)  2,000 

Welllieet,  (Q5) "  936 

Wendell,  (G2) "  388 

Wendell  Depot,(G2i.  200 
Wenhara,(N2).... "1,068 

W.  Acton,  (U) 720 

W.  Auburn,  (J4)....  200 
W.  Barnstable,(P6).  330 
W.  Berlin,  (K3) 120 


Westboro,(K3)... "5,925 
W.  Boxford,  (M2).. .  100 
W.  Boylston,  (J3).."l,300 
W.  Brewster,  (Q5).  .  140 
W.  Bridgewater, 

(M4) "2,741 

W.Brookl'ield,(H4)"l,288 
W.  Chatham,  (R6). .  250 
W.  Chelmsford,(L2).  500 
W.  Chesterfield, (E3).  125 
W.  Cummington, 

(E3) 230 

Westdale,  (N4) 100 

W.  Dennis,  (Q6) 580 

W.  Dudley,  (H4).  ..ISO 
W.  Duxburv,  (N4)..  375 
W.  Falmouth,  (06)  .   260 

W.  Farms,  (F3) ISO 

Westfield,  (E4)... "18,411 
Wcstford,  (L2)...."2,843 
W.Groton,  (K.2)....  325 
Westhampton,  (E3)"  430 
W.  Hanover,  (N4).  .  460 
W.  Harwich,  (Q6).. .  280 
W.  Hatfield,  (F3). . .  100 
W.Lcyden,  (F2)....  130 
W.  Mansfield,  (L4)..  610 
W.  Medford,  (M3)  .4,000 
W.  Medway,  (L4).  .1,250 
W.  Millbury,  04)...  530 
Westminster,  (J2).  "1,594 
W^estminster  Depot, 

02) 350 

W.  Newbury,  (Nl)"l,529 
W.  Newton,  (M3).  .6,005 

Weston,  (L3) "2,342 

W.Orange,  (G2)....  220 
W.  Pcabody,  (.M2). .  410 
W.  Pittsfield,  (C3)..  400 
Westport,  (M6). .  ."3,262 
Westport  Point,  (M6)  300 
W.  Rutland,  (J3).  ..  400 
W.Springfield(F4)"l  1,339 
W.Sterling,  (J3)....  110 


W.  Stockbridge, 

(C3) "1,277 

W.  Stoughton,  (M4).  400 

W.Sutton,  (J4) 100 

W. Tisbury,  (07).."  441 
W.  Townsend,  (K2).  475 
W.  Upton,  (K4)....  1,000 

Westvale,  (L3) 100 

W.  Wareham,  (NS)  .  350 
W.  Warren,  (H4)...  1,100 
W.  Whately,  (F3)...  350 
Wcstwood,  (M4)... "1,448 
Weymouth,  (N4).  "13,969 
Weymouth  Heights, 

(N4) 140 

Whately,  (F3) "1.118 

Wheelwright,  (H3). .  100 
White  Valley,  (H3)..  200 
Whitinsvilie,  (K4).  4,500 
Whitman,  (N4). .  ."7,520 
Wilbraham,  (G4).."2,52I 
Wilkinsonville,  (J4).  400 
Williamsburg,  (E3)"2.118 
Williamstown,(D2)"3,981 
WiUiamstown  Sta- 
tion, (D2) 500 

Williamsville,  (H3)..  120 
Willimansett,  (F4)  .  1,400 
Wilmington,  (M2)."2,330 
Winchendon,  (H2)."5,908 
Winchendon  Springs, 

(H2) ".   900 

Winchester,  (M3)"10,005 

Windsor,  (D2) "  375 

Winthrop,  (N3).  .»12,7S8 

Woburn,  (M3) 16,410 

Woods  Hole,  (06).  ..375 

Woodviile,  (K4) 300 

Worcester,  (73).  .  162,697 
Woronoco,  (E4).  ...  350 
Worthington,  (E3)."  618 
Wrentham,(L4)... "2,414 
Yarmouth,  (Q6).  .."1,415 
Yarmouth  Port,(P6).  600 


MICHIGAN 


Acme.  (F6) 100 

Ada,  (FIO) 300 

Adair,  (JIO) 200 

Adamsville,  (F12)..    100 

Addison,  (Gil) 474 

Adrian,  (G12) 10,763 

Alton,  (G5) 100 

Agnew,  (ElO) 130 

Ahmeek,  (CI) 766 

Ainger,  (GU) 100 

.^kron,(H8) 500 

Alabaster.  (H7) 600 

Alamo,  (FU) 120 

Alanson.  (GS) 473 

Alaska,  (FIO) 300 

Alba,  (G6) 600 

Albion,  (Gil) 5,833 

Aldcn,  (F6) 600 

Alfred,  (D3) 100 

Algonac,  (JIO) 1,204 

Alicia,  (G9) 150 

Allegan,  (FIO) 3,419 

Allen,  (G12) 550 

Allendale,  (FIO) 200 

Allenton,  (JIO) 150 

Allenville,  (G4) 100 

Allouez,  (CI) 1,150 

Alma,  (G9) 2,757 

Almont,  (HIO) 675 

Alpena,  (H5) 12,706 

Alston,  (C2) 100 

Alto,  (FIO) 350 

Altona,  (F8) 170 

Amadore.  (J9) 150 

Amasa,  (C3) 400 

Amble,  (F9) 100 

Amsden,  (F9) 100 

Amy,  (HIO) 180 

Anchorville,  (JIO)...  420 

Anderson,  (GIO) 200 

Angola,  (F7) 150 

Ann  Arbor,  (Hll). 14,817 

Applegale,(J9) 155 

Arcadia,  (E6) 400 

Arenac,  (H7) 150 

Argyle,  (J8) 150 

Armada,  (JIO) 748 

Ashland,  (F9) 100 

Ashley,  (G9) 513 

Ashton,  (F8) 200 

Assinins  (C2) 150 

Athens,  (FU) 631 

Atlanta,  (GS) 250 

Atlantic  Mine,  (CI).   250 

Atlas,  (HIO) 180 

Attica,  (H9) 400 

Auburn,  (G8) 300 

AuGres,  (H7) 252 

Augusta,  (FU) 494 

Aurelius,  (GIO) 150 

Au  Sable,  (H7) 648 

Au  Train,  (E3) 100 

Averill,  (G8) 300 

Avoca,  (J9) 250 

Avondale,  (F7) 100 

Axin,(F7) 500 

Azalia,  (Hll) 130 

Bad  Axe,  (J8) 1,559 

Bagley,  (D4) 100 

Bagnall,  (F7) 250 

Bailev,  (F9) 350 

Bainhridge,  (Ell)...   100 

Baldwin,  (F8) 502 

Baltic,  (CI) 2,500 

Bancroft,  (GIO) 543 

Bangor,  (EU) 1,158 

Bankers,  (G12) 100 

Bannister,  (G9) 400 

Baraga,  (C2) 1,071 

Barker  Creek,  (F6) .   200 
Bark  River,  (D4)..     780 

Baroda,  (E12) 248 

Barryton,  (F8) 411 

Bath,  (GIO) 300 

Battle  Creek, 

(fll) 25,267 


Bay  City,  (H8)... 45,166 

Bay  Mills,  (G3) 200 

Bay  Port,  (H8) 150 

Bayshore,  (FS) 300 

BaySide,  (H8) 300 

Beacon,  (C3) 1,000 

Beacon  Hill,  (CI). . .  ISO 
BealCity,  (G8)....  120 
Bear  Lake,  (E7)....  504 
Beaverlon,  (G8).. . .    418 

Bedford,  (Fll) 230 

Beech,  (Hll) 200 

Belding,  (F9) 4,119 

Bellaire,  (F6) 1,050 

Bell  Branch,  (Hll)..  130 
Belleville,  (Hll)....  486 

Bellevup,  (Fll) 930 

Belmont,  (F9) 110 

Bendon,  (F6) 130 

Bennington.  (GIO)..    270 

Benona,  (E8) 120 

Bcntlcy,  (G8) 100 

Benton  Harbor, 

(EU) 9,185 

Benzonia,  (E6) .....   563 

Bergland,  (B2) 200 

Berlamont,  (FU)...    120 

Berlin,  (F9) 340 

Berrien  Center,(E12)  200 
Berrien  Springs, 

(E12) 880 

Bervillc,  (JIO) 150 

Bessemer,  (.«) 4,583 

Beulah,  (.E6) 400 

Big  Bay,  (D2) 300 

Big  Beaver,  (HIO)...  200 
Big  Rapids,  (F8)... 4,5 19 

Bigrock,  (GS) 100 

Bingham,  (F6) 100 

Birch,  (D2) 600 

Birch  Run,  (H9)....  170 
Birmingham,  (HIO)  1,607 

Blackmar,  (H9) 100 

Blaine,  (J9) 130 

Blanchard,  (F8)....  220 

Blaney,  (F3) 250 

Blissfield,(H12)....  1.474 
Bloomingdale,  (Fll)  SOI 

Boardman,  (F6) 524 

Bolton,  (H5) 100 

Bomanville,  (G7)...    100 

Boon,(F7). 300 

Borland,  (F8) 500 

Boyne,(F5) 5,218 

Boyne  Falls,  (G5)..  325 

Bradley,  (FIO) ISO 

Branch,  (E8) 130 

Brant,  (G9) 150 

Breckenridge.(G9).  595 
Brcedsville,  (El  1)  . .   219 

Brest,  (H12) 130 

Brethren,  (F7) 130 

Bridgeport,  (H9)....  340 
Bridgewater,  (Hll).  100 
Bridgman,  (E12)...    250 

Brier,  (G8) 160 

Brighton,  (HIO) 767 

Brimley,  (G3) 500 

Brinton,  (F8) 100 

Britton,  (Hll) 370 

Brockway,  (J9) 130 

Bronson,  (FI2) 1,020 

Brooklyn.  (GU)...  602 
Brown  City,  (J9)...    690 

Brunswick,  (E9) ISO 

Brutus,  (GS) ISO 

Buchanan,  (El 2)...  1,831 

Buckley,  (F7) 464 

Bunker  Hill, 'GU).  100 
Burdickville,  (F6).. .  160 
Burlington,  (FU)..  237 
Burnips  Corners, 

(FIO) 200 

Burroak,  (F12) 752 

Burt,  (H9) 200 

Burton,  (GIO) 130 


Buftemtit,  (G9)....  250 
Buttersville,  (E8)...  300 

Byron,  (GIO) 427 

Byron  Center,  (FIO)  200 

Cadillac,  (F7) 8,375 

Caledonia,  (FIO)....  422 
California,  (G12)...    200 

Calumet,  (CI) 30,000 

Cambria,  (G 1 2) 350 

Camden,  (G12)....  392 
Campbells  Comers, 

(G7) 100 

Canandaigua,  (G12)  150 
Cannonsburg,  (F9)  .   150 

Capac,  (J9) 761 

Carleton,  (Hll)....   500 

Carlisle,  (GIO) 100 

Carlshend,  (D3) 150 

Carney,  (D4) 400 

Caro,  (H9) 2,272 

Carplake,  (G4) 150 

Canollton,(H9)... 2.200 
Carson  City,  (G9)..  808 
Carsonville,  (J9)....  401 

Cascade,  (FIO) ISO 

Caseville,  (H8) 442 

Casnovia,  (F9) 308 

Cass  City,  (H8) 1,126 

Cassopolis.(F12)...  1,358 

Cathro,  (H5) 140 

Cecil, (G4) 150 

Cedar,  (F6) 400 

Cedarlake,  (G9)  .. . .  200 
Cedar  River,  (DS)...    500 

Cedarrun,  (F6) 260 

Cedar  Springs,  (F9).  947 
Cedarvifie,  (G3)....  ISO 
Cement  City.  (GU).  SOO 
Center  Line,  (HU)..  100 
CenterviUe,  (F12)..  613 
Central  Uke,  (FS)..   813 

Ceresco.  (FU) 350 

Ch.%mpion.(D2).... 1,500 

Channing,  (C3) 500 

Charlevoix,  (FS)... 2,420 
Charlotte,  (GIO)... 4,886 

Chase,  (F8) 200 

Chassell,  (C2) 500 

Chatham,  (E3) 750 

Cheboygan,  (G4)...6.8S9 

Chelsea,  (GU) 1,764 

Chesaning.  (G9)...  1.363 

Cheshire,  (FU) 100 

Chester,  (GIO) 120 

Chief,  (E7) ISO 

Childsdale,(F9)....  100 
Chippewa  I,ake, 

(K8) 300 

Clare,  (G8) 1,350 

Clarion;  (GS) 200 

Clarkston,  (HIO)...  345 
Clarksville,  (FIO)...   380 

Clawson,  (HIO) 200 

Claybanks,  (E8). ...  100 

Clayton,  (G12) 372 

Clifford,  (H 9) 308 

Clim.ix,  (Fll) 425 

Clinton,  (Hll) 1,011 

Clio,(H9) 810 

Cloverdale,  (FIO).. .   100 

Clyde,  (HIO) 21C 

Coalwood,  (E3) 280 

Cobmoosa,  (E8) 150 

Cohoctah,  (HIO)....  100 
Coldwaler.(F12)... 5,945 

Coleman,  (G8) 909 

Collins,  (FIO) 100 

Coloma,(Ell) 701 

Colon,  (F12) 853 

Columbiaville,  (H9).  369 

Colwood,  (H8) 100 

Commerce,  (HIO)...  2S0 
Comstock,  (KU)....  200 
Comstock  Park, 

(F9) 300 

Concord,  (Gil) 543 


Conklin,  (F9) 200 

Constantinc.  (F12)  1,244 

Conway.  (GS) ISO 

Cooks,  (E4) 800 

Cooper,  (FU) 250 

Coopersville,  (F9)..    814 

Copemish,  (F7) <a> 

Copper  City,  (CI)..   160 
Copper  Falls  Mine, 

(Tci) 150 

Copper  Harbor, (Dl)  100 

Coral,  (F9) 500 

Cornell,  (D4) 100 

Corunna.  (GIO) 1,384 

Covert,  (Ell) 360 

Cross  Village,  (F4)..  500 

Croswell,  (J9) 1,380 

Croton,  (F9) 55 

Crump.  (G8) 350 

Crystal.  (G9) 300 

Crystal  Falls,  (C3). 3,775 
Crystal  Valley,  (E8)  100 

Culver,  (F6) 200 

Custer,  (E8) 277 

Dafoe,  (HS) 100 

Daggett,  (DS) 228 

Dailey,  (E12) ISO 

Dale,  (G8) 100 

Dalton.  (E9) 100 

Dansville.  (GIO) 349 

Davis.  (JIO) 200 

Davisburg.  (HIO)...   300 

Davison.  (H9) 673 

Dayton,  (E12) 100 

Dearborn.  (HU)....   911 

Decatur,  (Ell) 1,286 

Decker,  (H9) 100 

Deckerville,  (J 8)....    628 

Deerfield.  (HI2) 443 

Defiance,  (D3)......   200 

Deford,  (H8) 200 

Delaware  Mine,  (CI)  200 
Delhi  Mills,  (Hll). .  200 

Dell,  (G3) 100 

Delray,  (HU) 7,500 

Delta,  (GIO) 280 

Delton,  (FU) 300 

Demmon,  (CI) 200 

Denton,  (HU) 140 

Derby,  (Ell) 100 

Detour,  (H4) 721 

Detroit,  (JU)... .465,766 
Devils  I.ake,(Gll)..    100 

Dfward,  (G6) 300 

Dewings,  (F7) 100 

De  Wilt.  (GIO) 450 

Dexter,  (HU) 726 

Diamond  Springs, 

(FIO) 100 

Dice,(G9) 300 

Dick  (G3) 200 

Dighton,  (F7) 400 

Dimondale,  (GIO)...  341 

Diorite,  (D2J 400 

Disco,  (TlO) 100 

Dollar  Bay,  (CI)..  2,000 

DoUarville,  (F3) 400 

Dolph,  (G7) 100 

Dorr,  (FIO) 350 

Doster,  (Fll) 150 

Douglas,  (ElO) 485 

Dowagiac,  (EI2) ..  .5,088 

Dowling,  (FU) 140 

Downington,  (J8)....   140 
Drayton  Plains, 

(HIO) 320 

Drenthe,  (FIO) 600 

Drum.mond,  (H3)  .  .    300 

Drydcu,  (HIO) 371 

Dundee.  (HI2) 1,070 

Dunningville,  (FIO).   100 

Du  Plain,  (G9) 140 

Durand,  (HIO) 2,31S 

Dutton,  (FIO) 130 

Eagle,  (GIO) 133 

Eagle  Harbor,  (CI)..  250 


Eagle  River.  (CI)...  180 

Eames,  (HIO) 100 

East  Grand  Rapids, 

(FIO) 800 

E.Jordan.  (F5).... 2, 516 

E.Lake,(E7) 3.200 

E.Lansing.  (GIO)...  802 

E.  Lcroy,  (Fll) 100 

Eastmanville,  (F9)..  150 

E.  Paris.  (FIO) 100 

Eastport.  (FS) 200 

E.  Saugatuck,  (ElO).  300 
E.Taw.as.  (H7).  ...1,452 

Eastwood,  (G9) 100 

Eaton  Rapids. (Gll)2,094 
Eau  Claire,  (E12). . .  307 

Eckford,  (GU) 120 

Ecorse,  (Hll) 1,063 

Edenville,  (G8) 180 

Edgerton,  (F9) 150 

Edmore,  (F9) 752 

Edwardsburg,  (F12).  500 
Elk  Rapids,  (F6)...  1,673 

Elkton,  (H8) 553 

Ellsworth,  (F5) 380 

Elmer,  (J9) 110 

Elm  Hall,  (G9) 370 

Elmira,  (GS) SOO 

Eloise,  (Hll) 770 

Elsie,  (G9) 592 

Elwell,  (G9) 120 

Fly,  (G4) 230 

Emerson,  (F2) 100 

Emmett,  (J9) 292 

Empire,  (E6) 578 

Engadine,  (F3) 150 

Erie,(H12) 3S0 

Escanaba,  (E4)  .  .  13,194 

Essex,  (F5) 150 

Essexville,  (H8).  ...1,477 

Estcy,  (G8) 150 

Eureka,  (G9) 210 

Evans,  (F9) 100 

Evart,  (F8) 1,386 

Ewen,  (B2) 350 

Fairfax,  (F12) 200 

Fairfield,  (G 12) 350 

Fairgrove,  (H8) 437 

Fair  Haven,  (JIO)...   300 

Fairview,  (H6) 200 

Faithorn,  (D4) 150 

Falmouth,  (F7) 180 

Fargo,  (J9) 300 

Farmington,  (HU)..    564 

Farwell,  (G8) 522 

Fawn  River.  (F12)...    130 
Fennville,  (ElO)  ...   533 

Fenton,  (HIO) 2,331 

Fenwick,  (F9) 180 

Fergus,  (G9) 130 

Ferry,(E8) 150 

Feriysburg,  (E9)....  450 

Fife  Lake.  (F6) 340 

Filer  City,  (E7) 500 

Fillmore  Center, 

(FIO) 200 

Flanders,  (HS) 100 

Flatrock,  (Hll) 650 

Fleming,  (GIO) 130 

Flint,  (H9) 38,550 

Flowercreek,  (E9). . .   100 
Flowcrfield,  (FU)  . .    100 

Flushing,  (H9) 938 

FordCity,  (Hll).  ..1,689 
Ford  River,  (D4).. . .  500 

Forester,  (J 9) 120 

Forest  Grove,  (FIO).  100 
Forest  Hill,  (G9)...   130 

Foreslville,(J8) 234 

Forsyth,  (D3) ISO 

Foster  City,  (D4)...  300 

Fosters,  (H9) 150 

Fostoria,  (H9) 400 

Fountain,  (E7) 250 

Fowler,  (G9) 476 

FowlerviUe,  (GIO)  . .  905 


Fox,(D5) 150 

Francisco,  (GU)  ...  130 
Frankenlust,  (G8)...  200 
Frankenmuth,  (H9).  693 

Frankfort,  (E6) 1,555 

Franklin,  (HIO) 150 

Fraser,  (JIO) 220 

Freda,  (CI) 500 

Frederic,  (G6) 400 

Freehand,  (G8) 450 

Freeport,  (FIO) 460 

Free  Soil,  (E7) 2,50 

Fremont,  (E9) 2,009 

Frey,  (F7) 150 

Frontier,  (G12) 230 

Fruitport,  (E9) 330 

Fulton,  (Fll) 350 

Gagetown,  (H8) 358 

Gaines,  (HlOl 238 

Galesburg,  (FU)...   656 

Galien,  (E12) 405 

Ganges,  (ElO) 100 

Garden,  (E4) 497 

Garnet,  (F3) 250 

GatesvUle,  (G3) 300 

Gaylurd,  (GS) 1,538 

Geddes,  (Hll) 120 

Geneva,  (G12) 110 

Gera,  (H9) 100 

Germfask,  (F3) 210 

Gert,  (H12) 200 

Gibraltar,  (HU)....    ISO 

Gilcad,  (F12) 100 

Gilford,  (H9) 100 

Gills  Pier,  (FS) 150 

Ghard,  (FU) 250 

Gladstone,  (E4) 4,211 

Gladwin,  (G8) 988 

Glen  Arbor,  (E6)...  300 

Glendale,  (Fll) 180 

Glendora,  (E12) 100 

Glenhaven,  (E6) 100 

Glenn,  (ElO) 300 

Glennie,  (H6) 100 

Glenwood,  (El  1)....  1,200 
Goblevillc,  (FU)...   537 

Goodells,  (J9) ISO 

Good  Harbor,  (F6)..    150 

Goodhart.  (F4) 100 

Goodrich.  (HIO) 300 

Goodwcll.  (F8) 180 

Gordonville.  (G8)...  100 
Gould  City.  (F3).. . .   150 

Goweu.  (F9) 160 

Graafschap,  (ElO)..    200 

Grace,  (GS) ISO 

Grand  Blanc,  (HIO).  300 
Grand  Haven, 

(E9) 5,856 

Grand  Junction, 

(EU) 180 

Grand  Ledge,  (G10)2,893 
Grand  Marais,  (F2)  2,500 
Grand  Rapids, 

(FIO) 112,571 

Grandville,  (FIO)...   680 

Grant,  (F9) 428 

Grasslake,  (GU)....   760 

Grattan,  (F9) 220 

Grawn,  (F6) 250 

Grayling.(G6) 1,775 

(Ircenfield,  (HU)...  100 
Greengardeii,  (D3)..  250 
Greenlake,  (FIO)  . . .    150 

Greenland,  (B2) 600 

Greenville,  (F9).... 4,045 

Gregory,(GU) 250 

Grind  Stone  City, 

(J7) 500 

Groscap,  (G4) 230 

Grosselie,  (Hin...  700 
GrossePointe,  (JU)  830 
Grosse  Pointe 

Farms,  (JU) 862 

Grosse  Pointe  Park, 
Oil) 290 


Gnstin,  (H6) I'JO 

Gwinn,(D3) 1,000 

Hadley,  (HIO) 330 

HaB.  (G3) 250 

Hagen5ville,(H5)...    100 

Haire(F7) 100 

Hale,  (H7) 100 

Half»ay,(Jll) 700 

Hamburg,  (HU)....  250 
Hamilton,  (FIO)....  280 
Hammond.(G.S)....  110 
Hamtr.amck.  (Jll).3.559 

Hancock,  (CI) 8,981 

Hand  Station,  (Hll)  100 

Hanover,  (GU) 364 

Harbor  Beach, 

(J8) 1,556 

Harbor  Springs, 

(FS) 1,80S 

Hardgrove,  (G6)  ...    100 

Hardwood,  (D4) 150 

Harriette,  (F7) 336 

H.arris,  (D4) 200 

Harrison,  (G7) 543 

Harrisville,  (H6) 444 

Hart,  (E8) 1,555 

Hartford.  (EU)....  1,2 68 
Hartland,  (HIO)....   220 

Hartwick,  (F7) 150 

Harvey,  (D2) 100 

Haslett,  (GIO) 200 

Hastmgs,  (FIO) 4,383 

Hebron,  (G4) 100 

Hemlock,  (G9) 250 

Henderson,  rG9)  .. .  100 
Henrietta,  (GU)....   200 

Henry,  (E6) 100 

Herman,  (C2) 300 

Hermansville,  (D4).  1,200 

Hersey,  (F8) 310 

Hesperia,  (E8) 462 

Hessel,  (G3) 200 

Hickory  Comers, 

(FU)  170 

Highland,  (HIO)....  350 
Highland  Park, 

(HU) 4,120 

Hilliards,  (FIO) 100 

Hillman,  (HS) 411 

Hillsdale,  (GI2).... 5,001 

Hilltop,  (EU) 225 

Hinchman,  (E12)...  100 
Hitchcock,  (FS)  ...  150 
Holland,  (FIO). ...10,490 
Hollowav,  (H12).. ..    100 

Holly,  (HIO) 1,537 

Holt,  (GIO) 350 

Holton,  (E9) 300 

Homer,  (GuV. 1,008 

Homestead,  (E6)...    100 

Honor,  (E6) 500 

Hooper,  (FIO) 100 

Hopkins,  (FIO) 400 

Horton,(Gll) 380 

Houghton,  (CI).... 5,113 
Houghton  Lake, 

(G7) 130 

Howard  City,(F9).  1,046 

Howell.  (HIO) 2,338 

Howlett,(Hll) 100 

Hubbard  Lake, 

(116) 200 

Hubbardston,  (G9) .  450 

Hubbell,  (CI) 1,059 

Hudson,  (G12) 2,178 

Hudsonville,  (FIO).    300 

Humboldt,  (D2) 270 

Hungerford.  (F8)...  120 
Hunters  Creek, 

(HIO) 120 

lda,(HI2) 230 

Imlay  City,  (H9).,. 1,174 
Indian  Riv;r,(G5)..   350 

Ingalls,  (D;) 530 

Inkstcr,  (Hll) 240 

Inland,  (F6) 100 


Interlochen,  (F6). . .   500 

Ionia,  (FIO) 5,030 

Iosco,(GIO) 120 

Iron  Mountain, 

(C4) 9,216 

Iron  River,  (C3).... 2,450 

Ironton,  (FS) 150 

Ironwood,  (A3).  ..12,821 

Irving,  (FIO) 100 

Isabella,  (E4) 200 

Ishpeming,(D2)... 12,448 

Ithaca,  (G9) 1,376 

Iva,(G9) 150 

Jackson,  (GU).... 31,433 
JacobsvUle,  (C2). ...  800 
Jamestown,  (FIO)..   300 

Jasper,  ((;i2) 300 

Jeddo,  (J9) 130 

Jcnison,  (FIO) 300 

Jennings,  (F7) 1,200 

Jerome,  (GU) 190 

Johannesburg,  (G6) .  700 

Jones  (F12) 2lX) 

Jonesville,  (G12)...l,396 

Joyfield,  (E6) 100 

Judds  Comers,  (H9)  180 
iCalamazoo, 

(FU) 39,437 

Kalamo,  (Hll) 140 

Kaleva,  (F7) 150 

Kalkaska,  (F6) 1,415 

Kawkawlin,  (G8). . .   250 

Kearsarge,  (CI) 800 

Keeler,  (EU) 190 

Kendall,  (Fll) 200 

Kent  City,  (F9) 467 

Kenton,  (C3) 500 

Kewadin,  (F6) 150 

Keystone,  (F6) 100 

Killmaster,(H6)....    lOO 

Kinde.  (J8) 360 

Kindprhook,(F12)..  200 

Kingsley,  (F6) 497 

Kingston,  (H9) 302 

Kipling,  (E4) 400 

Koss,  (DS) 150 

Kreetan,  (H4) 200 

Labarge,  (FIO) 100 

Lacota,  (Ell) 100 

Laingsburg,  (GIO).. .  703 

Lake,(F8) 200 

Lake  Ann,  (F6) 171 

Uke  City,  (F7)....  740 
Lake  Linden,  (CI).  2,325 
Lake  Odess.a,(F10)  1,222 

Lakeview,  (F9) 954 

Lakewood,  (G4) 20O 

Umb,  (JIO) 200 

Lambertville,  (H12).  200 

Lamont,  (F9) 400 

Langston,  (F9) ISO 

I.'Anse,  (C2) 708 

LANSING,  (GIO)  31,229 

Lapeer,  (H9) 3,946 

Uporte,  (G9) 130 

Laramie,  (G3) 570 

LaRocque,(G5)....  200 

LaSalle,(Hl2) 100 

Lathrop,  (D3) 150 

I.aurium,  (CI) 8,537 

Lawrence,  (Ell) 663 

Lawlon,(Fll) 1,042 

Layton  Comers, 

(G9) .  100 

Leaton,  (G8) lUO 

Leetsville,  (F6) 100 

Legrand,  (GS)     ....   250 

I.eland,  (F5)  400 

Lennon,  (H  j) lOfl 

Unox,(jr, 350 

Leonard      110) 313 

l«oni,  (G   1) 150 

Leonidas,(FU) 300 

Leroy,(F7) 331 

Leslie,  (Gin 1,032 

Levering,  ((54) 352 


358 

Lewiston,  (G6) 550 

l«.xington,  (jv) 519 

Liberty,  (GU) 200 

Lincoln,  (H6) 122 

Linden,  (HIO) 550 

Linkvillc,  (H8) 100 

Linwood,  (G8) 200 

Lisbon,  (K9) 96 

LitchBeW,  (GU)....  660 

Locke,  (GIO) 190 

Long  Rapids,  (H5)..   200 

Looniis,  (G8) 300 

Mretto,  (D4) 600 

Loll.  (H6) 300 

Lovells,  (G6) 100 

Lowell,  (I' 10) 1,761 

Lucas,  {F7) 250 

Ludington,  (E8).  ...9,132 

Lum,  (H9) 250 

Lupton,  (G7) 180 

Luther,  (F7) 626 

Lyons,  (GIG) 611 

McBam,  (F7> 546 

Mcliridcs,  (F9) 236 

McMillan,  (K3) 200 

Mackinac  Island, 

(G4) 714 

Mackin;  w,  (G4)....  697 

Macorab.  (JIG) 200 

Macon,  (HID 240 

Madison,  (HIO) 13G 

Maltby,(G7) 100 

Mancelona,  (F6) . . .  1,200 
Manchester,  (HU). 1,047 

Mandan,  (Dl) 100 

Manistee.  (E7)...  12,381 
Manistique  (E4)...4,72i 

Manton,  (F7) 1,069 

Maple  City,  (F6)...  200 
Maplegrove.  (FIO) . .  100 
Maple  Rapids,  (G9) .  529 
Mapleridge,  (H7)...  150 
Marcellus.  (FID...  1,047 

Marengo,  (GU) 100 

Marenisco,  (B3) 250 

Marine  City,  QIO). 3,770 

Marion,  (F7) 767 

Markey,  (G7) 100 

Marlboro,  (F8) 57 

Marlettc,  (J9) 1,062 

Marquette,  (D2)..  11,503 
Marshall,  (GU)  ...4,236 

Martin,  (FIO) 450 

Marysville,  (JIO)...  270 

Mason,  (GIO) 1,742 

Masonville,  (E4). . .    100 

Mass,  (B2) 1,000 

Matherton,  (G9)...  300 
Mattawan,  (Fl  1). . .  300 

Maxton,  (113) 200 

Maybee,  (HU) 310 

Mayfield,  (F6) 160 

Mayville,  (H9) 687 

Meade,  (JIG) 100 

Mears,  (E8) 450 

Meauwataka,  (F7)  ,    110 

Mecosta,  (F8) 352 

Medina,  (G12) 130 

Melvin,(J9) 242 

Memphis,  (JIO) 557 

Mendon,  (F12) 768 

Menominee,  (D5)  10,507 

Mentha,  (FU) 150 

Meridian,  (GIG) 200 

Merrill,  (G9) 505 

Mesick,  (F7) 510 

Melamora,  (HIG)...  276 


(MICHIGAN— MINNESOTA) 


INDEX   OF  THE   UNITED   STATES 


Metropolitan,  (D3)..   50G 

Mclz,  (H5) 150 

Michigammc,  (C2)..    970 

Middlcton,  (GO) 450 

Middlcville,  (MO)..   804 

Midland,  (G8) 2,527 

Mikado,  (H6) 100 

Milan,  (HU) 1,355 

Milford,  (HIO) 973 

Millbrook,  (F8) 400 

Millburg,  (Ell) 100 

Millersburg,  (G5). . .  519 

Millett,  (GIO) 200 

Millington,  (n9) 623 

Miaard,  (GU) 100 

Minden  City,  (J8). .    332 
Minerlake,  (FIO)...   120 

Mio,  (G6) 200 

Moddersvillc,  (G7)..   200 

Mohawk,  (CI) 1,000 

Moline,  (FIO) 180 

Monroe,  (U 12) 6,893 

Monroe  Center,(F6)    100 

Montague,  (i:9) 942 

Monterey,  (FIO). . .   200 
Montgomery,  (G12)  362 

Montrose,  (H9) 443 

Moorcstown,  (G7)..   100 

Morenci,  (G12) 1,515 

Morlev,  (F9)    337 


No.  Adams,  (G 12)..  440 
No.  Bradley,  (G8)..  100 
No.  liranih,  (119)...  717 
No.  Detroit,  (HU)..  250 
No.  Manitou  Island, 

(FS) 100 

No.  Morenci,  (G12).  100 
No.  Muskegon,  (E9)  352 

Norlliport,  (F5) 524 

Nonhstar,  (G9) 300 

Northville,(Hll).. 1,665 

Norven,(GU) 150 

Norway.  (D4) 4,974 

Norwood,  (K5) 170 

Nottawa,  (F12) 300 

Novi,(Hll) 300 

Nunica,  (E9) 400 

Oak,  (HU) 150 


Oakgrovc,  (HIO). 

Oakhill,  (E7) 

Oakland,  (FIO)... 


Oakley,  (G9). 
Oakwood,nilO).... 


Oakwood.  (HU). 

Oden,  (G5) 150 

Ogden  Center,  (H 12)  100 

Ogontz,  (E4) 200 

Oiibway,  (CI) 240 

Okemos,  (GIO) 190 

Old  Mission,  (F6)...  200 

Morrice,  (GIO) 470    Olivet.  (GU) 627 

Moscow,(Gll) 200    Omena,(F5) 100 


Mosherville,  ((;il).   500 

Mottville,  (F12) 200 

Mount  Clemens, 

(JIO) 7,707 

Mount  Morris, 

(H9) 513 

Mount  Pleasant, 

(G8) 3,972 

Muir,(G9) 463 

Mulliken,  (GIO) 312 

Munger,  (H8) 200 

Munising,  (E3).  ...2,952 

Munith,(GU) 200 

Muskegon,  (E9>... 24,062 
Muskegon  Heights, 

(E9) 1,690 

Nadeau,  ,'D4) 1,000 

Nahma,  (E4) 700 

Nankin,  (IIU) 100 

Napoleon,  (GU)...  370 
Nashville,  (FIO). ..1,346 
National  Mine, 

(D3) 700 

Naubinway,  (F3). ..  250 

Navarre,  (HU) 400 

Nazareth,  (FU) 160 

Negaunee,  (D3) 8,460 

NessenCity,  (F6)..    150 

Newaygo.  (F9) 1,207 

New  Baltimore, 

(JIO) 92G 

Newberry,  (F3) 1,182 

New  Boston,  (HU).  220 
New  Buffalo,  (E12).    528 

New  Era,  (E8) 230 

New  Haven,  (JIO)..  478 
New  Holland,  (ElO)  100 
New  Hudson,  (IIU).  150 
NewLothrop,  (G9)..  310 

Newport,  (H 12) 450 

New  Richmond, 

(ElO) 100 

NcwTroy,  (E12)...  400 

Niles,(EI2) 5,156 

Nirvana,  (F8) 120 


Omcr,  (H7) 367 

Omo,  (JIG) 150 

Onaway,  (G5) 2,702 

Onekama,  (E7) 324 

Onondaga,  (GU^...  400 

Onota,  (i;3) 140 

Ousted,  (GU) 398 

Ontonagon,  (B2).. ..  1,964 

Orion,  (HIO) 717 

Orleans,  (F9) 150 

Orono,  (F8) 100 

Ortonville,  (HIO)...  377 

Osceola,  (CI) 1,400 

Oscoda,  (H7) 864 

Oshtemo,  (FU) 100 

Osseo,  (G12) 390 

Ossincke,  (H6) 100 

Otisco,  (F9) 200 

OtisviUe,  (H9) 312 

Otsego,  (FU) 2,812 

Otsego  Lake,  (G6)..  100 
Ottawa  Like,  (1 1 12).  210 
OttetLake,  (H9)....  273 

Overisel,  (FIO) 200 

Ovid,  (G9) 1,078 

Owendale,  (HS) 2S5 

Owosso,  (G9) 9,639 

Oxford,  (HIO) 1,191 

Paavola,(Cl) 350 

Paines,  (G9) 210 

Paine5dale,(C2)....  1,250 

Palmer,  (D3) 880 

Palms,  (J8) 300 

Palmyra,  (1112) 230 

Palo,  (G9) 330 

Paris,  (F8) 350 

Parkington.  (E3)  ..  .   100 

Parklake,  (F7) 250 

Parkvillc,  (FU) 160 

Parma,  (GU) 509 

Parshallville,  (HIO).  400 

r.irtello,  (Gil) 140 

Paw  Paw,  (FU)....  1,643 

Pave,  (JU) 300 

Payment,  (G2) 100 


Pearlbeach,  JIO).. .  20G 

Pearline.  (FIO) 150 

Peck,  (J9) 2/4 

Pellston,  (G4) 1,089 

Penn,  (F12) 120 

Pentoga,  (C4) 300 

Pentwater,  (E8). ...  1,129 
Peiu-iming,  (C2)...   350 

Perkins,  (U3) 400 

Perrinton,  (G9) 288 

Perronville,  (D4)...  200 

Perry,  (GIO) 720 

Peters,  (JIO) 100 

Petersburg,  (H 12)...    490 

Petoskey,  (G5) 4,778 

Pcwamo,  (G9) 289 

Phelps,  (F5) 150 

Pickford,  (G3) 400 

Picrport,  (E7) 160 

Pierson,  (K9) 133 

Pigeon,  (H8) 687 

Pikes  Peak,  (HU)..  210 

Pincknev,  (HU) 477 

Pinconning.  (H8)  . . .  677 

Pinecreek,  (FU) 100 

Pine  Grove  Mills, 

(FU) 170 

Pine  River.  (H8)...  200 

Pinerun,  (H9) 200 

Pinnebog,  (H8) 200 

Pipestone,  (Ell)....  lOO 

Piltsford,  (G12) 450 

Plainlield,  (GIO)....  210 
PlainwcU  .(FU)...  1,493 
Ple.asant  Valley, 

(G8) 100 

PIvmouth,  (HU)..  1,671 
Point  Mills,  (CI)...  200 

Pokagon,  (EI2) 300 

Pomona,  (F7) 2U0 

Pompeii,  (G9) 300 

Pontiac,  (HIO)  ...14,532 

Portage,  (FU) 160 

Port  Austin,  (H7)  ..   533 

Port  Hope,  (J8) 344 

Port  Huron,  (J9).. 18,863 

Portland,  (GIO) 1,832 

PortSanilac,(J9)...    216 

Posen,  (H5) 263 

Potterville,  (GIG)...   430 

Powers,  (D4) 520 

Prairicville,  (FIO/  .  .  250 
Prattville.  (G12)....  300 

Prescott,(H7) 600 

Princeton,  (D3) 250 

Prosper,  (G7) 200 

Provemont,  (F5) ...  250 

Pulaski,  (GU) 250 

Pullman,  (Ell) 100 

Quimby,  (FIO) 100 

Quincy,(G12) 1,347 

Qumnesec,  (C4) ....  1,000 

Raber,  (G3) 100 

Raisinville,  (H12)...   120 

Ramsay,  (B3) 150 

Ransom,  (G12) 200 

Rapid  Citv,(F6)...  400 


Reese,  (n9) 46S 

Remus,  (F8) 450 

Republic,  (C3) 2,400 

Rexton,  (F3) 300 

Richlield,  (H9) 120 

Richland,  (FU) 278 

Richmond,  (JIO). .  .1.277 
Richmondville,  (j8).  200 

Richville,  (H9) 250 

Ridgewav,  (HU)...  300 

Riga,  (HI2) 250 

RiggsviUe,  (G4) 200 

Riley,  (GIG) 100 

Riley  Center,  (JIO)..  200 

Riverdale,  (G9) 400 

Rivcrrouge,  (HI1)..4,I63 

Riverside,  (Ell) ISO 

Rives  Junction, 

(GU) 200 

Robinson,  (F9) 150 

Rochester,  (HIO)...  1,516 

Rock,  (D3) 150 

Rockford,  (F9) 843 

Rockland,  (B2) 1,000 

Rockwood,  (HU)...  500 

Rodney,  (F8) 220 

Rogers,  (H5) 705 

Romeo,  (HIO) 1,787 

Romuhis,  (HU) 150 

Roscommon,  (G6)  . .  425 

Rosebush,  (G8) 200 

Rose  City,  (G7) 542 

Roseville,  (JU) 500 

Rothbury,  (E8) 200 

Roxana,(G10) ISO 

RoyalOak.vH  11).  .1,071 

Royalton,  (EU) 100 

Ruby,(I9) 120 

Rudyard,  (G3) 100 

Rumely,  (D3) 200 

Ruth,(J8) ISO 

Saganing,  (H8) 300 

Saginaw,  (G9) 50,510 

Sagola,  (C3) 360 

St.  Charles.  (G9).... 1,451 

St.  Clair,  (JlO) 2,633 

-     -  -   -la 


St.  Clair  Flats, 

(JU) 130 

St.  Clair  Heights, 

(JU) 1,252 

St.  Helen,  (G7) 130 

St.  Ignace,  (G4) .  ..2,118 
St.  Jacques,  (E4)...  300 

St.  James,  (F4) 500 

St.  Johns,  (G9) 3,154 

St.  Joseph.  (EU)... 5,936 

St.  Louis,  (G9) 1,940 

Salem,  (HU) 160 

Saline,  (IIU) 816 

iJling,  (G6) 150 

Samaria,  (H12) 100 

Sand  Lake,  (F9) 370 

Sands,  (D3) 270 

Sanduskv,  (J9) 993 

Sanford.  (G8) 120 

Sanilac  Center, 

(J9)...,.........  610 


Rapid  River,  (E4)..  660    Sans  Souci,  (JIO)  . ..  100 
Ravenna,  (F9). ... .  500    Santiago,  (H7) 100 


Scotts,  (FU) 350 

Scottville,  (E8) 891 

Sears,  (F8) 200 

Sebewa,  (GIO) 300 

Sebewaing,  (H8).. ..  1,347 

Seney,  (E3) ISO 

Shabbona,  (J8) 100 

Shaftsburg,  (GIG)...   300 

Shelby,  (E8) 1,260 

Shelbyville,  (FIO)...   100 

Shclldrake,  (F2) 100 

Shepard.sville,  (GIO).  ISO 

Shepherd,  (G8) 835 

Sheridan,  ^F9) 436 

Sherman,  (F7) 260 

Sherman  City,  (G8).   250 

Sherwood,  (F121 346 

Shingleton,  (E3) 100 

Sibley,  (IIU) 550 

Sidnaw,  (C3) 130 

Sidney,  (F9) 100 

Sigsbee,  (G6) 100 

Silverwood.  (H9)....  200 

Simmons,  (F3) 250 

Sixlakes,  (F9) 280 

Skanee,  (C2) 270 

Slocum,  (F9) 600 

Smiths  Creek,(JIO)..  100 

Smyrna,  (F9) 240 

Sodus,  (EU) 120 

100 


Ray  Center,  (JlO)...   110 

Reading,  (G12) 1,102 

Ready,  (H9) 550 

Redford,  (HU) 328 

Red  Jacket,  (CI).. .4,211 
Redridge,  (CI) 400 


Saranac,  (FIO) 845 

Saugatuck,  (EIO). ..  621 
Sautt  Sainte  Marie, 

(G3) 12,615 

Sawver,  (EI2) 300 

Schaffer,  (D4) 200 


Reed  City,  (F8) . . .  1,690    Schoolcraft.  (FU)..  .  816 
Reemaii,(E9) 250    Scofield,  (HU) 230 


Somerset,  (GU) 
Somerset  Center, 

(Gil) 200 

So.  Blendon,(F10)..  100 
So.  Boardman,  (F6).  600 
Southfield,  (HID...  150 
So.  Frankfort,  (K6)..  681 
So.Haven,  (EU). .3,577 

So.Lvon,  (HU) 615 

So.  Manitou,  (E5)...  150 
So.  Range,  (CI). ...  1,097 
So.  Rockwood,  (HI  I)  320 

Spalding,  (D4) 500 

Sparta,  (F9) 1,203 

Spencer,  (F6) 200 

Spring  Arbor,  (GU)    250 

Springlake,  (E9) 802 

Springport,  (GU)...  534 
Springville,  (GU)...  120 
Springwells,(HII).. 1,500 

Spruce,  (H6) 340 

Stambaugh,  (C3)...  1,322 

Slandish,  (G8) 828 

Stanton,  (F9) 1,012 

Stanwood,  (F8) 185 

Stephenson,  (D5)...  527 

Sterling,  (G7) 160 

Steuben,  (E3) 100 

Stevcnsville,  (EU)..  243 

Stittsville,  (G7) 200 

Stockbridge,  (311)..  663 
Stonington,(E4).  ,.   400 

Stormer,  (F6) 200 

Stratford,  (G7) 120 

Stronach,  (E7) 380 

Strongs,  (G3) 100 

Sturgeon  Bay,  (F4).    110 

Sturgis,  (F12) 3,635 

Sullivan,  (E9) 100 

Summit  City,  (F6)..  100 

Sumner,  (G9) 300 

Sumnerville,  (E12)..   150 

Sunficld,  (GIO) 385 

Sutlons  Bay,  (F6)  .  .  402 
Swan  Creek.  (G9)...  100 
Swartz  Creek,  (HIO)  140 
TaUmau,(E8) 100 


Tawas  Clfv,  (H7)... 1,061 

Taymouth,  (H9)..  ..110 

Tebo,  (G3) 100 

Tecumseh,  (G12)..  .2,332 
Tekonsha,  (FU)...  573 
Temperance,  (H12)..  200 

Temple,  (G7) 300 

Thomas,  (HIO) 400 

Thompson,  (E4)...  250 
Thompsonville,(E6).  815 

Thorice,  (G3) 200 

Thomville,  (HIO)...  250 
Three  Oaks,  (E12)..  1,175 
Three  Rivers, 

(F12) 5,072 

Tipton,  (GU) ISO 

Tompkins,  ((; I D...  150 
Topinabee,  (G5)...  .  100 
Torch  Lake,  (F5)...   100 

Tower,  (G5) 545 

Traverse  City, 

(F6j 12,115 

Trenary,(D3) 100 

Trent,  (F9) 100 

Trenton,  (HIO 1,224 

Trimount.ain,  (Cl). .  100 
Trout  Creek,  (C2)..   600 

Troutlake,  (G3) 250 

Trov,(HIO) 110 

Trufant,  (F9) 390 

Turin,  (D3) 150 

Turner,  (H  7) 500 

Tuscola,  (H9) 26C 

Tustin,  (F7) 3  71 

Twining,  (117) 267 

Twin  Lake,  (E9). .. .   200 

Tyre,(J9) 170 

Ubly,  (J8) 442 

Unadilla,  (G  U) 170 

Union,  (F12) 130 

Union  City,  (FU)..  1,340 
Union  Pier,  (E12)...    150 

Unionville,  (H8) 456 

Upton  Works,  (JIO).   170 

Utica,  (HIO) 496 

Valley  Center, 

„(J9) 130 

Van.  (G4) 200 

Vandalia,  (FI2) 371 

Vanderbilt,  (G5) ...  523 
Vans  Harbor,  (E4)..   200 

Vassar,  (H9) 1,659 

Vergennes,  (F9) 100 

Vermontville,  (GIO).  650 

Vernon,  (GIO) 435 

Verona  Mills.  (J8)..    130 

Vestaburg,  (G9) 440 

Vickeryville,  (G9) . .  180 
Vicksburg,  (FU).  ..1,624 

Victoria,  (B2) 400 

Viola,  (F3) 250 

Vogel  Center,  (G7)..   150 

Volinia,  (FU) 100 

Vriesland,  (FIO) 250 

Vulcan,  (D4) 1,500 

Wacousta,  (GIO)...  200 
Wahjamega,  (H9)...    100 

Wakefield,  (B3) 714 

Wakelee,  (F12)...    .   100 

Walburg,  (115) 100 

Waldcnburg,  (JIO)..  350 

Waldron.  (GI2) 435 

Wales,  (JIO) 130 

Walkers  Point.  (G4).  200 
Walkerville,  (E8)...  371 
Walled  Lake,  (HIO).  140 
Wama,(r6) 100 


Walloon  Lake,  (OS).  300 

Walton,  (F6) 250 

Waltz,  (HU) 2)0 

Warren,  (HIO) 297 

Wasepi,  (F12) lOQ 

Washington,  (JIO)..  230 
Waterford,  (HIO)...  2S0 
Waterloo,  (GI I)....   110 

Waters,  (G6) 200 

Watersmeet,  (B3)...  550 
Watervliet,  (EU)...  728 
W'atrou.svUle, 

(H9) 250 

Watson,  (FU) 100 

Waucedah,  (D4)....  230 

Wayland,  (FIO) 725 

Wayne,  (HU) 1,263 

Weadock,  (G4) UO 

WebberviUe,  (GIO)  .  349 

Weidman,  (F8) 500 

Wells,  (D4) 150 

W.  Bay  City,  (H8) 

Pop.  inc.  in  Bay  City 
W.  Branch,  (G7)...  1,276 
Westhaven,  (G9)...  170 
W.Highland,  (HIO).  100 

W.Olive,  (EIO) 100 

Weston,  (GI2) 260 

WestphalLa,  (GIO)..  366 
W.  Sebewa,  (FIO)..  130 
W.Sumpter,  (Hin.  130 
W.Windsor,  (GIO).   250 

Westwood,  (F6) 130 

Wetmore,  (E3) 330 

Wetzell,  (G5) 250 

Wexford,  (F7) 25G 

Wheeler,  (G9) 250 

Whitecloud,  (F8)...  648 
Whiteford  Center, 

(H12) 100 

Whitehall,  (E9)...  .1,437 
White  Pigeon, 

(FI2) 667 

Whiterock,  (J8) 100 

WhitnioreLake, 

(HU) 350 

Whitney,  (D4) 100 

Whittaker,  (HID...  100 
Whittemore.  (117)..    218 

Wildwood,  (GS) 130 

Williams,  (FU) 120 

Williamsburg,  (F6)  .  300 
WUli-amston,  (GIO). 1,042 
Williamsville,  (FI2).  150 

Willis,  (HU) 110 

Willow,(Hll) 100 

Wilmot,  (H9) 130 

Wilson,  (D4) 500 

Winn,(G8) 250 

Winona,  (C2) 120 

Winters,  (E3) 200 

Wixon,  (HIO) 200 

Wolverine,  (G 5) 794 

Woodland,  (FIO)...  304 
Woodmere,(HIl)..  5,100 

Woodville,  (F8) 250 

Worden,(HU) 100 

Wyandotte,  (HU).. 8,237 

Wvman,  (G9) 200 

Y.ile,  (19) 1,223 

Yalmar,  (D3) ISO 

York,  (HID 150 

Yorkvillc,  (FU)....  180 
Vpsilanti,  (HID... 6,230 

Yuma.  (F7) ISO 

Zeeland,  (EIO) 1,982 

Zilwaukee,(H8)....  920 


MINNESOTA 


Ada,    (B5) 1,432 

Adams,  (K12) 576 

Adrian,    (D12). ...  1,112 

Alton,  (KIO) 300 

Aitkin,   (H6) 1,638 

Akely,  (F5) 1,800 

Albany,    (F8) 657 

Albert  Lea,  (JI2).. 6,192 

Alberta,  (D8) 100 

Albertville,  (H9) ...    250 

Alborn,  (K6) 130 

Alden.  (HI2) 544 

Aldrich,  (F7) 100 

Alexandria,  (E8). .  .3,001 
Alma  City,  (HU)..     130 

Alpha,  (FI2) 223 

Altura,  (Mil) 200 

Alvarado,  (B3)....     128 

Amboy,  (G12) 435 

Amiret,  (DID...  125 
Annandale,  (G9) . . .    624 

Anoka,  (J9) 3,972 

Appleton,  (D9),..  .1,221 

Arago,  (E5) 100 

Arco,  (CU) 97 

Argyle,  (B3) 744 

Arlington,  (GIG)...    733 

Arnold,  (L6) 100 

Ashby,  (D7) 334 

Askov,   (K7) 100 

Atkinson,  (K6) 320 

Atwater,  (F9) 500 

Audubon,  (C6) 300 

Aurora,  (L4) 1,919 

Austin,  (K12) 6,960 

Avoca,   (D12) 212 

Avon,  (G8) 277 

Backus,    (G6) 184 

Badger,  (C2) 395 

Bagley,  (E4) 801 

Baker,  (B6) ISO 

Balaton,  (DU)....    364 

Banning,  (K7) 149 

Barnesvillc,   (C5)..  1,353 

Barnum,  (K7) 262 

Barrett,   (D8) 278 

Barry,  (B8) 105 

Bath.  (JI2) 100 

BattleLake,  (D7).  .  567 
Baudettc,  (F2)....  897 
Beardsley,  (B8)....    481 

Beaver,  (LID 100 

Beaverbay,  (N5)..  170 
Beaver  Creek,  (C12)    195 

Becker,  (H9) 210 

Belgrade,  (F9)  .. .  448 
BeUepIaine,   (HIO)  1.204 


Bellingham,  (C9)..  359 
Beltrami,  (B4)....  149 
Belview,  (EIG)....    290 

Bemidji,  (E5) 5,099 

Bena,  (G5) 179 

Benson,    (D9) 1,677 

Benton,    (HIO) 42 

Berg,    (JU) 100 

Bern,  (KU) 100 

Bertha,  (E7) 296 

Bethel,  (J9) 221 

Bigelow,  (D12) 195 

Big  Falls,  (H3)....    325 

Bigfork,   (H4) 167 

Big  Lake,  (H9)....  229 
BinghamLake,  (FI2)285 
Bird  Island,    (FIO)    931 

Biscay,  (GIG) 175 

Biwabik,  (L4) 1,690 

Blackduck,  (G4)...  942 
Blakeley,  (HIO),..  230 
Blooming    Prairie, 

012) 854 

Blue  Earth,  (H12)  2,319 

Bluffton,  (E7) 148 

Borup,  (CS) 250 

Bovey,  (J5) 1,377 

Bowlus,  (G8) 164 

Boyd,  (DIO) 431 

Braham,    QS) 406 

Brainerd,  (G7). ..  .8,526 
Brandon,  (D8)....  276 
Breckenridge,  (C7)  1,840 
Brewster,  (D12)...  311 
Bricelyn,  (H12)...  352 
Brickton,  (H8)....    160 

Bronson,  (B2) 101 

Brookpark.    (K8)..    350 

Brooks,  (C4) 350 

Brookston,  (K6) . . .    160 

Brooten,  (E9) 552 

Browerville,  (F7)..  633 
Brownsdale,  (KI2)  264 
Brownsville,  (N12).  361 
Brewnton,  (GIG)..  509 
Brown  Valley,  (B8)  1,058 

Bruno,   (K7); 229 

Buckman,  (G8) ....     137 

Buffalo,    (H9) 1,227 

Buffalo  Lake,  (FIO)    371 

Buhl,    (K4) 1,005 

Burtrum,  (F8)....  217 
Butterfield,  (F12)..    377 

Byron,   (KU) 272 

Caledonia,  (N12)..  1,372 
Callaway,  (D5).  ..  .  276 
Calumet,  (J5) 245 


Cambridge,  08)...  900 

Campl>ell,  (C7)....  303 

Canhy.  (CIO) 1,528 

Cannon    Falls, 

(KIG) 1,385 

Canton,  (MI2) 345 

Carlos.  (E8) 167 

Carlton,  (K6) 597 

Carver,  (HIO) 571 

Cass  Lake,  (F5)... 2,011 

CenterCity,  (K9)..  252 

Centerville,  (J9) . . .  200 

Ceylon,  (FI2) 330 

Champlin,  U9)....  270 

Chandler,  (D12)...  225 

Chanhassen,  (HIG)  154 
Chaska,  (HIG). ..  .2,050 
Chatheld,   (L12)...  1,228 

Chisago  City,  (K9) .  275 
Chisholm,    (K4)...7,584 

Chokio,  (C8) 328 

Clara  City,  (EIO)..  587 

Claremont,  UU)..  275 

Clarissa,   (F7) 354 

Clarkfield,  (DIG)..  503 

Clarks  Grove,  (JI2)  175 

Clear  Lake,  (H9)..  253 

Clear  Water,    (G9)  311 

Clements,  (FU)...  132 

Cleveland.  (HU)..  212 

Climax,  (B4) 259 

Clinton,  (C9) 384 

Clitherall,  (D7)....  187 

ClonUrf,    (D9)....  153 

Cloquet,  (K5) 7,031 

Cobden,   (FU)....  87 

Cohasset,  (H5)....  521 

Cokato,    (G9) 718 

Cold  Spring,  (F9)..  594 
Coleraine,   (JS). ...  1,613 

CoUegeville,  (G8)..  100 

Cologne.  (HIG).  ...  390 
Columbia    Heights, 

09) 590 

Comfrey,(Fll)....  238 

Comstock,(B6).  ...  200 

Concord.  (KU)....  100 

Conger  (H12) 200 

Cook,  (K4) 200 

Correll,  (C9) 102 

Cort,  (JS) 100 

Costin,  (K4) 231 

Cottage    Grove, 

(KIG) 1,30 

Cotton,  (L5) 170 

Cottonwood,  (DIO)  770 

Courtland,  (GU)..  208 


Cramer,   (GIO).  ...  382 

Cromwell,  (K6) ....  143 
Crookston,  (C4)... 7,559 

Crystal  Bay,  (HIO)  150 

Culver,  (K6) 220 

Currie,   (DU) 329 

Cuyuna,  (H7) 250 

Cyrus,  (D8) 272 

Dakota,   (N12)....  ISO 

Dalton,  (D7) 175 

Danube,  (EIO)....  217 

Danvets,    (D9) 215 

Darfur,  (FU) 72 

Dassel,   (G9) 643 

Dawson,  (CIO). ..  .1,318 

Dayton,  (J9) 343 

Deep  Haven,  (J9)..  234 

Deer  Creek,  (E7)..  313 

Deer  River,  (H5)..  900 

Deer  Wood,  (H7)..  586 

DegraS,  (E9) 215 

Delano,    (H9) 1,031 

Delavan,    (HI2)...  284 

Delhi,  (EIO) 159 

Dennison,   (JU)...  184 

Dent,   (D6) 244 

Detroit,    (D6) 2,807 

Dexter,  (K12) 281 

Dilworth,  (B6)....  500 

Dodge  Center,  (KU)  957 

Donaldson,  (B2)...  132 

Donnelly,  (D8) 276 

Doran,    (C7) 93 

Dover,  (L12) 233 

Dovray,  (DID...  150 

Dresbach,  (N12)...  174 

DresselvUle,    (HU)  100 

Drumraond,  (MS)..  100 
Duluth,  (M6).... 78,466 

Dumfries,  (LU)...  100 

Dumont,  (C8) 188 

Dundas,  Oil) 357 

Dundee,  (D12)....  175 

Dunnell,  (FI2) 170 

Eagle  Bend,  (F7)..  551 

Eagle  Lake,   (HU)  231 
East  Grand  Forks, 

(B4) 2,533 

Easton.  (H12) 252 

Echo,  (EIO) 430 

Eden  Valley,  (F9)..  740 

Edgerton,  (C12)...  381 
Edina  Mills.  (JIO)  1,191 

Eitzen,  (N12) 250 

Elba,   (MID 151 

Elbow  Lake,  (D7)..  776 

Eldred,  (B4) 175 


Elgin,  (LID 324 

Elizabeth,  (C7)....  169 
Elk  River,  (H9)...    859 

Elkton,  (K12) 86 

EUendale,  012)..  251 
Ellsworth,    (DI2)..    535 

Ebnore,  (G12) 795 

Ely,   (M4) 3,572 

Elysian,  (HU)....  345 
Emmons,  (H12)...    223 

Erhard,  (C7) 100 

Erskine,  (D4) 324 

Euclid,    (B4) 140 

Eureka,  09) 100 

Evan,    (FU) 112 

EvansviUe,  (D7)...  389 
Eveleith,  (L5). ..  .7,036 
Excelsior,  (HIO). .  .1,015 

Eyota,    (L12) 423 

Fairfax,  (FIO) 815 

Fairhaven,  (G9)..  .  150 
Fafrmont,  (F12)..  .2,958 
Fall  Lake,  (M4) ...  426 
Faribault,   (JU)... 9,001 

Farley,  (F4) 43 

Farmmgton,  O'O)  1,024 

Farris,  (FS) 143 

FarweU,  (D8) 141 

Felton  Play,  (C5)..  149 
Fergus  Falls,  (C7).. 6,887 

Fertile,    (C4) 614 

Fmlayson,  (K7)...     186 

Fisher,    (B4) 328 

Floodwood,  06)...  481 
Florence,    (DU)...     120 

Foley,  (H8) 710 

Fond  du  Lac,    (L6)    350 

Forada,  (E8) 66 

Forest  City,  (G9) . .  150 
Forest  Lake,  (J9)..  540 
Foreston,  (H8)...  .  204 
Fort  Snelling,  010)    800 

Fosston,  (D4) 1,075 

Fountain,  (L12)..  .    321 

Fowlds,  (E4) 39 

Foxhome,  (C7)....  206 
Franklin,  (FIO)...  .    439 

Frazee,  (D6) 1,545 

Freeborn,  (H12)...    250 

Freeport,  (F8) 450 

Fridley,  (J9) 200 

Frontenac,  (LIO)..    280 

Frost,  (H12) 138 

Fulda,    (D12) 743 

Funkley,  (F4)..:..  59 
Garden  City.  (GU)  290 
Garfield,  (E8) 160 


Garvin,  (DU) 350 

Gary,    (CS) 251 

Gaylord,  (GIO) 610 

Geneva,  012) 140 

Gentilly,  (C4) 100 

Georgetown,  (BS)..  182 

Ghent,   (DIO) 210 

Gibbon,    (GIO)....  533 

Gilbert,  (L4) 1,700 

Oilman,   (H8) 120 

Gladstone,  09)....  250 

Glencoe,  (GIO) 1,788 

GlenvUle,  012)....  368 
Glenwood,   (E8)...2,15I 

Glyndon,  (B6)....  295 
Golden  Valley, 

010) 692 

Gonvick,  (E4) ISO 

Goodhue,  (KID...  408 
Good    Thunder, 

(GU) 419 

Gordonsville,    (J12)  200 

Graceville,   (C8)...  987 

Granada,   (GI2)...  333 

GrandFalls,  (H3)..  100 

Grand  Marais,  (Ml)  355 
Grand    Meadow, 

(KI2) 552 

Grand  Portage,  (ND  100 
Grand  Rapids,  05)  2,230 

Grandy,  08) 150 

Granger,  (L12)....  120 
Granite    Falls, 

(DIO) 1,454 

Grasston,  08) 189 

Greenbush,  (C2)..  .  274 

Green  Isle,  (GIO)..  256 

Grey  Eagle,  (F8)..  378 

GroveCity,  (F9)...  351 

Grygla,  (D3) 150 

Gully,  (D4) 250 

Hackensack,  (G5)..  84 

Hadley,    (D12)....  136 

Hallock,   (B2) 910 

Halstad,   (B5) 494 

Hamburg,    (GIO)..  153 

Hamel,  (H9) 130 

Hamilton,  010)..  271 

Hammond,  (LID..  241 

Hampton,  (JIO)...  190 

Hancock,   (D9).  ...  524 

Hanley  Falls,  (DIO)  275 

Hanover,   (H9)....  267 

Hanska,    (FID...  310 

Hardwick,    (CI2)..  292 

Harmony,  (L12). . .  655 

Harris,  (K8) 673 


Hartland,  (JI2)...  227 
Hastings,  (KIO)..  .3,983 

Hawley,   (C6) 800 

Hayfield,  (KI2)...  586 
Hayward,  (JI2)...  200 
Hazel  Run,  (DIO)..    121 

Hector,   (FIO) 856 

Heidelberg,  (HI I)..  Ill 
Henderson,  (GIO)..  753 
Hendricks,  (CIO)..  406 
Hendrum,  (B5)....  355 
Henning,  (E7)....  603 
Henriette,  (J8)....    275 

Herman,  (C8) 604 

Heron  Lake,  (EI2)    803 

Hewitt,  (E7) 322 

Hibbing,  (K5) 8,832 

High  Forest,  (KI2)  127 
Hill  City,  (HS)....    220 

HilU,  (CI2) 398 

Hmckley,  (K7)....    673 

Hines,  (F4) 100 

Hitterdal,  (C6)....  300 
Hoffman,  (D8)....    391 

Hokah,  (N12) 400 

Holdingford,  (H8)  275 
Holland,  (CU).  ..  293 
Holloway,    (D9)...    215 

Holman,    (J5) 88 

Holmes  City,  (D8)    100 

Holt,  (C3) 100 

Homer,    (Mil)....     100 

Hopkins,  (JIO) 2,800 

Houston,  (M12)...  700 
Hovhnd,  (Ml)....  100 
Howard  Lake,  (G9)  625 
Hubbard,   (F6)....    300 

Hugo,  (K9) 264 

Humboldt,  (B2)...  130 
Huntley,  (G12)...  150 
Hutchinson,  (GIO)  2,358 

Ihlen,(CI2) 125 

Independence,  (L5)  100 
International  Falls, 

(J2) 1,487 

Invergrove,     (KIO)    200 

lona,  (DI2) 300 

Iron,  (K5) 76 

Isanti,   (J8) 316 

Island  Lake,  (E4)..  41 
Ivanhoe,  (CID...  484 
Jackson.  (E12). ...  1,907 
Janesville.   (H11)..I,173 

Jasper,  (C12) 704 

Jeffers,    (EU) 227 

Jenkins,  (G6) 1.10 

Johnson,  (C8) 19?,, 


Jordan.  (HIO) 1,151 

Kalavala,  (K6) ....  100 

Kandiyohi,  (F9)...  185 

Karlstad,   (B2)..  ..  138 

Kasota,    (HU)....  700 

Kasson,    (KU)...  932 

Keewatin,  05)....  695 

Kelliber,  (G4) 294 

Kellogg,  (Mil)....  372 

Kelsey,  (K5) 100 

Kennedy,  (B2)....  232 

Kenneth,    (CI2)...  225 

Kensington,  (D8)..  244 

Kent,  (B7) 238 

Kenyon.OlD 1.237 

Kerkhoven,   (E9)..  432 

Kiester,    (H12)....  258 

Kilkenny,  (J  U)...  .  208 

Kimball,  (G9) 312 

Kinbrae,  (D12) 137 

Kingston,  (G9)....  250 

Kinney,    (K4) 400 

Knife  River,   (M5)  491 

Lac  qui  Parle,  (DIO)  100 

La  Crescent,  (NI2)  372 

Lafayette,    (GU)..  195 

Lake  Benton.  (CU)  844 
Lake  City,  (LI  1).. 3, 142 
Lake     Crystal, 

(GU) 1,055 

Lake  Elmo,  (KIO)..  200 

Lakefield,  (EI2)...  924 

Lake  Fremont,  (H9)  175 

Lakeland.  (KIO)...  200 

Lake  Park,  (C6) ...  740 

Lakeville,    010)...  385 

Lake  Wilson,  (CI2)  219 

Lambert,  (D4)....  100 

Lamberton,  (EU)..  552 

Lancaster,    (B2)...  204 

Lanesboro,      (MI2)  987 

Lansing,  012) 200 

Laporte,   (FS) 140 

Laprau-ie,  (HS),...  48 

La  Salle,  (GU)....  ISO 

Lengby,   (D4) 167 

Le  Roy,  (KI2)...,  702 

Lester  Prairie,  (GIO)  420 
Le  Sueur,  (HU). .  .  1,755 
Lesueur     Center, 

(HU) 741 

Lcwiston,  (M12)...  473 

Lewisville,    (GI2)..  218 

Lexington,  (HU)..  100 

Lindstrom,  (K9)...  522 

Lismore,  (D12)....  268 
Litchfield,    (G9)... 2,333 


INDEX  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES 


(MINNESOTA'MISSISSIPPI) 


359 


Little  Falls,  (G8).. 6,078 
Littldork,   (Hi)...     104 

London,  (J12) 175 

Long  Lake,  (J9)...  161 
Long  Prairie,  (F8)  1,.'50 
Longville,  (G6)...  lUO 
Lonsdale,  (110)....    271 

Loretto,   (H9) 150 

Louisburg,  (C9)...      88 

Lowry,  (D8) 252 

Lucan,    (EU) 98 

Luce,  (D6) 139 

Luverne,  (C12). ..  .2,540 

Lylc,  (K12) 552 

Lynd,  (DU) 200 

McGregor,  (J6)...  126 
Mcintosh,  (D4)...  634 
McKinley,    (L4)...    411 

Mabel,  (M12) 549 

Madelia,  (GU) 1,273 

Madison,  (C9)....1,8H 
Madison    Lake, 

(HU) 335 

Magnolia,  (C12)...  189 
Mahnomen,  (DS)..    796 

Mallard,  (E5) 78 

Manchester,  (J12)  125 
Manitoba  Junction, 

(C6) 100 

Mankato,  (HID. .  10,365 
Mantorville,  (KlI)  410 
Maplebay,  (C4) . .  110 
Maple  Lake,  (H9)  522 
Maple  Plain,  (H9)  230 
Maoleton,    (G12)..    809 

Marble,  QS) 887 

Marietta,  (€10)...  338 
Marine  Mills,  (1C9)  491 
Marshall,  (DU). .  .2,152 
Matawan,    (H12)..     100 

Mayer,  (HIO) 161 

Maynard,  (DIO)...  386 
Mazeppa,  (LID...  471 
Medford,  (JU)....  250 
Meiregrove,   (F8)..     163 

Melby,  (D7) 100 

Melrose,   (F8) 2,591 

Menahga,  (F6)....  346 
Mendota,  (JIO)....    245 

Mentor.    (C4) 222 

Meridcn,  ail)....    200 

Mesaba,  (L4) 84 

Middle  River,  (C3)    149 


Midway,  (L6) 100 

Milaca,    (H8) 1,102 

Milan,    (D9) 468 

Millerviile.  (E7)...  150 
Millville,  (1,11)....     156 

Milroy,  (Ull) 137 

Minneapolis, 

(JIO) 301,408 

Minnciska,  (Mil)  395 
Minneota,  (ClO)...  819 
Minnesota    City, 

(Mil) 211 

Minnesota     Lake, 

(H12) 445 

Minnetonka  Beach, 

(JIO) 166 

Mizpah,  (G4) 149 

Molde,  (M51 100 

Monterey,  (F12).  ..  177 
Montevideo.  (DIO)  3,056 
Montgomery,  (Jll)  1,267 
Monticello,  (H9)..  858 
Montrose,  (H9)...  284 
Moorhead,  (B6)... 4,840 
Mooselake,  (K7)...    526 

Mora,  08) 892 

Morgan,   (FU)....    553 

Morris,  (D8) 1,685 

Morristown,     (Jll)    592 

Morton,  (FIO) 761 

Motley,  (F7) 428 

Mound,  (HIO) 300 

Mt.  Iron,  (K4)... 1,343 
Mt.    Lake,  (F12)..  1,081 

Munger,  (L6) 150 

Murdock,  (E9)....    288 

Myrtle,   (J12) 150 

Nary,    (F5) 49 

Nashua,    (07) 271 

Nashwauk,   (J5)... 2,080 

Nassau,  (C9) 213 

Nelson,  (E8) 157 

Nerstrand,  (KU)..    292 

Nevis.  (F6) 238 

New  Auburn,  (GIO)  261 
New  Brighton,  (JIO)  375 
New  Duluth,  (L6)  800 
Newfolden,  (C3)...  300 
New    Germany, 

(GIO) 210 

New  London,  (E9)  418 
Newmarket,  (JIO)  901 
New  Munich,  (F8)    190 


Newport,  (KIO)...  370 
New  Prague,  (HIO)  1,554 
New     Richland, 

(H12) 685 

New  Trier,  (KIO)..  144 
NewUlm,  (FU).  .  .5,648 
New  York  Mills,  (E6)  474 
Nicollet,  (GU)....  338 
Nielsville,  (B4)....  250 
Norcross,  (C8)....  177 
Northbranch,  (K9)  642 
Northfield.  (JU)..  3,265 
N.  Mankato,  (GU)  1,279 
Northome,  (G4)...  206 
North  Prairie,  (G8)  100 
N.  Redwood,  (ElO)  143 
N.  Saint  Paul,  (K9)  1,404 
Norwood,  (HIO)...    522 

Nyraore,  (FS) 8.H 

Oakland,  (J12)....     110 

Odessa,  (C9) 235 

Odin,  (F 12) 139 

Ogema,  (D5) 171 

Ogilvie,   (J8) 270 

Okabena, (E12)....    225 

Oklce,  (D4) 100 

Olivia,  (FIO) 960 

Onamia,  (H7) 314 

Orleans,    (B2) 100 

Orrasby,   (F12) 112 

Oronoco,  (LU) 220 

Ortonville,    (C9)... 1,774 

Osakis,   (E8) 1,013 

Oslo.  (A3) 344 

Osseo,    (J9) 390 

Ostrander,  (L12)..  250 
Ottawa,  (HU)....  240 
Ottertail,  (E7)....  176 
Owatonna,  (Jll).  ..5,658 
Parkers  Prairie,  (E7)  383 
Park  Rapids,  (F6)  1,801 
Paynesville,  (F9)..    901 

Pelan,  (C2) 150 

Pelican      Rapids, 

(D6) 1,019 

Peraberton,     (Hll)    250 

Pennock,  (E9) 189 

Pequot,  (G6) 260 

Perham,  (D6) 1,376 

Perley,    (B5) 188 

Peterson,  (M12)...    266 

Petrell,  (M5) 100 

Philbrook,    (F7)...    100 


Pickwick,  (M 12)...     150 

Pierz,  (G7) 545 

Pike,   (L4) too 

Pillager,   (G7) 216 

Pine  City,  (K8)...  1,258 
Pine  Island,  (KU)  834 
Pine  River,  (G6).  ..  329 
Pipestone,  (CU)..  .2,475 
Plainview,  (LU)... 1,175 

Plato,   (GIO) 238 

Pleasant     Grove, 

(L12) 100 

Plummer,  (D4) 139 

Porter,    (CIO) 253 

Potsdam,  (LU)...  100 
Preston,  (L12). ...  1,193 
Princeton,  (H8).  ..1,555 
Prior  Lake,  (JIO)..     162 

Proctor,    (L6) 2,243 

Prosper,  (M12) 100 

Racine,  (K12) 230 

Rainy    Lake    City, 

(J2) 25 

Randall,  (F7) 195 

Randolph,  (KIO)..     182 

Ranier,  (J2) 190 

Raymond,  (E9)...  334 
Reading,  (012)....    250 

Redby,    (F4) 92 

Red  Lake,  (E4)....  125 
Red     Lake     Falls, 

(C4) 1,757 

Red  Wing,  (LIO)...  9,048 
Redwood     Falls, 

(ElO) 1,666 

Reeds,  (LU) 150 

Reno,  (N12) 100 

Renville,  (ElO). ..  .1,182 

Revere,  (Ell) 134 

Rice,  {G8) 262 

Richdale,  (E6) 100 

Richfield,  (JIO). ..  .2,673 

Richland,  UU) 100 

Richmond,  (G8).  ..  563 
Rich  VaUey,  (JIO).  100 
Richville,  (D6)....  255 
Richwood,  (D6)...  100 
Robbinsdale,  a9)..  765 
Rochester,  (LU).. 7,844 
Rockcreek,  (K8) ...  150 
Rockford,  (H9)...  287 
Rockville.  (G9)....  127 
Rogers,  (H9) 275 


Rolling  Stone,  (Mil)  205 
Ronneby,  (H8),...  132 
Roosevelt,    (E2)...    252 

Roseau,  (D2) 644 

Rose  Creek,  (K12)  202 
Rosemount,  (JIO)..    238 

Rothsay,  (C7) 343 

Round  Lake,  {E12)  237 
Royalton,  (G8) ....  676 
Ru.shCity,  (K8)...  964 
Rushford     (city), 

(M12) 1,011 

Rushford    (village), 

(M12) 686 

Rusbmore,  (D12)..    237 

Russell,  (DU) 262 

Ruthton,  (CU)....    290 

Rutledge,  (K7) 89 

Sabin,  (B6) 300 

Sacred  Heart,  (ElO)  587 
Saint  Augusta,  (G9)  150 
St.  Bonifacius,  (HIO)  275 
St.  Charles,  (M12)  1,159 
Saint  Clair,  (Hll)..  323 
Saint  Cloud,  (G8)  10,600 
Saint  Francis,  (J9)  370 
Saint  Hilaire,  (C3)  468 
Saint  James,  (FU)  2,102 
Saint  Joseph,  (G8)  706 
St.  Louis  Pk.,  (JIO)  1,743 
Saint  Martin,  (F9)  177 
Saint  Michael,  (H9)  401 
St.  Michael  Sta.,(H9)  222 
ST.  PAUL,(K10)  214,744 
St.  Paul  Park,  (K9)  832 
Saint  Peter,  (GU)  4,176 
Saint  Vincent,  (A2)    328 

Sanborn,  (Ell) 462 

Sandstone,  (K7)..  .1,818 
Sargeant,  (K12)...      76 

Sartell.   (G8) 240 

Sauk  Center,  (F8)  2,154 
Sauk  Rapids,  (G8)  1,745 

Savage,   GIO) 300 

Scandia,  (K9) 150 

Scanlon,   (L6) 572 

Seaforth,  (EU)....     158 

Sebeka,     (E6) 428 

Sedan,  (E8) 127 

Sellwood,  (M4)....     100 

Shafer,  (K9) 150 

Shakopee,  (HIO)... 2,302 
Shelly,  (B5) 195 


Sberburn,  (FI2)...    814 

Shevlin,  (E4) 172 

Silver  Creek,  (G9)  100 
Silver  Lake,   (GIO)    382 

Skibo,  (M5) ISO 

Slayton,  (D12)....  850 
Sleepy  Eye,  (FU).. 2,247 

Solway,  (E4) 85 

South  Haven,  (G9)  287 
SouthPark,  (JIO).  .  250 
S.Saint  Paul,  (JIO)  4,510 
S.  Stillwater,  (K9)  1,343 

Sparta,    (L5) 100 

Spicer,  (E9) 228 

Spooner,  (F2) 668 

Springfield,  (EU).. 1,482 
Spring  Grove,  (M12)  620 
Spring  Hill,  (F8)...  100 
Spring  Lake,  (K8)  200 
Springpark,  (HIO)  100 
Spring  Vale,  (J8) . .  100 
Spring    Valley, 

(L12) 1,817 

Stacy,  (K9) 150 

Staples,  (F7) 2,558 

Starbuck,  (E8)... .    497 

Steen,    (C12) 250 

Stephen,  (B3) 618 

Stevenson,  (J5) 200 

Stewart,  (GIO)....  412 
Stewartville,  (K12)  794 
StUlwater,  (K9)..  10,198 
Stockton,  (Mil)...     100 

Storden,  (EU) 325 

Strandquist,  (33)..  150 
Sturgeon  Lake,  (K7)    183 

Sunburg,  (E9) 125 

Sundby,    (L6) 100 

Sunrise,  (K8) 130 

Swanville,  (F8) ....    397 

Taconite,  (J5) 549 

Taopi,    (K12) 140 

Taunton,  (DIO). ..  205 
Taylors  Falls,  (K9)    454 

Tenney,  (C7) 185 

Tenstrike,  (F4)....  250 
Terrebonne,  (C4)..  200 
Theilman.  (LU)...  150 
Thief    River    Falls, 

(C3) 3,714 

Thomson,  (L6)....     169 

Tintah,  (C8) 217 

Tonka  Bay,  (HIO)    107 


Tower,  (L4) 1,111 

Tracy,  (DU) 1,876 

Triumph,   (F12)...    243 

Trosky,  (C12) 181 

Truman,  (F12) 451 

Turtle  River,  (F4)  108 
TwinLakes,  (J12)..  100 
Twin  Valley,  (C5)..  543 
Two  Harbors,  (M5)  4,990 

Tyler,   (CU) 614 

Ulen,  (C5) 438 

Underwood,  (D7)..    400 

Utica,  (M12) 172 

Valley  Creek,  (KfO)    130 

Vasa,  (KIO) 200 

Verdi,   (CU) 150 

Vergas,  (D6) 237 

Vermillion,  (KIO)..  161 
Verndale,  (F7).  ...  538 
Vernon    Center, 

(G12) 289 

Veseli,   (JIO) 235 

Vesta,  (ElO) 243 

Victoria,  (HIO)....    250 

Viking,  (C3) 200 

Villard,  (E8) 260 

Vining,  (E7) 212 

Viola,  (LU) 140 

Virginia,  (L4). ...  10,473 
Wabasha,  (LU). .  .2,622 
Wabasso,  (EU)....  343 
Waconia,   (HIO)...    817 

Wadena,  (E7) 1,820 

Wahkon,  (J7) 425 

Waite  Park,  (G8).  .  406 
Waldorf,  (H12)....    225 

Walker,  (F5) 917 

Walnut  Grove,  (DU)  366 
Walters,  (H12)....  103 
Waltham,  (K12)...  170 
Wanamingo,   (KU)    450 

Wanda,  (Ell) 129 

Warba,  (J5) 300 

Warren,    (B3) 1,613 

Warroad,  (E2)....  927 
Warsaw,  (JU)....  150 
Waseca,  (HU). ..  .3,054 
Washington,  (L12)  100 
Wasioja,  (KU)....  100 
Waterford,  (JIO)..  150 
Watertown,  (HIO)  465 
Waterville,  (JU)..  1,273 
Watkins,  (G9) 366 


Watson,  (D9) 152 

Waubun,   (D5) 230 

Waverly,  (H9)....  460 
VVayzata,  (JIO)....  492 
Weaver,  (Mil)....     140 

Webster,  (JU) 200 

Wegdahl,  (DIO)...  175 
Welcome,   (F12)...    543 

Wells,  (H12) 1,755 

Wendell,  (C7) 175 

Wesely,  (JIO) 235 

Westbrook,  (EU)..  429 
W.  Concord,  (KU)  584 
West    Minneapolis, 

UIO) 3,022 

Westport,  (E8).  ...  175 
W.St.  Paul,  (JIO).. 2,660 
West  Union,  (E8)..  161 
Whalan,  (M12)...  .  121 
Wheatland,  (HU)  85 
Wheaton,  (C8). ...  1,300 
White   Bear   Lake, 

(J9) 1,505 

White  Earth,  (D5)    350 

Wilder,  (E12) 95 

Willmar,  (E9) 4,135 

Willow  River, 

(K7) 212 

Wilmont,  (D12)...    258 

Wilton,  (F4) 215 

Windom,  (E12) 1,749 

Winger,  (D4) 325 

Winnebago,  (G12)  1,554 
Winona,  (Mil)... 18,583 

Winsted,  (GIO) 296 

Winthrop,   (GIO)..  1,043 

Winton,  (M4) 430 

Witoka,  (M12)....  ISO 
Wolverton,  (B6)...  290 
Woodlake,  (ElO)..  292 
Woodstock,  (CU)  226 
Worthington,  (E12)  2,385 
Wrenshall,   (L6).  ..    200 

Wykoff,  (L12) 456 

Wylie,  (C4) 100 

Wyoming,  (K9) ...  207 
Young     America, 

(HIO) 303 

Zimmerman,     (H9)    250 

Zions,  (G9) 250 

Zumbro  Falls, 

(LU) 208 

Zumbrota,  (K11)..I,138 


MISSISSIPPI 


Abbeville,  (F3)....  243 
Aberdeen,  (G4).... 3,708 
Ackerman,  (F5)...  1,398 

Acona.   (D5) 150 

Adair,  (D5) 250 

Agricultural     Col- 
lege, (GS) 200 

Airey.(FlO) 110 

Albertson,    (F8).,.  328 

Alcorn,  (B8) 200 

Algoma,    (F3) 152 

Alligator,   (C3)....  250 

Almadale,    (D7)...  100 

Amory,  (H4) 2,122 

Anding,    (D6) 150 

AnguiUa,  (C6) 500 

Arbo.  (E8) 200 

Arcadia,  (B6) 100 

Areola,   (C5) 512 

Arkabutla.  (D2)...  217 

Artesia,  (G5) 535 

Ashland,  (F2) 146 

Atlanta,    (F4) 100 

Austin,  (D2) 105 

Bailey,  (G7) 175 

Baird,  (C5) 192 

Baldivyn,  (G3) 787 

Banks,   (D2) 150 

Banner,  (F3) 116 

Barlow,  (C8) 171 

B.assfield.   (E8) . . . .  344 

Batcsville.    (E3)...  774 

Battlefield,  (G6) ...  200 

Baxterville,  (E9)..  200 
Bav  St.  Louis,(Fll)  3,388 

Bay  Springs,  (F8) . .  836 

Beaumont,  (G9)...  250 

Beauregard,  (D8)..  240 

Belden,  (G3) 220 

Belen,  (D3) 193 

Belletontaine,    (F4)  160 

Belleprairie,  (D6)..  230 

Belmont.   (H2)....  367 

Belzoni,  (C5) 1,0S9 

Benoit,  (C4) 412 

Benton.  (D6) 200 

Bentonia,  (D6)....  250 

Berclair,  (DS) 150 

Beulah,  (B4) 369 

Bexley,  (GIO) 150 

Bigbee,  (G3) 100 

Bigbee  Valley,  (H5)  100 

Big  Creek,  (F4)....  100 

Biloxi,  (GU) 8,049 

Binnsville,  (H6) .  . .  300 

Black  Hawk,  (E5)..  250 

Blaine,    (C4) 150 

Blue  Lake,  (D4)...  200 

Blue  Mountain,  (F2)  650 

Blue  Springs,   (G3)  167 

Bobo.    (C3) ISO 

Bogue  Chitto,  (C9)  841 

Bolivar,  (B4) 120 

Bolton,  (D7) 632 

Bond,   (FIO) 536 

Bon  Hommie,  (F9)  150 
Booneville,(H2)... 1,337 

Booth,  (C6) 125 

Boyd,  (D9) 100 

Boyle,  (C4) 444 

Bradley,  (G5) 100 

Brandon,   (E7)....  720 

Braxton,  (E7) 286 

Brazelia,    (H5)....  100 

Brevoort,  (C6).  ...  100 
Brookhaven.(C8)..  5,293 

Brooklyn,  (F9)....  200 

Brookville,  (G5)...  850 

Bucatunna.   (G8)..  421 

Buena   Vista.    (G4)  231 

Bumsville,  (H2)...  336 

Byhalia,  (E2) 511 


Byram,  (D7) 125 

Caledonia,  (H4)...  137 

Calhoun  City,  (F4)  477 

Camden,  (E6) 170 

Canton,  (E6) 3,929 

Carolina,  (B6) 110 

Carpenter,   (C7)...  150 

Carriere,  (ElO) 500 

Carrollton,  (E5)...  608 

Carson,  (E8) 150 

Carthage,  (E6) 315 

Gary,    (C6) 150 

Cascilla,     (D4)....  85 

Cato,  (E7) 180 

CedarbluSf,  (G4)...  216 

Centerville,    (B9) . .  865 

Chancy,  (D3) 150 

Charleston,   (D3)..  1,834 

Cherry  Creek,  (F3)  100 

Chester,  (FS) 62 

Chesterville,  (G3),  .  130 

Chotard,  (C6) 100 

Chritton,    (C3)....  100 

Chulahoma,  (E2)..  100 

Chunky,  (G7) 280 

Clarksburg,  (E7)..  100 
Clarksdale,(D3)... 4,079 

Clarkson,   (F4) 100 

Claude,  (E9) 100 

Clayton,  (D2) 150 

Clermont  Harbor, 

(FU) 100 

Cleveland,   (C4 )...!, 001 

Cliftonville,  (H5)..  100 

Clinton,  (D7) 767 

Clover  Hill,  (D3)..  230 

Clyde,  (F9) 100 

Coahoma,  (D3)....  211 

Cockrum,  (E2)....  150 

Coffeeville,  (E4)...  421 

Coldwater,  (E2)...  774 

Coles,   (B9) 100 

Collcgehill,  (E3)...  125 

Collins,  (E9) 2,581 

Columbia,  (E9)....  2,029 
Columbus,  (GS)... 8,988 

Como,  (E2) 905 

Conehatta,  (F7)...  152 

Conway,  (E6) 100 

Cooperville,  (E7)..  100 

Coral,   (E9) 100 

Corinth,  (H2) 5,020 

Cotton  Plant,  (G2)  110 

Courtland,  (E3)...  304 

Craig,  (C6) 500 

Crawford,  (GS)....  396 

Crenshaw,  (D3)...  358 

Crossroads,  (GIO)..  300 

Cruger.  (DS) 500 

Crystal     Springs, 

(D8) 1,343 

Cude,  (DS) 150 

Cumberland,     (F4)  100 

Dahomy,   (C4) 100 

Daleville,  (G6)....  100 

Dancy,   (F4) 143 

Darden,  (F2) 100 

Dariing,  (D3) 150 

Decatur,  (F7) 283 

Deeson,  (C3) 100 

DeKalb,  (G6) 400 

De  Lisle,  (FID...  100 

Dennis,  (H2) 147 

Derma,  (F4) 383 

DeSoto,  (G8) 240 

Dixon,  (F6) 110 

DIo,  (E8) 284 

Doddsville,    (D4)..  200 

Donovan,  (HIO).  ..  100 

Dorsey,  (H3) 200 

Dossville,  (E6) 250 

Drew,  (D4) 278 


Dry  Grove,  (D7)..  250 

Dubbs,  (02) 125 

Dublin,  (03) 400 

Duck  Hill.  (E4)....  499 

Dumas,  (G2) 130 

Duncan,  (C3) 284 

Duncansby,  (B6)..  180 

Dundee,  (D2) 250 

Durant,  (E5) 1,881 

Eastside,  (GU)....  819 

Ebenezer,  (D6)....  130 

Ecru,  (F3) 475 

Eddiceton,  (C8)...  350 

Eden,   (D6) 176 

Edinburg,  (F6)....  250 

Edith,  (G9) 100 

Edwards,   (C7)....  589 

Egypt,    (G4) 110 

Elarbee.  (FIO) 150 

Elizabeth,  (C5)....  110 

Elliott,   (E4) 161 

EUisville,  (F8) 2,446 

Elwood,   (G7) 100 

Endville,  (G3) 150 

Enid,  (E3) 191 

Enterprise,  (G7)...  877 

Epps,  (F9) 100 

Escatawpa,  (GU)..  125 

Essex,  (D3) 100 

Estabutchie,  (F9)..  631 

Ethel,   (E5) 400 

Eudora,   (02) 110 

Eupora,  (F4) 896 

Evansville,  (D2)...  100 

Fairport,  (G5) 100 

Fair  River,  (D8)...  100 

Falcon,  (D3) 130 

Falkner,  (G2) 148 

Fannin,  (E7) 200 

Farrell,  (C3) 250 

Fayette,  (B8) 775 

F'earns  Springs,  (GS)  130 

Fenton,  (FU) 125 

Fentress,  (F5) 67 

Flora,  (06) 747 

Florence,  (D7)....  260 

Forest,  (F7) 1,136 

Fort  Adams,  (A9)..  133 

French  Camps.  (FS)  220 

Friar  Point,  (C3)..  875 

Fulton,  (H3) 194 

Gainesville,  (Ell)..  150 

Gallman,   (D8)....  188 

Gandsi,  (F8) 232 

Garlandville,     (F7)  100 

Gattman,  (H4)....  155 

Gauticr,  (GU)....  100 

Geeville,  (G2) 120 

Georgetown,     (08)  550 

Gibson,  (G4) 125 

Gilford,  (F7) 165 

Gillsburg,  (C9)....  200 

Gitano,  (F8) 100 

Glen  Allen,  (BS)...  250 

Glendora,  (D4)....  207 

Gloster,  (C9) 1,486 

Gluckstadt,  (D6)..  100 

Golden,  (H3) 20? 

Good  Hope,  (E6)..  200 

Goodman,  (E6) 603 

Grace,  (C6) 200 

Grand  Gulf,  (B7)..  200 
Graysport,  (E4).  ..1,409 

Greengrove,  (C3)..  200 
Greenville,  (B5)... 9,610 
Greenwood,  (05).. 5,836 

Grenada,  (E4) 2,814 

Gulfport,  (FU) 6,386 

Gunnison,  (C4). .. .  513 

Guntown,  (G3) 330 

Hale,  (G8) 100 

Hamburg,  (B8) 234 


Hampton,  (C5).. ..  100 

Handsboro,  (FU)..  907 

Hardy  Station,  (E4)  166 

Harperville,  (F7)..  179 

Harriston,  (C8)....  253 
Hattiesburg,  (F9)  11,733 
Hazlehurst,  (D8).. 2,056 

Heidelberg,  (F8)...  477 

Hermanville,     (C8)  300 

Hernando,  (D2)...  660 

Hickman,  (E9)....  150 

Hickory,  (F7) 600 

Hickory  Flat,  (F2)  261 

Highlandale,     (04)  200 

Highpoint,  (FS)...  104 

Hillsboro,  (F7) 180 

Hinchcliff,  (03)...  100 

Hiwannee,  (G8)...  217 

Holcomb,  (E4)....  152 

Hollandale,    (C5)..  481 

Holly  Bluff,  (C6)..  105 
Holly  Springs,  (E2)  2,192 

Holly  Ridge,  (C5)..  163 

Hollywood,   (D2)..  500 

Holmcsville,  (D9)..  150 

Home  Park,  (D6)..  150 

Horaewood,   (F7)..  100 

Hopewell,  (08)....  100 

Horn  Lake,  (E2)...  200 

Houlka,   (G3) 389 

Houston,  (G4) 1,400 

Howard,  (DS) 120 

Howison,    (FIO)...  250 

Hub,  (E9) 200 

Hurley,  (GIO) 120 

Huron,   (C9) 100 

Increase,  (G7) 160 

Inda,  (FIO) 150 

Independence,  (E2)  106 
Indianola,  (C5). ...  1,098 

Ingomar,    (F3) 234 

Inverness,  (CS)....  221 

Isola,  (C5) 478 

Ittabena,  (04) 1,427 

luka,  (H2) 1,221 

JACKSON.  (07)  21,262 

Jacobs,  (B8) 100 

Jessie,  (E6) 150 

Johnstons  Sta.,(C9)  170 

Jonestown,  (03)...  360 

Keel,  (F3) 100 

Kendrick,  (H2)....  100 

Kilmichael,  (ES)...  380 

Kiln,   (FU) 150 

Kipling,  (G6) 200 

Kirkville,  (H3)....  ISO 

Knoxville,  (B9) 168 

Kola,  (E8) 100 

Kosciusko.  (E5)... 2,385 

Kossuth,  (G2) 193 

Ladner,  (FIO) 130 

Lafayette    Springs, 

(F3) 140 

Lake,  (F7) 429 

Lake  Como,  (F8)..  150 
Lake     Cormorant, 

(02) 200 

Lakeshore,   (FU)..  200 

Lamar,  (F2) 75 

Lambert,  (D3) 573 

Latonia,  (HIO)....  200 

Lauderdale,  (H6)..  500 

Laurel,    (F8) 8,465 

Lawrence,  (F7)....  200 

Leaf,  (G9) 100 

Leakesville,   (G9).  .  466 

Learned,  (C7) 134 

Leiand.  (CS) 1,547 

Lena,  (E6) 200 

Leota  Landing,  (B5)  300 
Lexington,   (ES)... 2,428 

Liberty,   (C9) 556 


Little  Springs,  (C9)  200 

Lizana,   (FIO) 100 

Lockhart,  (G6)....  100 

Logtown,    (EU)...  300 

Long  Beach,  (FU)  1,026 

Longtown,  (D2)...  250 

Longview,    (GS)...  190 

Lorena.  (F7) 200 

Lorenzen,  (C6)....  150 

Lorraine,  (FU) 100 

Louin,  (F7) 523 

Louise.  (C6) 69 

Louisville,  (FS).  ...1,181 

Love  Station,  (E2)  108 

Lucedale,  (GIO)...  797 

Lucien,  (C8) 153 

Ludlow,  (E6) 150 

Lula,    (D3) 160 

Lumberton,  (ElO)  2,122 

Lyman,  (FIO) 100 

Lynn  Creek,  (GS)..  100 

Lyon,    (C3) 223 

Lytal,  (G2) 100 

McCall,  (C9) 150 

McComb,  (C9).... 6,237 

McCool,   (FS) 422 

McHcnry,  (FIO)...  627 

McLain,  (G9) 250 

McLaurin,   (F9)...  250 

McNair,  (B8) 200 

McNeill,  (ElO)....  200 

Maben,  (F4) 539 

Macon,  (GS) 2,024 

Madison  Sta.,  (D7)  450 

Magee,  (E8) 685 

Magnolia,  (D9)....  1,823 

Malcum,  (08) 100 

Mantachie,    (H3)..  161 

Mantee,   (F4) 222 

Marathon,  (CS)...  125 

Marie,  (C4) 100 

Marietta,  (H3)....  146 

Marion,  (G7) 100 

Marks,  (03) 670 

Mashulaville,    (GS)  150 

Matagorda,  (03)..  100 

Mathiston,  (F4)...  576 

Mattson,   (D3)....  150 

MayersviUe,  (C6)..  185 

Mayhew,   (GS) 180 

Meadville,   (C9)...  260 

MeehanJunc.,(G7).  100 

Mendenhall,  (E8)..  606 
Meridian,  (G7). .  .23,285 

Merigold,  (C4)....  241 

Merrill,  (GIO) 328 

Michigan  City,  (F2)  54 

Midnight,  (CS)....  200 

Millard,  (ElO) 100 

Miller,  (E2) 150 

Minter  City,    {D4)  600 

Mish,  (E8) 100 

Mississippi     City, 

(GU) 300 

MUe,  (E8) 321 

Money,    (D4) 125 

Monroe,   (C9) 110 

Monticello,    (08)..  450 

Montpelier,  (G4)..  100 

Montrose,  (F7) 427 

Moorhead,  (OS)...  506 

Morton,   (E7) 374 

Moselle,    (F9) 241 

Moss,  (F8) 150 

Moss  Point,  (Hll)  3,054 

Mound  Bayou,  (C4)  537 

Mount  Carmel,  (E8)  200 
Mount  Olive,  (E8)  1,077 

Mt.  Pleasant,   (F2)  l.iO 

Muldon,  (G4) 150 

Mullonville,  (E6)..  100 

Myrtle,  (F2) 255 


Napanee,  (C5) ISO 

Natchez,  (B8). ...  11,791 

Nesbitt,   (D2) 122 

Neshoba,  (F6) ....  300 
Nettleton,  (G3)...  733 
New  Albany,  (F2)  2,032 
New  Augusta,  (F9)  400 
Newhebron,  (08)..     191 

Newton,  (F7) 1,878 

Newtonia,  (B9) . . . .  100 
Nicholson,   (EU)..    348 

Nola,  (08) 130 

Norfield,  (C9) 889 

Northcarrollton, 

(E4) 302 

N.  Greenwood,  (04)  269 
Noxapater,  (F6)...    311 

Nugent,  (FU) 100 

Oakland,  (E3) 351 

Oakley,  (C7) 125 

Oak  Vale,  (E9) 298 

Ocean     Springs, 

(GU) 1,472 

Odile,    (E9) 100 

Ofahoma,  (E6) 100 

Okolona,  (G3) 2,584 

Olive  Branch,  (E2)    221 

Oma,  (08) 100 

Ora,  (E8) 462 

Orange  Grove,  (Hll)  100 
Orvisburg,  (ElO)..    187 

Osyka,   (D9) 824 

Ovett,  (G9) 383 

Owens  Wells,  (D5)    130 

Oxford,  (F3) 2,014 

Pace,  (C4) 100 

Pachuta,  (G7) 187 

Paden,    (H2) 186 

Paris,  (F3) 137 

Pascagoula,  (HU)  3,379 
Pass    Christian, 

(FU) 2,458 

Pattison,  (C8) 151 

Paulding,  (F7) ISO 

Paynes,    (04) 150 

Pearlh.ven,  (08).  .  499 
Pearlington,  (EU)  300 
Pelahatchee,  (E7)..    943 

Penton,    (D2) 100 

Percy,  (CS) 200 

Perkinston,  (FIO)..  200 
Perthshire,  (C4)...    400 

Petal,    (F9) 150 

Pheba,(G4) 282 

Philadelphia,  (F6)  1.209 

Philipp,   (D4) 200 

Picayune,  (ElO)...    846 

Pickens,   (E6) 619 

Pinebur,  (E9) 100 

Pine  Valley,  (E3). .    200 

Pinola,   (E8) 241 

Pittman,  (E9) 100 

Pittsboro,  (F4).  ...  249 
Plantersville,  (G3)  165 
Plattsburg,  (F6)...  100 
Pleasant  Hill,  (E2)  182 
Pocahontas,  (D7)..  130 
Pontotoc,   (F3)....  1,277 

Pope,  (E3) 163 

Poplar  Springs,  (G3)  53 
Poplarville,  (FIO)..  1,272 
Port  Gibson,  (C8)..  2,252 

Potosi,  (C6) 200 

Potts  Camp,  (F2)..    312 

Prairie,  (G4) 160 

Prairie  Point,  (H5)    250 

Prentiss,  (ES) 640 

Puckett,  {E7) 100 

Pulaski,  (E7) 100 

Purvis,    (F9) 724 

Quincy,  (H4) 150 

(Juitman,  (G7) 950 


Raleigh,   (E7) 210 

Randolph,  (F3)...  162 
Rara  Avis,  (H3)...     150 

Ratlifl,  (G3) 150 

Raymond.  (07)...    579 

Recluse,    (FIO) 100 

Reform,  (F5) 114 

Renalara,  (C3)....     125 

Rich,  (03) 200 

Richburg.  (F9) 100 

Richey,  (C5) 100 

Richton,  (G9) 1,250 

Ridgeland,  (07).  ..     158 

Rienzi.  (G2) 434 

Ripley,  (G2) 767 

Robinsonville.  (D2)  300 
Rockiwrt,  (08).  ..     150 

Rodney,  (B8) 338 

Rolling  Fork,  (C6)    850 

Rome.  (C4) 148 

Rosedale,  (C4). ...  1,103 

Rose  Hill,  (F7) 300 

Rosetta.  (B9) 150 

Roxie.  (B8) 294 

Ruleville.  (D4)....  451 
Rural  Hill,  (FS)...     150 

Russum,  (B8) 120 

Sabougia,  (F4)... .    150 

Sallis.    (ES) 247 

Saltillo,  (G3) 306 

Sandersville,  (G8) . .  604 
Sandy   Hook,    (E9)    100 

Sanford,   (F9) 150 

Sarah,  (02) 100 

Saratoga,  (E8) 150 

Sardis,  (E3) 1,406 

Sarepta,  (F3) 162 

Satartia,  (C6) 187 

Saucier,  (FIO) 255 

Schlater,  (04) 400 

Scobey,  (E4) 165 

Scooba,  (H6) 322 

Seminary,  (F8)....  526 
Senatobia,  (E2). . . .  1,275 

Sessums,  (G5) 100 

Shannon,   (G3)....    564 

Sharon,  (E6) 150 

Shaw,   (C4) 871 

Shelby,  (C4) 645 

Sherman,   (G3)....    553 

Shiloh,    (B6) 100 

Shivers,    (D8) 198 

Shubuta,  (G8) 1,168 

Shuqualak,  ((j6). . .    636 

Sidon,  (D5) 391 

Silver  City,  (CS).  ..  ,341 
Silver  Creek,  (08)  544 
Silver  Springs,  (G2)  100 
Slate  Spring,  (F4)..     175 

Sledge,   (D3) 275 

Smithdale,  (C9)...  100 
Smithville,  (H3)...    179 

Sontag,  (D8) 100 

Soso,   (F8) 162 

S.Pascogoula,  (GU)  350 
Spanish  Fort,  (C6)  100 
Springville.  (F3).  .  .  100 
Standing  Pine,  (E6)    200 

Star,  (07) 260 

Starkville,(G5)....  2,698 
State  Line,  (G9)...    363 

Stewart,    (F5) 188 

Stoneville,  (C5) 200 

Stonewall,  (G7) 1,000 

Stonington,  (C8)...  150 
Strayhom,  (D2)...     137 

Stringer,  (F8) 267 

Strongs,   (G4) 100 

Sturgis,  (FS) 321 

Summerland,     (F8)    100 

Summit,  (D9) 1,471 

Sumner,  (D4) 364 


Sumrall,  (E9) 2,046 

Sunflower,  (D4)...  350 
Sunny  Side,  (D4)..  150 
Sycamore,  (G4) ....     100 

Sylvarena.  (F7) 200 

Taylor,  (E3) 147 

Taylorsville,  (F8)..    623 

Tchula,  (05) 478 

Terry,  (D7) 473 

Thaxton,  (F3) 143 

Thornton,  (DS).  ..  64 
Thrasher,  (H2)...  100 
Tibbee  Sta..  (G4)..     100 

Tilden,  (H3) 100 

Tillatoba,  (E3) 163 

Tishomingo,  (H2).  .  212 
Toccopola,    (F3) ...    233 

Tocowa.  (D3) 57 

Tomnolen,  (F5)...  198 
Toomsuba.  (G7)...    300 

Trenton,  (E7) 200 

Troy,  (G3) 85 

Tula,  (F3) 151 

Tunica,    (02) 555 

Tupelo,  (G3) 3,881 

Tutwiler,  (D3)..  410 
Tylertown,  (D9)...    795 

Tyro,  (E2) 100 

Union,  (F6) 693 

Union  Church,  (C8)    150 

Upton,  (E8) 100 

Uriel,  (G8) 100 

Utica,  (C7) 572 

Vaiden,  (ES) 713 

Valley,  (06) 100 

Vance,    (D3) 180 

Vancleave,  (GIO)..  150 
Vardaman,  (F4).. .    439 

Vaughan,  (06) 200 

Vema,  (D9) 100 

Vernal,  (G9) 200 

Verona,    (G3) 558 

Vicksburg,   (C7).. 20,814 

Vosburg,  (G8) 200 

Wah.alak,  (G6)...  ,     107 

Waldo,  (F6) 100 

Wallfield,  (G3)....     100 

Walls,  (D2) 200 

Walnut,    (02) 160 

Walnut  Grove,  (F6)    199 

Walthall,  (F4) 171 

Wanilla,  (08) 150 

Washington,  (B8)..  100 
Waterford,  (F2)...  130 
Water  Valley,  (E3)  4,275 
Waveland,  (Ell).  .  554 
Waynesboro,  (08)  652 
Weathersby,  (E8) . .     175 

Webb,  (04) 292 

Weir,  (FS) 220 

Wesson,  (08) 2,024 

West,  (E5) 276 

West  Point,  (G4).. 4,864 

Wheeler.  (G2) 181 

Whitesand,  (E8)...     150 

Wiggins,  (FIO) 980 

Wilkesburg,  (E9) , .  150 
Williamsburg,  (E8)  100 
Wilsonville,   (C8)..     150 

Winbom,(F2) 100 

Winchester,  (G8)..    ISO 

Winona,   (F5) 2,512 

Winterville,   (B5)..     150 

Wisdom,  (FIO) 100 

Wisner,  (F8) 626 

Woodland,  (F4)...  156 
Woodville,   (B9)... 1,233 

Wren,  (G4) 100 

Yazoo  City,  (D6).. 6,796 

Zilpha,  (ES) ISO 

Zion,  (F6) 150 

Zion  Hill,  (C9)....    20O 


360 


(MISSOURI) 


INDEX  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES 


MISSOURI 


Adrian,  (D6) 929 

Advance.  (N8) 621 

Afiton,  (MS) 650 

Agency,  (Ci) 429 

Alanthus    Grove, 

(C2) 120 

Alba.  (D8) 1,000 

Albany,  (D2) 1.922 

Aldrich.  (E7) 225 

Alexandria,  (J2)...  650 
Allbrisht,  (M8)....  150 
Allendale,  (D2)....    243 

Allenton.  (L5) 250 

Allenville.  (N8)....    257 

Alma,   (E4) 319 

Altamont,  (D3) 270 

Altenburg,  (N7)...    279 

Altheim,  (M5) 150 

Alton,  (K9) 484 

Altona,  (D6) 67 

Amazonia.  (C3) 456 

Americus,   (J5) 100 

Amity,  (D3) 173 

Amoret,    (C6) 307 

Amsterdam.  (C6)..    162 

Anderson.  (D9) 721 

Anglum.  (M5) 300 

Annapolis.    (L8)...    160 

AnnbtoD.  (09) 364 

Anutt.  (J7) 130 

Appleton,  (N7) 98 

Appleton     City, 

(D6) 1,018 

Arbela,  (H2) 131 

Arcadia,   (L7) 289 

Archie,  (D6) 246 

Areola.   (E7) 300 

Ardeola.  (N8) 150 

Ardmore,   (G3)....    500 

Argyle,  (H6) 176 

Arkoe.  (C2) 87 

Armstrong.    (04)..    579 

Arnica.  (E7) 100 

Arrow  Rock.  (F4)..    336 

Asbury.  (C8) 200 

Ashbum.  (K3)....  295 
Asherville,  (M9)...  120 
Ashgrove.  (E81. ...  1,075 

Ashland,  (H5) 341 

Ashley,  (K4) 480 

Ashton.  (J2) 200 

Athens.  (JI) 140 

Atherton,  (D4)....    120 

Atlanta.  (H3) 523 

Augusta.  (L5) 267 

Aullville.  (E4) 166 

Aurora.  (E9) 4,148 

Aurora  Springs.  (06)  135 

Austin.  (D5) 300 

Auxvasse.   (J4)....    411 

Ava.    (09) 713 

Avalon,  (F3) 500 

Avilla,  (D8) 150 

Avon.  (M7) 120 

Bagnell,  (06) 100 

Bakersfield,  (H9). .    270 

Ballwin.    (L5) 300 

Bardley.  (K9) 100 

Baring,  (H2) '379 

Barnard.  (C2) 338 

Barnett.  (06) 118 

Barry.  (C4) 150 

Battlefield.  (F8)...    100 

Bay.  (J5) 130 

Bayouville.  (09)...     100 

Beaman.  (F5) 100 

Beauiort.  (K6) 200 

Bedford.  (F3I 200 

Belgique.   (N7)....    150 

Belgrade,   (L7) 2B0 

Bell  City,  (N8)....    316 

Belle.  06) 600 

Bellefontaine,  (M5)  150 
Belleview,  (L7)....  100 
Bellflower.  (K4)...    500 

Belmont.  (09) 2.50 

Belton.  (D5) 922 

Benton.  (N8) 320 

Benton  City.  (J4)..    233 

Berger.  (K5) 300 

Bemie.  (N9) 742 

Bertrand.  (09)   ...    346 

Bethany.    (E2) 1.931 

Bethel,  (J3) 235 

Bevier,   (03) 1,900 

Bigelow,  (B2) 156 

Billings,    (E8) 760 

Birch  Tree,  (K9)..  497 
Bird  Point.  (09)...  400 
Birmingham.     (C4)    136 

Bismarck.  (L7) 848 

Blackburn.  (F4),..  389 
Blackjack.  (M5)...  400 
Blackwater.  (05)..  371 
Blairstown.    (E5)..    288 

Bland.   (J6) 359 

Blodgett.  (N9)....  422 
Bloodland.  (H7)...  100 
Bloomfield.(N9)...  1.147 
Bloomington.  (03)  100 
Bloomsdale.  (M6).  .  100 
Blue  Ridge.  (E2)..  67 
Blue  Springs.  (D4)  561 
BIythedale.  (E2)...    345 

Boaz,  (F8) 150 

Bogard.  (E4) 316 

Bois  D'Arc.  (F8)..  200 
Bolckow.    (C2)....    376 

Bolivar.  (F7) 1. 975 

Bonfils.  (M5) 100 

Bonne  Terre.  (L7)  5.700 
Bonnots  Mill.  (J5)  160 
Boonville.  (05). ..  .4,252 
Bosworth.  (F4)....    767 

Bourbon.  (K6) 382 

Bowen,  (E5) 200 

BowerMills.  (D8)..  82 
Bowling     Oreen, 

(K4) 1,385 

Brandsville,    (J9)..    200 

Branson.  (F9) 700 

Brashear.  (H2)....    458 

Brawiey.  (K9) 100 

Braymer.  (E3). ...  1,027 
Breckenridge,  (E3)  1,025 

Brewer.  (N7) 200 

Bridgeton,  (M5)...     129 


Brighton,   (F8)....     150 

Brimson.  (E2) 104 

Broadwater,  (N9)..  100 
Bron.-iugh,  (D7)...  263 
Brooklield,  (F3).  ..5,749 
Brooklinc     Station, 

(F8) 300 

Browning,  (F2) 629 

Brownington,  (E6)  348 
Brownwood,  (N8)..     180 

Brumley.  (H6) 200 

Bruner,  (F8) 100 

Brunswick,  (F4)...  1,606 

Buckeye,  (09) 200 

Bucklin,  (03) 790 

Buckner,  (D4) 410 

Buffalo,    (F7) 820 

Bunceton,    (05)...    788 

Bunker.    (K8) 606 

Burfordville,     (N8)    114 

Burgess.   (C7) 249 

Burlington  Junction, 

(B2) 942 

Burnham,   (J9) 73 

Butler,  (D6) 2,894 

Butterfield,  (E9)...  100 
Bynumville.  (03)..    100 

Cabool.  (H8) 789 

Cadet.  (L7) 170 

Cagle.  (C8) 800 

Cainesville.  (E2)...    887 

Cairo.  (H3) 220 

Caledonia,  (L7)...  128 
Calhoun.  (E6)....  684 
California.   (05)... 2, 154 

Callao.    (G3) 526 

Calwood.  (15) 150 

Camden.  (D4) 477 

Camden  Point.  (C4)    169 

Cameron,  (D3) 2,980 

Campbell,  (MIO)..  1.781 

Canalou,(N9) 296 

Canton,  (J2) 2,218 

Cape    Girardeau, 

(N8) 8,475 

Caplinger    Mills. 

(E7) 130 

Cardwell,  (MIO)...  874 
Carl  Junction.  (C8)  1.115 
Carrollton.  (E4)... 3,452 
Carterville,  (D8).. 4.539 
Carthage.  (D8). ..  .9,483 
Caruthersville, 

(NIO) 3,655 

Cassville,   (E9) 781 

Catawissa,  (L6)...  130 
Cedar  City.  (H5)..    208 

Cedarjtap,  (08) 112 

Cedar  Springs.  (E7)  150 
Cedar  Valley.  (F9)  300 
Cement  City,  (D4)  100 
Centaur   Station, 

(L5) 150 

Center,  (J3) 540 

Centertown,  (HS)..  285 
Centerview.  (E5)..  400 
Centerville,  (L8).  ..  500 
Central  City.  (D8)  100 
Centralia.  (H4). ..  .2.116 
Chadwick.(F9)....     150 

Chaffee.   (N8) 2.082 

Chamois.  (J5) 649 

Charity.  (07) 130 

Charleston.  (09)... 3. 144 
Chesterfield,  (L5)..  130 
Chilhowce.  (E5)...  425 
Chillicothe.  (F3)... 6.265 

Chilton,  (L9) 130 

Chitwood,  (C8) 1,600 

Chula.  (E3) 384 

Clarence.   (H3). ...  1.322 

Clark.  (H4) 300 

Clarksburg.  (05)..  399 
Clarskdale,  (C3)...  416 
Clarksville.  (L4)...  918 
Clarkton.  (NIO)...    682 

Claryville.  (N7) 140 

Clayton,  (M5) 1,500 

Clayton,  (C7) 49 

Clearmont,  (BD...    263 

Cleveland.  (C5) 20O 

Clever.    (F8) 248 

Clifton  City,  (F5)..  150 
Clifton  Hill,  (04)..  400 
Climax     Springs, 

(F6) 250 

Clinton.  (E6) 4,992 

Clyde.  (C2) 368 

Coatsville.  (01)...    140 

Coffey,   (E2) 500 

Cole  Camp.  (F6)...  910 
College  Mound,  (03)  230 

Collins.  (E7) 259 

Coloma.   (E3) 200 

Columbia,  (H5)..    9,662 
Columbus,  (E5)...     190 
Commerce.  (08)...    544 
Conception    Junc- 
tion. (C2) 200 

Concordia.  (E5)...  931 
Connelsville.     (02)    652 

Conran.   (NIO) 196 

Conway.  (08) 394 

Cooter.  (NIO) 300 

Cora.    (F2) 110 

Corder,  (E4) 649 

Coming.  (B2) 253 

Corridon.  (K8)....     150 

Cosby.  (C3) 170 

Cottlevillc.  (L5)...  280 
Cottonwood    Point, 

(NIO) 170 

Courtney,  (D4)....  100 
Covington.  (NIO)..    150 

Cowgill.    (E3) 363 

Craig,  (B2) 621 

Crane,  (E9) 1,002 

Creighton,  (D6)...    400 

Crescent,  (LS) 100 

Creve  Coeur,  (M5)    400 

Crocker,  (H7) 500 

Cross  Timbers,  (F6)  500 
Crosstown,  (N7)...  175 
Crowder.   (N9)....    288 

Cruise.  (L6) 100 

Crystal  City,  (M6)  1,800 
Cuba,  (K6) 619 


Currentview,  (L9)  100 
Curryville,  (K4)...    238 

Cyrene.  (K4) 94 

Dadeville.  (E8) 401 

Dallas,  (C5) 130 

Dalton,  (F4) 261 

Danville,  (J5) 113 

Darlington,  (D2)..    352 

Dawn.  (E3) 400 

Dawson.  (H8) 140 

Dearborn.  (C3) 499 

De  Camp.  (J  7) 130 

Deepwater,  (E6)...  1,398 

Decrfield.  (C7) 129 

Deering.  (NIO) 500 

DeKalb,  (C3) 391 

DeLassus,  (M7)...    150 

Denver,   (D2) 450 

Deray.   (N8) 175 

Des  Arc,  (L8) 287 

Desloge,  (M7) 4,000 

De  Soto,  (L6) 4,721 

Dcsperes,  (M5) 350 

DeWitt,  (F4) 423 

Dexter,  (N9) 2,322 

Diamond,  (D8) 500 

Dichlstadt,  (09)...    160 

Dillard,    (K7) 100 

Dillon.  (J7) 100 

Dixon.  (H6) 715 

Dodson.   (C5) 150 

Doe  Run,  (L7) 950 

Dongola.(N8) 72 

Doniphan.    (L9)...  1,225 

Dover.  (E4) 214 

Downing,  (H2) 513 

Dresden,  (FS) 180 

Drexel,  (C6) 512 

Dudley,  (M9) 150 

Duenweg,  (D8) 2,500 

Duncan,  (08) 200 

Duncans     Bridge, 

(H3) 100 

Dunlap.  (E2) 150 

Dunnegan,  (E7)...    250 

Durham.  (J3) 200 

Dykes.   (H8) 240 

Eaglevillc.  (D2)...  330 
East  Atchison.  (B3)  160 
East  Bonne  Terre, 

(M7) 180 

East  Lynne,  (D5)..    277 

Easton,  (C3) 225 

East  Prairie.  (09)..  1,500 
Ebenezer,  (F8)....  100 
Economy,  (H3)....  110 
Edgar  Springs.  (J7)  100 
Edgerton.  (C3)....  534 
Edgewood,  (K4)...    100 

Edina,  (H2) 1,562 

Edinburg,  (E2)....    200 

Edna,  (N8) 1,209 

Eldon,  (06) 1,999 

Eldorado     Springs, 

(E7) 2,503 

Elkton,  (F7) 130 

Ellington.  (L8) 500 

Elliott,  (H4) 200 

Ellsinore,  (L9) 350 

Elmer,  (03) 512 

Elmira.  (D3) 150 

Elmo.  (Bl) 342 

Elsberry,  (L4) 1,018 

Elsey,  (E9) 130 

Elston,  (H5) 110 

Elvins,  (M7) 2,071 

Emden,   (J3) 100 

Eminence,  (K8)...    400 

Emma,  (E5) 100 

Eolia,  (K4) 343 

Essex,  (N9) 548 

Esther,  (M7) 800 

Ethel,  (03) 423 

Eugene,   (H6) 195 

Eureka,  (L5) 500 

Everton,  (E8) 522 

Evona.   (D2) 130 

Ewing.  (J2) 327 

Excello.  (H3) 150 

Excelsior.  (06) 130 

Excelsior     Springs, 

(D4) 3,900 

Exeter,   (E9) 375 

Fairfax,  (B2) 666 

Fairfield,  (F6) ISO 

Fairgrove,  (F8)....  150 
Fairhaven,    (D7)..      62 

Fairmont,  (J2) 300 

Fairplay,    (E7)....    421 

Fairport,   (D3) 250 

Fairview,  (D9) 300 

Fairville,  (F4) 130 

Farber,  (J4) 305 

Farley,   (C4) 96 

Farmington,  (M7)  2,613 

Faucett,   (C3) 130 

Fayette,  (04) 2,585 

Fayelteville,  (ES)..    200 

Federal.  (L7) 499 

Fenton.   (MS) 172 

Ferguson.  (MS),..  1.658 
Fernridge.  (M5)...    150 

Fertile.   (L7) 100 

Festus.  (M5) 2.556 

Fillmore.  (C2) 232 

Fisk.    (M9) 1.000 

Flag  Springs.  (C2)  110 
Flat  River.  (L7)...S,112 

Fleming,  (D4) 650 

Flemington,  (F7)..    250 

Florida,   (J4) 200 

Florisant,  (MS)....    765 

Foley,  (L4) 227 

Forbes,  (B3) 300 

Fordland,  (08)....  350 
Forest  City.  (B3)..  534 
Forest  Park,  (E9)..    478 

Foristell,  (LS) 250 

Fornfelt,  (N8) 1,000 

Forsyth,   (F9) 187 

Fortuna,  (05) 203 

Foster.   (D6) 318 

Fox.  (E4) 100 

Frankclay.  (L7).  ..    350 
Frankford,  (K4)...    793 
Franklin    Junction, 
(04) 100 


Fr^dericktown, 

(M7) 2,632 

Freeburg,  06) 331 

Freeman,   (CS) 251 

Freistatt,   (E8) 250 

Fremont,  (K9)....  ISO 
French  Village,  (M7)  100 

Frisco,    (N9) 200 

Fristoe,  (F6) 100 

Frohna,  (N7) 200 

Fruitland,    (N8)...    230 

Fulton,    (J5) 5,228 

Gainesville,   (H9)..     195 

Galena,  (F9) 353 

Galesburg,  (D8)...  100 
Gallatin.    (D3). ...  1,825 

Gait.  (F2) 583 

Garden  City,  (D5)  713 
Gasconade,  (J5). . .  100 
Oatcwood.  (K9)...    110 

Oiiyoso,   (NIO) 150 

Gentry,  (D2) 226 

Gentryville,  (D2)..  250 
Georgetown.  (F5). .     100 

Gerald.  (K6) 225 

Gerster,  (E7) 150 

Gibbs.  (H2) 226 

Gibson.   (MIO)....     143 

Gideon.  (NIO) 702 

Gifford,    (02) 58 

Gilliam,  (F4) 299 

Oilman  City,   (E2)    537 

Glasgow,  (G4) 1,507 

Glcnallen,  (M8)...  106 
Olendale,  (MS)....  200 
Olensted.  (OS)....  150 
Glenwood,  (01)...    375 

Golden,  (E9) 150 

Golden  City,  (D8)  882 
Gooch  Mill,  (G5)..  130 
Goodman,   (D9)...     100 

Goodson.  (F7) 110 

Gordonville,  (N8)..    170 

Oorin,(J2) 84 

Oower,   (C3) 370 

Graham,  (B2) 365 

Grain  Valley,  (D4)    133 

Granby,  (D9) 2,442 

Grandin,  (L9) 700 

Grand  Pass,  (F4)..  200 
Orandview,  (D5)..    250 

Granger,   02) 250 

Oraniteville,  (L7)..  400 
Grant  City,  (D2)..  1.207 
Granville.  (H3)....     150 

Graphite,  (M8) 200 

Grayson,  (C3) 130 

Gray  Summit,  (L6)  240 
Greenbrier,  (M8)..  100 
Green  Castle.  (02).  454 
Green  City.  (F2)...  844 
Greenfield,  (E8) ...1,434 
Green  Ridge,  (FS)  436 
Greentop,  (02)....  275 
Greenville.  (MS)...  914 
Greenwood,  (DS)..    300 

Gregg,  (C8) 400 

Orover,  (LS) 100 

Guilford,  (C2) 207 

GunnCity,  (DS)...    150 

Guthrie.  (HS) 130 

Hale,  (F3) 587 

Half  Rock,  (F2)...  130 
Half  Way,  (F7)...    100 

Halleck.   (C3) 130 

Halls,  (C3) 150 

Hallsville,  (H4)....  195 
Hamburg.  (LS)....  200 
Hamilton,  (D3)....  1,761 
Hancock,  (H7)....  120 
Hannibal.    (K3)..  18.341 

Hardin,  (E4) 635 

Harris,  (F2) 39S 

Harrisburg,  (H4)..  146 
Harrisonville,  (DS)  1,947 
Hartsburg,  (HS)...  175 
Hartshorn,  (J8)...  250 
Hartville.  (H8)....  507 
Hartwell,  (E6)....  100 
Harviell.  (M9)....  201 
Harwood.  (D7)....    208 

Hatfield.  (Dl) 150 

Hawk   Point,   (KS)    299 

Hayti,  (NIO) 1,057 

Hayward,  (NIO)...  150 
Hazel  Run,  (M7)..     100 

Helena,  (C3) 200 

Helwig,  (B2) 100 

Hematite.  (L6) 300 

Hemple.   (C3) 130 

Henderson,  (F8)...  200 
Henderson  Mound, 

(09) 191 

Hendrickson,    (M9)    200 

Henley,  (H6) 150 

Henrietta,  (E4)....  443 
Herculaneum,  (M6)  300 
Hermann,  (KS)....  1.592 
Hermitage.  (F7)...    300 

Hibbard.  (09) 1,243 

Hickman     Mills, 

(DS) 200 

Higbee,    (04) 1,215 

Higginsville,  (E4)..2,628 
High  Hill.  (KS)....  300 
Highlandville.  (F9)  100 
High  Point,  (06)..  190 
Hillsboro,  (L6)....    261 

Hillside,  (MS) 250 

Hinton,    (H4) 180 

Hiram,  (M8) 140 

Hogan,   (L7) 100 

Holcomb,  (NIO)...    279 

Holden.  (ES) 2.007 

Holland,  (NIO)....  280 
Holliday.  (H3)....    262 

Hollister.  (F9) 200 

Hollywood.     (MIO)      36 

Holstein.(KS) 400 

Holt,  (D4) 3.16 

Holts  Summit,  (H5)  130 
Hopewell  Academy, 

(KS) 260 

Hopkins,  (CD 909 

Hornersville.  (MIO)    390 

Hough.  (N9) 250 

Houston,  iiS) 644 


Houstonia,   (F5).  .  .    349 

Howell.  (LS) 100 

Hughesville.  (FS)..    200 

Hulston.  (E8) 100 

Humansville.     (E7)    913 

Hume,  (C6) 514 

Humphreys,  (F2)..  292 
Hunnewell,  (J3)...  406 
Hunterville.  (N9)..  230 
Huntsdale,  (HS)...  91 
Hunlsville,  (04)... 2.247 
Hurdland,   (H2)...    322 

Hurley,  (F9) 100 

Hutlon  Valley,  (J9)    100 

Hyman,   (N9) 100 

lantha,  (D7) 250 

latan,   (C4) 125 

Iberia.    (H6) 428 

Idalia,  (N9) 200 

lllasco,  (K3) 150 

Illmo,  (N8) 976 

Independence,  (D4)  9,859 

Ionia.  (F6) 100 

Irondale.  (L7) 338 

Ironton.    (L7) 721 

Jackson.  (N8) 2,105 

Jacksonville.  (H3)..    200 

Jameson.  (E2) 358 

Jamesport.  (E3)...  611 
Jamestown,  (HS). .    305 

Jane.  (D9) 200 

Jasper,  (D8) 664 

Jefferson   Barracks, 

(M6) 800 

JEFFERSON 

CITY,(HS )....!  1.850 

Jennings,  (MS) 800 

Jerico  Springs,  (D7)    395 

Jerome,   (J7) 100 

Johnstown,  (D6). ..  84 
Jonesburg,  (K5)...    456 

Joplin.  (D8) 32,073 

Josephville,  (LS). ..    260 

Kahoka,  02) 1,758 

Kansas    City, 

(C4) 248,381 

Kearney,   (D4) 631 

Keener,  (M9) 150 

Kelso,  (N8) 190 

Kennett,  (MIO). .  .3,033 

Kenoraa,  (D8) 100 

Keota,  (03) 750 

Keystone,  (D3) 100 

Keytesville,  (04)..    963 

Kidder.  (D3) 306 

Kiramswick,     (M6)    235 

Kingbee,  (L9) 150 

King  City,  (C2)...  966 
Kingston,  (D3)....  535 
Kingsville,  (DS)...    238 

Kinloch.  (MS) 350 

Kirbyville,  (F9)...  100 
Kirksville,  (02)... 6,347 
Kirkwood.  (MS)... 4,171 
Kissee  Mills.  (09)..  100 
Knob  Lick.  (M7)..  260 
Knobnoster.  (ES)..    670 

Knobview,  (J6) 260 

Knox  City,  02)...  395 
Knoxville.  (04)...  100 
Koeltztown,  (H6)..  250 
Koshkonong,  09)..    452 

La  Belle.  02) 1,017 

Laclede,  (F3) 740 

Laddonia.  (J4) 614 

LaDue.  (E6) 310 

Laflin.  (N8) 100 

La  Orange.  (J2)...  1,360 

Lakenan,  03) 137 

Lamar,  (D8) 2,316 

Lamonte,   (F5) 684 

Lanagan.  (D9) ISO 

Lancaster.  (HI)...    964 

Lanton,  (J9) 150 

La  Plata.  (H2). ...  1,605 

Laredo,  (F2) 758 

Larussell,  (D8) 261 

Latham,  (05) 250 

Lathrop,  (D3) 1,038 

Latour.  (D5) 130 

Lawrenceburg,  (E8)    100 

Lawson.  (D4) 604 

Leadwood,(L7) 700 

Uasburg,  (K6)....  200 
Lebanon,   (07). ..  .2,4.10 

Lecoma.  (J7) 200 

Leeds.  (D4) 100 

Leeper,   (L8) 500 

Lees  Summit,  (D5)  1,455 

Leesville,  (E6) 150 

Leeton,  (ES) 420 

Lemonville.  (F2)...    ISO 

Leonard.  (H3) 180 

Leslie.  (K6) 200 

Lesterville.  (L8)...  250 
Levasy,  (D4). ....  66 
Lewis  Station.  (E6)  250 
Lewistown,  (J2)...  405 
Lexington.  (E4)... 5.242 

Liberal,  (C7) 800 

Liberty.   (D4) 2.980 

Libertyville.     (M7)    100 

Licking.  (J8) 351 

Lilbourn,   (N9)....    484 

Lincoln.    (F6) .336 

Linden.  (04) 200 

Linkville.  (C4)....    100 

Linn,   {]6) 532 

Linncreek,  (06) . . .    435 

Linneus,  (F3) 882 

Lisbon.  (04) 100 

Lithium,  (N7) 98 

Littlerock,  (G4)...     150 

Livonia.  (02) 250 

Lock  Spring.  (E3)..  255 
Lockwood.  (E8)...    961 

Logan,  (E8) 100 

Lohman,  (HS) 100 

Lonejack.  (DS)....  140 
Longlane.  (07)....  140 
Longtown,  (N7)...  158 
Longwood,  (F5)...  200 
Loose  Creek.  (JS)..  100 
Louisburg.  (F7)...  100 
Louisiana.  (K4)... 4,454 
Lowndes.  (M8)....  130 
Lowcjr  City,  tE6)..    462 


LowWossie.  (K8)..    180 

Lucerne,  (F2) 264 

Ludlow,  (E3) 380 

Lupus,    (HS) 164 

Luray,  02) 163 

Lutesville,  (M8)...  551 
Luxemberg.  (MS). .     150 

McCredie,  05) 200 

McFall,    (D2) 385 

McGirk,  (HS) 100 

McKittrick,  (K5)..  127 
Macks  Creek,  (07)    150 

Macon,  (H3) 3,584 

Madison,  (H4) 538 

Maitland,  (B2)....     736 

Maiden.  (M9) 2,116 

Malta  Bend,  (F4)..  399 
Manchester,  (L5). .    630 

Manes,  (H8) 110 

Manley,  (MIO) 100 

Mansfield,  (08)...  477 
Maplcwood,  (MS)  4,976 
Marble  Hill,  (N8)..  313 
Marceline,  (03)... 3,920 
Marionville,  (E8)..  1,272 
Marquand,  (M8)..  339 
Marshall.  (F4). ..  .4,859 
Marshfield,    (08)..  1,193 

Marston,   (N9) 258 

Marthasville,  (KS)  500 
Martin  City,  (CS)..  150 
Martinsburg,  04) . .  436 
Martinstown,  (02)  150 
Martinsville.  (D2)  88 
Marys  Home,  (H6)  100 
Maryville,    (C2)... 4,762 

Mascot,  (F8) 200 

Matthews.  (N9)...    237 

Maxville,  (M6) 140 

Maysville,  (D3)...  1,051 

Mayview.  (E4) 308 

Maywood,  (J3) . .  .  .  250 
Meadville,    (F3)...    580 

Medill,  02) 130 

Medoc,  (C8) 150 

Mehlville,  (MS)...  340 
Melbourne.  (E2). . .    HI 

Memphis,  (H2) 1,984 

Mendon,  (F3) 408 

Mendota,  (01)....  500 
Meramec  Highlands, 

(MS) 150 

Mercer,  (El) 533 

Merwin,  (C6) 195 

Meta,  (H6) 399 

Metz,   (D6) 240 

Mexico,  04) 5,939 

Miami.   (F4) 431 

Miami  Station.  (F4)    100 

Micola.  (NIO) 100 

Middlebrook,  (L7)  80 
Middlegrovc,  (H4)  88 
Middletown,  (K4)  323 
Midland,  (MS)....    300 

Milan.  (F2) 2,191 

Milford,  (D7) 250 

Millard.   (02) 170 

Miller.  (E8) 343 

Millersburg,  (HS)..  100 
Millersville,  (N8)..  99 
Mill  Grove.  (E2)...  280 
Millspring.  (L8)...    230 

Millville.  (E4) 110 

Millwood.  (K4)....      75 

Milo.  (D7) 128 

Minaville.  (D4)...  ,  140 
Mindenraines,  (C8)  591 
MineLamotte,  (M7)  400 

Mineola,  (K5) 170 

Mineral  Point,  (L7)  290 
Mineral  Spring,  (E9)     SO 

Mirabile.  (D3) 250 

Missouri  City.  (D4)  S59 
Moberly,   (H4). ..  10,923 

Modena,  (E2) HI 

Mokane,   05) 645 

Monarch,  (LS)....  250 
Monegaw    Springs, 

(E6) 122 

Monett.  (E9) 4.177 

Monroe  City.  03).  1,949 

Monteer,  (J9) 130 

Montevallo,  (D7)..  146 
Montgomery    City, 

(K5) 1,789 

Monticello,  02)...    283 

Montreal,  (07) 100 

Montrose,  (E6) 667 

Montserrat,  (ES)..     157 

Moody,  (H9) 150 

Mooresville,  (E3)..  205 
Morehouse.  (N9)..  1,636 

Morley.    (N8) 494 

Morrellton.  (1.6)...    130 

Morrison.  (J5) 257 

Morrisville.    (F8)..    360 

Morton,   (E4) 130 

Moscow,  (C4) 100 

Moscow  Mills,  (LS)    395 

Moselle.  (L6) 148 

Mound  City,  (B2)  1,575 
Moundville,  (D7)..  247 
Mountain    Grove, 

(H8) 1,722 

Mountainview,  (J8)  552 
Mount    Leonard, 

(F4) 250 

Mount     Moriah, 

(E2) 350 

Mount     Pleasant, 

(MS) SOO 

Mount     Vernon, 

(E8) 1,161 

Mount  Washington, 

(D4) ISO 

Mumford,  (F8)....     100 

Myrtle.  (K9) 100 

Napier,  (B2) 120 

Napoleon,  (D4)....    146 

Napton,    (F4) 150 

Nashville,  (D8)....    110 

Naylor,  (L9) 406 

Neck,   (D8) 528 

Neelyville,    (M9)..    241 

Nelson.   (F4) 480 

Neosho,    (D9) 3,661 

Nettleton,  CE3)....    200 


Nevada,  (D7) 7,176 

Newark,  (J2) 217 

New      Bloomfield, 

(H5) 300 

New   Boston,    (03)    100 

Newburg,  (J7) 932 

New  Cambria,  (03)  387 
New     Conception, 

(C2) 132 

New  Florence,  (K5)  424 
New  Frankfort,  (G4)  250 
New  Franklin,  (04)  794 
New     Hamburg, 

(N8) 120 

New     Hampton, 

(D2) 4.56 

New  Haven,  (KS)..    855 

Newhope.  (L4) 160 

New  Lebanon,  (05)  100 
New  London,  (K3)  942 
New  Madrid,  (N9)  1,882 
New  Market,  (C3)  120 
NewMelle,  (LS)...  250 
New    Offenburg, 

(M7) 350 

New  Point,  (B2)...    100 

Newport,  (D7) 100 

Newtonia,   (D9)...    293 

Newtown,  (F2) 261 

Niangua,    (08) 250 

Nichols.  (F8) 200 

Nixa,  (F8) 276 

Nodaway,  (C3) 100 

Noel,  (D9) 300 

Norbome,  (E4) 1,241 

Normandy,  (M5)..  200 
North  Kansas  City, 

(C4) 360 

North  Salem,  (02)  130 
Northview,  (08)...      78 

Norwood,  (H8) 250 

Novelty,  (H2) 232 

Novinger,  (02) 1,711 

Nursery,  (MS) 100 

Nye,  (M9) 130 

Oak  Grove,  (D4)...    641 

Oakhill.(K6) 130 

Oakridge,  (N7)....    256 

Oakville,    (M6) 500 

Oakwood,  (K3) 400 

Odessa,  (ES) 1,531 

O'Fallon,  (LS) 600 

Ohiman,  (K8) 180 

Old  Mines,  (L6)...  400 
Old  Monroe.  (LS)..  251 
Old  Orchard,  (MS)  2.500 

Olean,  (G6) 214 

Olivette,  (MS) 300 

Olney,  (K4) 170 

Oran,  (N8) 1,023 

Oregon,  (B3) 1,002 

Oronogo,  (D8) 1,912 

Orrick,  (D4) 435 

Osage  City.  (HS)...    220 

Osaka,    (09) 130 

Osbom,  (D3) 350 

Osceola,  (E5) 1,114 

Osgood,  (F2) 204 

Otterville,  (FS)  . . .  453 
Overland.  (MS)...  500 
Owen  Mills,  (J6)...  50 
Owensville,  (K6)...    677 

Oxford.  (C2) 130 

Oxly.  (L9) 200 

Ozark,  (F8) 813 

Pacific,   (L6) 1,418 

Palmer,  (L7) 100 

Palmyra,  03) 2,158 

Panama,  (D5) 400 

Papinsville,  (D6)..      87 

Paradise,   (D4) 100 

Paris,  (J4) 1,474 

Parkville,  (C4)....    755 

Parma.  (N9) 905 

Parnell,  (C2) 438 

Pascola,  (NIO)....    1.30 

Patsy.  (K7) 100 

Patterson.  (L8) ISO 

Patton.(M7) 200 

Pattonsburg.  (D2)  1,044 
Paulding.  (MIO)...  150 
Paynesville,  (L4)..  370 
Peakesville.  (JD...      70 

Peculiar,  (C5) 205 

Peers,  (K5) 100 

Pendleton,  (KS)...     100 

Perrin,   (D3) 130 

Perry,  04) 895 

Perryville.   (N7)... 1,708 

Pevely,  (M6) 130 

Phelps,  (E8) 170 

Phelps  City,  (A2)..      97 

Phenii.  (E8) 450 

Philadelphia,  03)..  199 
Phillipsburg,  (07)  200 
Pickering,  (C2)....  264 
Piedmont.  (L8). ...  1.154 
Pierce  City,  (E9).. 2.043 
Pilot  Grove.  (OS)..  654 
Pilot  Knob,  (L7)..  445 
Pine  Lawn.  (MS)..    200 

Pineville,   (D9) 500 

Pioneer,   (D9) 100 

Pittsburg.  (F7)....     100 

Plato,  (H7) 100 

Platte  City,  (C4)..  763 
PlattsburK.(D3)...  1,650 
Pleasant  Green.  (OS)  68 
Pleasant  Hill.  (D5)  2,055 
Pleasant  Hope.  (F8)  300 
Pocahontas,  (N8)..  239 
Point    Pleasant, 

(NIO) 99 

Pollock,  (F2) 200 

Polo,  (D3) 525 

Pomona,   (J9) 200 

Ponce  de  Leon,  (F9)  250 
Poplar  Bluff,  (M9)  6,916 
Port.ige  Des  Sioux, 

(MS) 218 

Portagcville,   (NIO)    987 

Portland,  (J5) 280 

Postoak,  (E5) 100 

Potosi.  (L7) 772 

Powersvillc,  (Fl)..  500 
Prairie  Hill.  (03)  .  113 
Prairie  Home,  (OS)    184 


Preston,  (F7; loo 

Princeton,  (E2) 1,385 

Prospect  Hill,  (MS)  ISO 
Prosperity,  (D8). .  .1,200 

Protem,    (09) loO 

Purcell,  (D8) 994 

Purdin,  (F3) 337 

Purdy,  (E9) 459 

Puxico,  (M9) 814 

Queen  City,  (02)..    701 

Quincy,  (F6) 190 

Quitman,    (B2) 231 

Qulin,  (M9) 500 

Racine,  (C9) 110 

Racola,  (L6) 100 

Randolph,  (C4)....    123 

Ravanna,   (F2) 251 

Ravenwood,  ((i2 ) . .  341 
Raymondville.   (J8)    100 

Raymore.  (DS) 218 

Rayville,    (04) 239 

Rea,    (C2) 210 

Red  Bird,  06) 100 

Reeds,  (D8) 298 

Reeds  Spring,  (F9)    300 

Reger,  (F2) 250 

Rembert,   (G8) 250 

Renick,  (H4) 213 

Republic,    (F8) 884 

Revere,   (J2) 196 

Reynolds,  (K8) 250 

Rhineland,    (JS)...     190 

Richards,   (C7) 303 

Rich  Rountain,  (J6)  130 
Rich  Hill,  (D6).... 2,755 
Richland,  (H7)...  .  884 
Richmond.  (E4)... 3.664 
Richwoods,  (L6). . .  180 
Ridgeway,  (E2)....    841 

Risco.  (N9) 100 

Ritchey,  (D9) 310 

River    Aux    Vases, 

(M7) 170 

Roanoke,  (04)....  110 
Rocheport.  (05)...  434 
Rochester,  (C3)...  200 
Rockbridge,  (H9)..  100 
Rockhill,  (MS)....  150 
Rockport,  (B2)....  1,053 
Rockview,  (N8)....  130 
Rockville,  (D6)...  565 
Rocky    Comfort, 

(D9) 300 

Rockymount,  (06)  75 
Rogersville,    (F8)..    650 

Rolla,  0') 2,261 

Rombauer,    (M9)..    200 

Roscoe,  (E7) 182 

Rosebud,  (K6)....  200 
Rosendale,  (C2)...  359 
Rothville.  (F3)....    245 

Ruegg.  (MS) 100 

Rush  Hill,  04)....     168 

Rushville,  (C3) 566 

Russellville.  (HS)..  335 
Rutledge,  (H2)....  '418 
Saint  Aubert.  05)  100 
Saint    Catharine, 

(03) 127 

Saint  Charles,  (LS)  9,437 
Saint  Clair,  (L6)...  397 
Saint    Elizabeth, 

(H6) 150 

Saint     Francisville, 

(J2) 100 

Saint    Francois, 

(M7) 1,400 

Saint     Genevieve, 

(M7) 1,967 

Saint  James,  (J6)..  1,100 
Saint  John,  (FD...  190 
SaintJoseph,(C3)  77,403 
Saint     Louis, 

(MS) 687,029 

Saint  Marys,  (N7)  702 
Saint  Paul.  (L5)...  200 
Saint  Peters,  (LS).  .  269 
Saint  Thomas,  (H6)    130 

Salem,  (D2) 349 

Salem,  07) I,'95 

Salisbury,  (04). ...  1,834 
Sandyhook,  (HS)..      71 

Santa  Fe,  (J4) 300 

Sappington,  (MS)..    100 

Sarcoxie,  (08) 1,311 

Sargent,  (H8) 180 

Savannah,  (C3)....  1,583 
Saverton,  (K3)....     120 

Sawyer,  (M9) 100 

Schell  City,  (D6)..    552 

Schcve.  (L6) SO 

Schlfcht,  (H7) 100 

Scotland,  (D8)....  150 
Sedalia,  (FS). ...  17,822 
Sedgewickville,  (N7)  130 
Seligman,  (E9)....  400 
Senath,    (MIO). ...  1,029 

Seneca,  (C9) 981 

Seventysix,(N7)...  150 
Seymour.  (08) ....  590 
Shackelford.  (F4)  .  100 
Shawneetown,  (N7)  120 
Shelbina,  (H3). ..  .2.174 
Shelbyville,   (H3).  .    685 

Sheldon,  (D7) 528 

Sheridan,   (CI)....    409 

Sibley.   (D4) 200 

Sikeston.  (N9) 3,327 

Silex.  (K4) 276 

Siloam  Springs,  (H9)  86 
Simmons,  (H8)....  140 
Skidmore.  (B2)....    562 

Slater,  (F4) 3.238 

Sligo.  (K7) 300 

Smithfield,  (C8)...  500 
Smithton,  (FS)....  346 
Smithville,  (C4)...    580' 

Snyder,  (F3) 185 

South  Gifford.  (03)  148 
SouthOorin.(H2).  .  746 
South     Greenfield, 

(E8) 274 

South    Lineville, 

(El) 77 

South    West    City, 

(C9) 483 

Sparta,   (F9) 271 


INDEX  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES        (missouri-montana-nebraska)        35  j 


Speed,  (G5) 100 

Spickard,   (E2)....  638 

Spoonerville,  (MIO)  241 

Sprague,  (D6) 156 

Spring  City,  (C9)..  150 
Springfield,  (F8).. 35,201 

Springfork,  (FS)...  1,?0 

Spring  Garden,  (H6)  60 

Sprott,  (M7) 150 

Spurgeon,  (D9) 250 

Stahl,    (G2) 300 

Stantwrry,    (C2)...2,121 

Stark  City,  (D9) ...  200 

Steele,  (NIO) 500 

Steelville.  (K7) 773 

Steffenville,  (J3)...  120 

Stella,  (D9) 180 

Stephens  Store,  (H5)  150 

Stewartsville,     (C3)  543 

Stockton,   (E7)...  .  590 

Stotesbury,  (C7)...  159 


Stotts  City,  (E8)..  548 

Stoutland,    (G7)...  250 

Stoutsville,   (J3)...  315 

Stover,   (G6) 386 

Strafford,    (F8)....  300 

Strasburg,    (D5).  ..  350 

Stratmann,  (MS)..  250 

Sturgeon,  (H4)....  663 

Sue  City,  (H3)....  100 

Sugar   Creek,    (D4)  500 

Sullivan,  (K6) 934 

Sulphur    Springs, 

(M6) 200 

Summersville,    (J8)  236 

Sumner,  (F3) 394 

Swedeborg,    (H7)..  100 
Sweet  Springs,  (F5)  1,122 

Syenite,  (M7) 200 

Syracuse,   (G5).,..  193 

Taberville,  (E6). . .  150 

Taft,   (L9) 60 


Taneyville,  (F9)...    100 

Taos,  (H6) 100 

Tarkio,  (B2) 1,966 

Tea,  (K6) 100 

Tebbetts,  (15) 200 

Teresita,   (J9) ISO 

Thayer,   (J9) 1,613 

Thomas  Hill,  (G3)  100 
Thomasville,  (J9) . .  100 
Thomfield,  (G9)...     100 

Tiff  City,  (C9) 57 

Tina,  (F3) 304 

Tindall,  (E2) 100 

Tipton,  (G5) 1,273 

Topozark,  (L7)....      60 

Tracy,  (C4) 176 

Trask,  as) 90 

Treloar,    (K5) 43 

Trenton,  (E2) 5,656 

Trimble,  (C4) 222 

Triplett,  CF4) 473 


Troy,  (K5) 1,120 

Truxton,  (K4) 280 

Tumey,    (D3) 212 

Tuscumbia,  (H6)..    285 

Tuxedo,  (M5) 800 

Tyler,  (NIO) 180 

Uhnan,  (H6) 120 

Union,  (L6) 934 

Union  Star,  (C3)...  388 
Uniontown,  (N7)..  210 
Unionville,  (F2)... 2,000 
University,   (M5).. 2,417 

Urbana,  (F7) 150 

Urich,  (D6) 484 

Utica,   (E3) 500 

Valley  Park,  (L5)..  1,800 
Vanburen,  (L9)....    400 

Vandalia,  (J4) 1,595 

Vanduser,  (N9) ....    388 

Verona,  (E9) 446 

Versailles,  (G6). ..  .1,598 


Vibbard,  (D4) 110 

Vichy,    (J6) 200 

Victoria,  (L6) 190 

Vienna,    (J6) 300 

VUla  Ridge,  (L6)..  150 

Viola,  (E9) 100 

Vista,  (E7) 100 

Waco,   (C8) 150 

Wakenda,  (F4)....  279 

Waldron,  (C4) 160 

Walker,  (D7) 364 

Wallace,  (C3) 160 

Walnut  Grove,  (E8)  600 

Wappapello,     (M9)  180 

Warren,  (J3) 100 

Warrensburg,  (E5)  4,689 

Warrenton,    (K5)..  795 

Warsaw,   (F6) 824 

Washburn,  (E9)...  219 
Washington,    (KS)  3,670 

Watson,    (A2) 245 


Waverly,  (E4) 777 

Wayland,  (J2) 384 

WaynesviUe,  (H7)  257 
Weatherby,  (D3)..  171 
Weaubleau,  (F7)...  347 
Webb  City,  (C8)..  11,817 
Webster   Groves, 

(M5) 7,080 

Wellington,  (E4)...    558 

Wellston,  (MS) 7,312 

Wellsville,(K4)....  1,194 
Wentworlh,  (D9)..  154 
Wentzville,  (L5)...     539 

Wesco,  (K7) 100 

Westalton,  (M5).  ..  300 
Westboro,  (Bl)....  333 
West  Fork,  (K7)...  120 
West  Line,  (C5)...     120 

Weston,  (C4) 1,019 

Westphalia,  (H6).  .  321 
Westphiins,  OS)- -2,914 


Westville,  (G3)....  150 

Wheatland,  (F7)...  400 

Wheaton,  (E9)....  200 

Wheeling,  {¥$)....  490 

Whiteoak,    (NIO)..  250 

Whiteside,    (L4)...  129 

Whitesville,   (C2)..  290 

Whitewater,  (N8)..  250 

Whitham,  (F3)....  250 

Whiting,  (09) 242 

Wilby.  (M9) 100 

Wilcox,  (C2) 100 

Willard,  (F8) 160 

Williamsburg,     (J5)  140 

Williamstown,    (J2)  204 

Williamsville,  (M9) .  477 

Willmathsville,  (H2)  100 
Willow      Springs, 

(H8) 1,401 

Wilton,  (HS) 120 

Winchester,  02)...  150 


Windom,  (MS)....  300 

Windsor,  (ES) 2,241 

Winfield,  (L5) 422 

Winigan,  (G2) 170 

Winkler,  (J7) 100 

Winona,  (K8) 444 

Winston,  (D3) 2S7 

Wittenberg,  {N7)..  87 

Wooldridge,  (G5)..  11» 

Woollam,  (J6) 160 

Worland,    (C6)....  159 

Worth,  (D2) 150 

Worthington,    (G2)  200 
Wright  City, 

(K5) 377 

Wyaconda,   02)...  480 

Wyatt,   (09) 150 

Wylie,  (D9) 200 

Yates,  (G4) 200 

Zaima,  (M8) 200 

Zincite,  (C8) 1,00a 


MONTANA 


Albright,  (F2) 130 

Alder,  (D4) 150 

Aldridge,  (E4) 300 

Anaconda,  (C3)... 10,134 

Argo,  (E3)- 110 

Arlee,  (B2) 100 

Armington,  (F2)...  100 

Armstead,  (D5)...  300 

Augusta,  (D2) 240 

Avon,  (D3) 100 

Bainville,  (Ml) 150 

Baldbutte,  (D3)...  150 

Ballantine,  (H4)...  100 

Bannack,  (C4) ISO 

Basin,  (D3) 650 

Bearcreek,  (G4) 302 

Bearmouth,  (C3)..  100 

Belfry,  (G4) 150 

Belgrade,  (E4) 561 

Belknap,  (A2) 100 

Belt,  (F2) 1,158 

Bemice,  (D3) 100 

Bigfork,  (CD 400 

Big  Sandy,  (FD...  100 
Bigtimber,  (F4)...  1,022 

Billings,  (H4) 10,031 

Blossburg,  (D3)...  250 

Bocoer,  (C3) 700 


Boulder,  (D3) 1,300 

Bowler,  (H4). 100 

Bozeman,  (F4) S,107 

Bridger,  (04) 514 

Briston.  (C4) 100 

Broadview,  (H3)...     200 

Browning,  (CI) 100 

Butte,  (D4) 39,165 

Cameron,  (E4) 100 

Canyon  Ferry,  (E3)     100 

Carroll,  (C3) 750 

Oscade,  (E2) 400 

Castle,  (F3) 100 

Centerville,  (D4)...  2,500 

Chestnut,  (E4) 150 

Chinook,  (Gl) 780 

Chouteau,  (D2) 570 

Clancey,  (E3) 300 

Coalville,  (G4) 200 

Columbia  Falls,  (Cl)-601 
Columbus,  (G4)...     521 

Conrad,  (El) 888 

Cooke,  (F4) 100 

Corbin,  (D3) ISO 

Craig,  (D2) 100 

Crow  Agency,  {J4).  100 
Culbertson,  (Ml)..  528 
CutBaQk,(Dl)...     250 


Dagmar,  (Ml) 200 

Dayton,  (B2) 100 

Deborgia,  (A2) 150 

Deerl,odge,(D3)..  2,570 

Dillon,  (D4) 1,835 

Divide,  (D4) 100 

Dodson,  (HI) 100 

Drummond,  (D3)..     350 

Dupuyer,  (Dl) 380 

East  Helena,  (E3)..  1,200 

Eddy,  (A2) 100 

Ekalaka,  (M4) 180 

Electric,  (F4) 400 

Elkhorn,  (E3) 150 

Elkpark,  (D3) 100 

Elliston,  (D3) 200 

Eureka,  (Bl) 603 

Fairview,  (M2) 100 

Fallon,  (L3) 100 

Family,  (Dl) 130 

Forsyth,  (K3) 1,398 

Fort  Benton,  (F2)  .  1,004 
FortKeogh,  (L3)-.  100 
Fort  Maginnis,(G2)  100 
Fort  Shaw,  (E2) ...  380 
Frenchtown,  (B3)..  300 
Fromberg,  (H4)....  300 
Gardinj,  (Fi) 500 


Gameill,  (G3) 150 

Garnet,  (C3) 250 

Garrison,  (D3) 100 

Gateway,  (Bl) 150 

Gilt  Edge,  (02) 300 

Glasgow,  (Kl) 1,158 

Glendive,  (M2) 2,428 

Gould,  (D3) 100 

Granite,  (03) 350 

Grant,  (04).. 100 

Grantsdale,  (B3)...     190 
GreatFaIU,(E2).. 13,948 

Gregson,  (D4) 100 

Hamilton,  (B3) 2,240 

Hardin,  (J4) 2S0 

Harlem,  (HI) 383 

Harlowton,  (03)...     770 

Harrison,  (E4) 150 

Hassel,  (E3) 100 

Havre,  (01) .3,624 

Hays,  (HI) 500 

HELENA,  (E3)... 12,515 
Henderson,  (A2)...     200 

Heron,  (Al) 150 

Highwood,  (F2)...     100 

Hinsdale,  (Kl) 180 

Hobson,  (02) 200 

Hoffman,  (F4) 200 


Hogan,(D2) 100 

Huntley,  (H4) 250 

Hylent,  (A2) 250 

Iron  Mountain,(A2)     310 

Ismay,  (M3) 300 

Tardine,  (F4) 110 

Jefferson  City,  (E3)     100 

Jennings.  (Al) 100 

Tessup,  (Bl) 200 

Jocko,  (B2) 550 

Joliet,  (04) 389 

Judith  Gap,  (03)..     200 

Junction,  (J3) 100 

Kalispcll,  (Bl) S,S49 

Kendall,  (02) 1,200 

Lamedeer.  (K4) 1,550 

Laurel,  (H4) 806 

Laurin,  (D4) 100 

Lavina,  (03) 100 

Lewistown,  (02).. .  2,992 

Libby,  (Al) 630 

Lima,  (D5) 390 

Livingston,  (F4)...  5,359 

Logan,  (E4) 150 

Lothrop,  (B3) 250 

Maiden,  (02) ICO 

Malta,  (Jl) 433 

Mammoth,  (D4)...     100 


Manhattan,  (E4)..  300 
Marysville,  (D3)...  2,000 
Meaderville,  (D3)..  1,850 
Meadow  Creek,  (E4)    100 

Melrose,  (D4) 200 

Melstone,  (J3) 200 

Miles  City,  (L3)...  4,697 

Missoula,  (C3) 12,869 

Monarch,  (F2) 300 

Mondak,  (Ml) 350 

Moore,  (02) S73 

Musselshell,  03)..     150 

Neihart,  (F3) 268 

New  Chicago,  (03).     200 

Noxon,  (A2) 100 

Oldham,  (Fl) ISO 

Paradise,  (B2) 250 

Park  City,  (H4)...  400 
Philipsburg,  (03)...  1,109 

Plains,  (B2) 481 

Poison,  (B2) 300 

Pony,  (E4) 369 

Poplar,  (LI) 200 

Radersburg,  (E3)..     370 

Rancher,  03) 130 

Red  Lodge,  (04)...  4,860 

Riedel,  (Gl) 150 

Rimini  (D3) 100 


Rocker,  (D4) 100 

Rosebud,  (K3) 250 

Roundup,  (H3) 1,513 

Ruby,  (D4) 200 

Saco,  (Jl) 200 

Saint  Peter,  (D2)..     380 
Saint  Regis,  (A2)..     350 

Saltese,  (A2) 350 

Sandcoulee,  (E2)...  2,000 

Shannon,  (E3) 100 

Shelby,  (El) 200 

Sheridan,  (D4) 399 

Shirley,  (L3) 100 

Sidney,  (M2) 300 

Silesia,  (H4) 110 

Silverbow,  (D4)...     100 

Smelter,  (E2) 210 

Snowshoe,  (Al) 100 

Somers,  (Bl) 750 

Stacey,  (L4) 130 

Stanford,  (F2) 200 

Stevensville,  (C3)..     796 

Stockett,  (E2) 1,400 

Storrs,  (F4) 100 

Sun  River,  (E2)...     450 

Superior,  (B2) 150 

Sweetgrass,  (Dl)...     200 
Taft,  fA2) 100 


Terry,  (L3) 700 

Thompson,  (A2)...  500 
Thompson  Falls, 

(A2)_. 325 

Three  Forks,  (E4)..  674 

Toston,  (E3) 150 

Townsend,  (E3)...  759 

Trident,  {E4) 150 

Troy,  (Al) 200 

Twin  Bridges,  (D4).  491 

Twodot,  (F3) 20O 

Victor,  (B3) 374 

Virginia  City,  (E4).  467 

Walkerville,(D3)..  2,491 
Warmsprings, 

(D3) lOO 

Washoe,  (04) 300 

Whitefish,  (Bl) 1,479 

Whitehall,  (E4)....  417 
White      Sulphur 

Springs,  (F3)  417 

Wibaux,  (M3) 487 

Wickes,  (D3) 200 

Willow  Creek,  (E4).  20O 

Windham,  (F2) 100 

Winston,  (E3) 150 

Wisdom,  (04) 250 

Zortnian.(H2) iHX 


NEBRASKA 


Abie,  (P5) 210 

Adams,  (P7) 647 

Ainsworth,  02) 1,045 

Albion,  (M4) 1,584 

Alda,  (L6) 100 

Alexandria,  (07)...     447 

Allen,  (P3) 371 

Alliance,  (C3) 3,105 

Alma,  (K7) 1,066 

Alvo,  (Q6) 230 

Amherst,  (K6) 256 

,    Anoka,  (L2) 145 

Anselmo,  04) 351 

Ansley,  (KS) 700 

Arapahoe,  07) 901 

Arcadia,  (KS) 618 

Arlington,  (Q5) 645 

Armour,  (Q7) 100 

Arnold,  (H5) 231 

Ashland,  (Q5) 1,379 

Ashton,  (L5) 404 

Asylum,  (P6) 600 

Atkinson,  (L2) 810 

AtlanU,  07) 250 

Auburn,  (R7) 2  729 

Aurora,  (M6) 2,630 

Avoca,  (06) 249 

AxteU,  (K7) 394 

Ayr,  (M7) 142 

Bancroft,  (P3) 742 

Barada,  (R7) 118 

Bamston,  (P7) 228 

Bartlett,  (L4) 100 

Bartley,  (H7) 511 

Bassett,  (K2) 383 

BatUe  Creek,  (N4).     597 

Bayard,  (B4) 261 

Bazile  Mills,  (N2)..      77 

Beatrice,  (P7) 9,356 

Beaver  City,  0')--    975 
Beaver  Crossmg, 

(06) 542 

Bee,  (05) 207 

Beemer,  (P4) 494 

Belden,  (03) 247 

Belgrade,  (M5) 400 

Bellevue,  (R5) 596 

BeUwood,  (05) 397 

Belvidere,  (N7) 475 

Benedict,  (N6) 336 

Benkelman,  (FT)..     538 

Bennet,  (P6) 457 

Bennmgton,  (QS)..     276 

Benson,  (Q5) 3,170 

Berlin,  (Q6) 196 

Bertrand,  (J 6) 643 

Berwyn,  05) 100 

>       Bethany,  (P6) 948 

Bigspring,  (DS)...     140 

Bladen,  (L7) 494 

Blair,  (Q4) 2,584 

Bloomfield,  (N2)...  1,264 
Bloomington,  (K7).     507 

BlueHUi;(M7) 761 

Blue  Springs,  (P7).     712 

Boelus,  (LS) 233 

Bostwick,  (M7) 150 

Bradshaw.  (N6)...     359 


Brady,  (HS) 308 

Brainard,  (OS) 465 

Brewster,  04) 230 

Bridgeport,  (B4)...     541 

Bristow,  (L2) 175 

Brock,  (R7) 434 

BrokenBow,  05)..  2,260 
Brownville,  (R7)...     457 

Brule,  (E5) 120 

Bruning,  (N7) 353 

Bruno,  (PS) 245 

Brunswick,  (M3)..     278 

Burchard,  (Q7) 315 

Burkett,  (M6) 400 

Burr,  (Q6) 113 

Burton,  02) 100 

Burwell,  (K4) 915 

Butte,  (L2) 550 

Byron,  (N7) 184 

Cairo,  (LS) 364 

Callaway,  05) 765 

Cambridge,  {H7)...  1,029 

Campbell,  (L7) 573 

Carleton,  (N7) 410 

Carroll,  (03) 382 

Cedar  Bluffs,  (P5)..  500 
Cedar  Creek,  (05)..  180 
Cedar  Rapids,  (M4)     576 

Center,  (N2) 119 

Central  City,  (MS).  2,428 

Ceresco,  (PS) 296 

Chadron,  (02) 2,687 

Chapman,  (M5) 266 

Chappell,  (DS) 329 

Cheney,  (P6) 100 

Chester,  (N7) 560 

Clarks,  (N5) 60S 

Clarkson,  (04) 647 

Clatonia,  (P7) 233 

Clay  Center,  (N6)..  1,065 
Clearwater,  (M3)..    414 

Cody,  (F2) 185 

Colendge,  (02) 535 

Collegeview,  (P6)..  1,508 

Colon,  (PS) 160 

Columbus,  (OS) 5,014 

Comstock,  (K4)...     323 

Concord,  (P3) 198 

Cook,  (Q7) 387 

Cordova,  (06) 201 

Comlea,  (N4) 90 

Cortland,  (P7) 364 

Cotesfield,  (LS) 150 

Cowles,  (M7) 190 

Cozad,  (J6) 1,096 

Crab  Orchard,  (P7).     274 

Craig,  ((D4) 339 

Crawford,  (B2) 1,323 

Creighton,  (N3)...  1,373 

Creston,  (04) 338 

Crete,  (06) 2,404 

Crofton,  (N2) 610 

Crookston,  (02)...  100 
Culbertson,  (07)..     580 

Curtis,  (06) 613 

DakoU,  (P3) 474 

Dalton,  (C5) 207 

Danbury,  (H7) 268 


Dannebrog,  (MS)..    380 

Darr,  (J6) 32 

Davenport,  (N7)...     484 

Davey,  (P6) 120 

DavidCity,  (05)...  2,177 

Dawson,  (R7) 340 

Daykin,  (07) 220 

Decatur,  (04) 782 

Deshler,  (N7) 609 

Deweese,  (M7) 200 

DeWitt,  {P7) 675 

DUler,  (P7) 506 

Dbton,  (P3) 217 

Dodge,  (P4) 661 

Doniphan,  (M6)...  399 
Dorchester.  (06)...     610 

Douglas,  (06) 305 

DuBois,  (Q7) 339 

Dunbar,  (06) 216 

Duncan,  (NS) 100 

Dundee,  (RS) 1,023 

Dunning,  (H4) 120 

Dwight,  (05) 184 

Eagle,  (Q6) 360 

EddyviUe,  05) 254 

Edgar,  (N7) 1,080 

Edison,  07) 334 

Elba,  (LS) 302 

Elgin,  (M4) 606 

Elk  Creek,  (Q7)...     240 

Elkhorn,  (Q5) 291 

Elm  Creek,  (K6)...     620 

Elmwood,  ((36) 635 

EUie,  (F6) 160 

Elwood,  06) *6* 

Emerson,  (P3) 838 

Endicott,  (07) 204 

Ericson,  (L4) 100 

Eustis,  (H6) 403 

Ewing,  (M3) 440 

Exeter,  (06) 916 

Fairbury,  (07) 5,294 

Fairfield,  (M7) 1,054 

Fairmont,  (N6) 921 

FaIlsCity,(R7)....  3,255 

Famam,  (H6) 462 

Farwell,  (LS) 246 

Filley,  (P7) 194 

Firth,  {P6) 343 

Florence,  (QS) 1,526 

FonUnelle,  (Q4)...  100 
Fort  Calhoun,  (Q5).  324 
Fort  Crook,  (R5)..-  203 
Fort  Robinson,  (A2)     220 

Foster,  (N3)- 122 

Franklin,  (L7) 949 

Fremont,  (PS) 8,718 

Friend,  (06) 1,261 

FuUerton,  (NS) 1,638 

Gandy,  (HS) 200 

Garrison,  (OS) 177 

Geneva,  (N6) 1,741 

Genoa,  (N5) 1,376 

Gering,  (A4> 627 

Germantown,  (P6).     275 

Gibbon,  (L6) 718 

Gilead,  (07) 181 

Giltner,  (M6) 300 


Gladstone,  (07)...     100 

Glenville,  (M6) 304 

Goehner,  (06) 110 

Gordon,  (D2) 920 

Gothenburg,  (H6)..  1,730 

Grafton,  (N6) 353 

Grand  Island,(M6)  10,326 

Grant,  (E6) 358 

Greeley,  (M4) 845 

Greenwood,  (Q6)...     3S7 

Gresham,  (OS) 344 

Gretna,  (QS) 484 

Gross,  (L2) HI 

Guide  Rock,  (M7)-     690 

Hadar,  (N3) 140 

Haigler,  (E7) 205 

Hallim,  (P6) 168 

Hampton,  (N6) 383 

Harbme,  (P7) 150 

Hardy,  (N7) 496 

Harrisburg,  (A4)...     140 

Harrison,  (A2) 186 

Hartington,  (02)...  1,413 

Harvard,  (M6) 1,102 

Hastings,  (M 6) 9,338 

Havelock,  (P6) 2,680 

Hayes  Center,  (F6).  330 
Hay  Springs,  (C2)..  408 
Heartwell,  (L6)...     100 

Hebron,  (N7) 1,778 

Hemingford,  (B3)..  272 
Henderson,  (N6)...     391 

Hendley,  07) 238 

Herman,  (04) 345 

Hcrshey,  (OS) 


332 
388 
450 
414 
3,030 
170 


Hickman,  (P6)... 
Hildreth.  (K7)..- 
Holbrook,  (H7)... 
Holdrege.(K7)... 
HolmesvUle,  (P7). 

Holstein,  (L7) 323 

Homer,  (P3) 397 

Hooper,  (P4) 741 

HordviUe,  (NS)....  130 

Hoskins,  (03) 262 

Howe,  (R7) 160 

Howell,  (04) 800 

Hubbard,  (P3) 150 

Hubbell,  (N7) 295 

Humboldt,  (R7)...  1,176 

Humphrey,  (04)...  868 

Huntington,  (M6)..  410 

Huntley,  (K7) 190 

Hyannis,  (E4) 262 

Imperial,  (E6) 402 

Inavale,  (L7) 130 

Indianola,  (H7) 681 

Inland,  (M6) 100 

Inman,  (L3) 230 

Ithaca,  (PS) 171 

"ackson,  (P3) 290 

ansen,  (07) 308 

bhnson,  (R7) 273 

ohnstown,  02).--  200 

ulian,  (R6) 168 

uniaU,  (L6) 471 

Ceamey,  (K6) 6,202 

Kcnesaw,  (L6) 657 


Kennard,  (Q5) 319 

Kilgore,  (02) 130 

Kimball,  (AS) 454 

Lanham,  (P7) 120 

Laurel,  (03) 514 

Lawrence,  (M7) 475 

Lebanon,  (H7) 197 

Leigh,  (04) 567 

Leshara,  (OS) 86 

Lewellen,  (D5) 120 

Lewiston,  ((37) 1 30 

Lexington,  (J6) 2,059 

Liberty,  (P7) 394 

LINCOLN,  (P6).. 43,973 

Lindsay,  (N4) 465 

Linwood,  (PS) 329 

Litchfield,  (KS)....  403 

Lodgepole,  (05).--  245 

Long  Pine,  (J2) 781 

Loomis,  (K7) 284 

Loretto,  (N4) 100 

Lorton,  (Q6) 115 

Louisville,  (Q6) 778 

LoupCity,(KS)...  1,128 

Lushton,  (N6) 205 

Lynch,  (M2) 583 

Lyons,  (Q4) 865 

McCook,  (07) 3,765 

McCool     Junction, 

(N6) 369 

McLean,  (N3) 130 

Madison,  (N4) 1,708 

Madrid,  (E6) -  124 

Magnet,  (N3) 178 

Malcolm,  (P6) 100 

Malmo,  (PS) 214 

Manlcy,  (Q6) 180 

Marion,  (07) 180 

Marquette,  (N6)...  290 

Martinsburg,  (P2).  291 

Mason  City,  (KS)..  480 

Maxwell,  (HS) 289 

Maywood,  (06)...  443 

Mead,  (Q5) 330 

Meadow    Grove, 

(N3) 388 

Memphis,  (QS) 162 

Merna,  OS) 459 

Merriman,  (E2)-.-  254 

Milford,  (06) 716 

Millard,  (Q5) 260 

Miller,  (K6) 330 

Milligan,  (07) 336 

Minatare,  (B4) 338 

Minden,  (L7) 1,550 

Mitchell,  (A4) 640 

Monowi,  (M2) 109 

Monroe,  (N5) 282 

Moorefield,  (H6)...  180 

Morrill.  (A4) 346 

Morse  Bluff,  (PS)-  196 

Mount  Clare,  (M7^  130 

Mullen,  (F3) 180 

Murdock,  (Q6) 222 

Murray,  (R6) 210 

Naper,  (K2) 300 

Naponee,  (K7) 200 

Nebraska  City,(R6)  5,488 


Nehawka,  (Q6) 200 

Neligh,  (M3). 1,566 

Nelson,  (M7) 978 

Nemaha,  (R7) 325 

Newcastle,  (P2)--.  436 
Newman     Grove, 

(N4)   8S0 

Newport,  (K2) 268 

Nickerson,  (P4)---     140 

Niobrara,  (N2) 822 

Nora,  (M7) 100 

Norfolk,  (N3) 6,025 

Norman,  (L7) 130 

North  Bend,  (P4)-.  1,105 
North  Loup,  (LS)..  519 
NorthPlatte,(G5)- 4,793 

Oak,  (N7) 237 

Oakdale.  (N3) 631 

Oakland,  (Q4) 1,073 

Oconto,  (JS) 245 

Octavia,  (05) 150 

Odell,  (P7) 427 

Ogallala,  (ES) 643 

Ohiowa,  (07) 373 

Omaha,  (R5) 124,096 

O'Neill,  (L3) 2,089 

Ong,  (N7) 285 

Orchard,  (M3) 532 

Ord,  (L4) 1,960 

Orleans,  (K7) 942 

Osceola,  (N5) 1,105 

Oshkosh,  (DS) 180 

Osmond,  (N3) 567 

Overton,  (J6) 574 

Oxford,  07) 593 

Page,  (M3) 300 

Palisade,  (F7) 380 

Palmer,  (MS) 373 

Palmyra,  (Q6) 334 

Panama,  (P6) 230 

Papillion,  (Q5) 624 

Pauline,  (M7) 150 

Pawnee  City,  (Q7)-  1,610 

Paiton,  (F5) 150 

Pender,  (P3) 804 

Peru,  (R7) 950 

Petersburg,  (N4)...     533 

Phillips,  (M6) 274 

Pickrell,  (P7) 120 

Pierce,  (N3) 1,200 

Pilger,  (03) 471 

Plainvicw,  (N3)---  941 
Platte  Center,  (N4)  388 
Plattsmouth,  (Q6).  4,287 
Pleasant  Dale,  (P6)  257 
Pleasanthill,  (06)..  140 
Pleasanton,  (KS)..     252 

Plymouth,  (07) 438 

Polk,  (NS) 396 

Ponca,  (P2) 1,000 

Poole,  (K6) 100 

Potter,  (B5) 100 

Powel,  (07) 150 

Prague,  (PS) 394 

Preston,  (R7) 122 

Primrose,  (M4) 158 

Prosser,  (L6) 163 

Ragan,  (K7) 214 


Ralston,  (QS) 200 

Randolph,  (03)....  1,137 

Ravenna,  (LS) 1,359 

Raymond,  (P6) 236 

RedCloud,(L7)...  1,686 
Republican   City, 

(K7) 476 

Reynolds,  (07) 246 

Richland,  (OS) 156 

Rising  City,  (05)..     456 

Riverton,  (L7) 369 

Roca,  (P6) 129 

Rockville,  as) 201 

Rogers,  (P5) 155 

Rosalie,  (Q3) 147 

Roseland,  (L7) 249 

Royal,  (M3) 130 

Rulo,  (S7) 661 

RushviUe,  (D2)-..     633 

Ruskin,  (N7) 339 

Saint  Edward,  (N4)  814 
Saint  Helena,  (02).  148 
SaintPaul,  (MS).-.  1,336 

Salem,  (R7) 391 

Sargent,  (K4) 651 

Saronville,  (N6)...     130 

Schuyler,  (OS) 2,152 

Scotia,  (LS) 328 

Scottsbluff,  (A4)...  1,746 

Scribner,  (P4) 891 

Seneca,  (03) 150 

Seward,  (06) 2,106 

Shelby,  (OS) 503 

Shelton,  (L6) 1,005 

Shickley,  (N7) 429 

Sholes,  (03) 100 

Shubert,  (R7) 311 

Sidney,  (CS) 1,185 

Silver  Creek,  (NS).     379 

Sioux,  (Q3) 1,196 

Smartviile,  (Q7)...  100 
Smithfield,  (J6)...     190 

Snyder.  (P4) 314 

South  Auburn,  (R7)  800 
South  Bend,  (OS)..  125 
South  Omaha,  (RS)26,2S9 

Spalding,  (M4) 637 

Spencer,  (L2) 671 

Springfield,  (OS)...  463 
Springview,  (J2)-..     216 

Stamford,  (J7) 301 

Stanton,  (04) 1,342 

SUplehurst,  (OS)..  228 
Steele  City,  (P7)...    300 

Steinauer,  ((37) 248 

Stella,  (R7) 430 

Sterling,  (Q7) 714 

Stockham,  (N6)...  601 
Stockville,  (H6)....     232 

Strang,  (N6) 238 

Stratton,  (F7) 367 

Stromsburg,(N5)-.  1,355 

Stuart,  (K2) 467 

Sumner,  (J6) 321 

Superior,  (N7) 2,106 

Surprise,  (05) 323 

Sutherland,  (F5)...  447 
Sutton,  (N6) 1,702 


Swanton,  (07) 285 

Syracuse,  (Q6) 842 

Table  Rock,  (Q7)..     81* 

Talmage,  (R6) 461 

Tamora,  (06) 205 

Tamov,  (N4) 121 

Taylor,  (K4) 20O 

Tecumseh,(Q7).-..  1,748 

Tekamah,  (04) 1,524 

Thayer,  (06) 180 

Thedford,  (G4) 230 

Thurston,  (P3) 112 

TUden,  (N3) 901 

Tobias,  (07) 44S 

Trenton,  (F7) 497 

Trumbull,  (M6)...     180 

Tryon,  (04) lOO 

Uehling,  (Q4) 228 

Ulysses,  (05) 551 

Unadilla,  (Q6) 20* 

Union,  (R6) 302 

University      Place, 

(P6) 3,200 

Upland,  (L7) 390 

Utica,  (06) 520 

Valentine,  (G2)-..  1,098 

Valley,  (QS) 810 

Valparaiso,  (PS)..-     560 

Verdel,  (M2) 162 

Verdigris,  (N2) 403- 

Verdon,  (R7) 406 

Vesta,  (Q7) 140 

Virginia,  (07) 154 

Wabash,  (Q6) 120 

Waco,  (06) 29J 

Wahoo,  (PS) 2,168 

Wakefield,  (P3).-..     861 

Wallace,  (F6) 17S 

WalthUl,  (Q3) 810 

Wamerville,  (N4)..  lOO 
Washington,  (QS)..  130 
Waterbury,  (P3)...     199- 

Waterloo,  (OS) 402 

Wauneta,  (F7) 327 

Wausa,  (N2) 60* 

Waverly,  (P6) 297 

Wayne,  (03) 2,140 

Weeping       Water, 

(06) i,o«r 

Wellfleet,  (06) lOO 

Western,  (07) 499^ 

West  Lincoln,  (P6).     20O 

Weston,  (PS) 432 

Westpoint,(P4)...  1,776 

Wilber,  (07) 1,21» 

Wilcox,  (K7) 382 

Wilsonville,  (H7)-.  38S 
Winnebago,  (P3)..  39y 
Winnetoon,  (M2)--     220 

Winside,  (03) 450 

Wisner,  (P4) 1,081 

Wolbach,  (MS) 230 

Wood  Lake,  (H2)..  198 
Wood  River,  (L6)..    796. 

Wymore,  (P7) 2,613 

Wynot.(02) 258 

York,  (K6) 6,235- 

yutan,(Q5) 35i 


362         (NEVADANEW  HAMPSHIRE-NEW  JERSEY)  INDEX    OF     THE     UNITED     STATES 

NEVADA 


Atlanta,  (G4) 200 

Austin,  (D3) 1,300 

Bannock,  (E2) 250 

Battle     ^lountain, 

(D2) 400 

Bauvard,  (Gl) 200 

Beatty,  (E6) 300 

Blackhorsc,  (03)..  300 

Blair,  (D5) 500 

Buckskin,  (B4) 200 

Bunkerville,  (06)..  100 

CaBente,  (05) 500 

C^ian,  (£2) 420 


CARSON     CITY, 

(B3) 2,466 

Cherry  Creek,  (G3)     350 
Columbia,  (D5)...  1,000 

Contact,  (01) 150 

Cortez,  (E2) 110 

Crescent.  (F7) 100 

Currie,  (02) lOO 

Dayton,  (B3) 580 

Delamar,  (OS) 700 

Dutchcreek,  (C4)..     200 

East  Ely,  (03) 1,500 

£dgeouuit,(£l)...     100 


Elko,(F2). 1,677 

Ely,  (03) 2,055 

Empire,  (B3) 330 

Eureka,  (F3) 1,800 

Fallon,  (C3) 741 

Farrell,(D2) 200 

Franktown,  (B3)..  120 
Gardnerville,  (B4).     210 

Genoa,  (B3) 440 

Oillis,  (C4) 100 

Glenbrook,  (A3) .  .  .  230 
Oolconda,  (D2)...  800 
Goldbug,  (C2)....    150 


'  Goldfield,(DS)....  4,838 

Gold  Hill,  (B3) 2,100 

Goodsprings,  (F7).     100 

Granite,  (C4) 200 

Hamilton,  (F3) 300 

Hawthorne,  (C4)..  1,000 

Hiko,  (F5) 100 

Hill  Top,  (E21 100 

Horn  Silver,  (b5)..  1,000 

Imlay,(C2) 250 

Jumbo,  (B3) 100 

Las  Vegas,  (06).  .  .  1,500 
l*e,  (F2) 150 


Lida,  (D5) 230 

Lovelocks,  {C2)...  1,000 

Lucky  Boy,  (C4)..  800 

McGill,  (03) 2,200 

Manhattan,  (E4)..  750 

Marble,  (C4) 100 

Mason,  (B3) 150 

Mazuma,  (C2) 200 

Melvin,  (03) 150 

Mizpah,  (02) 150 

Mominj  Star,  (B4)  100 
Mountam  City, 

(Fl) 130 


Nelson,  (071 250 

Owyhee,  (El) 500 

Palisade,  (E2) 150 

Panaca,  (G5) 350 

Paradise  Valley, 

(Dl) 600 

Pinegrove,  (B4)...     200 

Pioche,  (05) 1,000 

Pioneer,  (E4) 1,200 

Prospect,  (E3) 150 

Pyramid,  (B2) 150 

Ramsey,  (B3) 120 

Rawhide,  (C4)..;..  5,100 


Reipetown,  (F3)...  100 

Reno,  (B3) 10,867 

Rhyolite,  (D6) 800 

Round     Mountain, 

(E4) 600 

Ruby  Valley,  (F2).  100 

Schurz,  (C4) 600 

Searchlight,  (G7)..  387 
Seven    Troughs, 

(C2) 100 

Sheridan.  (B4) 110 

SilverCity,  (B3)...  350 

Sparks,  (B3) 2,500 


Stillwater,  (C3)...  228 
Sweetwater.  (B4)._     150 

Tonopah,  (D4) 5.900 

Tuscarora,  (ED...  300 
Unionville,  (C2)...     100 

Verdi,  (A31 500 

Vernon,  (C2) 150 

Virginia  City,  (B3/.  2,244 
Wadsworth,  (B3)..     800 

Wells,  (Fl) 260 

Whiterock,  (ED...  150 
Winnemucca,  (D2),  1,786 
Yerington,  (B4)...    682 


NEW     HAMPSHIRE 

■  =  POPULATION  OF  TOWNSHIP 


Acworth,  (Ell)...  "536 
Alexandria,  (09) .. .  "571 
Allenstown,  (J  11)  "1,457 
Alstead,  (Ell). . . .  "711 
Alstead      Center, 

(Ell) 100 

Alton,  QIO) "1,348 

Alton  Bay.  (J  10)...  300 
Amherst,  (H12)... "1.060 
Andover,(G10)... "1,201 

Antrim,  (Gil) "1,235 

Apthorp,  (G6) 100 

Ashland,  (H9).... "1,412 
Ashuelot,  (E12)...  380 
Atkinson,  (K12)...  "440 
Atkinson      Depot, 

(K12) 100 

Auburn.  QID "637 

Bank  Village,  (012)  100 
Barnstead,  (JIO).  ."1.081 
Barrington,     (Kll)"900 

Bartlett,  (J7) "1,197 

Bath,  (G7) "978 

Bedford,  (H12). .  ."1,110 
Belmont,  (JIO). .  ."1,390 
Bennington,    (Gil)  "690 

Benton,  (07) "219 

Berlin.    (K6) 11,780 

Berlin  Mills,  (K6)..  1,200 
Bethlehem,  (H6).. "1,201 
Boscawen,  (HIO)  "1.240 

Bow,  (HID "676 

Bow  Mills,  (HI  1)..  300 
Bradford,  (FIO)...  "695 
Brentwood.  (K12)  "759 
Bridgewater,     (H9)  "187 

Bristol,  (09) "1.478 

Brookheld,  (K9)..."247 
Brookline,  (H13)..  "501 
Campton,  (H8)....  "845 
Canaan,  (G9). ..  ."1,408 
Canaan  Center,  (F9)  150 
Canaan  Street,  (09)    150 

Candia,    (J ID "993 

CandiaVUlage.  (Jll)  ISO 
Canobie    Lake, 

(K12) 100 

Canterbury,    (HIO)  "680 

Carroll,  (H6) "569 

Center     Barnstead, 

(JIO) 500 

Center    Conway, 

(K8) 200 

Center    Effingham, 

(K9) 100 

Center  Harbor.  (19)  "420 
Center    Sandwich, 

(H8) 350 

Center     Strafford, 

(KIO) 250 

Center  Tuftonboro, 
(K9) 180 


Charlestown, 

(Ell) "1,496 

Chatham,  (K7)....  "209 
Chesham,  (F12)...     110 

Chester,  (J12) "818 

Chesterfield,  (E12)  "770 
Chichester,  (Jll)...  "606 

Chocorua,  (K8) 100 

Claremont,  (ElO)  "7,529 
Claremont     Junc- 
tion, (ElO) 100 

Clarksville.  (J3)...  "271 
Colebrook,  (J4). .  ."1.905 
Columbia,  (H4)...  "619 
CONCORD, 

(HID 21,497 

Contoocook,    (HID    940 

Conway,  (K8) "3,413 

Coos.    (H5) 425 

Cornish,  (ElO) ..  ."1,005 
Cornish  Flat,  (ElO)  450 
Crawford     House, 

U7) 130 

Croydon,  (FIO)....  "324 
Croydon  Flat,  (FIO)    100 

Crystal,  (JS) 100 

Dalton,  (H6) "475 

Danbury,  (G9)....  "592 
Danville,(KI2)....  "517 
Davisville,  (Oil)..  200 
Deerheld,  (KU)..  "917 
Deerfield     Center, 

(KU) 350 

Deering,  (Gil)....  "353 

Derry,  (J12) "5,123 

Dorchester,  (F9)...  "241 

Dover,  (Lll) 13,247 

Dover  Point.  (Lll)  500 
Drewsville.  (Ell)..    125 

Dublin,  (F12) "571 

Dummer.  (J5) "292 

Dumbarton,  (HI1)"5I3 
Durham,  (LID...  "823 
East  Alstead,  (Ell)  125 
East  Andover,(G10)  350 
E.  Barrington,  (Kll)  550 
East  Candia,  (Jll)  450 
E.  Canterbury,  (JIO)  100 
East  Concord,  (111)  500 
East  Conway,  (K8)  100 
East  Deering,  (Oil)  190 
East  Deny,  (J12)..  590 
East  Grafton,  (G9)  280 
E.  Hampstead,  (K12)  100 
East  Haverhill,  (07)  100 
Eastjaffrey,  (F12)  1,700 
E.  Kingston,  (L12)  "413 
E.  Lempster,  (FID    ISO 

Easton,  (07) "226 

E.  Pembroke,  (Jll)  100 
East  Rindge.  (012)  135 
E.  Rochester,  (LIO)  1,200 


East  Sullivan,  (F12)  200 
EastSwanzey,  (F12)  300 
E.  Wakefield,  (K9)  150 
E.Washington,  (FID  100 
East  Weare,  (HU)  340 
East  Wolfboro,  (K9)  150 
Eaton  Center,  (K8)  150 
Effingham,  (K9)...  "558 
Effingham    Falls, 

(K8) 150 

Elkins,   (GIO) 170 

Elmwood,  (012)...    100 

Enfield,  (F9) "1,448 

Enfield  Center,  (F9)    400 

Epping,  (KID "1,649 

Epsom,  (JU) "725 

Errol,  (K4) "211 

Etna,  (F9) 150 

Ejeter,  (L12) "4,897 

Fabyan  House,  (H7)  250 
Farmington, 

(KIO) "2,621 

Fitzwilliam,  (F12)  "1,148 
Fitzwilliam    Depot, 

(F12) 500 

Francestown;  (012)  "602 
Franconia,  (H7).  ..  "504 
Franklin,  (HIO). .  .6,132 
Freedom,  (K8) ....  "542 
Fremont,  (KID...  "622 

Gaza,   (H9) 100 

Georges  Mills.  (FIO)  200 
Gerrish,   (HIO)....     100 

GUford,  (J9) "744 

Gilmanton,  (JIO)..  "968 
Gilmanton     Iron 

Works,  (JIO)....    500 

Gilsum,  (Ell) "470 

Glen,    (K7) 150 

Goffs  FalU,  (J12)..  200 
Goffstown,  (HID  "2,579 

Gonic,  (LIO) 460 

Gorham,  (K6). ,.  ."2.155 

Goshen,  (FIO) "329 

Oossville,  (Jll)....    260 

Grafton,  (09) "641 

Grafton     Center, 

{F9) 100 

Grantham,  (FIO)..  "286 
Grasmere,  (HID..  400 
Greenfield.  (012)..  "574 
Greenland,  (Lll)..  "575 
Greenland   Depot, 

(Lll) 100 

Greenville,  (012)  "1.374 

Groton,  (09) "319 

Groveton,   (J5). ..  .1,500 

Guild,  (FIO) 100 

Hampstead,  (K12)  "796 
Hampton,  (L12).  ."1,215 
Hampton     Falls, 

(L12) "552 


Hancock,    (F12)..."642 

Marlboro     Depot, 

Hanover,  (E9).... "2,075 

(FI2) 300 

Harrisville,  (F12).  .  "623 

Marlow,   (FID...  .  "425 

Haverhill,  (F7). .  ."3.498 

Mascoma,  (F9).  ...     100 

Hebron,    (09) "213 

Mason,  (GI3) "325 

Henniker,(  Oil).. "1.395 

Meadows,     06)...     180 

Hill,    (H9) "556 

Melvin  Village,  09)    295 

HiUsboro,  (Gil).. "2, 168 

Meredith,  (H9). .  ."1,638 

Hillsboro  Lower  Vil. 

Meredith    Center, 

lage,    (Oil) 280 

(H9) 150 

HilUboro  Upper  Va- 

Meriden,  (F9) 500 

lage,  (FID 100    Merrimack,  (H12)  "1,039 

Hinsdale,   (EI2).  ."1.673    Middleton,  (KIO). .  "291 


Holderness,   (H9)..  "652 
HoUis,   (J13) "935 


Milan,  (K5) "924 

Milford.  (HI2)... "3,939 


Hookset,  (HID... "1,528  Mill  Village,  (FIO)    100 

Hopkinton,  (Hll)  "1,578  Milton,  (KIO). . .  ."1,542 

Horns  Mills,  (L9)..     100  Milton  Mills,   (L9)    730 

Hudson,  (JI2) "1,344  Monroe,   (F6) "429 


Hudson     Center, 


Montcalm,  (F9). 


100 


(J12) 270  Mont  Vernon,  (HI2)"4I3 

Intervale,    (K7)...    200  Moultonboro,     QS)  "783 

Jackson,  (K7) "452  Moultonville,    (K9)    300 

JaSrey,  (FI2). ..  ."1,895  Mountainview,  (K9)  300 

Jefferson,  (J6).  ..."1,061  Munsonville.   (FID    100 

Jefferson  Highland,  Nashua,  (HI2). .  .26.005 


06). 
Kearsarge,  (K7) . . . 


150    Nelson,  (F12) "231 

130    New  Boston,  (HI2)  "982 


Keene,    (E12) 10,068  Newbury,  (FIO).  ..  "402 

Kensington,     (L12)  "417  New  Castle,  (MID  "624 

Kingston,  (KI2).  ."1,015  New  Durham,  (K10)"523 

Laconia,    (J9).  ...  10,183  Newfields,  (Lll). . .  "503 

Lakeport,  (J9) 500  New  Hampton,  (H9)"82 1 

Lancaster,   (H6).. "3,054  Newington,  (LID.  .  "296 

LandaS,  (07) "526  New  Ipswich,  (013)  "927 

Langdon,   (El  I) . . .  "340  New  London,  (FIO)  "805 


Leavitts  Hill,  (Jll)    100    New  Market, 

Lebanon,   (E9)... "5,718        (LID 

Lee,  (Lll) "479    Newport,  (FIO) 

Lempster,  (FlI) 
Lincoln,  (H7) 


'3,348 

'3,765 

'383    Newton,  (K12),  ...  "962 

278    Newton  June,  (KI2)  180 


Lisbon,  (07) "2,460    N.  Branch,  (Gil)  . .    100 


Little  Boars  Head, 
(M12) 100 


Littleton,  (06). 
Livermore,  (J7). . 
Lochmere,  (HIO). 
Lockehaven, (F9). 
Londonderry, 


North  Charlestown, 
(ElO) 240 


3,059  N.Chichester,  (JU)    360 

"64  N.  Conway,  (K7)..  1,500 

150  N.  Danville,  (K12) .     150 

100  Northfield,  (HIO)  "1,474 

North  Oroton,  (08)    140 

ai2) "1,533  N.  Hampton,  (LI2)  "786 

Long  Island,  (J9)..     150  N.  Haverhill,  (G7).    440 

Loudon.  (JIO) "838  North  Lisbon,  (06)    100 

Lower  Bartlett,  North  Monroe,  (06)    110 

(K7) 150  N.  Newport,  (EIO) .    190 

Lyman,  (06) "374  North  Nottingham, 

Lyme,  (F8) "1,007         (Kll) 100 

Lvme  Center,  (F8)    150  N.  Richmond,  (E12)  100 

Lyndeboro,     (HI2)  "660  N.  Rochester,  (KIO)    100 


Madbury,  (Lll). 
Madison,  (K8). 


"331     North  Salem,  012)    400 
"507    N.  Sanbornton,  (H9)  430 


Manchester,  (Jl I)  70,063    N.  Sandwich,  (J8) .  .    100 
Marlboro,  (F12).. "1,478    North  Sutton,  (GIO)    140 


Northumberland, 

(JS) "2,184 

N.  Wakefield,  (K9)  150 
N.  Walpole,  (EU).  1,000 
North  Weare,  (Gil)  540 
Northwood,(KII)  "1,059 
Northwood  Center, 

(KU) ISO 

Northwood     Nar- 
rows,  (JU) 150 

Northwood    Ridge, 

(KU) ISO 

N.  Woodstock,  (H7)  400 
Nottingham,  (KII)"607 

Orford,(F8) "799 

Orfordville,  (F8)...  210 
Ossipee,  (K9). ..  ."1,354 
Parkhill,  (EI2)....  200 
Pattenville.    (06)..     100 

Pelham,  013) "826 

Pembroke,  OH)-  "3,062 
Penacook,    (HIO).. 3,000 

Pequaket,  (J8) 100 

Percy.    US) 140 

Peterboro,  (012).. "2,277 
Pierce  Bridge,  (H6)  100 
Piermont,  (F8) ....  "592 

Pike,  (07) 340 

Pittsburg,  (J3)....  "624 
Pittsfield,  010)... "2.222 
Plainfield,  (E9)....  "987 
Plaistow,  (K12).  ."1,173 
Plymouth,  (H9)., "2.200 
Ponemah,  (HI2)..  .  100 
Portsmouth,  (LID  11,269 
Potter  Place.  (GIO)    300 

Pratts.    (HI2) 100 

Randolph,  (K6)...  "137 
Raymond,  (Kll)  "1,203 
Redstone,  (K7)....  100 
Reeds  Ferry,  012)  320 
Richmond,  (EI2)..  "393 

Rindge,  (012) "706 

Riverdale,   (HU)..    100 

Riverton,  (H6) 100 

Robys  Comer,  (GIO)  150 
Rochester.  (KIO).  .8.868 
Rockingham.  (Lll)  100 
Rollinsford,  (Lll)  "1.836 

Rumney,  (08) "850 

Rumney  Depot,  (08)  240 

Rye,    (Lll) "1,014 

Rye  Beach,  (M12)  550 
Rye  North  Beach, 

(MID 100 

Salem,  (K12) "2,117 

Salem  Depot,  (J12)  700 
Salisbury,  (HIO)...  "478 
Salisbury     Heights, 

(HIO) 140 

Salmon  Falb,  (LID  1.700 
Sanbornton,  (H9). .  "850 


Sanbomville,  (K9)  500 
Sandown,  (K12)...  "380 
Sandwich,  (J8),  ..  .  "928 

Scott,   (H6) 125 

Seabrook,  (LI2).  ."1,425 
Shelburne,  (K6) . . .  "305 
Short  Falls,  (J U)..  140 
Silver  Lake,  (K8)..  300 
Smithtown,  (LI2). .  100 
Snowville,  (K8)...  220 
Somersworth,  (HO)  6,704 
S.  Acworth,  (EU)  250 
S.  Barnstead,  (JIO)  100 
S.  Barrington,  (KU)  100 
S.  Charlestown.  (EIDIOO 
S.  Cornish.  (ElO)..  110 
S.  Danbury,  (GIO)  120 
S.  Danville,  (K12)  180 
S.  Deerfield,  (Jll).  .  100 
S.  Effingham,  (K9)  100 
S.  Hampton,  (K12)  "279 
S.  Kingston,  (K12)  140 
South  Lee,  (KU).  .  200 
S.  Lyndeboro,  (012)  520 
S.Merrimack,  (H12)  110 
S.  Newbury,  (FIO)  100 
S.  Seabrook,  (L12)  100 
S.  Stoddard,  (FU)  100 
South  Sutton,  (GIO)  120 
S.  Tamworth,  (J8)  290 
South  Weare,  (Oil)  100 
S.  WoUboro,  (K9) . .  ISO 
Spofford,  (E12)...  260 
Springfield,  (F9)...  "422 

Stark,  (J5) "448 

State  Line,  (F13)..  180 
Stewartstown.  (J4)"1.128 
Stoddard,  (FID...  "257 
Strafford,  (KID...  "786 
Strafford     Corner, 

(KIO) 100 

Stratford,  (HS)....  "844 
Stratham.  (Lll)...  "602 
Sugar  Hill,  (G7)..  .  380 
Sullivan,  (FU)....  "266 
Sunapee,  (FIO). .  ."1,071 
Suncook,  (J  1 1).... 2. 700 

Surry,   (EU) "213 

Sutton,  (GIO) "698 

Swanzey,(E12)... "1,656 
Swiftwater,  (F7)...  100 
Tamworth.  (J8)...  "993 
Temple.  (012)....  "284 
The  Weirs,  (J9)...  550 
Thornton,  (H8)...  "553 
Thorntons    F'erry, 

(HI2) 130 

Tilton,  (HIO) "1,866 

Troy,  (FI2) "1,331 

Tuftonboro,  (K9)..  "612 
Twin  Mtn.,  (H6)..  260 
Union,   (KIO) 400 


Unity,  (FIO) "504 

Wakefield,  (K9).. "1,543 
Walpole,  (Ell)... "2,668 
Warner,   (OlO). .  ."1,226 

Warren,   (08) "701 

Washington,  (FU)"360 
Water  Village,  (K9)  130 
Weare,   (Oil). ..  ."1,325 

Webster,  (GIO) "445 

Wentworth,  (08)... "595 
WestAlton,  (J9)...  100 
West    Andover, 

(GIO) 180 

West    Brentwood, 

(K12) 200 

West  Campton,  (H8)  200 
West  Canaan,  (F9)  100 
West     Chesterfield, 

(E12) 260 

W.  Claremont,  (ElO)  500 
W.  Concord,  (HU)  1,200 
West  Epping,  (Kl I)  450 
W.  Hampstead.  (J12)  200 
W.  Henniker,  (Gil)  100 
West  Lebanon,  (E9)  500 
West  Milan,  OS)..  390 
Westmoreland, 

(E12) "758 

Westmoreland  De- 
pot, (Ell) 130 

West    Nottingham, 

(KU) 100 

West  Ossipee,  (K8)  300 
W.  Peterboro,  (012)  100 
Westport,  (E12)..  .  100 
West  Rindge,  (F12)  260 
West  Rumney,  (08)  240 
West  Rye,  (LID...  100 
W.  Salisbury.  (GIO)  120 
W.  Springfield,  (FIO)  200 
West  Stewartstown, 

04) 1,000 

W.  Swanzey,  (EI2)  770 
W.  Thornton,  (H8)  360 
Westville,  (K12)..  .  300 
West  Wilton,  (012)  100 
W.  Windham,  012)  100 
Whiteface,  (J8)....  100 
Whitefield,  (H6).. "1,635 
Wilmot,  (010)....  "614 
Wilmot  Flat,  (GIO)  250 
Wilton,  (H12).... "1,490 
Winchester,  (E12)  "2,282 
Windham,  012)...  "656 
Windham     Depot, 

012) 200 

Winona,  (H9) 135 

Wolfboro  Falls,  (J9)  300 
Wolfeboro,  (K9).. "2,224 
Woodman,  (K9)...  100 
Woodstock,  (H8)  "1,083 
Woodsville,  (F7)...2,IOO 


Absecon,  (F9) 870 

Adelphia,    (F6) 450 

Aldine,   (C8) 150 

Allaire,  (06) 100 

Allamuchy,   (D3)..  200 

Allendale.  (02) 1,121 

AUenhurst,  (H6)...  203 

Allentown.  (E6)...  642 

Allenwood,  (06)...  160 

Alliance,  (C8) 400 

AUoway,  (B8) 600 

Almonesson,  (C7). .  200 

Alpha,  (C4) 2,084 

Alpine,  (H3) 533 

Ancora,  (D8) 300 

Anderson,  (D3) 100 

Andover,  (E3) 479 

Anglesea,  (DIO)...  170 

Annandale.  (D4)...  380 

Anthony.  (D4) 100 

Ardena.  (F6) 500 

Arlington.  (G3) 6,000 

Asbury,  (C4) 580 

Asbury    Park, 

(H6) 10,910 

Ashland,  (D7) 320 

Atco.  (D7) 600 

Athenia,  (03) 410 

Atlantic    City, 

(F9) 51,667 

Atlantic  Highlands, 

(05) 1,771 

Atsion,  (D8) 100 

Auburn,   (B8) 180 

Audubon.  (C7). ..  .3,009 

Aura.  (C8) 130 

Avalon,  (EIO) 323 

Avenel.  (F4) 100 

Avon   by  the  Sea, 

(H6) 707 

Bakersville,   (E9)..  150 

Baptistown.  (D4). .  120 

Bargaintown,    (E9)  100 

Bamegat.  (G7).    ..  850 

Bamegat  City.  (08)  77 

Barnsboro,  (C7)...  200 


Barrington,  (C7)..  150 
Basking  Ridge.  (E4)  640 
Bayhead,  (06)....  492 
Bayonne,  (G4). .  .64,461 

Bayville,  (07) 200 

Beachhaven,  (08)  434 
Beatyestown,  (D3)  170 
Bedminstsr,  (E4)..  130 
Beemerville.  (E2)..  250 
Beesleys  Point,  (E9)    175 

Belford.    (05) 250 

Belle  Plain.  (D9)..  100 
Belleville,  (03). .  .11,996 

Belmar,    (06) 2,553 

Belvidere,  (C3). ..  .1.823 
Bergenfield,  (H3).. 2,924 
Berkeley     Heights, 

(F4) 300 

Berlin,    (D7) 800 

Bernardsville,  (E4)  1,000 

Beverly.  (D6) 2,450 

Billingsport     Road, 

(B7) 100 

Birmingham,  (E7)  220 
Bivalve,  (CIO)....  220 
Blackwells     Mills, 

(ES) 230 

Blackwood,  (C7)...  600 
Blairstown,  (D3)..  800 
Bloomfield.  (03)..  17,306 
Bloomingdale,  (F3)  340 
Bloomsbury,(C4)..  630 
Blue  Anchor,   (D8)    250 

Bogota,  (03) 2.341 

Boonton,  {F3) 5,207 

Bordentown,  (E6)  4,095 
Boundbrook,  (E4)  5,152 
Braddock.  (D8)...  200 
Bradevelt,  (FS)....  ISO 
Bradley    Beach, 

(H6) 2,236 

Branchville,  (D2)..  620 
Bridgeboro.  (D6)..  280 
Bridgeport.  (FS) . .  280 
Bridgeport.  (B7).  ,  .  640 
Bridgeton,(B9)...  13,611 


Bridgeville,  (C3)...    100 

Brielle,  (06) 330 

Brigantine,  (F9)...  20 
Broadway,  (C4).,.  200 
Brookdale,  (03)...  250 
Brookside.  (E3)...  160 
BrownMills,  (E7)..  300 
Browntown,  (FS)..  200 
Budd  Lake,  (E3)..  120 
Buddtown.  (E7)...    250 

Buena,   (D8) 150 

Burleigh,  (DIO)...  150 
Burlington,  (D6).. 9,044 
Burrsville,   (06)...    200 

Butler.  (F3) 2,534 

Buttzville,  (D3)...    330 

Caldwell,  (F3) 3,409 

Califon,    (D4) 500 

Camden,  (C7) ...  102,215 
Campgaw,  (02)...    100 

Canton,  (B9) 190 

Cape  May,  (DID. 2,513 
Cape    May    Court 

House,  (DIO)....  800 
Cape    May    Point, 

(CU) 170 

Carlstadt.  (03). ..  .4,137 
CaritonHill,(G3)..    100 

Carmel,  (C9) 750 

Carpentersville,  (C4)  210 

Carteret,  (G4) 3,500 

Cassville,  (F6) 220 

Cedar  Brook,  (D8)  400 
Cedargrove,  (F3)..  670 
Cedar  Lake,  (D8) . .  110 
Cedar  Run,  (F8)...  200 
Cedanfille,  (C9)...  1,500 
Centerton,  (D7)...  100 
Centerton,  (C8).  ..  130 
Changewater,  (D4)  210 
Chapel  Hill,  (OS)..  200 
Charlotteburg.  (F2)  100 
Chatham,  (F4).  ..  .2,207 
Chatsworlh.  (E71,  .  150 
Cheesequake,  (OS)  200 
Chesilhurst,  (D8)..    314 


NEW    JERSEY 

1915  STATE  CENSUS  FIGURES 

Chester,  (E3) 1,100    Denville,  (F3) 630 

Chesterfield,  (E6)..     ISO    Dias  Creek,   (DIO)  250 

Chews,  (C7 ) 440    Dividing  Creek,  (C9)  500 

Chrome.  (04) 100    Dorchester,  (D9) . .  100 

Cinnaminson,   {D7)    150    Dorothy,   (D9)....  200 


Clarksboro,  (B7)...    200 
Clarksburg,  (F6)...    250 

Clayton,  (C8) 1,729 

Clementon.  (C7)...    500 


Dover.  (E3) 8,971 

Drakestown.     (03)    200 

Dumont,  (03) 2.278 

Dundee  Lake,  (03)    400 


Clermont.  (DIO) ...    300  Dunellen,  (F4) ....  2,877 

CliSside.  (H3) 4,778  Dutch  Neck,  (E5). .     100 

CliSwood,  (OS) 130  Eastcreek.  (DIO)...    100 

Clifton.  (03) 8.100  East  Millstone.  (E4)    356 


Clinton,    (D4) 841 

Closter,  (H3) 1,735 

Cokesbury.  (D4)...    100 


East  Newark,  (04)  2,873 
EastNutley,  (G4)..  700 
East  Orange,  (F4)  40,961 


Cold  Spring,  (DID    150  E.  Rutherford,  (03)4,576 

Colesville.  (El)....    200  Eatontown,  (O5)..I,200 

CoUingswood,  (C7)  6,600  Edgewater,    (H3)..3,150 

Colonia,  (F4) 100  Edgewater  Park, 

Colts  Neck,  (05)...    150        (D6) 200 

200  Egg    Harbor   City, 

590         (E8) 2,416 

180    Elberon,  (HS) 100 

100    Eldora,  (DIO) 100 

750  Elizabeth,    (04).. 82,036 


Columbia.  (Ci). 
Columbus.  (E6).. 
Cookstown,  (E6). 
Copperhill,  (DS).. 
Coytesville,  (H3). 
Cranbury,  (E5). . . 
Cranford,  (F4).... 
Creamridge,  (E6). 


800    Ellisburg,  (C7)....     110 

2,000    Ellisdale,  (E6) 275 

100    Elm,  (D8) 230 


Creskill,  {H3) 992  Elmer,  (C8) 1,143 

Cross  Keys,  (C8)..  250  Elwood,  (E8) ISO 

Crosswicks,  (E6) . . .  400  Emerson.  (03) 906 

Croton,  (D4) 110  Englewood,  (H3)  11,071 

Daretown,   (B8)...  150  Englewood    Cliffs, 

Dkyton.(F5) 390         (H3) 532 

Deal,  (06) 227  English  Creek,  (E9)  300 

Deal  Beach,  (H6) . .  180  Englishtown,     (F5)  605 

Deerfield  Street,  (C8)  150  Erma,  (DID 230 

Delair,  (C7) 230  Essex  Fells,  (F3) ...  538 

Delanco,  (D6) 750  Estelville,  (D9) ....  100 

Delawanna,  (G3)..  710  Everett,  (OS) 100 

Delaware,  (C3).  ...  440  Everittstown,    (C4)  150 

Delford,  (03) 1,244  Evesboro,  (D7). . . .  100 

Delmont.  (DIO)...  175  Ewan,  (C8) 250 

Demarest.   (H3)...  588  Ewingville,  (E5). . .  250 

Dennisville,  (DIO).  300  Fairfield,  (F3) 150 


Fair  Haven,  (OS)..  1,490 
Fair  Lawn,  (03)...  120 
Fairmount,    (D4)..    100 

Fairton,    (C9) 500 

Fairview,  (03). ..  .4,016 

Fanwood,  (F4) 699 

Far  Hills,  (E4)....  300 
Farraingdale.  (G6)  483 
Fieldsboro,    (E6)..    510 

Finderne,  (E4) 100 

Finesville,  (C4) 150 

Fish  House,  (C7)..  100 
Fishing  Creek,  (DIO)  180 
Flanders,  (E3)....  510 
Flatbrookville,  (D2)  100 
Flemington,  (D4).. 2,635 

Florence,   (D6) 1,800 

Florham  Park,  (F3)    970 

Folsom,(D8) 266 

Fords,  (F4) 750 

Forked  River,  (07)  500 
Fort  Lee,  (H3). ..  .5.288 

Franklin,  (E2) 3,262 

Franklin  Park,  (ES)  230 
Franklinville,  (C8)  300 
Freehold,  (05). ..  .3,622 
Freochtown,  (C4)..    983 

Freneau.  (05) 200 

Garfield.  (G3). ..  .15.455 
Garwood,  (F4). ...  1.642 
Georgetown.  (E6)..  100 
German  Valley.  (D3)  580 
Gibbsboro,  (D7)...  300 
Gibbstown,  (B7)...  200 
Glassboro,  (C8)...2,100 
Glendola,  (06)....  250 
Glen  Gardner,  (D4)  600 
Glen  Ridge,  (03).. 4, 153 
Glen  Rock,  (03)...  1,689 
Olenwood,  (El)...  300 
Gloucester    City. 

(C7) 10,554 

(5oshen,  (DIO)....  350 
Grantwood,  (H3)..  1,600 
Grassey    Sound, 

(DIO) 100 


Great    Meadows, 

(D3) ISO 

Green  Creek,  (DIO)  200 
Green  Pond,  (F2).  .  100 
Green  Village,  (F4)  170 
Greenwich,  (B9)...  1,000 
Grenloch,  (C7)....  200 
Griggstown,  (ES)..  330 
Groveville,  (E6)...  300 
Outtenberg,  (H3).. 6,322 
Haclseosack,  (03)  15,856 
Hackettstown,  (D3)2,976 
Haddonfield,  (C7)  5,077 
Haddon     Heights, 

(C7) 2,297 

Hainesburg,  (C3)..  300 
Hainesport,  (D7)..  500 
Hainesville,  (DD.  .    300 

Haledon,  (03) 2,890 

Haleyville,   (C9)...    330 

Hamburg.  (E2) 800 

Hamilton.  (06)....  250 
Hamilton      Square, 

(E6) 430 

Hammonton.  (D6)  5,896 
H.ampton,  (D4)....  843 
Hancocks    Bridge, 

(B8) 130 

Hanover,  (F3) 400 

Hanover  Neck,  (F3)  220 
Hardingville,  (C8)  100 
Hardwick,  (D3)...  100 
Harlingen,  (ES)...  200 
Harmony,  (C4) ... .  250 
Harrington.  (02)..  551 
Harrison,  (03). ..  14,520 
Harrisonville,  (C8)  300 
Hartford,  (D7)....  100 
Harvey  Cedars,  (G8)  47 
Hasbrouck  Heights, 

(03) 2,424 

Haskell,  {F2) 200 

Haworth,  (03)....  733 
Hawthorne,  (03).. 3,999 

Hazen,  (C3) 180 

Hazlet,  (05) 200 


Heislerville,  (DIO)  420 
HelmetU,  (F5)...  767 
Herbertsville,    (06)    200 

Hewitt,  (F2) 210 

Hibernia,  (F3) 1,400 

High  Bridge,  (D4)  1,700 
Highland  Park.  (F5)2.901 
Highlands,  (H5)... 1.759 
Hightstown.  (ES).. 2,592 
Highwood,  (H3)...  400 
Hillsdale,   (02)....    950 

Hilton,    (F4) 220 

Hoboken,  (H4). .  .67,611 
Hohokus.  (03)....  561 

HoUand,  (C4) 100 

Holly  Beach.  (DID  1.901 

Holmdel,  (OS) 850 

Holmeson,(F6)....  100 
Homestead.  (03)..  350 
Hopatcong,  (E3)...     234 

Hope.  (DJ) 350 

Hopewell.  (DS).  ..  .1.341 
Hornerstown.  (F6)  200 
Hudson     Heights, 

(H3) 1,500 

Hurffville,  (C7)....    200 

Hyson.  (F6) 150 

Imlaystown,  (F6) . .     150 

lona,  (C8) 100 

Irvington,  (04)... 20,342 

Iselin.(F4) 100 

Island  Heights,  (07)  368 
Jacksonville,  (E6)..  100 
Jacobstown.  (E6)..  100 
Jamesburg.  (FS).  ..1,865 

Janvier,  (C8) 200 

Jefferson,   (C8)....     110 

Jenkins.  (E8) 100 

Jersey  City.  (04)270.903 
Jobstown,  (E6)....  200 
Johnsonburg.  (D3)  150 
Juliustown,  (E6)...1.000 
Keansburg,  (05)...    500 

Kearny,  (03) 22,150 

Kenilworth.  (F4)..  997 
KenvU,  (E3) 350 


INDEX  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES     (new  jersey-new  mexico-new  vork)    353 


Keyiwrt,  (G5) 4,019 

Kingsland,  (G3)...  800 
KinKSton.  (E5)....  .iOO 
KinRwood,  (DS)...     100 

Kinkora,  (E6) 100 

Kirkwood,  (1)7),..    150 

Kresson,  (D7) 300 

LaFayette,  (E2)..  .  400 
LakeComo,  (H6),,  2,iO 
Lakehurst,  (F6)...  1,000 
Lakewood,  (G6)... 4,000 
Umbertviile,  (D5)  4,600 

Landing,  (D3) 120 

Landisville,  (D8)..     140 

Lanoka.   (07) 200 

Laurel  Springs,  (D7)  791 
Lavallette,  (G7),..  174 
Lawnside,  (C7)...,  300 
Lawrence  Sta.,  (ES)  250 
Lawrcnceville,  (D5)    300 

Layton,  (D2) 320 

Lebanon,  (D4)....  360 
Ledsewood,  (E3)..  400 
Leeds  Point,  (F9) .  .  300 
Leesburg,  (D9)....    250 

Leonardo,  (GS) 200 

Leonardville,     (G5)    150 

Leonia,  (H3) 2,132 

Liberty  Corner,  (E4)  260 

Lincoln,  (F4) 200 

Lincroft,  (G5) 100 

Linden,  (G4) 1,150 

Lindenwold,  (D7)..    300 

Linwood,  (E9) 610 

Little  Falls,  (F3)...  3,600 
Little  Ferry,  (G3).  .2,729 
Little  Silver,  (G5)..    400 

Littleton,   (F3) 350 

Little  York,  (C4)..  150 
Livingston.  (F3). . .    550 

Locust.  (G5) 150 

Lodi,  (G3) 6,379 

Long  Branch.  (H5)14.565 
Longport.  (E9)...  .     143 

Louden.  (E7) 100 

LowerBank.  (E8)..  150 
Lower     Squankum. 

(G6) 250 

Ludlow,   (04) 200 

Lumberton,  (D7). .  850 
Lyndhurst.  (G3).  ..1,350 
Lyons  Farms,  (G4)  400 
McAfee  Valley,  (E2)  200 
McKee  City,    (E9)    140 

Madison,  (F3) 5,628 

Magnolia,  (C7)...  .  977 
Mahwah,  (G2)....  550 
Main  Avenue,  (C8)  150 
Malaga,  (C8) 400 


Manahawkin,  (G8)  70') 
Manalapan,  (F5)..  300 
Manasquan,  (G6). .  1,817 
Mantoloking,    (G6)      50 

Mantua,  (C7) 750 

Maple  Shade,  (D7)  200 
Maplewood,  (F4)..    600 

Marcella,  (F3) 130 

Margate  City,  (F9)  291 
Marksboro,  (D3)..  100 
Marlboro,  (F5)....    400 

Marlton,  (D7) 700 

Marmora.  (E9) 200 

Martinsville.  (E4)..  150 
Masonville.  (D7)..  150 
Matawan,  (G5). ...  1,771 

Maurer,   (G4) 520 

Maurice    River, 

(CIO) 1,100 

Mauricetown,    (C9)    560 

Mayetta,  (F8) 100 

Mays    Landing, 

(D9) 1,800 

Maywood,  (G3)...  1,309 
Medford,  (D7). ...  1,200 
Mendham.  (E3)...  1,248 
Menio  Park,  (F4) .  .  350 
Merchantville,(C7)  2,242 
Metuchen,  (F4)... 2,092 
Mickleton,  (B7)...  130 
Middlebush,  (FS)..  130 
Middletown,  (G5)  200 
Middle  Valley,  (D3)  200 
Midland  Park,  (G3)  2,130 

Midvale,  (F2) 420 

Milford,    (C4) 687 

Millbrook,  (D2)...  100 
Millburn,  (F4). ..  .3,000 
Millington.  (E4)...  300 
MUlstone,  (E5)....     154 

MiUtown,  (FS) 1.902 

MillvUle.  (C9)....  13,307 

Milton,  (E2) 330 

Minebrook,  (E4)...     100 

Minehill,  (E3) 100 

Minotola.  (D8)....  500 
Monmouth    Beach, 

(H5) 652 

Monmouth  Junction, 

(E5) 400 

Monroe,   (E2) 100 

Monroeville,  (C8)..  110 
Montague,  (El)...  200 
Montclair.  (F3).  ..25,029 

Montvale,  (G2) 728 

Montville,  (F3).  ...  690 
Moonachie,  (G3)..  993 
Moorestown,  (D7)  4,000 
Morganville,     (05)    180 


Morris  Plains,  (F3)  450 
Morristown,  (F3)  13,006 
Mountainside,  (F4)  421 
Mountainview,  (F3)  420 
Mountainville,  (D4)  150 
MounlAiry,  (1)5).  .  100 
Mt.  Arlington,  (E3)  397 
Mount  Bethel,  (F4)  200 
Mt.  Ephraim,  (C7)  300 
Mt.  Freedom,  (E3)  200 
Mount  Holly,  (D7)  4,800 
Mount  Hope,  (E3)  390 
Mount  Laurel,  (07)  250 
Mount  Olive,  (E3)  100 
Mt.  Pleasant,  (C4)  150 
Mount  Rose.  (E5)  120 
MullicaHill.  (B8)..  510 
Murray  Hill.  (F4)..  100 
National  Park.  (C7)  529 
Naughright,  (E3)..  220 
Navesink,  (G5)....  600 
Neptune  City,  (G6)    614 

Nesco,  (E8) 100 

Neshanic,  (E5)....    300 

Netcong,  (E3) 1.680 

Newark,  (G4). .  .366,721 
New  Bedford.  (G6)  230 
Newbridge.  (G3)...  530 
New    Brunswick, 

(F5) 30,019 

New  Durham,  (G3)  4,100 
New  Egypt.  (F6)..  800 
Newfielcf,  (C8)....  500 
Newfoundland.  (F2)  570 
New    Germantown, 

(E4) 300 

New  Gretna.  (F8)..  450 
New  Hampton,  (D4)  130 
New  Lisbon,  (E7)..  130 
New  Market,  (F4)  500 
New  MUford,  (03)  300 
New     Monmouth, 

(OS) 100 

Newport,  (C9) 850 

New     Providence, 

(F4) 1,132 

Newton,  (D2) 4,433 

NewtonvUle,  (D8)  100 
New  Vernon,  (F3)  110 
NewViilage,  (C4).,    150 

Norma.  (C9) 100 

N.  Arlington.  (G3)  1,079 
North  Branch,  (E4)  250 
N.  Caldwell,  (F3)..  664 
Northfield,  (E9).  .  .  968 
N.  Hackensack,  (03)  350 
North  Haledon.  (03)  834 
N.  Paterson,  (03)  1,300 
N.  Plainfield,  (F4)  6,037 


Northvale,  (H2)...  300 
N.Wildwood.(Dl  1)1,088 
Norwood.  (H3)....    680 

Nutley,  (03) 7,987 

Oakhurst,  (OS)....    300 

Oakland,  (G2) 628 

Oaklyn.  (C7) 793 

Oak  Ridge,  (F2)...     110 

Oak  Tree,  (F4) 200 

Ocean  City,  (E9)..3,721 
Oceangate,  (07)...  100 
Ocean  Grove.  (H6)  3,100 

Oceanic,  (OS) 600 

Occanport,  (OS).  ..  400 
Ocean  View,  (ElO)  150 
Oceanville,  (F9)...  300 
Ogdensburg.  (E2)..  600 
Old  Bridge,  (FS)... 1,000 
OldTappan.  (H2)..    313 

Oradell,  (G3) 800 

Orange,     (F3) 29,805 

Ormond,  (D9) 100 

Orston,  (C7) 180 

Osbornsville,     (06)    660 

Ottcns,  (DID 110 

Overbrook,  (C7)...    ISO 

Oxford.  (D3) 2,600 

Palisade,  (H3) 250 

Palisades  Park, (H3)  2,264 
Palmyra,  (D6).  ..  .2,500 
Papakating,  (E2)..  100 
Parkcrtown,  (F8)..  ISO 
Park  Ridge,  (G2)..  1,643 

Parlin,  (FS) ISO 

Parry,  (D6) 130 

Parsippany,  (F3)..  230 
Passaic,  (03).  ..  .61.225 
Paterson,  (03).  .124,815 
Pattenburg,  (C4)..  300 
Paulsboro,   (B7)... 2,876 

Peapack,  (E4) 1,346 

Pedricktown.  (B7)  600 
Peermont,  (EIO).,.  100 
Peetzburg,  (H3)...  370 
Pemberton,  (E7)...  793 
Pennington,  (D5)..  944 
Penns  Grove.  (B8)  4.412 
Pennsville,  (A8)...  400 
Pensauken,  (C7)...    500 

Penwell,  (D3) 250 

Perrineville.  (F6) . .  200 
Perth  Amboy.(G5)39. 719 
Petersburg,  (09),  .  180 
Phillipsburg,  (C4)  15,430 
Pine  Brook,  (F3)...    280 

Pitman,  (C8) 2,577 

Pittsgrove,  (C8)...  110 
Pittstown,  (D4)...  150 
Plainfield,  (F4). .  .24,516 


Pleasant  Mills,  (E8)  100 
Pleasantville,  (E9)  4,863 
Pluckemin,  (E4)...  ISO 
Point  Pleasant,  (G6)  650 
Point     Pleasant 

Beach,  (06) 1,204 

Pointville,  (E6)...  300 
Pompton    Lakes, 

(02) 1.400 

Pompton  Plains.  (F3)  320 
Porchtown,  (C8)..  180 
Port  Colden,  (D3)  310 
Port  Elizabeth.  (09)  200 
Port  Monmouth, 

(05) 650 

Port  Morris,  (E3)..  560 
Port  Murry,  (03)..  310 
Port  Norris.  (C9)..  1,350 
Port  Republic.  (E8)  422 
Pottersville,  (04)..    200 

Princeton.  (E5) 5.678 

Prospect  Park,  (03)  3,853 
Prospect  Plains,  (FS)  100 
Prospertown,  (F6)  100 
Quakertown.     (D4)    250 

(Juinton,  (B8) 900 

Rahway,  (F4) 9,586 

Ramsey,  (02) 1,973 

Rancocas,  (D6) 330 

Raritan,   (E4) 4,028 

Readington,  (D4)..    200 

Reaville,  (D5) 300 

Red  Bank,  (G5)... 8,631 
Richfield,  (03)....    210 

Richland,  (09) 180 

Richwood,  (C8)...  180 
Ridgeficid,  (H3)... 1,187 
Ridgefield    Park, 

(03) 3.000 

Ridgewood,  (03).. 6.729 
RiegelsvUle.  (C4)...    500 

Ringoes,  (OS) 330 

Ringwood  Manor, 

(F2) 210 

Rio  Grande,  (OlO)    250 

Risley,   (09) 200 

River  Edge,  (03)..  380 
Riverside.  (G3)....    949 

Riverside,  (06) 3,800 

Riverton,  (06) 2,141 

Rivcrvale,  (03) 350 

Roadstown,  (B9)..  220 
Robbinsville,  (E6)  130 
Rochelle  Park.  (03)  300 
Rockaway,  (E3)... 2,224 
Rocksburg,  (C3)...  100 
Rocky  Hill.  (E5)...  470 
Roebling.  (06)....  750 
Roosevelt,   (G4)... 8,049 


Roseland.  (02)....    593 

Roselle,  (F4) 3,823 

Roselle  Park,  (F4)  4,327 
Roscnhayn.   (C9) . .    600 

Rumson.  (GS) 1,583 

Runncmede.  (C7)..     100 

Rustic,   (E3) 100 

Rutherford,  (03).  .8.347 
Saddle  River,  (02)    555 

Salem.  (B8) 6.953 

Sayreville,  (FS) 5,000 

Schooleys  Mt.,  (03)  180 
Scotch  Plains,  (F4)  1. 000 
Scullville.  (E9)....  200 
Sea  Bright,  (H5),..  1,327 
3ealsle  City,  (EIO)  955 
Seaside  Park,  (07)  275 
Seaside  Heights,  (G7)  252 

Seavillc,    (EIO) 200 

Secaucus,  (03). ..  .4.906 
Scrgeantsville,  (OS)    200 

Sewaren,  (04) 100 

Sewell,  (C7) 200 

Shadyside,  (H3)...  800 
Sharptown,  (B8). . .    230 

Shiloh.  (B9) 400 

Short  Hills.  (F4)...  350 
Shrewsbury,  (05)..  400 
Sicklerville,  (D8)..  230 
Silver  Lake.  (03)..    250 

Silverton,  (06) 100 

Singac,    (F3) 210 

Smiths  Landing,  (B9)  400 
Smithville.  (E7)...  37S 
Soraets  Point,  (E9)  790 
Somerville,  (E4).  ..6.038 
South  Amboy.  (05)7,482 
Southard,  (06)....  400 
South  Boundbrook, 

(F4) 1,108 

South  Branch,  (E4)  200 
S.  Cape  May.  (Oil)  19 
South  Dennis,  (DIO)  200 
South  Orange,  (F3)  5,866 
S.  Plainfield,  (F4)..  300 
South  River,  (F5)..  6,691 
S.  Seaville,  (010)..  300 
S.  Vineland,  (C9)..    500 

Sparta,   (E2) 800 

Spotswood,  (F5). . .  683 
Springfield.  (F4).  ..  600 
Spring  Lake  Beach, 

(H6) 1,393 

Springtown.  (C4)..  330 
Stanhope,  (E3). ...  1.028 

Stanley.  (F4) 210 

Stanton.  (04) 120 

StanwickAve.,  (07)  400 
SteelmanvUle,  (£9)    300 


Stephensburg,  (03)  180 
Stewartsville.  (C4)  560 
Stillwater.   (02)...     120 

Stirling,  (E4) 540 

Stockholm,  (F2).  ..    430 

Stockton,  (DS) 613 

Stoneharbor,  (EIO)  459 
Stoutsburg,  (05)..  100 
Stratford.  (07)....  100 
Succasunna.  (E3).. .    610 

Summit.   (F4) 9,136 

Surf,  (08) 44 

Sussei,   (E2) 1,251 

Swainton,  (DIO)...  310 
Swedesboro,  (B7)..  1.738 
Sykesville.   (E6)...     130 

Tabor.  (F3) 200 

Tansboro,    (D7)...    480 

Tenafly,  (H3) 2,999 

Tennent,  (FS) 100 

Thorofare,  (C7)....  130 
Three  Bridges.  (04)  300 
Tinton  Falls.  (OS)..  200 
Titusville,  (05)...  300 
Toms  River.  (07).. 2,200 

Towaco,   (F3) 150 

Townley,  (F4) 300 

Tremley,  (F4) ISO 

TRENTON,  (E6)103,190 

Troyhills,  (F3) 110 

Tuckahoe.  (D9)...  800 
Tuckerton.  (F8)...  1,312 
Turnersville,  (C7)..     180 

Union,  (03) 21,739 

Union,  (F4) 1,900 

Upper    Montclair, 

(03) 1,100 

Upper  Saddle  River, 

(02) 364 

Van  Hiseville,  (F6)  320 
Vauxhall,   (F4)....    600 

Ventnor,  (F9) 1,676 

Vernon,    (E2) 200 

Verona,  (F3) 2,643 

Vienna.  (03) 300 

Villa  Park.  (06)....  100 
Vincentown,  (E7). .  900 
Vineland,  (C9). ..  .6,531 
Waldwick,  (02)...  900 
Wallington,  (03)..  4,071 
Wallpack    Center, 

(D2) 100 

Wanaque,  (F2) 400 

Waretown,  (07)...  300 
Warren  Paper  Mills, 

(C4) 150 

Warrenville,  (E4)..  130 
Washington.  (03)  3,250 
Watchung,  (F4)...    100 


Waterlord     Works, 

(08) 300 

Waterloo.  (03) 130 

Wayne.  (F3) 210 

Wayside,  (G6)....  200 
Weehawken,  (H3)  13,488 
Wenonah,  (C7)....  821 
West  Caldwell.  (F3)  690 
West    Cape   May, 

(DID 1,068 

West  CoUingswood, 

(C7) 600 

West  Creek,  (F8)..  275 
West  End,  (H5)...  150 
Westfield,  (F4),.. 8.147 
West  Freehold.  (FS)  230 
W.Hoboken.(H3)  38,776 
West  Long  Branch, 

(05) 1,065 

West  Milford,  (F2)  210 
Westmont,  (C7)...  280 
West    New     York, 

(03) 22,943 

West  Orange,  (F3)  13,610 
W.  Paterson,  (G3)  1,535 
West  Point  Pleasant, 

(06) 290 

West  Portal,  (C4)..  250 
Westville,  (C7). ..  .2,036 
Westwood,  (03)... 2,217 
Weymouth,  (08)..  973 
Wharton,  (E3). ..  .2,591 
Whippany,  (F3)...  970 
Whitehouse.  (E4)..  100 
Whitehouse  Station, 

(E4) 350 

Whitesboro,  (DIO).  120 
Whitesville  (F6) ...  200 
Wilburtha,  (OS)...  200 
Wildwood,  (Oil).. 3,858 
Wildwood     Crest, 

(Oil) 317 

Williamstown.  (D8)  1,600 

Windsor,  (E6) 300 

Winslow,  (D8)....  250 
Woodbine.  (DIO)..  1.869 
Woodbridge,(F4)..  4.500 
Woodbury.  (C7)... 5,288 
Woodbury  H'ts.,(C7)  339 
WoodcliffLake.  (G2)  522 
Woodlynne,  (C7)..  878 
Woodridge.  (03)... 1.500 
Woodstown,  (B8)..  1,507 
Woodsville,  (DS)..  100 
Wortendyke,  (G3)  450 
Wrightstown,    (E6)    220 

Wyckofl.  (02) 390 

Yardville,  (E6)....  350 
Yorktown,  (B8)...    180 


NEW    MEXICO 


Abiquiu.  (C2) 500 

Acme,  (ES) 120 

Alameda,  (C3) 400 

Alamogordo,  (C6)..  3,600 

Albert,  (F3) 180 

Albuquerque,  (C3). 11,020 

Alcalde,  (D2) 300 

Algodones,  (C3)-.-  280 

Alma,  (AS) 130 

Anthony.  (C6) 250 

Anton  Chico,  (E3).  850 

Arroyohondo,   (02)  490 

Arroyo  Seco,  (D2).  400 

Artcsia,  (E6) 1,883 

Atrisco,  (C3) 540 

Aurora,  (D2) 100 

Aztec,  (A2) 509 

Baldy,  (D2) 120 

Bayard,  (A6) 200 

Belen.  (C4) 680 

Bent,  (DS) 300 

Bernalillo,  (C3)...-  770 

Beulah,(03) 200 

Bibo,  (B3) 200 

Bland.  (C3) 620 

Bloomfield,  (B2)...  250 

Blossburg,  (E2)...  190 

Bonito.  (DS) 300 

Brice,  (C6) 100 

Buckman,  (C3) 200 

Canjilon,  (C2) 100 


Capitan,  (D5) 100 

Carlsbad,  (E6) 1,736 

Carrizozo,  (DS)...  750 

Carthage,  (CS) 150 

Casasalazar,  (B3)..  130 

Casaus,  (D3) 200 

Catskill,  (E2) 640 

Cedarhill,  (B2) 180 

Central,  (A6) 510 

Cerrillos,  (C3) 110 

Cerro,  (D2) 500 

Chacon,  (D2) 200 

Chama,  (C2) 300 

Chamberino,  (C6)..  600 

Chamisal,  (D2) 150 

Chamita,  (02) 410 

Chaperito,  (E3)...  380 

Charlotte,  (F4) ISO 

Chilili,  (C4) 400 

Chimayo,  (D3) 320 

Cim.arron,  (E2) 940 

Clarkville,  (A3)...  250 

Clayton,  (F2) 970 

Cleveland,  (D3)...  620 

Cloudcroft,  (D6)..  250 

Clovis,  (F4) 3,255 

Cochiti,  (C3) 300 

Colmor,  (E2) 240 

Colorado.  (B6) 750 

Cooks,  (B6) 510 

Cooney,  (AS) 200 


Accord,  (M13).,..  380 
Acidalia,  (K13)....     130 

Acra,   (MID 110 

Adams,  (H5) 1,571 

Adams  Basin,  (E8)  270 
Adams  Center,  (H5)  6S0 
Addison,  (F12). ...  1,754 

Adrian,  (Ell) 500 

Alton,    (J12) 754 

Akron,    (C8) 1.856 

Alabama.  (08)....  230 
ALBANY,  (NIO)  107,979 

Albion,  (08) 5,988 

Alburg,  (LI) 360 

Alcove,  (Nil) 100 

Alden,  (C9) 777 

Alden  Center,  (C9)  ISO 
Alder  Creek,  (K7)..  ISO 
Alexander,  (D9)...  259 
Alexandria     Bay, 

(J3) 2,062 

Alfred,  (E12) 677 

Alfred  Station,  (Ell)  140 
Allaben,  (M12)....  250 
Allegany,  (C12). ..  1,327 
Allenshill,  (F9)..,.  220 
Allentown.  (012)..  660 
Alligerville.     (M13)    250 

AUoway.  (F8) 100 

Alma,  (D12) 150 

Almond.  (Ell)....    680 

Alpine,   (Oil) 180 

Alplaus,   (N9) 120 

Alps,  (NIO) 150 


AUen,  (N12) 100 

Altamont,  (MIO)..    805 

Altay.  (FID :.    200 

Altmar,  (H6) 390 

Alton,  (08) 350 

Altona,  (Nl) 500 

Alvord,    (M7) 130 

Amagansett,  (R17)  600 
Amawalk,  (N15)...    200 

Amber,  (H9) 150 

Amboy  Center,  (J7)  100 
Amenia,  (N13). .  .1,200 
Amenia     Union, 

(N13) 100 

Ames.    (L9) 160 

Amityville.  (018).. 2.780 
Amsterdam,  (M9)  34,319 

Ancram.  (N12) 350 

Andes.  (L12) 405 

Andover,  (E12), .  .1.154 
Angelica.   (Oil). ..  1,138 

Angola,  (BIO) 1,194 

Annandale,  (N12)..     130 

Antwerp,  (J4) 1,057 

Apalachin,  (HI2)..  400 
Appleton.  (C7)....    200 

Apulia.  (H9) 150 

Apulia  Station.  (H9)  160 
Aquebogue,  (P17). .  320 
Aquetuck,    (Nil)..    250 

Arcade,  (OlO) 1,568 

Arden,  (M15) 200 

Ardsley,  (N16)....  442 
Arena,  (L12) 200 


Copper,  (C3) 200 

Cordova,  (D2) 350 

Corona,  (D4) 200 

Costilla,  (02) 500 

Coyote,  (C2) 370 

Cubero,  (B3) 3S0 

Cuchillo,  (B5) 200 

Cuervo,  (E3) 300 

Dawson,  (E2) 100 

Dayton,  (E6) 280 

Deming.  (B6) 1,864 

Des  Moines,  (F2)..  200 

Dexter,  (ES) 242 

Domingo,  (C3) 100 

Dona  Ana.  (C6)...  750 

Dorsey,  (E2) 220 

Duran,  (D4) 150 

East  Las  Vegas,(E3)  3,755 

Elida,  (FS) 327 

Elizabethtown,  (02)  580 

ElRito,  (C2) 650 

Endee,  (F3) 290 

Espanola,  (C3) 550 

Estancia,  (D4) 517 

Fairview.  (BS) 240 

Farmington,  (A2) ..  785 

Fierro,  (A6) 700 

Floravista,  (B2)...  240 

Folsom.  (F2) 484 

Fort  Bayard,  (A6).  550 

Fort  Stanton,  (D5).  200 


Argusville,   (L9)...    150 

Argyle.  (08) 223 

Arkport,  (Ell)....  538 
Arkville,  (L12)....  430 
Arlington,    (N14)..    750 

Armonk.  (N16) 270 

Armor,  (CIO) 110 

Ashford,  (CU)....  300 
Ashland,  (MID...  780 
Ashokan,  (M13)...  150 
Ashville,  (B12)....  400 
Ashwood,  (D7)....  100 
Assembly    Park, 

(HIO) 190 

Athens,  (Nil) 1,92S 

Athol,  (N7) 110 

Athol  Springs,  (C9)  300 
Atlanta,    (FIO)....    290 

Attica,   (D9) 2,013 

Atwood,  (M13)....    200 

Auburn,  (09) 32,468 

Augusta.  (K9) 300 

Aurelius.  (09) 100 

Auriesville.   (M9)..    130 

Aurora.  (0 10) 396 

Ausable  Chasm,  (02)  500 
Au  Sable  Forks, 

(N3) 2,600 

AusterliU,  (Oil)..  100 
Averillpark.  (NIO).    450 

Avoca,  (FU) 1.083 

Avon.  (E9) 2,430 

Awosting,  (M14).  .  500 
Babylon,  (018). ..  .3.100 


Fort  Sumner,  (E4).  400 

Fort  Wingate,  (A3).  550 

Fruitland.  (A2) 450 

Oalisteo,  (03) 730 

Oallina,  (C2) 260 

Gallup.  (A3) 2,204 

Gardiner,  (E2) 970 

Gibson,  (A3) 400 

Gila,  (A6) 350 

Glenwood,  (AS)...  IOO 

Glorieta,  (D3) 250 

Golden  (C3) 330 

Grady.  (F4) 120 

Guadalupita,  (D2).  300 

Ouillou,  (03) 580 

Guique,  (02) 400 

Hagerman,  (E5) 449 

Hatch,  (B6) 100 

Heaton,  (A3) 300 

Hillsboro,  (B6) 1,000 

Hodges.  (D2) 200 

Hope,  (E6).. 417 

Hurlburt,  (DS) 100 

Ildefonzo.  (C3) 100 

Isidore,  (E3) 200 

Isleta,  (C4) 1,000 

Jarales,  (C4) 850 

Temes,  (C3) 525 

Jeraez  Springs,  (C3)  200 

Jicarilla.  (D5) 130 

keUy,  (B4) 620 


Kingston,  (B6) 290 

Lacueva,  (D3) 570 

Laguna,  (B4) 1,000 

Laioya,  (C4) 350 

Lake  Arthur,  (E5).  344 
Lake  Valley,  (B6)..  220 
Lakewood,  (E6)...     250 

Laluz,  (DS) 450 

La  Mesa.  (C6) 300 

Lamy,  (03) 150 

Laplata.  (A2) 230 

Largo,  (B2) 450 

Lascruces,  (C6) 3,836 

LasPalomas.  (B5).  230 
Las  Vegas,  (03)...  3,179 

Lemitar,  (B4) 430 

Liberty,  (A2) 250 

Lincoln,  (DS) 1,100 

Lobo,(D2) 100 

Logan,  (F3) 100 

Lordsburg,  (A6)...  1,000 
LosLunas,  (C4)...     460 

Lucero,  (D2) 200 

Lumberton,  (C2)..     470 

Luna,  (AS) 200 

Madrid,  (C3) 430 

Magdalena,  (B4)..     900 

Manzano,  (C4) 650 

Maxwell,  (E2) 270 

Mayhill,  (D6) 290 

Melrose,  (F4) 1,000 


Mescalero,  (DS)...  160 

Mesilla,  (C6) 1,300 

Miera,  (F2). 450 

Milligan,  (BS) 300 

Mimbres,  (36) 300 

Mogollon,  (AS) 600 

Monero,  (C2) 180 

Monticello,  (BS) 400 

Montoya,  (F3) 300 

Mora,  (D3) 1,400 

Mountain  Park,  (D6)  320 

Nara  Visa,  (F3) 200 

Nogal,  (DS) 170 

Nutt,  (B6) 100 

Ocate,  (E2) 200 

Old  Albuquerque,(C3)  750 

Organ,  (C6) 260 

Orogrande,  (DO) 400 

Pajarito,  (C3) 390 

Paraje,  (BS) 290 

Parkview,  (C2) 820 

Pecos,  (D3) 540 

Penablanca,  (C3)...  100 

Penasco,  (D2) 890 

Peralta,  (C4) 570 

Petaca,  (D2) 350 

Picacho,  (ES) 390 

Pines,  (C3) 150 

Pinos  Altos,  (A6) 1,100 

Placitas,  (C3) 200 

Pojuaque,  (D3)....  800 


NEW    YORK 

1915  STATE  CENSUS  FIGURES 


Bacon  Hill,  (N8)...  200 
Bainbridge,  (Kll)  1,201 
Baiting     Hollow, 

(P17) 250 

Baldwin,  (N18).... 3,000 
Baldwinsville,  (H8)  3,220 
BalUton  Lake,  (N9)  200 
Ballston  Spa,  (N8)  4,344 
Bangall,  (N13)....     ISO 

Bangor.  (Ml) 600 

Banksville,  (NI6)  ISO 
Bardonia.    (M16)..     IOO 

Barker.  (C7) 550 

Barkersville.     (N8)    100 

Barnard,  (E8) ISO 

Barnerville,    (MIO)    100 

Barnes,  (Oil) 130 

Barnes  Corners,  (JS)  200 
Barre  Center.  (08)  200 
Barrytown,  (N13)..  400 
Barryville,   (LIS)..    300 

Bartlett,  (K8) 150 

Barton.  (H12) 200 

Batavia.  (09). ...  13,278 
Batchellerville,  (M8)  150 

Bath,  (FID 5,449 

Battenville,  (08)..  280 
Bay  Pond.  (M3)...  ISO 
Bayport.  (017)....  740 
Bay  Shore.  (018).. 3,400 

Bayville.  (N17) 500 

Beachridge.  (C8)..  100 
Beacon.  (N15)  .  ..10,165 
Beaver  Dams.  (Oil)   500 


Beaver  Falls.  (K5)  800 

Bedford,  (N16)...  .  300 

Bedford  Hills.  (N16)  600 

Beekman.  (N14).  ..  250 

Beekmantown.  (Nl)  155 

Beerston,  (K12)...  150 

Belden,    (J12) 100 

Belfast,  (Oil) 900 

Belfort,  (KS) 100 

Belgium,  (H8) 180 

Belle  Isle,  (H8) 330 

Belleville,  (HS) 280 

Bellevue,    (C9) 400 

Bellmore,  (N18)...  600 

Bellona,  (FIO) 250 

Bellport,  (P17) 499 

Bellvale,  (MIS)...  350 
Belmont,  (D12).  ...1,031 
Belmont     Center, 

(Ml) 300 

Belvidere.    (DID..  200 

Bemis  Heights.  (N9)  100 

Bemus  Point,  (B12)  270 

Bennettsburg,  (OH)  110 

Bennettsville,  (K12)  130 

Bennington,  (09).  .  300 

Benson  Mines,  (L4)  900 

Benton  Center,  (FIO)  140 

Bergen,  (E8) 639 

Bergholtz,  (C8) 190 

Berkshire,    (HID..  500 

Berlin,  (OlO) 700 

Berne,   (MIO) 350 

BemhardsBay,  (J7)  150 


Bethany,   (D9) 160 

Bethel,    (L14) 300 

Bidwell,  (F8) 200 

Bigcreek,    (EID...  500 

Big  Flats,  (012)...  700 

Biglndian.  (M12)..  130 

Bigtree,  (C9) 210 

Binghamton,(J12)  53.668 

Binnewatcr.    (M13)  400 

Bishjp  Street.  (HS)  140 

Blackbrook.  (N3)..  200 

Black  Creek,  (DID  130 

Black  River.  (JS)..  857 

Blaine.    (L9) 100 

Blasdell.   (C9) 849 

Blauvelt.  (N16)....  350 

Bleecker.  (M8)....  530 

Bliiis.  (DIO) 400 

Blodgctt    Mills, 

(HIO) 150 

Bloomingburg,(M14)500 

Bloomingdale.  (M3)  394 
Blooming    Grove, 

(MIS) 120 

Bloomington.  (M13)  400 

Bloomville.  (LID..  350 

Blossom.  (C9) 150 

Blossvale.  (J7)....  120 
Blue  Mountain  Lake, 

(MS) ISO 

Blue  Point.  (017),.  500 

Bohemia,  (017)...  300 
Bolivar,   (D12). ..  .1.260 

Bolton,  (N6) .300 


Polvadera,  (B4) 420 

Portales,  (F4) 1,292 

Puerto  deLuna,(E4)  1,100 

Punta,  (D4) 100 

Putnam,  (B2) 200 

Questa,  (02) 650 

Ranches  of  Taos, 

(02) 1,400 

Raton.  (E2) 4,539 

Red  River,  (D2)....    210 

Redrock,  (A6) 190 

Ricardo,  (E4) ISO 

Rincon,  (C6) 280 

Rosedale,  (B5) 150 

Roswell,  (E5) 6,172 

Roy,  (E3) 400 

Ruidoso,  (05) 350 

Sabinal,  (C4). 320 

San  Acacia,  (B4)...  460 
San  Antonio,  (C4)..  370 
San  Antonio,  (C5)..     650 

Sandoval,  (C3) 620 

San  Jose,  (D3) 610 

San  Juan,  (C4) 400 

San  Lorenzo,  (B6)..  330 
San  Marcial,  (BS)..  1,000 

San  Mateo,  (B3) 330 

San  Pedro,  (C3) 460 

San  Rafael,  (A3) 700 

Santa  Cruz,  (D3)...  680 
SANTA  FE,(C3).„  5,072 


Bolton     Landing, 

(N6) 400 

Bombay,  (LI) 350 

Booraertown,  (B12)  100 

Boonville,  (K7) 1,909 

Boquct,  (03) 250 

Border  City,  (09)..  200 

Borodino.  (H9) 200 

Boston,  (CIO) 500 

Bouckville,  (J9)...  250 
Bovina     Center, 

(LID 190 

Bowens    Corners, 

(H7) 190 

Bowmansville,  (C9)  300 

Bradford.    (Fll)..  300 

Brainard.  (Nil)...  200 

Brainard  Sta.,  (NIO)  130 

Brainardsville,  (Ml)  200 

Branchport.     (FlOl  300 

Brant.  (BIO) 2,50 

Brasher  Falls.  (LI)  600 
Brasher  Iron  Works, 

(LI) 100 

Breakabeen,   (MIO)  200 

Breesport.    (012)..  500 

Brentwood.  (017)..  800 

Brewerton.  (H8),..  630 
Brewster.  (NIS). ..  1,402 
Briarcliff     Manor, 

(N16) 1,221 

Bridgehampton, 

(RI7) 1,500 

Bridgeport,  (J8)...  400 


Santa  Rita,  fB6) 1,900 

Santa  Rosa.  (E4)...  1,000 

Sapello,  (03) 360 

Sawyer,  (B4) 500 

Seama,  (B3) .;     220 

Sherman,  (B6)..,._  100 
Silver  City,  (A6)..l.  3,217 

Socorro,  (C4) 1,560 

Springer,  (E2) 550 

Steeplerock,  (A6)  ..     100 

Steins,  (.\6) ISO 

Tajique,  (C4) 320 

Taos,  (D2) 1,400 

Tecolote,  (D3) 510 

Texico,  (F4) _.     409 

TierraAmarilla,(C2).     850 

Tome,  (C4) 1,000 

Torreon,  (C4) IOO 

Truchas,  (D2) IOO 

Tucumcari,  (F3) 2,526 

Tularosa,  (C5) 760 

Tyrone,  (A6) 250 

Valencia,  (C4) 460 

Vallecitos,  (C2) 620 

Variadero,  (E3) 300 

Wagonmound,  (E3).     900 

Watrous.  (E3) 250 

Weed,  (06) 520 

Whiteoaks.  (D5)...  300 
Willard,  (D4)...;..  ISO 
Zuni,  (A3)......      1,300 


Bridgewater.     (K9)    258 

Brier  Hill,  (J2) 200 

Brighton.   (E8) I.OOO 

Brightwaters.  (018)    150 

Bristol.  (F9) 1.50 

Bristol  Center.  (F9)  ISO 
Broadalbin,  (MS)..  800 
Brockport.  (E8)... 3.368 

Brocton.   (BID 1.292 

Bronxville,  (N17).. 2,240 
Brookdale,  (LD...  100 
Brookfield.  (K9)...  400 
Brook  Haven,  (P17)  350 
Brooklyn, 

(N18) 1,798,513 

Brookton,  (HID..  300 
Brookview.  (NIO)..  200 
Broome   Center, 

(MID ISO 

Brown    Station, 

(M13) ISO 

Brownville,  (J4)...  885 
Brushton.  (Ml)...  660 
Buchanan.  (N15)..  300 
Bucksbridge.  (K2)  100 
Buffalo.  ((C9)... 454,630 
Bullville,  (M14)...    100 

Bundys.  (H7) 190 

Burden.    (N12)....     100 

Burdett.  (Oil) 375 

Burke.  (MI) 300 

Buriingham,  (M14)  200 
Burlington    Flats, 

(KlO) 300 


364 


(NEW  YORK) 


INDEX  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES 


Burnhams,  (BID..  100 
Burnt  Hills,  (N9)..  180 
BurreMilU,  US) ...    UO 

Burt,  (C7) 100 

Burtonsville,  (M9)  130 
Bushnellsville, 

(M12) 150 

Bushville,  (L14)...  130 
Bushkirk     Bridge, 

(09) 320 

Busti.   (B12) 300 

Byron,   (D8) 350 

Cadiz,  (DID 100 

Cadosia,  {K13)....  500 
Cadyville.    (N2)...    100 

Cairo,  (Mil) 800 

Calcium,   (J4) 110 

Caldwell,  (N7)....  650 
Caledonia,  (E9)... 1,241 
Callicoon,  (K13)..  800 
Callicoou  Center, 

(L13) 250 

Calverton,  (PI")..  210 
Cambridge,  (08)... 1,727 

Camden,  (J7) 2,181 

Cameron,  (F12)...  500 
Camillas,  (H8)....  840 
Campbell,  (F12)...  500 
Campbell    Hall, 

(M15) 140 

Canaan,  (Oil)....  220 
Canajoharie,  (L9) .  .2,474 
Canandaigua,  (F9)  7,501 
Canaseraga,  (Ell)  668 
Canastota,  (J8). ..  .3,849 
Candor,  (H12)....  749 
Caneadea,  (DU)..  450 
Canisteo,  (Ell)... 2,314 
Cannonsville,  (K12)    300 

Canoga,  (G9) 150 

Canton,   (K2) 2,624 

Cape  Vincent,  (H4)  1,102 

Capron,  (K8) 600 

Cardiff,  (H9) 100 

CarlUle,  (MIO)....    300 

Carman,  (N9) 450 

Carmel,  (N15) 800 

Caroga  Lake,  (M8)  110 
Caroline,  (HID...  200 
Caroline    Center, 

(HID 200 

Caroline     Depot, 

(HID 100 

CarroUton,  (C12)..  200 
Carthage,  (J5). ..  .3,871 
Cascade     Valley, 

012) 100 

Cassadaga,  (Ell)..  430 
Cassville,  (K9)....    200 

Castile,  (DIO) 962 

Castle  Creek,  (112)  200 
Castleton,  (NlO)..  1,583 
Castorland,  QS)..  300 
CaUtonk,  (H12)...  200 
Catharine,   (Gil)..     100 

Cato,  (G8) 390 

Caton,  (F12) 200 

Catskill,  (N12).... 5,371 
Cattaraugus,  (CU)  1,276 
Caughdenoy,     (H7)    250 

Cayuga,   (G9) 373 

Cayuta,  (GID...  100 
Cayutaville,  (Gil)  110 
Cazenovia,  (19).. ..  1,928 
Cedar  Hill,  (NlO)..  200 
Cedarhurst,  (N18)  2,657 
Cedarvale,  (H9)...  200 
CedarviUe,  (K9)...  150 
Celaron,  (B12).  ...  720 
Cementon,  (N12)..  600 
Center  Berlin,  (010)  100 
Center    Brunswick, 

(N9) 130 

Center   Cambridge, 

(09) 360 

Center  Lisle,  (HU)  230 
Center    Moriches, 

(P17) 1,000 

Centerport,  (017)..  490 
Center     Village, 

U12) 150 

Centerville,  (DU)  150 
Centerville  Station, 

(L14) 900 

Central     Bridge, 

(MIO) 400 

Centralia,  (Bll)...  150 
Central  Islip,  (017)  400 
Central  Park,  (N18)  530 
Central  Square,  (H7)  481 
Central    Valley, 

(M15) 800 

Ceres,  (D12) 350 

Chadwicks,   (K8)..    380 

Chafee,  (DIO) 200 

Champion,  (J5),,.  200 
Champlain,    (01).  1,279 

Chapin,  (F9) 300 

Chappaqua,    (N16)    900 
Charleston    Four 
Comers,  (M9)...    110 

Charlotte.  (E8) 2,302 

Charlotte    Center, 

(BID 100 

Charlotteville,  (LIO)  250 
Charlton,  (N9)....  100 
Chase  MilU,(Kl)..  110 
Chateaugay,  (Ml)  1,196 
Chateaugay     Lake. 

(Ml) 220 

Chatham.  (Nil)... 2,389 
Chatham    Center, 

(Nil) 220 

Chaumont,  (H4)...  682 
Chauncey,  (N17)..  200 
Chautauqua,    (B12)    500 

Chazy,  (01) 700 

ChazyLake.(N2)..    200 

Chelsea,  (N14) 200 

Chemung,  (G12),  ..  390 
Chenango    Bridge, 

(J12) 250 

Chenango    Forks, 

ai2) 500 

Chcpachet,  (K9)..  100 
Cherry  Creek,  (Bll)  720 
Cherry  Valley,  (L9)  762 
Cheshire,  (F9)....  200 
Chester,  (M15).  ...  1,280 
Chestertown,    (N6)    300 


Chesterville,  (MIO)  170 
Cheviot,  (N12). ...  140 
Chichester,     (M12)    600 

Chili,  (E8) 100 

Chipmonk,  (C12)..  150 
Chippewa  Bay,  U3)  120 
Chittenango,  (J8)..  1,074 
Chittenango    Falls, 

(J9) 200 

Chittenango  Station, 

(J8) 150 

Churchtown,  (N12)  130 
Churchville,  (E8)..  583 
Churubusco,  (Nl)..     120 

Cicero,   (H8) 400 

Cincinnatus,  (J  10)  400 
Circleville,  (M14)..     120 

Clarence,    (C9) 500 

Clarence    Center, 

(C8) 400 

Clarendon,  (D8)...  100 
Clark  Mills,  (K8)..    600 

Clarkson,  (E8) 300 

Clarksville,  (NlO)..  400 
Claryville,  (L13)...  130 
Claverack,  (N12)..  400 
Claverhouse,(E7)..  400 
Clayburg,  (N2)....     150 

Clayton,  (H4) 1,879 

Clayville,  (K9) 972 

demons,  (06) ....  320 
Clermont,  (N12)...    120 

Cleveland,  (J8) 660 

Clifton,  (E8) 250 

Clifton  Park,  (N9)  120 
Clifton    Springs, 

(F9) 1,664 

Clinton,  (K8) 1,264 

Clinton     Corners, 

(N13) 320 

Clintondale,  (M14)  1,000 
Clinton     Hollow, 

(N13) 300 

Clintonville,  (N3)..    260 

Clockville,  (J8) 180 

Clove,  (N14) 130 

Clove  Valley,  (N 14)    130 

Clyde,  (08) 2,699 

Clymer,  (A12) 450 

Cobleskill,  (MIO).. 2,362 
Cochecton,  (KI4)..  190 
Cochecton     Center, 

(L14) 100 

Coeymans,  (Nil)..  1,000 
Coeymans    Hollow, 

(Nil) 410 

Cohocton,  (ElO)...    958 

Cohoes,  (N9) 23,433 

Cold  Brook,  (K8)..    274 

Colden,  (CIO) 400 

Cold  Spring,  (N15)  2.549 
Cold  Spring  Harbor. 

(N17) 750 

Cold  Water.  (E8)..  200 
Colliersville,    (KIO)    100 

Collins.  (CIO) 200 

Collins     Center. 

(Cll) 350 

Collinsville.  (K6)..    100 

Colosse.  (H7) 150 

Colton,   (L2) 700 

Columbiaville. 

(Nil) 300 

Columbus.  (KIO)..  100 
Commack,  (017)..    300 

Comstock,  (07) 150 

Concord,  (CIO)....     150 

Conesus,  (ElO) 500 

Conesville,  (MID..  730 
Conewango,  (B12)  200 
Conewango  Valley, 

(B12) 200 

Congers,  (N16)....  700 
Conklingville,  (N7)  150 
Connelly,  (N13)...  800 
Conquest,  (G8)....  100 
Constable,  (Ml)...  200 
Constableville,  (K6)  391 
Constantia,  (J7)...  260 
Cooks  Falls,   (L13)    400 

Cooley,  (L13) 100 

Coomer,   (C8) 120 

Coopers    Plains, 

(F12) 300 

Cooperstown,  (LIO)  2,634 
Cooperstown  Junc- 
tion,   (LID 450 

Coopersville,  (01)..  120 
Copake,  (N12)....  200 
Copake  Falls,  (N12)  300 
Copenhagen,  (J5). .  695 
Copiague,  (018)...    200 

Coram,  (P17) 160 

Corbettsville,  (J12)    200 

Corfu,  (D9) 515 

Corinth,  (N8) 2,415 

Corning,  (F12). ..  13,459 
Cornwall,  (M15).. 2,658 
Cornwall    Landing, 

(NIS) 300 

Cornwall     on     the 

Hudson,  (N15).. 2,240 
Cortland.  (HIO). .  12,367 
Cossayuna,  (08)...  210 
Cottage,  (BID...  .  110 
County  Line,  (D7)  100 
Coventry,   (JU)...     150 

Covert,  (GIO) 200 

Covington,  (D9)...  100 
Cowlesville,  (D9) . .  200 
Coxsackie,  (Nil).. 2. 309 
Cragsmoor,  (M14)  100 
Craigville,  (M15)..  150 
Cranesville,  (M9)..  100 
Crary  Mills,  (K2)..  120 
Craryville,  (N12)..  130 
Craterclub,  (03)...  200 
Crawford,  (M14)..  140 
Creek  Locks,  (M13)    SCO 

Crescent,   (N9) 320 

Crittenden,  (D9)..  150 
Croghan,  (K5)....  659 
Cropseyville,  (NlO)  210 
Cross  River,  (N15)  100 
Croton  Falls,  (N15)  450 
Croton  on  Hudson. 

(N16) 2,243 

Crown  Point,  (05)  1,900 
Crown  Point  Center, 
(05) 200 


Crugers,  (N16)....  210 
Crystal  Run,  (M15)  150 
Crystal  Spring,  (FID  150 

Cuba,  (012) 1,645 

Cuddebackville. 

(LIS) 150 

Cutchoguc.  (P16)..    850 

Cuyler.    (JIO) 130 

Cuylerville,  (E9)...    250 

Dahlia.   (L13) 200 

Dale,  (D9) 180 

Dalton,  (ElO) 530 

Damascus,  (J12). . .    200 

Danby,  (HID 100 

Dannemora,  (N2). .  869 
Dansville,  (ElO). .  .3,975 

Darien,  (D9) 200' 

Darien  Center,  (D9)  200 
Davenport,  (LID. .  400 
Davenport    Center. 

(LID 180 

Daysville,  (H6)....  130 
Dayton.  (CU)....  500 
Deansboro,  (K9)...    250 

Debruce,  (L13) 250 

Deerfield,  (K8)....  760 
Deerhead,  (N3)...  300 
Deer  Park,  (017).  .  155 
Deer  River,  (J5)...    200 

Deferiet,  (J4) 800 

Degrasse,  (K3) 100 

Dekalb,  (K3) 130 

Dekalb  June,  (K2)  450 
DeLancey.  (L12)..  200 
Delanson,  (MIO)..  450 
Delevan.    (DU)-.    557 

Delhi.   (LID 1,743 

Dellwood,  (C9)....  120 
Delmar.  (NlO)....  400 
Delphi  Falls.  (J9)..    230 

Delta.  (K.7) 120 

Demster,    (H6) 500 

Denmark.  05)....  100 
Depauville.   (H4)..    350 

Depew.  (C9) 4,932 

De  Pcyster,  (K2)..     100 

Deposit,  (K12) 1,026 

Derby.    (CIO) 250 

Derrick.    (L3) 350 

De  Ruyter.  (J9)...  604 
Devereaux,  (CU)..     100 

DeWitt,  (H8) 150 

Dewittville,     (B12)    ISO 

Dexter,  (H4) 1,145 

Diamond  Point,  (N7)  150 
Dickinson.  (L2).  . .  100 
Dickinson     Center. 

(L2) 200 

Disco.  (N2) 110 

Dobbs     Ferry. 

(N16) 4,030 

Dolgeville.  (L8)... 3,326 

Dorloo.  (LIO) 200 

Dormansville,  (NlO)  100 
Dover  Plains.  (N 14)  800 
Downsville.  (L12)..  550 
Dresden.  (GIO)...  326 
Dresden  Sta..  (06).  250 
Dresserville.  (HIO)  150 
Drybrook,  (L12)...  120 
Dryden.  (HU)....    722 

Duane,  (M2) 370 

Duanesburg.    (M9)    200 

Dundee.  (GIO) 1,236 

Dunkirk,  (Bll).  ..17.870 
Dunraven.  (L12)..  100 
Durham.  (Mil)...  280 
Durhamville.  08)..  800 
Dutchess  June, (N15)500 
Dykeraans,      (N15)    130 

Eagle,  (DIO) 160 

Eagle  Bridge,  <09)  300 
Eagle  Harbor.  (D8)  320 
Eagle  Mills.  (NlO)  500 
Eagle  Nest.  (L5)...     100 

Earlville,  QIO) 845 

East  Amherst,  (C8)  150 
East  Aurora,  (C9).. 4,025 
East  Avon,  (E9)...  250 
East  Beekmantown. 

(01) ISO 

East  Bethany,  (D9)  200 
E.  Bloomficid,  (F9)  700 
East  Branch.  (KI3)  300 
E.  Chatham,  (Nil)  200 
E.  Cobleskill,  (MIO)  100 
E.Durham,  (Mil).  250 
East  Eden,  (CIO)..  110 
East  Elma.  (C9).  ..  100 
East  Florence.  (J7)  200 
East  Galway,  (N8)  130 
E.  Greenbush,  (NlO)  160 
E.  Greenwich,  (08)  150 
E.  Groveland,  (ElO)  210 
East  Guilford,  (KID  ISO 
E.  Hamilton,  (K9).  100 
E.Hampton,  (R17)  2,100 
East  Hartford,  (07)  200 
E.  Hounsfield,  (H5) .  100 
East  Islip,  (01 7)...  1,000 
East  Jewett,  (M12)  100 
E.  Kingston,  (Ml3)  400 
EastKoy,  (DIO).  ..  150 
East  Lansing.  (HIO)  60 
East  Marion,  (R16)  400 
E.Meredith,  (LI  1).  300 
E.  Moriches.  (P17)  850 
East  Nassau,  (NlO)  200 
E.  Northport,  (017)  300 
East  Norwich.  (N17)  500 

Easton,  (08) 200 

E.  Onondaga,  (H9) .  400 
EastOtto,  (CID...  300 
East  Palmyra.  (F8)  250 
East  Park.  (N13)..  200 
E.  Patchogue.  (P17)  250 
E.  Pembroke.  (D9)  500 
E.  Pharsalia.  (JIO)  120 
East  Pitcairn.  (K4)  130 
E.  Poestenkill,  (OlO)  100 
Eastport.  (P17)...  400 
East  QuoKue,  (P17)  300 
E.  Randolph.  (C12)  582 
E.  Rochester,  (E8)  3,471 
East    Rockaway. 

(N18) 1,607 

East  Rodman,  (J5)  100 
E.  Schodack,  (NlO)  200 
East  Schuyler,  (K8)  130 
East  Setauket.  (017)  690 


EastShelby,(D8)..  150 
E.  Springfield.  (L9)  200 
East  Steuben,  (K7)  100 
E.Syracuse,  (H8).. 3,839 
Eastview,  (N16).  ..  150 
E.  Williamson,  (F7)  100 
E.  Williston,  (N17)  100 
East  Wilson,  (C8)..  ISO 
E.  Windham,  (Mil)  100 
Eastwood,  (H8)...  777 
E.  Worcester,  (LIO)    SOO 

Eaton,  (J9) 1,200 

Ebenezcr,  (C9) SOO 

Eddyville,  (CU)..  220 
Eddyville,  (M13)..    600 

Eden,  (CIO) 700 

Eden  Valley,  (CIO)  150 
Edenville,  (MIS)..  150 
Edinburg,  (MS)..-.  300 
Edmeston.  (KIO)..  800 
Edwards,  (K3)....  504 
Edwardsville,  (J2)..  110 
Eggertsville,  (C9)..    300 

Egypt,  (F8) 300 

Elba,  (D8) 439 

Elbridge,   (H8)....    475 

Eldred,  (L14) 150 

Elizabethtown,  (N4)  530 
Elizaville,  (N12)...  110 
Elkbrook,  (K13)...  200 
Elk  Creek,  (LIO)...  100 
Ellenburg,  (Nl)...  500 
Ellenburg     Center. 

(Nl) 250 

Ellenburg    Depot. 

(Nl) 180 

Ellenville.  (M14).  .3,073 
Ellicottville,  (Cll)  881 
Ellington,  (B12)...    500 

Ellisburg.  (H6) 316 

Elma,   (C9) 250 

Elmira.  (G12) 40,073 

Elmira     Heights, 

(G12) 3,154 

Elmont,  (N18)....  ISO 
Elmsford,  (N16). ..  1,380 

Elnora,  (N9) 180 

Elton  Station,  (DU)    100 

Emerick,    (N9) SOO 

Emeryville,  (K3)..  200 
Eminence,  (LIO)...  170 
Emmonsburg,  (L8)  100 
Empire,  (Nil)....  200 
Endicott,  (H12)..  .5,581 
Enfield    Center, 

(GU) 220 

Ephratah,  (L9) 500 

Erieville,  (J9) 250 

Erin,  (G12) 250 

Erwins,  (F12) 250 

Esopus,  (N13) 250 

Esperance,    (M9)..    241 

Essex,  (03) 500 

Etna,  (HID 380 

Euclid,  (H8) 200 

Evans,    (BIO) 200 

Evans  Mills,  (J4)..    450 

Fabius,  (J9) 340 

Fairfield,  (L8) 2S0 

Fair  Haven,  (G7)..    624 

Fairport,  (F8) 3,553 

Fairville,  (F8) 180 

Falconer,    (B12). .  .2,342 
FalUburg,  (L14)...     100 
Farmersville,  (DU)    280 
Farmersville     Sta- 
tion,  (DID 200 

Farmingdale,  (018)  1,856 
FarmingtoE,  (F8)..  130 
Farnham,  (BIO)...    636 

Faust,  (M4) 300 

Fawns,  (M12) 100 

Fayette,  (G9) 250 

Fayetteville,  (J8)..  1,779 
Felts  Mills,  (J4)...  400 
Fentonville,  (BI2)  100 
Femdale,  (L13)...  150 
Femwood,  (H7)..  .  200 
Feura  Bush,  (NIO)  250 
Fillmore,  (DID-.  400 
FindleyLake,  (A12)    400 

Fine,  (K4) 300 

Firthcliffe,  (MIS)..    300 

Fishers,  (F8) 200 

Fishers    Island, 

(SIS) 300 

Fishkill,  (N14)....  531 
Fishkill     Landing, 

(N14) 3,902 

Fishkill  Plains,  (N14)  170 
Fishs  Eddy,  (K13)  230 
Five  Comers,  (GIO)  150 
Flackville,  (K2)...     100 

Flagg,  (N3) 200 

Flat  Creek,  (L9)...  130 
Fleischmanns,  (L12)   200 

Fleming,  (G9) 350 

Flemingsville,  (HI2)    100 

Flint,  (F9) 100 

Floral  Park,  (NI8)   1,771 

Florence,  (JT) 250 

Florida,  (MIS)....    560 

Floyd,    (K7) 250 

Fluvanna, (B12)...  120 
Fly  Creek,  (LIO)...    250 

Fonda,  (M9) 1,120 

Forest,   (Nl) 110 

Forestburg,  (L14)..  100 
Forest  Home,  (HID  130 
Forestport,  (K7)...  505 
Forestville,  (Bll).  .    740 

Forks,  (C9) 3,300 

Forsyth,  (All)....  120 
Fort  Ann.  (07)....  436 
Ft.  Covington,  (Ml)  828 
Fort     Covington 

Center,  (Ml).  ...  100 
Fort  Edward.  (N7)  3,662 
Fort  Herkimer,  (L8)  120 
Fort  Hunter,  (M9)  700 
Fort  Jackson,  (L2)  160 
Fort  Johnson,  (M9)  681 
Fort  Miller.  (N8) . .  300 
Fort  Montgomery, 

(M15) 220 

Fort  Plain,  (L9)... 2,923 
Fort  Salonga,  (017)  100 
Fosterdale,  (LI4)..     110 

Fowler,  (K3) 100 

Fowlerville,   (E9) . .    390 


Frankfort,  (K8)... 4,213 
Franklin,  (KID...  441 
Franklin    Springs. 

(K8) 350 

Franklinton,  (MIO)  150 
Franklinville,(Dll)  2,065 
Fredonia,  (BID... 5,328 
Freehold,  (Mil)...  240 
Freeman,  (F12)....  SOO 
Freeport,  (N18).  ..7,463 
Freetown     Corners, 

(HIO) 540 

Freeville,  (HIO)...  337 
Fremont    (Tenter. 

(K13) 300 

French  Mt..  (N7)..  110 
French  Woods,  (KI3)  120 
Frewsburg,  (B12)..  800 
Friendship,  (D12)..  1,199 
Frontier,  (Nl)....  120 
Fruit  Valley,  (G7)  100 
Fullerville    Iron 

Works,  (K4)....  130 
Fulton.  (H7)....  11,138 
Fulton  Chain,  (K6)  200 
Fultonham,  (MIO)  ISO 
Fultonville,  (M9)..  955 
Gabriels,   (M3)....    220 

Gaines,  (D7) 200 

Gainesville,  (DIO)  340 
Gallupville,    (MIO)    260 

Galway,  (M8) 104 

Ganahgote,  (M14)  100 
Gansevoort,  (N8)..    200 

Garbutt,  (E8) 230 

Garden  City,  (N18)  580 
Gardenvillc.  (C9)..  700 
Gardiner,  (M14)...  350 
Garfield,  (OIO)....  400 
Gamerville,  (M16)  1,300 
Garrattsville,  (KIO)  230 
Garrison,  (NIS)...    500 

Gasport,  (C8) 380 

Gates,  (E8) 100 

Genesee,  (E9). ..  .2,253 
Geneva,    (F9). ...  13,232 

Genoa,  (GIO) 450 

Georgetown.  (J9)..  900 
Germantown.(N12)    800 

Gerry.  (BI2) 200 

Getzville.  (C8)....    500 

Ghent,   (Nil) 300 

Gibson,  (F12) 280 

Gilbert  Mills,  (H7)  100 
Gilbertsville,  (KU)    451 

Gilboa,  (Mil) 400 

Gile,  (L2) 200 

Glasco,  (N12) 1,600 

Glen,   (M9) 350 

Glcnburnie,  (OS)..  100 
Glenco  Mills,  (N12)  100 
Glen  Cove,  (NI7).. 5,000 
Glenfield,  (K6)....  180 
Glenham,  (N14)...  800 
GlenHead.  (NI7)..  ISO 
Glenmont.  (NlO)..  150 
Glenora,  (GU)....  100 
Glenpark,  05)...  650 
Glens  Falls.  (N7)  16,323 
Glen  Spey,  (LIS)..  100 
Glenville,  (M9)....  250 
Glen  Wild,  (L14)..  160 
Glenwood,  (CIO)..  120 
Glenwood  Landing. 

(N17) 350 

Gloversville.  (M8)  21,178 
Goldenbridge,  (N15)  150 
C«)odGround,(P17)  1,000 

Gorham.  (F9) 300 

Goshen.  (MIS). ..  .3,511 

Goulds,  (K13) 100 

Gouvemeur,  (K3).  .4,164 
Ck)wanda,  (Cll). .  .2,524 

Grafton,  (09) 500 

Grahamsville,  (L13)  300 
Granby  Center,  (H7)  100 
Grand  Gorge,  (LID  250 
Grand  Island,  (C9)  300 
Grandview,  (NI6)  335 
Grangerville,     (N8)    100 

Grant,    (K7) 100 

Granville.  (07). ..  .3.890 
Grapevine,  (Nil)..  250 
Grassy  Point,  (M16)  700 
Gravesville.  (K8)..     170 

Gray.  (L7) 100 

Great  Bend,  (J4)...  300 
Great  Neck,  (NI7)  2,000 
Great  Neck  Station, 

(NI7) 175 

Great  River,  (018)  150 
Great  Valley,  (CI2)    210 

Greece,  (E7) 250 

Greene,   (JU) 669 

Greenfield     Center. 

(N8) 150 

Green  Haven.  (N14)  100 
Green   Island. 

(NlO) 4.533 

Greenlawn,  (017)..  400 
Greenport.  (RI6).. 3,735 
Greenville,  (MID..  350 
Greenwich,  (08)... 2,315 
Greenwood,  (E12)  500 
Greenwood    Lake. 

(M16) ISO 

Greig,  (K6) 100 

Grcycourt,  (MIS)..     100 

Griffin.  (M7) 100 

(Jriffin      Comers, 

(LI2) 400 

Griffins  Mills.  (CIO)    100 

Grooms,  (N9) 130 

Groton,  (HIO) 1,445 

Groveland    Station. 

(ElO) 250 

Guilderland.  (NlO)  ISO 
Guilderland  Center. 

(NIO) 220 

Guilford.  OU)...  400 
Guilford     Center. 

(KU) 100 

Gulf  Summit,  012)    100 

Hadley,    (N7) 350 

Hagaman,  (M9)...    952 

Hague,  (N6) ISO 

Hailesboro,  (K3)..  180 
Haines  Falls,  (M12)  250 
Halcottsville,  (LI2)  120 
HaleEddy.(KI2)..    200 


Halesite.  (017)....  500 
Halfraoon.  (N9).  ..     150 

Hall.   (F9) 330 

Hallsport,  (EI2)...  100 
Hallsville.  (L9)....  110 
Halsey    Valley. 

(HI2) 300 

Hamburg.  (CIO). .  .2,744 
Hamden,  (LI2)....    380 

Hamilton,  (J9) 1,586 

Hamlet,    (Bll) 200 

Hamlin,    (E7) .150 

Hammond,  (J3)...  418 
Hammondsport, 

(FID 1,560 

Hampton,  (06) 680 

Hancock.  (KI3).  ..1,356 
Hankins,  (K13)...  170 
Hannawa  Falls,  (L2)  300 

Hannibal,  (G7) 432 

Hannibal    Center. 

(G7) 250 

Harbor.  (K8) 100 

Harford.  (HU)....  680 
HarfordMills,(HII)  200 
Harpursville,  (J  1 2)  450 
Harriman,  (MIS)..    854 

Harris,  (LI4) 100 

HarrisHill,  (C9)...  100 
HarrUon.  (N17). .  .1,500 
Harrisville.  (K4)...  991 
narrower.  (M9). ..    250 

Hartford.   (07) 700 

Hartland.  (C8) 350 

Hart  Lot.  (H8) 300 

Hartman.  (N7)....  100 
Hartsdale.  (NI6)..  700 
Hartwick,  (KIO)...  600 
Hartwick  Seminary. 

(LIO) 100 

Harvard.  (K12)...  100 
Hasbrouck,  (L13).  .  120 
Haskinville,     (Ell)    130 

Hastings,  (H7) 300 

Hastings  on  Hudson, 

(N17) 5,461 

Hauppauge,     (017)    200 

Haven,   (L14) 100 

Haverstraw,  (N16)  5,418 
Hawkeye,  (N2)....  100 
Hawkinsville,  (K7)  300 
Hawthorne.  (N16)  350 
Hayt  Corners.  (GIO)  130 

Hazel,  (L13) 100 

Hebron,  (07) 170 

Hecla  Works,  (K8)    300 

Hector,  (GIO) ISO 

Hedgesville,  (F12)..    130 

Helena,  (LD ISO 

Hemlock,  (E9)....  300 
Hempstead,  (NI8)  6,073 
Henderson,  (MS)...  380 
Henderson  Harbor. 

(H5) 200 

Henrietta,  (E8)....  190 
Hensonville,  (Mil)  200 
Herkimer,  (L8). ..  .9,580 
Hermitage,  (DIO).,    200 

Hermon.  (K3) 607 

Herring.  (J4) 150 

Heuvelton.  (K2)...  556 
Hewitville,  (K2)...  260 
Hewlett,  (NI8)....    510 

Hicks.  (GI2) ISO 

Hicksville,  (N 1 7).. 4,000 
Higginsville,  (J8)..  100 
High  Falls,  (M 13)..  700 
Highland,  (NI4). .  .2,000 
Highland     Falls, 

(MIS) 2.518 

Highland   MilU, 

(MIS) SOO 

High  View,  (L14)..  150 
High  Woods,  (M12)  150 
Hillburn,  (M16). .  .1,017 
Hillsdale,  (N12)...    SOO 

Hillside,  (N16) 600 

Hilton,   (E7) 817 

Himrod,  (GIO)....  310 
Hinckley,  (K7)....  600 
Hindsburg,  (D8)...  200 
Hinmansville,  (H8)  ISO 
Hinsdale,  (DI2)...  200 
Hoag  Corners,  (NIO)  260 

Hobart.  (LU) 596 

Hoffmans.  (M9)...  130 
HoSmeister.  (L7)..  170 
Hogansburg,  (LI)..  340 
Holbrook.  (017)...  200 
Holcomb.  (F9)....  200 
Holland,  (CIO)....  700 
Holland  Patent.  (K8)  339 

Holley.  (D8) 1,780 

Hollowville,  (NI2)  130 
Holmes,  (NI4)....  100 
Holmesville,  (KIO)  250 
Holtsville,  (017)...     140 

Homer.  (HIO) 2,871 

Honeoye.  (E9)....  400 
Honeoye    Falls, 

(E9) 1,258 

Hoosick,  (09) 300 

Hoosick  Falls.  (09)  5,406 

Hope,    (M7) 100 

Hopewell,  (F9).. ..  100 
Hopewell  Junction. 

(NI4) 300 

Hopkinton.  (L2)...    200 

Horicon,  (N6) 300 

Hornby,  (F12)....  140 
Homell,  (Ell)  ■...  14,352 
Horseheads,  (G12)  1,949 

Horton,  (K13) 100 

Hortonville,  (KI3)  100 
Houghton,  (DID,.  120 
Howard,  (Ell)....  300 
Howe  Cave,  (MIO)  130 
Howells,  (MIS)....  250 
Hubbardsville,  (K9)  400 
Hudson,  (Nil)... 11,544 
Hudson  Falls,  (N7)  5,585 
Hughsonville,  (N14)  680 
Huguenot,  (LIS)..  130 
Hulburton,  (D7)...    400 

Hume,    (DU) .390 

Humphrey,  (CI 2)..  ISO 
Humphrey    Center. 

(C12) 100 

Humphreysville, 

(N12) 130 


Hunt.  (ElO) 140 

Hunter.  (M12)....  405 
Hunters    Land. 

(MIO) 170 

Huntington.  (017)  5.000 
Huntington  Station, 

(017) 200 

Hunts   Comers, 

(HU) 170 

Hurley,  (M13)....  400 
Hurlcyville,     (LI4)    500 

Huron,   (G8) 200 

Hyde  Park,  (N13)..  700 
Hyde  Park,  (LIO)..  100 
Hyndsville,  (LIO)..     130 

Ilion,    (K8) 8,900 

Independence,  (EI2)  100 
Indian  Falls,  (D8)  260 
Indian  Fields,  (Nil)  160 
Indian  Lake,  (MS)  300 
Ingham  Mills,  (L8)  100 
Ingleside.   (FIO)...    130 

Inlet,  (L6) 170 

Interlaken,  (GIO)..    663 

Inwood,   (N18) 2,000 

Ionia,  (F9) 210 

Ira.  (G8) 200 

Irona.  (Nl) 200 

Irondequoit,  (E8)..    200 

Ironville,   (NS) 300 

Irving,  (BIO) 300 

Irvington,    (N16).. 2,370 

Ischua.  (D12) 250 

Islip.  (018) 2,300 

Italy,  (FIO) 100 

Italyhill,  (FIO)....     170 

Itaska.  Oil) 100 

Ithaca,   (GU) 16,750 

Jackson     Comers. 

(NI2) 100 

Jacksonville.  (GU)  180 
Jamesport.  (PI 7)..  340 
Jamestown.  (BI2)  37.780 
Jamesville.  (H9)...    500 

Jasper,    (E12) 400 

Java,  (DIO) 100 

Java  Center,  (DIO)  150 
Java  Village,  (DIO)    ISO 

Jay,  (N3) 200 

Jeddo,  (D8) 350 

Jefferson,  (LID....  550 
Jefferson    Valley. 

(NIS) 130 

JcSersonville,  (LI3)  320 
Jenksville,  (HU)..  110 
Jericho,    (N17)....    450 

Jewett,  (MID 220 

Jewettville,  (CIO)..  300 
Johnsburg,  (N6)..  350 
Johnson,  (MIS)...  200 
Johnsonburg,  (DIO)  400 
Johnson  City,  012)5,400 
Johnson  Creek,  (C8)  200 
Johnsonville.  (09)  550 
Johnstown,  (M8)  10,688 
Jonespoint,  (NIS)..  180 
Jonesville,    (N9)...     150 

Jordan,  (H8) 1,063 

Jordanville,  (L9)...    250 

Joy,  (F8) 150 

Junius,  (G9) 120 

Kaaterskill,    (M12)    150 

Kalurah,  (K4) 100 

Kanona,   (FII)....    200 

Kasoag,  07) 130 

Katonah,  (NIS). ..  1,500 
Katsbaan,  (N12)..  130 
Kattelville,  012)- •     lO" 

Keene,    (N4) 200 

Keene  Valley,  (N4)  420 
Keeseville,  (N2). ..  798 
Kelloggsville,    (H9)    100 

Kelsey,  (KI2) 100 

Kendall,  (D7) 400 

Kendall  Mills,  (D7)  330 
Kenmore,  (C9). ...  1,700 
Kennedy.  (B12)...  600 
Kenoza  Lake,  (LI4)  120 
Kensicd,  (N16)....  130 
Kenwood,  08)....  600 
Kenyonville,  (D7)  100 
Kerhonkson.  (MI3)  350 
Kiamesha,  (L14)..  100 
Killawog,  (HID...  340 
Kill  Buck,  (C12)...  250 
Kinderhook,  (Nil)  827 
King  Ferry,  (GIO)  320 
Kingsbury,  (N7)...  160 
Kings  Park,  (017)  500 
Kingston.  (M13).. 26,354 
Kirkland,  (K8)....     ISO 

Kirkville,  08) 250 

Kirkwood,  012)..  200 
KnappCreek,(C12)  200 
Knowlesville.    (D8)    320 

Knox.  (MIO) 300 

Knoxboro.  (K9)...  260 
Kortright.  (LID...  130 
Kripplebush,  (MI3)  200 
Kuckville,  (D7)...  130 
Kyscrike.  (M13)...  100 
Lackawack.  (M13)  150 
Lackawanna,  (C9)  15,737 

Lacona,    (H6) 476 

La  Fargeville,  (H4)  480 
La  Fayette,  (H9)..  100 
Lafayetteville.  (NI3)  100 
Lagrangeville,  (N14)  200 
Lake  Delaware,  (LI  2)  100 
Lake  George.  (N7)  750 
Lake  Grove,  (017)  440 
Lake     Huntington, 

(L14) 300 

Lake  Katrine.  (NI3)  500 
Lakemont,  (GIO)..  ISO 
Lake  Placid,  (N3)..  1,977 
Lake  Pleasant,  (M7)  200 
Lakeport,  (J8)....  100 
Lakeside,  (F7)....  100 
Lake  View,  (CIO)..  500 
Lakeville,  (E9)....  480 
Lakewood,  (B12)..  702 
Lamont,  (DIO)....  180 
Lancaster,  (C9)...S,094 
Lanesvillc,  (MI2). .  100 
Langford.  (CIO)...    220 

Lansing,  (H7) 200 

Lansingville,   (GIO)    130 

Laona,  (BID ISO 

Larchmont.  (NI7)  2,060 


U  Salle,  (C8) 2,402 

Lassellsville,  (L8) . .  300 
Laurens.  (KIO). ...  364 
Lawrence.  (N18). . .  1,870 
Lawrenceville,  (Ll)  300 
Lawycrsville,  (LIO)    250 

Lebanon,  09) 180 

Lebanon    Springs, 

(OU) 550 

Lee,  07) 150 

Lee  Center,  (J7). . .    330 

Leeds,  (Nil) 30O 

LeFever     Falls, 

(M13) 300 

Lehigh,  (D9) 100 

Leibhardt,  (MI3)..    200 

Lenox,  (J8) 100 

Lepn,  (BID 250 

Leonardsville,  (K9)    350 

LeRoy,  (D9) 4,084 

Levanna.   (G9) 100 

Levant,  (BI2) 700 

Lewbeach,    (LI3)..     100 

Lewis,  (N3) 200 

Lewiston,  (B8) 741 

Lexington,  (M 12)..    300 

Liberty,    (L13) 2,395 

Lilly  Dale,  (BU)..     250 

Lima,    (E9) 922 

Lime  Lake,  (DI  I).  .     150 

Limerick,  (H4) 130 

Limestone,  (C12)..  463 
Lincklaen,  (JIO)...  250 
Lincklaen      Center, 

OIO) 130 

Lincolndale,  (NIS)  210 
Lincoln  Park,  (E8)    200 

Linden,  (D9) 160 

Lindenhurst,  (018)  1,800 
Lindley,  (F12)....  270 
Linlithgo,  (NI2)...    200 

Liriwood,    (E9) 165 

Lisbon,  (K2) 150 

Lisle,  (HU) 347 

Little  Falls,  (L8)..  13.022 
Little  Genesee.  (DI2)  250 
Little  Valley.  (C12)  1,307 
Little  York,  (HIO)  150 
Liverpool,  (H8)...  1,591 
Livingston,  (N12). .  250 
Livingston    Manor, 

.(L13) 1,000 

Livingstonville,      ' 

(Mil) 300 

Livonia.  (E9) 857 

Livonia  Center,  (E9)  200 

Lobdell,   (N2) 250 

Loch  Muller.  (NS)  100 
Loch  Sheldrake,(LI3)  100 
Lock  Beriin,  (G8)..     110 

Locke,  (HIO) 450 

Lockport,  (C8)...  18,693 
Lockwood,  (G12)..  190 
Locust  Valley.  (N17)  450 

Lodi.  (GIO) 480 

Lodi  Center.  (GlO)    100 

Logan,    (GU) 100 

Long  Beach.  (N18)  662 
Long  Eddy.  (K13)  700 
Long  Lake.  (MS)..  400 

Loomis.  (L13) 200 

Loon  Lake.  (M2)..  100 
Lordviile.  (K13)...    200 

Lorraine,  (JS) 300 

Loudooville.  (NIO)  SOO 
Louisville,  (KD...  350 
Lounsberry.    (HI2)    150 

Lowell,    08) 150 

Lowman,   (G12)...     100 

Lowville,  (JS) 3,244 

Loyd,   (NI4) 200 

Ludingtonville,(N14)  140 
Ludlowville,    (GIO)    260 

Luzerne,  (N7) 900 

Lycoming,  (H6)...  200 
Lynbrook,  (N18).  .  3,055 
Lyndonviile,      (D7)    832 

Lyons,  (F8) 4,742 

Lyonsdale,  (K6)...  150 
Lyons  Falls,  (K6)..  863 
Lysander,  (H8).  ...  250 
McClure's  Settle- 
ment, (KI2)....  100 
McConnellsville,  07)  200 
McDonough,  OU)  300 
McGraw,  (HIO)...  887 
McKeever,  (K6)...  130 
McLean,  (HIO)....  400 
Macedon,  (F8)...  .1,147 
Macedon  Center,(F8)  160 
Machias,  (CU).  ...    600 

Macomb,  (J3) ISO 

Madalin.    (NI2)...    600 

Madison.  09) 317 

Madrid,   (K2) 920 

Madrid  Springs,  (K2)  250 
Mahopac.  (NIS)...  40O 
Mahopac    Falls, 

(NIS) 140 

Maine.   (H12) 400 

Maiden  Bridge,(NIl)  210 
Maiden  on  Hudson, 

(NI2) 240 

Mallory,  (H7) 270 

Malone.  (MI) 7,404 

Maltaville,  (N9)...  100 
Mamaroneck,(N17)  7.290 
Manchester.  (F9)..l. US 
Manchester  Bridge. 

(NI4) 100 

Manhasset,  (NI7)  1,050 
Manitou.   (NIS)...     250 

Manlius,   08) 1,314 

Manlius  Center,  (J8)  100 
Manosville,  (H6)..  617 
Manorkill,  (Mil)..  250 
Manorton,  (NI2)..  100 
Manorville.  (PI7)..  550 
Maplestreet,  (C7)..  160 
MapleView,  (H7)..  150 
Marathon,  (H 11 )..  1,006 
Marccllus,  (H9)....  991 
Marcellus  Falls,  (H8)  l.SO 

Marcy,  (K8) 100 

Margaretville,  (L12)  648 
Mariaville,  (M9)..  170 
Marietta.  (H9)....     150 

Manila,  (C9) 400 

Marion,  (F8) 800 

Markhams,  ;B11)..    100 


INDEX  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES 


(NEW  YORK) 


365 


Marlboro,  (M14)..  795 
MarshviUe,  (L9)...  120 
Martinsburg,  (K5)  300 
Maninsville,  (C8)  100 
Martville,  (G7)....  150 
Maryland,  (LIO)...  220 
Masonville,  (K.1I)  .MO 
Massapequa,   (018)    500 

Massena,  (LI) 4,614 

Massena  Springs,  (LI )  200 
Matteawan,  (N14)  6,727 
Mattituck,  (P17)..  1,200 
Maybrook,      (MIS)    250 

Mayficld,  (M8) 595 

Maynard,  (K8)....  100 
Mayville,  (A12). ..  1,201 
Mechanicstown, 

(M15)...^ 100 

Mechanicsville, 

(N9) 8,208 

Mecklenburg.  (UU)    400 

Meco,  (M8) 200 

Med(ordSta.,(P17)    250 

Medina,  (D8) 6,079 

Medusa,  (MID...  250 
Medway,  (Nil)...  720 
Mellenville,     (N12)    600 

Melrose,  (N9) 300 

Melville,  (017)....  200 
Memphis,  (H8)....  200 
Mendon,  (E8)....  220 
Meridale,  (LU)...  150 
Meridian,  (G8)....  313 
Merrick,  (NI8)....  520 
MerriUsville,  (J8)..  130 
Me3sengerville,([ill)  120 
Mettacahonts,  (M13)  100 

Mexico,    (H7) 1,474 

Middleburg,  (MIO)  1,059 
Middle  Falls,  (08)  420 
Middlefield,  (LIO)  270 
Middlefield  Center, 

(L5) 100 

Middle    Granville, 

(07) 700 

Middle  Grove,  (N8)  250 
Middle  Hope,  (M 14)  300 
Middle  Island,  (P17)  290 
Middleport,  (C8).. 1,427 
Middlesex,  (FIO)..  350 
Middletown, 

(MIS) 16,381 

Middleville,  (L8)..    710 

Milan,  (N13) 100 

Milford,  (LIO)....  560 
MiUbrook,  (N13)..  1,252 
Miller  Place,  (P17)  130 
Millers  Mills,  (K9)  100 
Millersport,  (C8)..  110 
MiUerton,  (N13)...  890 
Millgrove,  (C9) ....  200 
Millneck,  (N17)...  100 
Mill  Point,  (M9)..  100 
Mill  Port,  (G12)...    500 

Millville,  (D8) 160 

Millwood,  (N16)...  100 
Milo  Center,  (FIO)    120 

Milton,  (N14) 1,200 

Mina,   (A12) 250 

Minaville,(M9)....    260 

Minden,  (L9) 100 

Mindenville,  (L9)..  140 
Mineola,  (N18). ..  .2,318 
Mineral    Springs, 

(MIO) 130 

Minerva,  (N5)....  200 
Minetto,  (H7)....  120 
Mineville,(N4).... 2,000 
MinUink,  (LIS)....    300 

Minoa,  (H8) 668 

Mitchellville,  (FU)  300 
Modeltown,  (C8)..  200 
Modena,  (M14)...  250 
Mohawk,  (L9). ..  .2,577 
Mohegan   Lake, 

(NIS) 100 

Moira,  (LI) 620 

Mongaup,  (LIS)...  100 
Mongaup    Valley, 

(LI4) 110 

Monroe,  (MIS). .  .1,519 
Monsey,  (M16)...  300 
Monterey,  (FU)..  300 
Montezuma,  (G8) . .  350 
Montgomery,  (M14)  957 
Monticello,  (L14)..2,132 
Montour    Falls, 

(Gil) 1,281 

Montrose,  (N15)...    200 

Mooers,    (Nl) 522 

Mooers  Forks,  (Nl)  190 
Moores  Mill,  (N14)  ISO 
Moravia,  (HIO). ..  1,393 
Morehouseville,  (L7)  220 
Morcland,  (GU)..  100 
Moreland   Station, 

(GU) 100 

Morganville,     (D8)    180 

Moriah,   (N4) 1,000 

Moriah  Center,  (N4)  180 
Moriches,  (P17)...    200 

Morley,    (K2) 500 

Morris,  (KIO) 466 

Morrisonville,  (N2)  320 
Morristown,  (J2). .  479 
Morrisville,  09)...    582 

Morton,   (E7) 120 

Morton  Corners, 

(CIO) 200 

Moscow,  (E9) 305 

Moses  Kill,  (N8)..  150 
Mossyglen,  (F12)..  200 
Mottville,  (H9)....  600 
Mountain  Dale,(L14)  300 
Mountainville,(M15)  450 
Mt.  Kisco,  (NI6).. 2,904 
Mt.  Lebanon,  (Oil)  170 
Mt.  Morris,  (ElO). 3,884 
Mount  Riga,  (NI3)  100 
Mount  Ross,  (N12)  100 
Mount  Sinai,  (017)  280 
Mt.Tremper,  (M12)  170 
Mount  Upton,  (KID  350 
Mt.  Vernon,  (N17)  37,583 
Mount  Vision,  (KIO)  250 
Muitzeskill,     (Nil)    180 

Mumford.  (E8) 460 

Munnsville,  (J9) ...    400 

Myers,    (CIO) 100 

Nanuet,  (M16)....    700 


Napanoch,  (M14)..    650 

Naples,  (FIO) 1,138 

Napoli,  (C12) 100 

Narrowsburg,  (K14)    400 

Nassau,    (NIO) 597 

Natural  Bridge,  (J4)  400 
Naumburg,   (KS)..    200 

Navarino,  (H9) 150 

Nelliston,   (L9)....    716 

Nelson,    (J9) 110 

Nclsonville,  (N15)  979 
NeperaPark,  (N17)  100 
Nesconset,  (017)..  150 
Nevcrsink,  (L13)..  300 
New  Albion,  (CU)    200 

Newark,   (F8) 6,468 

Newark    Valley, 

(H12) 808 

New    Baltimore, 

(Nil) 800 

New  Berlin,  (KIO)  1,131 
New  Bremen,  (KS)  300 
New  Bridge,  (L3)..  200 
Newburgh,  (M14)  27,876 
New    Centerville, 

(J6) 100 

New  City,  (M16)..  450 
Newcomb,  (MS)...    300 

Newfanc,   (C7) 500 

Newbeld.  (Gil)...  341 
New      Hackensack, 

(N14) 130 

New    Hamburg, 

(NI4) SOO 

New    Hampton, 

(MIS) 260 

New    Hartford, 

(K8) 1,459 

New  Haven,  (H7)..  200 
New  Hope,  (H9)...  100 
New  Hyde  Park, 

(iN18) 1,000 

New  Lebanon,  (Oil)  400 
New     Lebanon 

Center,  (Oil)...  130 
New  Lisbon,  (KIO)  200 
New  London,   (J8)    213 

Newman,  (N3) 300 

New  Milford,  (M16)  130 
New  Oregon,  (CIO)  170 
New  Palt2,  (M14)  1,261 

Newport,  (K8) 697 

New    Rocbelle, 

(N17) 31,758 

New  Russia,  (N4)..  150 
New  Salem,  (NIO)  170 
New     Scotland, 

(NIO) 240 

New  Suffolk,  (R17)  250 
Newtonfalls,  (L4)..  400 
Newtonville,  (NIO)  250 
Newville,  (L9)....  150 
New     Windsor, 

(MIS) 610 

New     Woodstock, 

(J9) 330 

New    York, 

(N17) 5,047,221 

New    York  ■  Mills, 

(KSr 2,600 

Niagara     Falls, 

(B8) 42,257 

Niagara  University, 

(B8) 250 

Nichols,  (H12)....  586 
Nicholville,    (L2)..    300 

Nile,  (D12) 200 

Niles,   (H9) 180 

Nineveh,  (J12). ...  450 
Nineveh  Junction, 

(J12) 180 

Niobe,  (B12) 200 

Niskayuna,  (N9)..  300 
Niverville,  (Nil)..    220 

Norfolk,  (Kl) 1,600 

Northampton,  (M8)  500 
North  Argyle,  (07)  210 
North  Bangor,  (Ml)  384 
North  Bay,  (J8)...  350 
North  Bergen,  (D8)  140 
N.  Blenheim,  (Mil)  530 
N.  Bloomfield,  (E9)  140 
North  Boston,  (CIO)  200 
N.  Branch,  (L13)..  250 
N.  Brookfield,  (K9)  350 
N.  Chatham,  (Nil)  180 
N.  Chemung,  (G12)  140 
North  Chili,  (E8)..  300 
N.  Cohocton,  (FIO)  350 
N.  Collins,  (CIO).  .1,068 
North  Creek,  (M6)  450 
North  Cuba,  (D12)  160 
North  Easton,  (N8)  120 
North  Elba.  (N4)..  100 
North  Evans,  (CIO)  300 
N.  Fair  Haven,  (G7)  300 
North  Fenton.(J12)  100 
Northfield.  (KID..  100 
North  Germantown, 

(N12) 300 

N.  Granville.  (07),  630 
North  Greece.  (E8)  120 
N.  Hamden,  (KU)  130 
N.  Hannibal,  (G7).  200 
North  Harpersfield, 

(LID 110 

North  Hebron,  (07)  300 
North  Hoosick.  (09)  490 
North  Hudson,  (NS)  200 
North  Java,  (DIO)  300 
N.  Lansing,  (HIO).  120 
N.  Lawrence,  (LI).  500 
North  Manlius,  (J8)  150 
N.  Nassau,  (NIO).  125 
N.  Norwich,  (JIO).  120 
N.  Petersburg,  (09)  200 
N.  Pelham,  (N17).  1,874 
N.  Pharsalia,  (JIO)  200 
North  Pitcher,  (JIO)  130 
Northport,  (017).. 2,527 
Northridge,  (C8).  .  120 
North  River,  (M6)  170 
North  Rose,  (G8)..  400 
North  Rush,  (E8)..  100 
North  Russell,  (K3)  150 
North  Salem,  (N15)  200 
N.  Sanford,  (K12).  100 
North  Scriba,  (H7)  100 
-N.  Stockholm,  (LI)  300 
N,  Syracuse,  (H8) .    300 


North    Tarry  town, 

(N16) 4,877 

North   Tonawanda, 

(C8) 13,498 

Northumberland, 

(N8) 150 

Northville,(M8)...  1,635 
North  Western,  (K7)  180 
N.  White  Lake,  (L14)  100 
North  Wilna,(J4)..  110 
Northwood,  (K7).  .  150 
Norton  Hill,  (Mil)    130 

Norway,  (L8) 100 

Norwich,  (J  10).... 8,342 
Norwood,  (L2)....  1,879 

Nunda,  (ElO) 1,140 

Nyack,  (N16) 4,291 

OakdaleSta.,  (017)     190 

Oakfield,  (D8) 1,307 

Oak  Hill,  (Mil)...  150 
Oakland,  (ElO)....  120 
Oaks  Corners,  (F9)  300 
Oaksville,  (KIO).  ..  ISO 
Ocean  Side,  (N 18) . .    SOO 

Odessa,  (GU) 335 

Ogden,    (E8) 100 

Ogdensburg,  (K2)  14,338 

Olcott,    (C7) 250 

Old  Chatham,  (Nil)   300 

Old  Forge,  (L5) 515 

Old    Westbury, 

(N17) 250 

Olean,  (D12) 17,925 

Olivebridge,  (M13)  200 
Olmstedville,     (N5)    200 

Omar,  (J3) 110 

Onchiota,  (M3) 100 

Oneida,    U8) 9,461 

Oneida  Castle,  (J8)  399 
Oneida  Valley,  (J8)  400 
Oneonta,(Kll).. .10,474 
Onondaga,  (H8)...  250 
Onondaga    Castle, 

(H9) 100 

Onondaga    Valley, 

(H8) SOO 

Onoville,  (C12) 600 

Ontario,    (F8) 400 

Ontario  Center,  (F8)  300 
Oppenheim.  (L8).  .  100 
OquagaLake,  (K12)  100 
Oramel,  (DID....  126 
Orangeburgh,(N16)  300 
Orchard  Park,  (C9)    800 

Oregon,  (NIS) 100 

Orient,  (R16) 880 

Oriskany.  (K8) 1,200 

Oriskany  Falls,  (K9)   973 

Orleans,  (F9) 190 

Orleans  Four  Corners, 

(J4) 100 

Orwell,  (H6) 400 

Osborn  Bridge.  (M8)  110 
Oscawana,  (N16)..     130 

Osceola,  (J6) 130 

Ossian,   (ElO) 150 

Ossining,  (N 16). .  10,326 
Oswegatchie,     (K4)    400 

Oswego,    (G7) 25,426 

Oswego  Center.  (G7)  250 
Oswego  Falls.  (H7)  3.100 

Otego.  (KID 579 

Otisco,   (H9) 100 

Otisville,  (LIS)....    250 

Otselic,    (JIO) 150 

Otto,  (Cll) 400 

Ouaquaga,  (J  12)...    200 

Ovid,  (GIO) 591 

Owasco,  (H9) 200 

Owego.  (H12I 4,570 

Owls  Head,  (M2)..    100 

Oxbow,    (J3) 250 

Oxford,    (JU) 1,594 

Oyster  Bay,  (N17)  3,80o 
Painted  Post,  (F12)  1,319 
Palatine  Bridge,  (L9)  408 
Palenville,  (MI2)..    600 

Palermo,  (H7) 120 

Palisades,  (N16)...  300 
Palmyra,  (F8). ..  .2,469 
Pamelia     F'our 

Corners,  (J4) 200 

Panama,  (B12)....    352 

Paris,    (K9) 200 

Parish,   (H7) 521 

Parishville.  (L2)...    710 

Parkers.  (J6) ISO 

Parksville.  (L13)...    250 

Parma,   (E8) 150 

Parma  Center.  (E8)  160 
Patchin.  (CIO)....  150 
Patchogue,  (017).. 4.506 
Pattens  MilU.  (N7)  250 
Patterson,  (N14),.  800 
Pattersonville,  (M9)    100 

Pa.vilion,  (D9) 400 

Pawling.  (N14).... 1,050 
Peabrook,  (K13)..  100 
Peakville,  (K13)...  200 
Pearl  River.  (M16)  1,500 

Peconic,   (R16) 600 

Peekskill,  (NIS). .  15,502 

Pekin,  (C8) 100 

Pelham.  (NI7)....  793 
Pelham      Manor, 

(N17) 1,018 

Pembroke,  (D8)...  350 
Pendleton,   (C8)...    250 

Penfield,  (F8) 700 

Pennellville,  (H7)..  250 
PennYan.  (FIO)... 4,725 

Peoria,    (E9) 100 

PerchRiver,  (H4).  .  120 
Perkinsville,    (ElO)    400 

Perry.  (ElO) 5.009 

Perry  Center,  (DIO)  160 
Perry  City.  (GU)..  140 
Perrysburg,  (Cll)  300 
Perrys  Mills,  (Nl)  280 
Perry ville,  (J8)...  .    200 

Perth,  (M8) 150 

Peru,    (N2) 300 

Peruville,  (HIO)...  250 
Peterboro,  (J9)....  330 
Petersburg,  (09)  . .  400 
Pharsalia,   (JIO)...     140 

Phelps,    (F9) 1,375 

Philadelphia,  (J4)..  847 
Phillipsport.  (L14)  150 
Philmont,  (N12). .  .2,060 


Phoenicia,  (M12).  .  700 

Phoenix,  (H8) 1,655 

Phoenix  Mills,  (LIO)    120 

Piercefield,  (L4)...  750 
Piermont,  (N16)..  .1,481 

Pierrepont,  (K2)..  200 
Pierrepont    Manor, 

(H6) 250 

Piffard,  (E9) 250 

Pike,  (DIO) 344 

Pillar  Point,  (HS)..  150 

Pine  Bush,  (M 14)..  500 

Pine  City,  (G12)...  200 

Pine  Hill,  (L12)...  646 
Pine  Plains,  (N13)   1,600 

Pine  Valley,   (G12)  200 

Pineville,   (K12)...  100 

Pitcairn,  (K4) 130 

Pitcher,  (JIO) 150 

Pittsford,   (E8) 1,376 

Pittstown,   (N9)...  100 

Plainville,    (H8)...  250 

Plandome,  (N17)..  255 

Plattekill,  (M14)..  200 
Plattsburg,  (02)..  10,134 
Pleasantbrook, 

(LIO) 130 

Pleasant  Plains, 

(N13) 490 

Pleasant  Valley, 

(N14) 429 

Plea5antville,(N  16)  2,464 

Plessis,  (J3) 240 

Plymouth,  (JIO)...  100 

Poestenkill,  (NIO).  300 
Point   Chautauqua, 

(B12) 200 

Point     Peninsula, 

(HS) 110 

Point  Rock,  (J7)...  100 

Poland,    (K8) 315 

Pomona,   (M16)...  150 

Pompey,  (H9) 300 

Pompey   Center, 

(J9) 100 

Pond  Eddy, (LIS)..  250 

Poolville,  (J9) 250 

Pope  Mills,  (J3)...  130 

Poplar  Ridge,  (GIO)  180 

Portageville,  (DIO)  450 
Port  Byron,  (G8)..l,115 
Port   Chester, 

(N17) 15,129 

Port  Crane,  (J  12)..  500 
Port    Dickinson, 

(J12) 583 

Porter,  (07) 100 

Porter  Corners,  (N8)  210 
PortEwen,  (N13).. 1,600 

Port  Gibson,  (F8)..  400 
Port  Henry,  (04).. 2,584 
Port    Jefferson, 

(017) 2,800 

Port  Jefferson  Sta- 
tion,   (017) 200 

Portjervis,  (LIS).. 9,4 13 

Port  Kent,  (02)...  140 

Portland,   (BID...  500 

Portlandville,  (KIO)  180 

Port  Leydcn,   (K6)  753 

Portville,  (D12)...  765 
Port     Washington, 

(N17) 3,200 

Potsdam,    (L2). ..  .4,157 

Potter,  (FIO) 150 

Potter  Hill,  (09)...  150 
Potter    Hollow, 

(MID 150 

Pottersville,  (N6)..  320 
Poughkeepsie, 

(N14) 32,714 

Poughquag,     (N14)  120 

Prattsburg,  (FIO)..  696 

Pratts  Hollow,  (J9)  110 

Prattsville,     (Mil)  380 

Preble,   (HID) 300 

Presho,  (F12) 300 

Preston,  (JIO) 200 

Prestoa   Hollow, 

(Mil) 250 

Prospect.  (K7) 339 

Protection.  (CIO)..  200 

Pulaski,    (H6) 1,850 

Pulteney,    (FIO)...  200 

PultneyvUle,  (F7)..  250 

Purdy  Sta.,  (N15),  230 

Purling,  (MID....  180 

Putnam,  (05) 100 

Pyrites,    (K2) 200 

Quaker  Springs, 

(N8) 180 

Quaker  St.,  (MIO).  420 

(Juarryville,    (M12)  350 

Queensbury,  (N7)..  100 

Quogue,    (P17)....  190 

Racket  River,  (LI)  100 

Ramapo,  (M16)...  500 

Randall.  (M9) 120 

Randallsville.  (J9)  250 
Randolph,    (C12)..  1,341 

Ransomville,  (C8) . .  500 

Rapids,  (C8) 110 

Rathbone,  (F12)...  180 
Ravena,  (Nil).  ..  .1,700 

Raymertown,    (N9)  150 

Raymond,    (C8)...  150 

Raymondville,  (KI)  700 

Readburn,  (K12)..  200 
Reading  Center, 

(GU) 240 

Red  Creek,  (G7)...  525 

Redfield.  (J6) 350 

Redford,    (N2)....  150 

Red  Hook,  (N13)..  923 

Red  House,  (C12)..  500 

Redrock,    (Nil)...  100 

Redwood.   (J3) 500 

Reed  Corners,  (F9)  100 

Remscn,  (K7) 417 

Rensselaer,  (NIO)  11,210 
Rensselaer    Falls, 

(K2) 374 

Rensselaerville, 

(MIO) 600 

Reserve.  (C9) 600 

Resort.  (G8) 100 

Result.  (Nil) 200 

Retsof,   (E9) 300 

Rex.  (L9) 150 

Rcxford,  (N9) 400 


Rexville,  (E12)....  180 
Reynoldston.  (M2)  150 
Reynoldsville.  (GU)  200 
Rhinebeck,  (N13).  .1,554 
Rhinccliff,  (N13).,  600 
Richburg,  (D12)...  380 
Richfield,  (K9). ...  250 
Richfield    Springs, 

(K9) 1,623 

Richford,  (HID...     350 

Richland.  (H6) 400 

Richmondville, 

(LIO) 567 

Richville,  (K3)....  316 
Ridgebury,  (MIS)  100 
Ridgeway,  (D7). ..    300 

Rifton,  (M13) 346 

Ripley,  (All) 1,000 

Riverhead,  (PI7).. 2,800 
Riverview,  (N2).  .  .  250 
Rochester,  (E8)  248,465 
Rock  City,  (N13)..  100 
Rock  City  Falls, 

(N8) 220 

Rockdale,  (KID...  100 
Rock  Glen,  (DIO).  .  200 
Rockland,  (L13).  ..  300 
Rockland  Lake,(NI6)S50 
Rock  Rift,  (K12)..  200 
Rock  Stream,  (GU)  200 
Rock  Valley,  (KI3)  180 
Rockville    Center, 

(N18) 5,223 

Rockwells  Mills, 

(KID 100 

Rockwood,  (L8)...  330 
Rocky  Point,  (P17)    200 

Rodman.  (J5) 200 

Rome.  (K8) 21,926 

Romulus,  (G9).  ...  250 
Ronkonkoma,  (017)  200 
Roosevelt,   (N18)..  1,000 

Roscoe,  (L13) 1,000 

Rose,  (G8) 900 

Roseboom,  (LIO)..  200 
Rose  Hill,  (H9)....  130 
Rosendale,  (M13)..  804 
Roseton,   (MI4). ,  .2,000 

Roslyn,  (NI7) 1.800 

Rossburg.  (DID...    100 

Rossie,  (J3) 100 

Rossler,    (C9) 250 

Rossman,  (Nil)...  150 
Rotterdam  Junction, 

(M9) 300 

Round  Lake,  (N9)  300 
Rouses  Point,  (01)  1,783 
Roxbury,  (LI  1)  ...  500 
Royalton,  (C8)... .    ISO 

Ruby,    (M12) 290 

Ruralgrove,  (M9)..    230 

Rush,(E9) 300 

Rushford,  (DID...  600 
Rushville,  (FIO)...    331 

Russell,    (K3) 400 

Russia,  (K7) 100 

Rye,  (NI7) 5,3.i9 

Sabael,  (M6) 100 

Sacket  Harbor.  (H5)  829 
Sag  Harbor.  (RI7)  3.245 
Saint  James,  (017)  350 
Saint  Johns,  (M16)  300 
St,  Johnsburg,  (C8)  150 
St.  johnsville,  (L8)  2,705 
St.  Lawrence,  (H4).  170 
St.  Regis  Falls,(L2)  1,500 
Saint  Remy,  (M13)  !50 
Salamanca,  (C12).  .8,370 

Salem,  (08) 1,096 

Salem  Center,  (NIS)  150 
Salisbury,  (L8).  ...  200 
Salisbury  Center,(L8)300 
Salisbury   Mills, 

(MIS) 350 

Salt  Point,  (N13)..  200 
Salt  Springyille,  (L9)  150 
Sammonsville,  (M9)  330 
Samsonville,  (M13)    200 

Sanborn,  (C8) 280 

Sandlake,  (NIO)...  400 
Sandusky,  (DID..  300 
Sandy  Creek.  (H6)  669 
Sangerfield.  {K9)..  250 
Sanitaria    Springs. 

UI2) 200 

Santa   Clara.   (M2)    300 

Saranac.  (N2) 800 

Saranac  Lake,  (M3)  4,015 
Saratoga    Springs, 

(N8) 13,792 

Sardinia,  (CIO).  ...  500 
Saugerties,  (NI2).. 4,490 

Sauquoit,  (K8) 600 

Savannah,   (G8)...    531 

Savona,  (FU) 571 

Sawkill,  (MI3)....  100 
Sayville,  (018). ..  .3,200 
Scarboro,  (N16)...  110 
Scarsdale.  (N17). .  .2.717 
Schaghticoke.  (N9)  794 
Schenectady,  (N9)  80,381 
Schenevus,  (LIO).,  537 
Schodack  Center, 

(NIO) 100 

Schodack    Landing, 

(Nil) 400 

Schoharie,  (MIO)..  1,124 
Schroon  Lake,  (NS)  800 
Schroon  River,  (NS)  130 
Schuyler  Falls,  (N2)  300 
Schuyler  Lake,  (K9)  350 
Schuylerville,  (N8)  1,711 

Scio,    (E12) 800 

Sciota,  (Nl) 100 

Scipio,  (G9) 100 

Scipioville,  (G9)...    200 

Scotia,  (N9) 3,790 

Scott,  (HIO) 100 

Scottsburg,  (ElO)..  300 
Scottsville.  (E8)...    900 

Scriba,   (H7) 200 

Sea  Cliff,  (N18).  ..  1,981 

Seaford.  (018) 720 

Searsville,  (M14)..  100 
Seaverton,  (L2)...  200 
Seely  Creek,  (G12)  150 
Selkirk.  (NIO)  ....  200 
Sempronius.  (HIO) .  100 
Seneca  Castle,  (F9)  300 
Seneca  Falls,  (G9)  7,018 


Seneca  Hill,  (H7)..    110 

Sennett,   (G9) 100 

Setauket,   (017)...    500 

Seward,  (LIO) 800 

Shakers,  (NIO),...  140 
Shandaken,     (M12)    240 

Sharon,  (LIO) 100 

Sharon   Springs, 

(L9) 531 

Shavertown,    (L12)    130 

Shelby,  (D8) 300 

Sheldon,  (DIO).  ...  100 
Sheldrake  Springs, 

(GIO) 200 

Shelter    Island, 

(RI6) 400 

Shelter     Island 

Heights,  (R16)..  500 
Sherburne,  (JIO). ..  1,016 
Sherburne   Four 

Corners,  (JIO)...  100 
Sheridan,  (BID...  250 
Sherman,   (A12)...    949 

Sherrill,  (J8) 300 

Sherwood,  (G9) 160 

Shokan,  (MI3) 400 

Shongo,  (E12) 150 

Shorcham,  (P17)...  151 
Shortsville,  (F9)...  1,228 
Short  Tract,  (DID  510 
ShrubOak,  (N15)..    320 

Shushan,  (08) 500 

Sidney,  (KID 2,541 

Sidney  Center.  (Kl  1)400 
Silver  Creek,  (BIO)  3.220 
Silver  Springs,  (DIO)  893 
Sinclairville,  (B12)  582 
Skaneateles,  (H9)..  1,768 
Skaneateles    Falls, 

(H9) 500 

Slate  Hill,  (MIS)..  130 
Slaterville    Springs, 

(HID 400 

Slateville,  (07)....  130 
Slide  Mt.,  (MI2)..  100 
Slingerlands,   (NIO)    SOO 

Sloan,   (C9) 2,202 

Sloansville,  (MIO)  200 
Sloatsburg,  (M15)  1,150 
Smithboro,  (H12).  .  250 
Smiths  Basin,  (07)  250 
Smiths  Mills,  (BIO)  180 
Smithtown,  (017)  300 
Smithtown  Branch, 

(017) 530 

Smithville,  (HS)...  200 
Smithville  Flats, 

(JU) 300 

Smithville  S.,  (N18)    600 

Smyrna,  (JIO) 257 

Sodom,    (M5) 200 

Sodus,  (F8) 1,800 

Sodus  Center,  (F8)  350 
Sodus  Point,  (F7)..    700 

Solon,  (HIO) 250 

Solsville,    (J9) 100 

Solvay,  (H8) 5,885 

Somers,  (NIS) 100 

Somerset,  (C7)....  300 
Somerville,    (J3)...     150 

Sonora,  (FU) ISO 

Sonyea,  (ElO) 350 

Southampton, 

(R17) 3,092 

South  Argyle,  (08)  280 
South  Bay,  (J8)....  180 
South  Bay,  (05)...  110 
South  Berlin,  (010)  200 
South  Berne,  (MIO)  100 
S.  Bethlehem,  (NIO)  500 
S.  Bloomfield,  (F9)  200 
South  Butler,  (G8)  350 
South  Byron,  (D8)  250 
South  Cairo,  (Nil)  120 
S.  Cambridge,  (N9)  200 
South  Colton,  (L2)  250 
S.  Columbia,  (K9) .  140 
South  Corinth,  (N8)  200 
South  Dayton,  (BID  600 
South  Easton,  (N9)  180 
S.  Edmeston,  (KIO)  200 
S.  Edwards,  (K3)..  150 
S.  Fallsburg,  (L14) .  400 
Southfields,  (M15)  100 
S.  Glens  Falls,  (N7)  2,105 
S.  Granville,  (07)..  180 
S.  Hannibal,  (G7).  100 
S.  Hartford,  (07)..  320 
South  Horicon,(N6)  100 
S.  Jamesport,  (P17)  300 
S.  Kortright,  (LU)  100 
S.  Lansing,  (GIO)..  100 
South  Livonia,  (E9)  ISO 
S.  Millbrook.  (N13)  200 
S.  New  Berlin.  (KIO)  400 
S.  Nyack,  (N16). ..  1,950 
Soulhold,  (R16)...  1,500 
S.  Onondaga,  (H9)  250 
South  Otselic,  (JIO)  300 
South  Oxford,  (J U)  120 
Southport,  (G12)..  250 
S.  Pulteney.  (FIO).  110 
South  Ripley.  (A12)  100 
South  Rutland.  (JS)  150 
South  Salem,  (NIS)  120 
S.Schenectady,  (M9)  400 
S.  Schodack,  (NIO)  ISO 
South  Scriba,  (H7)  180 
South  Sodus,  (G8)  150 
S.  Stockton,  (BI2).  100 
South  Trenton,  (K8)  100 
South  Valley,  (LIO)  100 
South  Wales,  (CIO)  300 
S.  Westcrlo,  (Mil).  150 
Southwest  Oswego, 

(G7) 320 

S.  Worcester,  (LIO)  180 
Spafford,  (H9)....  450 
Sparkill,  (N15)....  950 
Sparrow  Bush,  (LIS)  400 
Speedsville,  (HID  150 
Spencer,  (H12)....  553 
Spencerport,  (E8).  .  848 
Spencertown,  (Nil)    320 

Speonk.  (P17) 200 

Split  Rock.  (H8)  .  .  300 
Spragueville,  (K3)  200 
Sprakers,  (M9)..  ..  220 
Spring  Brook,  (C9)  200 
Springfield,  (L9)...     100 


Springfield    Center, 

(L9) 280 

Spring  Glen,  (M14)  210 
Springlake,  (G8).  ..  100 
Spring  Mills,  (E12)    100 

Springs,  (R16) 340 

Spring  Valley, 

(M16) 2,804 

Springville,  (CIO).. 2,688 
Springwatcr,  (ElO)  600 
Sprout  Brook,  (L9)  130 
Staatsburg,  (N13)..  400 
Stacy  Basin,  (J8)..     100 

Stafford,  (D9) 180 

Stamford,  (LU). ..  1,060 
Sunards,  (EI2).  ...  180 
Stanfordville,  (NI3)    400 

Stanley,  (F9) 450 

Stanwix,  (K8) 100 

Star,  (Nl) ISO 

Starkey,  (GIO) ISO 

Starkville,  (L9) 200 

Starlake,  (K4) 200 

Steamburg,  (C12)..    250 

Steele,  (G9) 350 

Stephens  Mills.  (Ell)  130 
Stephentown.  (OlO)  250 
Stephen  town  Center, 

(OlO) 200 

Sterling,  (G7) 380 

Sterlingbush,  (J4)..  110 
Sterling  Sta.,  (G7).  100 
Sterlington,  (M15).  130 
Sterling  Valley,  (G7)  110 
Sterlingville,  (J4)..     100 

Steuben,  (K7) 100 

Stevensville,  (L13)  150 
Stillwater,    (N9)...  1,041 

Stittvillc,  (K8) 350 

Stockbridge,  (J9)..  300 
Stockport,  (Nil).  .  700 
Stockton,  (BID...  500 
Stone  Arabia,  (L9)  110 
StoneMills,  (J4).  ..  110 
Stone  Ridge,  (M13)  230 
Stony  Brook,  (017)  550 
Stony  Creek,  {N7)  350 
Stony     Hollow, 

(M13) 120 

Stony  Point,  (M15)  950 
Storm  King,  (N15)  150 
Stormville,  (N14)..  150 
Stottville,  (Nil)...    720 

Stow,  (B12) 100 

Stratford,  (L8) 300 

Streetroad,  (OS).  ..  200 
Strykersville,  (DIO)  530 
Stuyvesant,  (Nil)  400 
Stuyvesant    Falls, 

(Nil) 930 

Suffern,  (MI6). ..  .2,781 
Sugar  Loaf,  (MIS)  110 
Sullivanville,  (GI2)  150 
Summer  Hill,  (HIO)    750 

Summit,   (LIO) 300 

Summitville,    (LI4)    220 

Swain,  (Ell) 180 

Swartwood,  (G12)  100 
Swormville,  (C8)..  300 
Sylvan  Beach,  (J8)  196 
Syosset,  (N17)....  400 
Syracuse,  (H8). .  145,293 

Taberg,   (J7) 370 

Taborton,  (010).,.  200 
Talcottville,  (K6)..  150 
Tallman,  (M16)...  210 
Tannersville,  (M12)  758 
Tappan,  (N16)....  300 
Tarrytown,    (N16)  5,752 

Taylor,  (JIO) 100 

Tcbo,  (L2) 100 

Tcrryville,   (017)..     150 

Texas,  (H6) 150 

Texas  Valley,  (JU)    150 

Theresa,  (J4) 1,002 

Thiells,  (M16) 300 

Thompsonville,  (L14)  200 
Thomison,  (N8)....  100 
Thousand     Island 

Park,   (J3) 100 

Threemile  Bay,  (H4)  400 

Throop,    (G9) 200 

Thurman,  (N5)...  230 
Thurston,  (F12)...  130 
Ticondcroga,  (OS)  2,754 
Tillson,  (M13)....  100 
Tilly  Foster,  (NIS)  200 
Tioga  Center,  (H 12)    300 

Tivoli,    (N12) 1,080 

Toddsville,  (KIO)..  300 
Tomhannock,  (N9)  150 
Tomkins  Cove, 

(MIS) 1,200 

Tonawanda,  (C8)..9,I47 
Towners,  (NIS)...  150 
Town  Line,  (C9)...  350 
Townsend,  (Gil)..  170 
Townsendville, 

(GIO) 100 

Treadwell,  (KU)..    280 

Trenton,  (K7) 316 

Trenton  Falls,  (K7)  125 
Triangle,  (JU).  ...  130 
Tribes  Hill,  {M9) . .  400 
Troupsburg,  (E12)  230 
Trout  Creek,  (KI2)  ISO 
Trout  River,  (Ml)    210 

Troy.    (NIO) 75.488 

Trudeau,  (M3)....  230 
Trumansburg, 

(GIO) 1,181 

Truthville,  (07)...  200 
Truxton,  (HIO)...  700 
Tuckahoe,   (NI7).. 2,753 

Tully,  (H9) 559 

Tunesassa,  (CI 2)..  200 
Tupper  Lake,  (M4)  3.910 

Turin,  (K6) 339 

Turnwood,  (L12)..  300 
Tuscarora,  (ElO)..  130 
Tuxedo    Park, 

(M15) 2,000 

Tyre,  (G9) 100 

Tyrone,  (FID 400 

Ulster  Hts.,  (M 13).  110 
Ulster  Park.  (M131  120 
Unadilla,  (KID... 1,125 
Unadilla   Forks, 

(K9) 200 

Uncas,  (N6) 150 


Union,   (H12) 1,922 

Union  Center,  (H12)  200 
Union  Grove,  (L12)  200 
Union  Hill,  (F8). . .  100 
Union  Springs,  (G9)  762 
Union  Valley,  (JIO)  170 
Unionville,  (LIS).  .  387 
Upper  Jay,  (N3)..  .  500 
Upper  Lisle,  (J U).  .  100 
UpiJer  Nyack,  (N16)  642 
Upper    Red    Hook, 

(N12) 180 

Urbana,  (FU) 100 

Urlton,  (Nil) 190 

Ushers,  (N9) 125 

Utica,  (K8) 80,589 

Vail  Gate,  (MI5)..  100 
Vail  Mills,  (M8)...     110 

Valatie,  (Nil) 1,410 

Valhalla,  (N16) 600 

Valley    Cottage, 

(N16) 200 

Valley  Falls,  (N9)..  795 
Valley    Stream, 

(N18) 2,800 

Vallonia    Springs, 

(J12) ISO 

Valois,  (GIO) 300 

Vandalia.  (C12)...  110 
VanEtten,  (G12)..  407 
Vanhornesville,  (L9)   250 

Varna.    (HU) 200 

Varysburg.  (D9)..  .    400 

Vega.  (LI  1) 100 

Venice.  (GIO) 100 

Venice  Center,  (GIO)  150 
Verbank.  (N14)...  150 
Verbank    Village, 

(NI4) 150 

Vermillion,  (H7)...    200 

Vernon,  (J8) 532 

Vernon  Center,  (J8)    210 

Verona,   (J8) 300 

Verona  Station,  (J8)  100 
Verplanck,  (NIS)..  1.000 
Versailles.  (CIO)...    200 

Vesper.  (H9) 210 

Vestal.  (H12)  ...  230 
Vestal  Center.  (HI2)  300 
Veteran,  (M12)...  .    400 

Victor,    (F9) 1,051 

Victory,    (G8) 380 

Victory  Mills,  (N8)    657 

Vienna,   (J8) ISO 

Virgil,  (HIO) 200 

Vischcr  Ferry,  (N9)    190 

Vista,   (N16) 120 

Volney,  (H7) HO 

Voorheesville,  (NIO)  550 
Waddington,(Kl)..  726 
Wadhams,  (04)...  170 
Wading  River,  (PI7)  400 
Wainscott,  (R17)..  ISO 
Walden,  (M14). ,.  .5,196 

Wales,    (DIO) 130 

Wales  Center,  (C9)  200 
Walesville,  (K8)...  130 
Walker  Valley,  (M14)  170 
Wallace,  (FU)....  320 
WallkiU,  (M14)....  700 
Walloomsac,  (09)..  ISO 
Walton,  (K12).... 3,606 
Walworth,  (F8)...  450 
Warapsville,  (J8)..  222 
Wanakena,  (L4)...  200 
Wantagh,  (N18).  ..  710 
Wappingers     Falls, 

(N14) 3,742 

Warner,   (H8) 500 

Warnerville,  (LIO) .    260 

Warren,    (L9) 100 

Warrensburg,  (N6)  3,100 
Warrens    Corners, 

(C8) 200 

Warsaw,  (DIO). .  .3,424 
Warwick,  (M16). .  .2,505 
Washington  Hollow, 

(N13) 250 

Washington    Mills, 

(K8) 300 

Washingtonville, 

(M15) 635 

Wassaic,  (N13) 250 

Waterburg,  (GIO)  110 
Waterford,  (N9)... 3,047 
Waterloo,  (G9). ..  .4,343 
Water  Mill,  (R17)  300 
Waterport,  (D7)...  320 
Watcrtown,  (JS)  26,895 
Watervale,  (J9)....  100 
Water  Valley,  (CIO)  100 
Waterville,  (K9)..,  1,554 
Watervliet,  (NIO)  14,990 
Watkins,    (GU). .  .2,760 

Watson,  (KS) 130 

Watts  Flats,  (B12)  400 
Waverly,  (G12)...S.1I9 
Wawarsing,  (M13)  200 
Wayland,  (ElO). ..  1,699 

Wayne,  (FU) 190 

Webb  Mills,  (G12)    200 

Webster,  (F8) 1,439 

Webster     Crossing, 

(ElO) 170 

Weedsport,(G8)...  1,448 
Wegatchie,   (J3)...    210 

Wells,  (M7) 400 

Wells  Bridge,  (KU)  200 
Wellsburg,  (G12)..  478 
Wellsville,    (E12).. 4,595 

Wesley,  (CU) 150 

West  Almond,  (Ell)  100 
West  Amboy,  (H7)  100 
West  Bangor,  (Ml)  110 
West  Barre,  (D8)..  100 
West  Berne,  (MIO)  220 
W.  Bloomfield,  (E9)  300 
West  Branch,  (K7)  170 
W.Burlington,  (KIO)  100 
Westbury,  (G8)...  350 
Westbury,  (NI7)..  390 
West  Camp,  (N12)  250 
West  Candor,  (HI2)  130 
West  Carth.ige,  (J5)l,587 
West  Charlton.  (M9)  100 
WestChazy,  (01)..  250 
W.Clarksville,  (D12)  100 
West  Colesville,(J12)  100 
W.  Conesville,  (MID  100 
W.  Coxsackie,  (Nil)   500 


366    (NEW  YORK-N.  cAROLiNA-N.  DAKOTA)      INDEX  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES 


Westdale,U7) 200 

West  Datiby,  (GU)  iOO 
W.  Uavenport.  (LU)  120 
West  Eaton,  (J9)..  500 
W.  Edmeslon.  (K9)  220 
Westemville,  (K7)  300 
West  Exeter.  (K9)  ISO 
West  falls,  (CIO)..  300 
Westlicld,  (All)... 3,319 
Westford.  (LIO)...  100 
West  Kort  Ann,  (N7)  200 
West  Fulton.  (M 10)  210 
West  Galway,  (M9)  300 
West  Granville  Corners, 

(07) 300 

West   Hampton, 

(PH) 450 


West    Hampton 

Beach.  (P17)....  250 
West     Haverstraw, 

(M16) 2,330 

West  Hebron,  (08)  200 
West  Henrietta,  (E8)  130 
West  Hoosick,  (09)  180 
West  Hurley,  (M13)  520 
West  Kendall,  (D7)  150 
West  Kill,  (M12)..  200 
West  Laurens,  (KIO)  100 
West  Lebanon,  (Oil)  100 
West  Leyden  (K7)  600 
West  Milton,  (N8)  200 
West  Monroe,  (H7)  180 
Westmoreland.  (K8)  350 
West  Nyack,  (N16)    230 


Weston,  (FID 300 

West  OneonU,  (KID  300 
Westons  Mills,  (D12)  500 
West  Park.  (N' 13).  .  180 
WestPierpont.  (K3)  100 
W.  Plattsburg,  (N'2)  120 
West  Point,  (M15)  1,200 
Westport.  (04).  ...  716 
West  Potsdam.  (K2)  180 
West  Rush,  (E9).. .  200 
W.  Salamanca,  (C12)  530 
West  Sand  Lake, 

(NIO) 300 

W.  Saugerties,  (M12)  200 
West  Sayville,  (018)  900 
West  Schuyler,  (K8)  120 
WestShokan,  (M13)   100 


West  Stephentown, 

(OlO) 380 

W.  Stockholm,  (L2)  210 
Westtown,  (L15),  .  200 
W.  Township,  (MIO)  100 
West  Valley,  (ClI)  470 
West  Vienna,  (J8)..  140 
Westview,  (ElO)...  ISO 
Westville    C^enter, 

(Ml) 300 

West  Walworth,  (F8)  300 
West  Webster,  (F8)  210 
West  Winfield,  (K9)  788 
Wethersfield  Springs, 

(DIO) 200 

Wevcrtown.  (N6)..  230 
Whallonsburg,  (03)    160 


Wheeler.  (FID....  203 
VVhippleville.  (Ml)  200 
White  Cr«ck.  (09) .  500 
Whitehall,  (06)... 4,665 
White  Lake  Corners, 

(K6) 250 

White  Plains,(N16)  19,287 
Whiteport,  (M13).  .  600 
Whitesboro,  (K8).. 2,493 
White  Sulphur 

Springs.  (L13). ..  250 
Whitesville,  (E12)  400 
Whitfield,  (M13)..  200 
Whitney  Crosu.igs, 

(Ell) 130 

Whitney  Point,  (Jll)  760 
Willard,    (GIO)....    200 


Willet.  (Jll) 300 

Williamson,  (F7)..  650 

Williarastown,    (J7)  600 
Williarasville,  (C9)  1,272 

Willow,    (M12)....  200 

Willowemoc,    (L13)  250 

Willowvale,  (K8)..  400 

Willsboro.    (03)...  650 

Willseyvillc,    (Hll)  550 

Wilmington,  (NJ)..  100 

Wilmurt,  (L7) 150 

Wilson,  (C7) 741 

Wilton,  (N8) 180 

Windham,  (Mil),.  350 

Windsor,  (J  12) 565 

Winfield,    (K9)....  150 

Wingdale,  (N14)...  150 


Winthrop.  (LD...  350 
Wiscoy.  (DID....  270 
Witherbee.  (N4)...     175 

Wolcott.  (G8) 1,346 

Wolcottsburg,  (C8)  250 
Wolcottsville.  (C8)  800 
Woodbourne,  (L13)  350 
Woodbury,  (017)..  300 
Woodhull,  (F12)..  1,352 
Woodmerc.  (N18)..  600 
Woodstock,  (M12)  350 
Woodville,  (H5)...  100 
Worcester,    (LIO). .1,500 

Worth,  (J5) 320 

Wrights    Corners, 

(C8) 200 

Wurtsboro,  (L14)..    409 


Wynantskill,  (NIO)  160 
Wyomanock,  (OlO)  ISO 
Wyoming,   (D9) ...    580 

Yale,  (G9) lOO 

Yaphank,  (P17)...    570 

Yates,  (D7) \su 

Yonkers.  (N17).  .  .90.886 

York,  (E9) iui) 

Yorkshire,  (DIO)..  300 
Yorktown,  (N15)..  100 
Yorktown  Heights, 

(NIS) 1,250 

Yorkville,    (K8)...  1,086 

Youngs,   (KID 120 

Youngstown,  (B7)  .^71 
Youngsville,  (L13)  280 
Zurich,    (F8) 200. 


NORTH     CAROLINA 


Abbottsburg,    (H5)    159 

Aberdeen,  (G4) 794 

Acme,  U5) 289 

Advance,    (E3)....    283 

Ahoskie.  (M2) 924 

Albemarle,  (E4)...2,I15 
Alexander,  (D5)...     118 

Alexis,  (C4) 110 

Almond,  (B7) 98 

.MUmahaw,  (G2)..    300 

Andrews.  (B7) 936 

Angier,  (H3) 221 

.iVnsonville.  (E4)...  485 
Apalachia.   (A7)...     IOO 

Apex.    (H3)    681 

Archdale.   (F3)....    145 

.\rden,  (E7) 151 

Ashboro,  (F3) 1,865 

Asheviile,  (E6). ..  18,762 

Atlantic,  (N5) 524 

Aulander,  (L2)....  543 
Aurora,  (M4)  ....  440 
Autryville.  (H4)...      77 

Avoca,  (M3) ISO 

Avon,   (04) 400 

Ayden.(L4) 990 

Aydlett,   (02) ISO 

Azalea,  (E6) 100 

Bailey,  03) 195 

BakersviTle,  (A2)..,  416 
B.alsam  Grove.  (D7)  190 
BannersElk,  (B2),.    150 

Barco.  (N2) 100 

Barium  Springs,  (D3)  110 

Bartlett,  (N2) 150 

Bath,  (M4) 283 

Bdttleboro.  (K2)...  211 
Bayboro,  (.VI4)....  370 
Beargrass,  (L3). . . .  56 
Beaufort,  (MS).  ..  .2,483 

Bee  Log,  (E6) 150 

Bee  Tree,  (E6) 200 

Belcross,  (N2) 150 

Bclhaven,    (M3)... 2,853 

Belmont,  (C4) 1,175 

Belvidere.  (N2)....    100 

Belwood.  (B4) 140 

Benson.  (J4) 800 

Bessemer  City.(C4)  1,529 
Bethania,  (E2)....     110 

Bethel,  (L3) 469 

Big  Lick,  (E4) 152 

BUtmore,  (D6)....     173 

Biscoe,  (F4) 450 

Blackcreek,  (K3)..  219 
Black  Mountain,(E6)  311 
Bladenboro,  (H5)  .  275 
Blowing  Rock,  (B2)    261 

Bluff.    (D6) 140 

Boardman,  (H6)...    795 

Bolton.  (J6) 350 

Bonlee.  (G3) 130 

Bonnerton.   (M4),.    100 

Bonsai,  (H3) 85 

Boomer,   (C2) 100 

Boone,  (B2) 179 

Boonford,  (A3)....  100 
Boonville,    (D2)...    282 

Bosley,  (M2) 100 

Bostic,    (B4) 209 

Brevard,  (D7) 919 

Bridgersville,  (K3)  SO 
Bridgeton,  (M4)...  348 
Bridgewater,  (B3)  200 
Broadway,  (G4)  ..  149 
Brookford.  (C3)...  725 
-•Browns  Summit.  (F2)  100 
BrysonCity,  (C7)  .  612 
Buffalo   City,    (03)    200 

Buies,   (GS) 65 

BuiesCreek,  (H4)..    249 

Burgaw.  (K5) 955 

Burlington,  (G2).. 4,808 
BumsvUle,  (A3)...    422 

Buxton,  (04) 300 

Bynum,(G3) 150 

Cambro,  (H4) 150 

Camden,  (N2) 100 

Cameron,  (G4) 259 

Canaan,  (N2) 100 

Candor,  (F4) 160 

Canton.   (D6) 1,393 

Capelsie,  (F4) 400 

Caroleen.  (B4). ...  1,892 
Carthage.  (G4)....    863 

Gary.    (H3) 383 

Casar,  (B3) 300 

Cash  Corner,  (M4)    130 

CasUlia,    (J2) 219 

Catawba,  (C3) ....  222 
Cedar  Creek,  (CS)  100 
Cedar  Falls,  (F3)  .  222 
Central  Falls,  (F3)  500 
Ccrro  Gordo,  (H5)    323 


Chadboum,  (H6)..  1,242 
Chapel  Hill,  (G3)..  1,149 
Charlotte,    (D4).. 34,014 

Cherry,  (N3) 76 

Cherryfield,  (D7)..  200 
Cherryville,  (C4)..  1,153 
Chestnutridge,  ( 02 )  1 00 
China  Grove,  (D3)  852 
Chinquapin,  (K5). .  350 
Chocowinity,     (L3)    127 

Cisco,  (M2) 100 

Claremont,  (C3)...  297 
Clarendon,  (H6)...  147 
Clarkton,  (H5)....    275 

Clayton,  (J3) 1,441 

Clemmons,  (E2)...  100 
Cleveland,  (D3)...  426 
Cleveland  Mills,  (B4)  400 

Cliffside,  (B4) 1,000 

Clinton,  (J5) 1,101 

Clyde.  (D6) 344 

Coats,  (H4) 169 

Cofield,   (M2) 100 

Coinjock,  (N2) 150 

Colerain,  (M2)....  189 
Coleridge.  (F3)....     100 

Colfax,    (E2) 100 

Colington.  (02)...  200 
Collettsville.  (B3)..      80 

Columbia,  (N3) 848 

Columbus,   (A4)...    122 

Como.  (L2) 300 

Concord,  (D4) 8,715 

Conetoe,  (L3) 158 

Connellys    Springs, 

(B3) 500 

Conover,  (C3) 421 

Contentnea,  (K3)..    246 

Conway,  (L2) 240 

Cooleemee,  (E3)... 2,000 
Copeland,  (D2)....     100 

Cordova,  (F5) 250 

Corepoint,  (M4)...     120 

Cornelius,  (D4) 833 

Corolla,  (02) 100 

Council,  (J6) 74 

Cove  City,  (L4)....  308 
Crabtree,  (D5)....  100 
Cranberry,  (B2)...  400 
Creedmoor.   (H2)..    324 

Creston,  (B21 100 

Creswell,  (N3) 329 

Crouse.  (C4) 175 

Grumpier,  (C2) 100 

Cullasaja,  (C7) 250 

Cumberland,  (G4)  300 
Cumnock,  (G3)..  ..    200 

Currie.  (J6) 100 

Curribuck.  (N2)...     200 

Dallas,    (C4) 1,065 

Danbury,  (E2),...  400 
Davidson,  (D3)...  1,055 
Davidsons  River, 

(D7) 150 

Davis,  (N5) 250 

Day  Book,  (E6)...    300 

Dellwood,  (C6) ISO 

Denton,    (E3) 320 

Denver,    (C3) 282 

Deppe,    (LS) 130 

Derita,  (D4) 100 

Dillsboro,  (C7)....    277 

Dobson,  (D2) 360 

Double  Shoal,  (B4)    100 

Dover,  (L4) 737 

Draper,    (Fl) 1,000 

Drexel,  (B3) 200 

Drumhfli,  (Ml)....     100 

Dublin,  (H5) 100 

Duck,   (02) 100 

Dudley,   (K4) 164 

Duke,  (H4) 500 

Dunn,  (H4) 1,823 

Durham,  (H2) 18,241 

Eagle  Rock,  (J3)..  100 
Eagle  Springs,  (F4)    IOO 

Earl,  (B4) IOO 

Earleys,  (L2) 300 

East  Bend,  (D2)...  522 
East  Durham,  (H2)  1,500 
E.  Kings  Mt.,  (C4)    383 

Eastlake,  (03) 250 

E.  Launrinburg,  (GS)  577 
E.  Lumbcrton,  (HS)  881 
East  Monbo,  (D3)  250 
East  Spencer,  (E3)  1,729 
Edenton,  (M2). ..  .2,789 
Edgemont,  (B2)...  100 
Edward,    (M4)....    171 

Elhanan,  (B3) ISO 

Elizabeth    City, 

(N2) 8,412 

Elizabethtown,  (H5)  117 
Elkin,  (D2) 885 


Elk  Park,  (B2)....    377 

EUenboro.  (B4) 293 

Ellerbe,  (F4) 100 

Elm  City.  (K3)....  590 
Elm  Grove,  (H3)..  200 
Elmwood.  (D3)....  ISO 
Elon  College,  (G2)    200 

EIrod,  (G5) 170 

Embro,    (72) 150 

Endon,  (G4) 120 

Enfield,    (K2) 1,167 

Engelhard,  (N3)...  300 
Enochville.  (D3)...      81 

Eure,  (M2) IOO 

Eureka,   (K3) 162 

Everetts,  (L3) 146 

Evergreen,  (H6).  ..    248 

Excelsior,  G6) 130 

Fairbluff,  (H6)....    441 

Fairfield,    (N3) 250 

Fairmont,  (GS)...  730 
Fairview,   (E6)....    130 

Faison,  (J4) 519 

Faith,   (E3) 350 

Falkland,  (K3)....    132 

Falls,  (H3) 130 

Fallston,  (B4) 200 

Farmington,  (D2). .  150 
Farmville,  (K3)...  815 
Fayetteville,  (H4)  7,045 
Flat  Rock,  (D7)...  ,?00 
Flat  Shoal,  (D2)...  100 
Floral  College,  (GS)  190 
Forest  City,  (B4)..  1,592 
Forestville,  (J3)...  137 
Fork  Church,  (E3)  300 
Fort  Barnwell.  (L4)  140 
Fort  Landing,  (N3)    300 

Fountain,  (K3) 189 

Four  Oaks,  (J4)...  329 
Franklin,  (C7)....  379 
Franklinton,  (J2)..  809 
Franklinville,     (F3)    500 

Fremont,  (J3) 951 

Frisco,  (04) 150 

Fuquay  Springs,(H3)  127 

Garland,   (J5) 100 

Gamer,  (H3) 284 

Garysburg.  (K2)...     159 

Gaston.  (ES) 100 

Gastonia,   (C4) 5,759 

Gates,    (M2) 150 

Gatesville,  (M2)...  203 
Germanton.  (E2)..    154 

Gibson.  (F5) 800 

Gibsonville,  (E2)..  1,162 

Gilkey.   (B4) 200 

Glen  Alpine.  (B3)..    308 

Glenwood.(F2) 100 

Godwin.  (H4) 102 

Gold  Hill,  (E3)....  304 
Goldpoint,  (L3)...  126 
Goldsboro,  (K4)... 6,107 
Goldston,  (G3)....    240 

Grace,  (06) 100 

Graham,  (G2) 2,504 

Grandy,  (02) 100 

Grange.    (D7) 100 

Granite  Falls,  (C3)  381 
Granite  Quarry,  (E3)  363 
Graphiteville,  (A3)  IOO 
Grassycreek,  (CD..  100 
Greenmountain, 

(A3) 100 

Green  Park,  (B2),.  IOO 
Greensboro,  (F2)  15,895 
Greenville.  (L3). .  .4,101' 

Gregory,  (N2) 150 

Griffin,   (03) 200 

Grifton,  (L4) 291 

Grimesland,  (L3)..    330 

Grover.  (C4) 209 

Guilford,  (F2) 130 

Guilford     College, 

(F2) 200 

Gulf,  (G3) 200 

Gumneck,    (N3)...    350 

Guyton.  (H5) 160 

Hadley,  (G3) 100 

Halifax,   (K2) 314 

Hallsboro,   (H6)...    180 

Hamilton,  (L3) 452 

Hamlet,    (F5) 2,173 

Hamptonville,  (D2)  100 
Harbinger.  (02)...    500 

Hardin,  (C4) 230 

Harkers    Island, 

(MS) 200 

Harlowe,  (MS)....  250 
Harmony,  (03)....  200 
Harrellsville,  (M2)  140 
Harrisburg,   (D4)..     IOO 

Hassell,  (L3) 100 

Hatteras,  (04) 250 


HawRiver,  (G2)...  950 
Hayesville,  (B7)...  98 
Haywood,  (H3)....  162 
Hazelwood,  (D7)...    428 

Helton,  (CD 200 

Hemp,  (F4) 100 

Henderson,  02)... 4,503 
Hendersonville, 

(E7) 2,818 

Heno,  (G2) IOO 

Henrietta,  (B4) 1,856 

Henry,  (C3) 100 

Hertford,  (N2). ...  1,841 

Hickory,  (C3) 3,715 

Hiddenite,  (C3) 250 

Highfalls,  (G3) 150 

Highlands,  (C3)...  487 
Highlands,  (C7)...  257 
High  Point,  (F3)... 9,525 
Highshoals,  (C4)..  600 
Hildebran,  (C3)...    140 

Hillsboro.  (G2) 857 

Hobbsville,  (M2)..     150 

Hobgood,  (L2) 165 

Hoffman,  (F4) 175 

Hollysprings,  (H3)  261 
Hokkerton,  (K4)..  204 
Hooverhill,  (E3)...  200 
Hope  Mills.  (HS)..  964 
HotSprings.  (D6)..  443 
Howard,    (M3)....    200 

Hudson,  (C3) 411 

Huntdale,  (A2) 200 

Huntersville,     (D4)    591 

Icemorlee,  (04) .398 

Inanda,    (D6) IOO 

Indian  Trail,   (D4)    154 

Ingold,  (JS) 124 

lola,  (F4) 100 

IronSution,(C4)..     150 

Ivanhoe,   (JS) 170 

Jackson,  (L2) 527 

JacksonHill,(E3).  .  150 
Jacksonville,  (LS).  .  505 
James  City,  (M4)..  1,200 
Jamestown,  (F3)..  150 
Jamesville,    (M3)..    398 

Jarvis,  (02) 100 

Jarvisburg,  (02)...    400 

Jason,  (K4) 60 

Jefferson,   (B2) 184 

Jonesboro,  (G4)...  799 
Jonesville,   (D2)...    200 

Julian,  (F3) 100 

Juniper,    (03) IOO 

Jupiter,  (D6) IOO 

Kannapolis,  (D3)..    500 

Kelford,    (L2) 316 

Kenansville,  (KS)..    2-70 

Kenly.  (J3) 725 

Kemersville,  (E2)..1,I28 

Kerr,   (JS) IOO 

Keyser,  (G4) 170 

Kiraesville,  (F3)...     ISO 

King,  (E2) 200 

Kingsdale,  (GS)...  IOO 
Kings  Mt.,  (C4)... 2,218 

Kinston.  (K4) 6,99S 

Kipling,   (H4) ISO 

Kittrell,  (J2) 242 

Kitty  Hawk,  (02)..  100 
Knotts  Island,  (02)  250 
La  Grange.  (K4)... 1,007 
Lake  Comfort,  (N4)  300 
Lake  Landing,  (N4)  300 
LakeTaxaway,  (D7)  100 
Lakeview,    (G4)...    100 

Landis,  (D3) 500 

Lasker,   (L2) 203 

Lattimore,  (B4)...  297 
Laurel  Hill,  (F5)...  350 
Laurinburg,  (GS).. 2,322 
Lawndale,  (B4)...  350 
Leaksville,  (F2)...  1,127 
Leasburg,  (G2)....  300 
Leechville,    (M3). .    ISl 

Leggett,  (K3) 140 

Leicester,  (D6) IS3 

Lenoir,  (C3) 3,364 

Lewarae,  (F5) 279 

Lewiston,  (L2) 252 

Lexington,  (E3). .  .4,153 

Liberty,    (F3) 474 

Liledoun,   (C3) 100 

Lilesville,  (FS)....  400 
Lillington,  (H4)...    380 

Lilly.  (Nl) 100 

Lincolnton,    (C4).. 2,413 

Linville,   (B2) 250 

Linwood,  (E3)....  150 
Littleton,  (K2). ...  1,152 
Long  Island.  (C3)..  200 
Long  View.  (C3)...  243 
Louisburg,  02) •.■•1.775 


Lowell,  (C4) 875 

Lowesville,  (D4)...     150 

Lucama,  (J3) 256 

Lumber  Bridge.  (G5)  165 
Lumberton,  (HS).. 2,230 

Lynn,   (A4) 200 

McAdenville,  (C4)  983 
McCullers,  (H3)...  100 
McFarlan,  (ES)...  186 
McGuire,  (B2)....  IOO 
Macclesfield,  (K3)  110 
Mackey  Ferry,  (M3)   230 

Macon,  02) 189 

Madison,  (E2) 1,033 

Maggie,    (C6) ISO 

Magnetic  City,  (A2)  IOO 
Magnolia,  (J5)....    653 

Maiden,   (C3) 664 

Makelyville,  (N4)..     ISO 

Mamie,  (02) IOO 

Manchester,  (G4)..    200 

Manly,   (G4) 220 

Manns  Harbor,  (03)   300 

Manson,    02) 100 

Manteo,   (03) 408 

Maple,  (N2) ISO 

Mapleton,  (L2) 52 

Margarettsville,  (LI)  107 
Marietta,  (G6) ....    200 

Marion.    (A3) 1,519 

Mariposa,  (C4) 100 

Marlboro,  (K3)..,.  225 
Marshall,  (06)....  802 
Mars  Hill,  (D6)....  301 
Marshville,  (E5)...    499 

Mashoes,    (03) 100 

Matthews,  (D4)...    396 

Maxton.  (GS) 1.321 

Mayesworth,  (C4)  200 
Mayodan,  (F2)....  874 
Maysville,  (LS)....    345 

Mebane,  (G2) 693 

Medlin.  (B6) 100 

Menola.  (L2) 150 

Merryhill.  (M3)...  170 
MerryOaks.  (G3)..     150 

Mica,  (A3) 100 

Micaville,  (A3)....     100 

Micro,  (J3) 74 

Middleburg,  02)..  117 
Middlesex.  03)....  467 
Middletown,  (04)..  200 
Mill  Spring.  (A4)..     150 

Milton.  (GD 419 

Mineral      Springs, 

(DS) 85 

Mint  Hill,  (04) 194 

Mintonsville,  (M2)  100 
Mocksville,   (D3)..  1,063 

Monbo,    (D3) ISO 

Moncure,  (G3)....  100 
Monroe,  (DS). ..  .4,082 
Mon  Swamp.  (N3)  200 
Montezuma,  (B2)..  254 
Mooresboro,  (B4) . .  198 
Mooresville,  (D3).  .3,400 
Morehead  City, 

(MS) 2,039 

Morganton,  (B3).. 2,712 
Morrisville,  (H3)..     151 

Mortimer,  (B3) 251 

Morven,  (ES) 498 

Mount'n  Island.  (D4)  347 
Mount  Airy.  (Dl)..  3,844 
Mount  Bethel,  (C3)  100 
Mount  Gilead,  (F4)  723 
Mount  Holly,  (C4)  526 
Mt.  Mitchell,  (A3).  100 
Mount  Olive,  (J4)..  1,071 
Mt.  Pleasant.  (E4).    753 

Moyock.  (ND 200 

Murfreesboro,   (L2)    809 

Murphy,  (B7) 977 

Nashville,  03)....    750 

Nealsville,  (B3) 119 

Nebo,   (B3) 160 

Newberlin,  06)---  100 
Newbem.  (L4)....  9,961 

Newell,  (D4) 100 

Newhill,  (H3) 95 

Newland,  (B2)....    150 

Newlife,  (C2) 100 

Newlight,  (H2)....  150 
New  London.  (E4)  312 
Newport,  (MS)....    321 

Newton,  (C3) 2,316 

Newton  Grove,  (J4)      73 

Norlina,  02) IOO 

North     Charlotte, 

(D4) 650 

North     Harlowe, 

(MS) 220 

North    Wilkesboro, 
(CZ) 1,902 


Norwood,  (E4)....  928 
Oak  City,  (L3)....  251 
Oak  Ridge,  (F2)...    190 

Ocracoke,  (04) 250 

Ola,  (C6) 100 

OldFort,  (A3)..... .    778 

Olds.  (02) 100 

Old  Sparta,  (K3)...    220 

Oldtrap,  (N2) 300 

Olin,   (03) 200 

Olivebranch,  (E4)..    100 

Ore  Hill,  (G3) 94 

Oriental,  (M4) 645 

Osgood,    (G3) IOO 

Otila,    (02) ISO 

Ottanola,   (E7) 130 

Oxford,    (H2) 3,018 

Pactolus,  (L3) 154 

Paintrock,  (D6)...     IOO 

Palmyra.  (L2) 94 

Pantego.  (M3)....  324 
Parkersburg,  (JS)..  67 
Parkewood,  (F4)...    200 

Parkton,    (H5) 219 

Parmele,  (L3) 272 

Patterson,  (B2) 85 

Patterson     Springs, 

(C4) IOO 

Peachland,  (E5)...    232 

Peedee,  (FS) 628 

Pelhara,   (GD ISO 

Pembroke,  (G5)...  258 
Pendleton,  (LD...  62 
Pcnsacola.    (A3)...     150 

Phenoy,    (A3) 100 

Pikeville,   (K4) 210 

Pilot,  03) 100 

Pilotmountain,(E2)  652 
Pinebluff,  (G4)....  92 
Pine  Level,  03)..    394 

Pinelog,  (B7) IOO 

Pinetops,  (K3)....  211 
Pinetown,  (M3). . .    412 

Pineview,  (G4) 200 

Pineville,  (04)....  688 
Pink  Hill,  (K4)....      58 

Pinnacle,  (E2) 400 

Pisgah  Forest,  (E7)  150 
Pittsboro,  (03)....  502 
Pleasant  Hill.  (Kl)  170 
Plymouth.  (M3)...2,I65 
Point  Caswell,  (J6)  US 
Point  Harbor,  (02)    200 

Polkton,  (E4) 287 

Polkville,  (B4).  ...  100 
Polloksville,  (L5)..    227 

Pomona,  (F2) 300 

Poplarbranch,   (02)    200 

Potecasi,  (L2) 130 

Pousville,  02)....  100 
Powells  Point,  (02)  400 
Powellsville,  (M2)  75 
Princeton,  04)...  354 
Princeville,  (L3)...    627 

Proctor,   (87) 200 

Pungo,  (M3) 300 

Raeford,  (G4) 580 

RALEIGH.  (H3)  19,218 
Ramseur,  (F3).  ...  1.022 
Randleman,  (F3)..  1,950 

Red  Hill,  (A2) 100 

Red  Springs,(G5)..  1,089 
Reidsville,    (F2)... 4,828 

Rennert,  (GS) 179 

Rhodhiss,  (C3)....  370 
Richfield,  (E4)....  210 
Richlands,  (LS)....  445 
Rich  Square,  (L2)..  367 
Ridgecrest,  (E6)...  200 
Ridgeway,  02)....  300 
Ringwood,  (K2)...  147 
Roanoke     Rapids, 

(K2) 1.670 

Roaring  River,  (D2)  IOO 
Robbinsville,  (B7)  122 
RoberdeU,  (F4)....  422 
Robersonville,  (L3)  616 
Rockford.  (D2)....  100 
Rockingham.  (FS)  2,155 
Rockwell,  (E3)....  200 
Rocky     Mount, 

(K2) ...8,051 

Rockymount  Mills, 

(K3) 480 

Rocky  Point.  (K6)    300 

Rodanthe.  (03) 150 

Roe.   (NS) 150 

Rolcsville.  (J3)....     170 

Ronda,  (02) 150 

Roper,  (M3) 819 

Roseboro,  (HS)....  183 
Rosedale,  (N2)....     ISO 

Rosehill,    05) 364 

Roseinary,  (K2)...    100 


Rosman,  (D7) 145 

Rougemont.  (H2). .  ISO 
Rowland.  (GS)....    787 

Roxboro,   (H2) 1,425 

Roxobel,  (L2) 491 

Royall  Cotton  Mills, 

(H3) 437 

Ruffin,  (F2) 250 

Rural  Hall,  (E2)...  300 
Rutherford  College, 

(B3) 200 

Rutherfordton, 

(B4) 1,062 

Saginaw,  (B2) 300 

Saint  Helena,  (K5)  IOO 
Saint  Pauls.  (G5)..  419 
Salisbury.  (03). ..  .7,153 

Saluda,  (A4) 235 

Salvo,   (03) 100 

Sandy  Ridge,  (EI)    250 

Sanford,  (G3) 2,282 

Saratoga,   (K3)....     136 

Sarem,  (M2) 100 

Saxapahaw,  (G3). ..  100 
Scotland    Neck, 

(L2) 1,726 

Scranton,  (N4)....    200 

Seaboard,  (L2) 280 

Seagull,  (02) 150 

Selma,  (J3) l,3.il 

Selwin,  (M2) 100 

Sepb,  (C6) 140 

Sevensprings,    (K4)    250 

Severn,   (LI) IOO 

Shallotte,  (J7) 139 

Sharpsburg,  (K3)..  Ill 
Shawboro,   (N2)...     ISO 

Shelby,  (C4) 3,127 

Shelmerdine,  (L4)..    400 

Shiloh,    (N2) 130 

Shore,  (E2) 308 

Sidney,  (M4) ISO 

SilerCity,  (G3)....    895 

Siloam.  (D2) 350 

Skyco.  (03) IOO 

Skyland.  (E7) 150 

Sladesville,  (N4)...     ISO 

Smithfield,  (J3) 1,347 

Smokemont,  (C6)..     100 

Smyrna.  (MS) 110 

Sneads  Ferry.  (LS) .     140 

Snowden.  (N2) IOO 

Snow  Hill.  (K4)...    450 

Sound,   (N3) 300 

South     Biltmore, 

(D6) 238 

South  Creek,  (M4)  800 
Southern  Pines,  (G4)  542 
South  Mills,  (N2)..  300 
Southport.  (J7 )....!, 484 
Southside,  (C4)....  200 
South     Wadesboro, 

(E5) 202 

Sparta,  (CI) 199 

Spencer,  (E3) 1.915 

Spout  Springs,  (G4)    IOO 

Spray,  (Fl) 1,250 

Spring  Hope,  (J3)..  1,245 

Staley,  (F3) 150 

Stallings,  (J2) 150 

Stanley,    (C4) 321 

SUntonsburg,  (K3)    204 

Star,    (F4) 239 

State  Road,  (D2)..  120 
Statesville,  (D3)... 4.599 

Stecoah,  (B7) 130 

Stedman.  (H4)....    100 

Steeds,    (F4) 200 

Stem.   (H2) IOO 

Stokesdale,  (F2)...  IS9 
Stoneville,  (E2)...  404 
Stonewall,  (M4)...  161 
Stony  Point,  (C3)..    400 

Stout,  (04) 82 

Stovall,  (H2) 305 

Sturapypoint,  (03)  200 
Sugar  Grove,  (B2)  200 
Summerfield.     (F2)    250 

Sunbury,  (M2) 200 

Supply,   06) ISO 

Swanquarter,  (N4)  185 
Swansboro,  (LS). . .  390 
Swepsonville,    (G2)    520 

Swiss,   (E6) 120 

Sycamore,  (03) 120 

Sylva,  (C7) 698 

Tabor,    (H6) 418 

Taft,  (E6) 130 

Tamarack,  (B2)...  250 
Tarboro,    (K3). ..  .4.129 

Tarheel.   (H5) 100 

T.iylorsville,  (C3)..  662 
Teacheys,  (KS)....  154 
Terrapin,  (K2)....    120 


Thelma,  (K2) i,;o 

Thomas,    (JS) ISO 

Thoraasville,   (E3)  3,877 

TUlery,  (L2) 269 

Topsy,  (M2) 100 

Townsville.  (J2). . .    200 

Trenton,  (L4) 331 

Trinity,  (E3) 332 

Trivett,    (B2) 100 

Troutmans,  (03).  .    200 

Troy,  (F4) 1.055 

Tryon,  (A4) 700 

Turnersburg,     (03)    100 

Tyner,  (M2) 500 

Union,  (L2) 139 

Union  Mills.  (A4)..     155 

Valdese.    (33) 200 

Vanceboro,  (L4) ...  392 
Vandemere,  (M4). .    296 

Vass,  (G4) 273 

Vaughan,  (K2) 420 

Verona,  (L5) IOO 

Waco,  (C4) 185 

Wadesboro,  (ES)., 2,376 
Wades  Point,  (M4)  IOO 
Wakefield,  (J3).  ...  287 
Wake  Forest,  (H3)  1,443 
Walkertown,     (E2)    400 

Wallace,  (KS) 444 

Walnut,   (D6) 215 

Walnut  Cove,  (E2)  480 
Walstonburg,  (K3)  127 
Wanchese,  (03)...  250 
Warren  Plains,  (J2)  130 
Warrensville,  (C2)  IOO 
Warrenton,  (J2). . .    807 

Warsaw,    (JS) 723 

Washington,  (M3)  5,211 

Waterlily,  (02) 150 

Watha,  (KS) 200 

Waxhaw,  (DS).  ..  602 
Waynesville,  (D7)  2,008 
Weaverville,  (D6)..    442 

Webbs.  (C3) 100 

Webster.  (C7) 300 

Weeksville,    (N2)..     IOO 

Weldon.  (K2) 1,999 

Wendell,   03) 759 

Wentworth,  (F2)..  250 
W'est     Durham, 

(H2) 2.000 

WestEnd.  (F4).  .  ..  100 
West  Hickory,  (C3)  845 
West    Lumberton, 

(GS) 231 

West  Raleigh,  (H3)    120 

Whaley,   (B2) 150 

Whitakers,  (K3)...  775 
Whitehall,  05)....  120 
Whitehall.  (K4)...  179 
White  Plains.  (D2)  250 
Whiteville.  (H6)...  1,368 

Whitnel,  (C3) IOO 

Whitney,  (E4) 800 

Whittier,  (C7) 216 

Wilbanks,  (K3)...  45 
Wilkesboro,    (C2)..     799 

Wilkins,  (H2) IOO 

Willardville,  (H2)..  IOO 
Willeyton,  (M2)..  .  100 
Williams,  (D2).  ...  53 
Williamsboro,  02)  190 
Williamston,  (L3).  .1,574 
Wilmington.  (J6)  25,748 

Wilmot,    (C7) IOO 

Wilson,  (K3) 6,717 

Windsor,  (L2) 584 

Windy  Gap,  (02).  .     100 

Winfall,    (N2) 289 

Wingate,  (ES) 353 

Winstoo-Salem,  (E2) 

Pop.  Salem 5.533 

Winston. .17. 167 

Total  Pop 22.700 

Winterville.   (L3)..    484 

Winton.  (M2) 624 

Wit,(N5) 130 

Woodard,  (M3)....  150 
Woodland,  (L2)..  .  312 
Woodleaf,  (03)...  187 
Woodleigh,  (01)...  1.S0 
Woodville,  (N2)...  100 
Worthville,  (F3)...  3<)} 
Wrightsvillc,  (K6)  270 
Wrightsville  Beach, 

(K6) 54 

Wysocking,  (N4).  .  3.S0 
Yadkin  College.  (E3)  130 
Yadkinville,  (02)  432 
Yanceyville,  (G2)  .  338 
Yeatesville.  (M3)..  100 
Youngsville.    (J2)..     431 

Zebulon,(J3) 483 

Zephyr,  (02) ISO 


NORTH     DAKOTA 

1915  STATE  CENSUS  FIGURES 


Abercrombie,  (H6).  313 

Adams,  (F3) 406 

Adrian,  (I'"6) 200 

Alexander.   (A4)...  274 

Alfred,   (E6) 200 

Alice.  (G6). 250 

Almont.  (C6) 500 

Amorose,  (A2) 201 


Anamoose,  (D4)...  346 

Aneta,  (F4) 266 

Antler,  (C2) 274 

Ardoch(G3). 412 

Arthur,  (GS) 200 

Arvilla.  (04) IOO 

Ashley.  (E7) 741 

Ayr,  (G5) 100 


BaUour,  (D4) 292 

Bantry,  (D3) 400 

Barlow,  (E4) 300 

Barnev.  (G6) 150 

Bartlett,  (F3) 106 

Barton,  (D2) 176 

Bathgate,  (G2) 376 

Beach,  (A6) 542 


Belfield.  (A6) 6oo 

Bergen,  (D4) l.SO 

Berfin,  (F7) 119 

Berthold,  (C3) 320 

Berwick,  (D3) 450 

Binford,  (F4) 324 

Bisbee.  (E2) 471 

BISMARCK,  (DO).  6,344 


Blabon,  (G5) 

Blackwater,  (C4). 
Bottineau,  (02).. 
Bowbells,  (B2)... 

Bowdon,  (E4) 

Bowesmoot,  (G2). 
Bowman,  (A7)  — 
Craddock,  (D6) 


100  Brinsmade,  (E3). 

100  Brocket,  (F3) 

1,206  Buffalo,  (G6) 

639  Buford,  (A4) 

316  Burlington,  (C3). 

200  Buxton.  (G4) 

744  Caledonia,  (H5).. 

.    350  Calvin,  (F2) 


164  Cando,  (E3) 1,117 

214  Canton,  (G2) 143 

241  Carpio,  (C3) 457 

160  Carrington,  (ES)...  1,328 

200  Casselton,  (G6)....  1.584 

450  Cathay,  (E4). 210 

250  Cavalier,  (G2) 773 

400  Cayuga,  (G7) 206 


Center,  (C5) 100 

Chaffee,  (G6) 120 

Christine,  (H6) 210 

Churchs  Ferry,(E3)  363 

Cleveland,  (E6)....  140 

Clifford,  (GS) 200 

Clyde,  (F2) 300 

Coal  Harbor,  (C4),.  120 


K 


INDEX  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES 


(NORTH  DAKOTA— OHIO) 


367 


Cogswell,  fG7) 445 

Corgatc,  (GS) 250 

Columbus.  (B2) 302 

Conway,  (G3) 1<)3 

CooiKrstown.CFS).  920 

Cotcau,  (B2) 150 

Courtenay,  {F5) 466 

Crary,  (1'3) 300 

Crosby,  (A2) 1,011 

Crystal,  (G2) 301 

Cumings,  (H4) 130 

Davenport,  {G6)...  267 

Dawson.  (E6) 200 

Dazey,  {F5) 233 

Decring.  (D3) 170 

DeLamere,  (G7).—  250 

Denbigh.  (D3) 20O 

Denhoff,  (D5) 340 

Deslacs.  (C3) 188 

DeviULake,  {F3)..  4,525 

Dickey,  (F6) 149 

Dickinson,  (B6).... 4, 120 

Dogden,  (D4) 237 

Donnybrook,  (C3).  295 

Douglas,  (C4) 213 

Doyon,  (F3) 200 

Drake,  (D4) 508 

Drayton,  (G2) 640 

Dresden,  (F2) 220 

Driscoll,  (D6) 250 

Dunseith,  (D2) 450 

Dwight,  (H7) 160 

Eckelson,  (F6) 100 

Eckman,  (C3) 87 

Edgeley,  (F7) 718 

Edinburg,  (02) 206 

Edmon:,(F3) 403 


Abbeyville,   (N5). . .  160 

Aberdeen,  (F15) 568 

Academia,  (L8) 300 

Ada,  (E6) 2,465 

Adams  M ills,  (N9)..  150 
Adamsville,  (N9)...  176 

Adario,  (K6) 100 

Addison,  (M14) 220 

Addyston,(B13)... 1,543 

Adelphi,  (J12) 407 

Adena,  (R9) 570 

Adrian,  (05) 210 

Agosta,  (G7) 304 

Aid,  (L15) 200 

Aitch,  (Qll)     110 

Akron,  (05) 69,067 

Albany,  (M13) 546 

Alcony,  (D9) 130 

Aleiandersville,  (Cll)180 
Alexandria,  (K.9)...  414 

Alger,  (E7) 730 

Alikanna,  (S8) 100 

Allensville,  (K13)...  220 
Allentown,  (D5)  ...   110 

Alliance,  (Q6) 15,083 

Alpha,  (Dll) 180 

Alton,  (HIO) 110 

Alvada,  (G5) 160 

Alvordton,  (C3) 402 

Amanda,  (Kll). .  ..  484 

Amboy,  (S2) 300 

Amelia,  (D13) 417 

Amesville,  (N12)...     267 

Amherst,  (M4) 2,106 

Amsden,  (G5) 150 

Amsterdam,  (R8).  .1,041 
Andersonville,  012).  200 

Andover,  (S3) 902 

Anna,  (D8) 460 

Annapolis,  (R8) 200 

Ansonia,  (B9) 656 

Antioch,  (Qll) 169 

Antiquity,  (N14).  ..  300 

Antrim.  (P9) 150 

Antwerp,  (A5) 1,187 

Apple  (Jreek.  (N6)..  400 
Applegrove,  (N14). .   100 

Appleton,  (K9) 100 

Arabia,  (L15) 100 

Arcadia,  (OS) 380 

Arcanum,  (BIO) 1,361 

Archbold.  (C3) 1,082 

Arion,(H14) 200 

Arlington,  (F6) 798 

Arlington,  (CIO) 200 

Arlington     Heights, 

(C13) 468 

Amettsville.  (BIO).    240 

Arnheim,  (E14) 100 

Arnold,  (H9) 100 

Asbury,  (C13) ISO 

Ashland,  (L6) 6,795 

Ashley,  08) 706 

Ashtabula.  (R2)... 18,266 

AlhvUle,  (111) 972 

Athalia,  (LIS) 226 

Athens,  (M12) 5,463 

Atlanta,  (HI  1) 140 

Atlas,  (QIO) 100 

Attica,  05) 719 

Atwater,  (Q5) 300 

Atwater  Center,  (Q5)  100 

Auburn,  (Q4) 100 

Augusta,  (Q7) 300 

Aultman,  (P6) 250 

Aurora,  (P4) 600 

Aurora  Station,  (P4)  600 
Austinburg,  (R2).  ..  300 
Austintown,  (RS). .  .  200 

Ava,(O10) 500 

Avery,  (K4) 100 

Avon,  (M4) 750 

Ariine,  (MIO) 450 

Ayersville,  (C5) 100 

Bachman,  (CIO) 200 

Bainbridgc,  (P4) 100 

Bainbridge,  (G13)...  883 
Bairdstown,  (FS).  . .  240 
Bakersville.  (08).. . .  290 

Baltic,  (OS) 377 

Baltimrjre,  (KIO).  . .  551 
Baltimore.  (CIO)....  400 

Bantam,  (D 13) 200 

Barberton,  (06) 9.410 

Barlow,  (012) 150 

Barnesville,  (Q10)..4,233 

Bamhill.  (PK) 506 

Barryville.  ((J6) 200 

Bartlett,  (N12) 200 

Bartoi>,(R9) 800 


Edmunds,  (E5) 120 

Egeland,  (E2) 272 

Elbowoods,  (B4)..  150 

EUendalc,  (F8) 1,361 

Eraerado,  (04) 230 

Enderlin,  (06) 1,813 

Englevale,  (07)....  250 

Epping,  (A3) 250 

Esmond,  (E3) 375 

Fairdale,  (F3) 120 

Fairmount,  (H7)..  701 

Fargo,  (H6) 20,549 

Fessenden,  (E4) 836 

Fingal,  (G6) 500 

Finley,  (G4) 507 

Flashner,  (C7) 303 

Flaxton.  (B2) 402 

Forbes,  (FS) 245 

Fordville,  (03) 378 

Forest  River.  (03).  258 

Forman,  (07) 358 

Fort  Ransom, 

(G7) 100 

Fort  Yates,  (D7)...    350 

Fullerton.  (F7) 190 

Cackle,  (E6) 500 

Oalchutt,  ai7) 100 

Galesburg,  (05)...  250 

Gardena,  (D2) 163 

Gardner,  (05) 250 

Garrison,  (C4) 535 

Geneseo.  (G7) 200 

Gilby.  (03) 320 

Gladstone.  (B6) 240 

Glenburn,  (C2) 183 

GlenuUin,  (C6) 887 

Goodiicb,  (Dl) 179 


Bascom,  (GS) 380 

Basil,  (KIO) 504 

Batavia,  (D13) 1,034 

Batesville,  (QIO).. . .  282 

Bath,  (OS) 100 

Batson,  (BS) 130 

Bayard,  (Q7) 140 

Bay,  (04) 450 

Bays,  (F4) 200 

Beach  City,  (07).  ..671 
Beach  Park,  M4).  . .  200 
Bcallsville,  (QIO).  ..  564 
BeamsvUle,  (B9)....  ISO 
Beasleys  Fork,  (F15)   150 

Beaver,  (J13) 286 

Beaverdam,  (E6).  . .  455 

Bedford,  (04) 1,783 

Beidler,  (P8) 150 

Belden,  (M4) 150 

Bell,  (F13) 200 

Bellaire,  (S9) 12,946 

Bellbrook,  (Dll)....  283 
Belle  Center,  (F8)  . .  889 
Bellefontaine,  (FS)  .8,238 
Belle  Valley,  (OlO)..  689 

Bellevue,  04) 5,209 

Bellpoint,  (H9) 130 

Bellville,  (L7) 1,056 

Belmont,  (Q9) 572 

Belmore,  (ES) 298 

Beloit,  (R6) 510 

Belpre,  (012) 1,249 

Benton,  (H6) 120 

Benton,  (N7) 300 

Benton  Ridge,  (ES).  352 
Bentoavillc,  (F15).  .  250 

Benwood,  (RU) lOO 

Berea,  (N4) 2,609 

Bergholz,  (R7) 1,011 

Berkey,  (;E3) 100 

Berkshire,  (J 9) 100 

Berlin,  (N7) 280 

Berlin  Center,  (RS)..  200 
Berlin  Crossroads, 

(K13) 300 

Berlin  Heights,  (L4).  554 

Eerlinville,(L4) 120 

Berne,  (PU) 470 

Berlha,  (H14) 200 

Berwick,  (05) 150 

Bethany.  (C12) 200 

Bethel,  (D14) 1,201 

Bcthcsda,  (Q9) 1,300 

BettsviUc,  (HS) 486 

Beverly,  (Oil) 720 

Bexley,  (JIO) 682 

Bidwell,  (L14) 500 

Bigplain,  (GIO) 140 

Bigprairie,  (M7)....  200 

Bigsprings,  (F8) 250 

Birmingham,  (LA).  .  300 
Bishipville.  (.Nit).,  100 
BlachleyvUle,  (M6)  .  120 
Bladensburg,  (.M8).     300 

Blaine,  (R9) 170 

Blairmont,  (R9) ISO 

Blakeslce,  (A3) 169 

Blanchester,  (E12)  1.813 
Blatchford,  (Mil).  .  250 

Blissfield,  (N8) 100 

Bloom  Center,  (E8).    100 

Bloomdale,  (F5) 602 

Bloomer,  (C9) 100 

Bloomfield,  (R8)....  185 
Bloomficld,  (NIO)..  200 
Bloomingburg,  (GU)  610 
Bloomingdale,  (R8).  300 
Bloomington,  (Fll).  210 
BloomvUIe,  (H5).. . .  754 
Blue  Rock,  (NIO). ..   120 

Bluestone,  (P3) 250 

Bluffton,  (E6) 1,953 

Boardman,  (SS) 100 

Bogart,  (K4) 100 

Bolivar,  (P7) 567 

Boneta.  (NS) 100 

Bono,  (G3) 150 

Bookwalter,  (Fll)..  250 

Booth,  (09) 100 

Boston,  (D13) 289 

Boston,  (04) 260 

Botkins,  (D8) 579 

Botzum,  (OS) 100 

Boughtonville.  (K5)..150 
Bourneville,  (H12)..    142 

Bowerston,  (Q8) 514 

Bowersvi'le,  (Ell).  297 
Bowling  Green,  (F4)5,222 
Bracevllle,  (R5).  ...  200 
Bradbury,  (M13)...  100 


Grafton,  (G3) 2,476 

Grand  Forks,  (04)  13,554 
Grand  Harbor,  (E3)     120 

Orandin,  (05) 330 

Grano,  (02) 150 

Granville,  (03) 452 

Great  Bend.  (H7)..     161 

Gwinner,  (07) 300 

Hague,  (E7) 221 

Hamilton,  (G2) 201 

Hampden,  (F2) 230 

Hankinson,  (H7).-1,62S 
Hannalord,  (F5)...     322 

Hannah,  (Fl) 550 

Hansboro,  (E2) 320 

Hartland,  (C3) 250 

Harvey,  (D4) 1,508 

H.astings.  (F6j 120 

Hatton,  (04) 821 

Havana,  (08) 321 

Haynes,  (B8) 79 

Hazelton,  (D6) 300 

Heaton,  (E5) 195 

Hebron,  (B6) 1,000 

Hensel,  (G2) 120 

Hettinger,  (87) 489 

Hillsboro,  (05) 1,295 

Hoople,  (G2)_ 193 

Hope,  (05) 630 

Horace,  (H6) 104 

Hunter.  (05) 402 

Hurdsfield,  (OS)...    400 

Inkster.  (03) 346 

Jamestown.  (F6)...  5,500 

Joliette,  (02) 100 

Jud.  (F6) 155 

kathiya,  (F6) 260 


Kenmarc,  (B2) 1,533 

Kensa!,  (F5) 462 

Kermit,  (A2) 61 

Kief,  (D4) 300 

Kindred,  (H6) 310 

Knox,  (E3) 165 

Kramer,  (D2) 211 

Kulm,  (F7) 628 

Lakota,  (F3) 873 

Lamoure,  (F7) 1,007 

Langdon.  (F2) 1,150 

Lankin,  (03) 325 

Lansford,  (C2) 397 

Larimore,  (04) 1,255 

Lawton.  (F3) 216 

Leal,  (F5) 200 

Leeds,  (E3) 631 

I.ehigh,  (B6) 100 

Lehr,  (E7) 156 

Leonard,  (06) 190 

Lidgerwood,  (G7)..  1,127 

Lignite,  (B2) ISO 

Linton,  (D7) 730 

Lisbon,  (07) 1,553 

Litchville,  (F6) 476 

Lonetree,  (C3) 190 

Loraine,   (C:2) 250 

Lucca,  (06) 100 

Ludden,  (F8) 190 

McClusky,  (D4)...     611 

McHenry,  (F4) 153 

McVille,  (F4) 401 

Haddock,  (E4) 514 

Mandan,  (D6) 4,142 

Manfred,  (E4) 130 

Mannhaven,  (CS)..     120 
ManoiDS,  ifii),...    250 


Manvcl,  (G3) 200 

Mapleton.  (H6) 215 

Marion,  (F6) 350 

Marmarth,  (A7)...  708 

Martin,  (D4) 350 

Max,  (C4) 369 

Maxbass,  (C2) 218 

MayvUIe,    (04)....  1,154 

Medina,  (E6) 668 

Medora,  (A6) 100 

Mekinock,  (03)...  200 

Melville,  (ES) 150 

Mercer,  (D4) ISO 

Merricourt,  (F7)...  77 

Michigan,  (F4) 480 

Milnor,  (07) 675 

Milton,  (F2) 388 

Minnewaukan, 

(E3) 518 

Minot,  (C3) 10,053 

Minto,  (03) 376 

Mohall,  (C2). 712 

Monango,  (F7) 177 

Montpelier.  (F6)...  250 

Mooreton,  (H7) 160 

Mott,  (B7) 738 

Mountain,  (G2)....  ISO 

Munich,  (F2) 450 

Mylo,  (E2) 131 

Napoleon,  (E6) 320 

Neche.  (02) 513 

Nekoma,  (F2) 159 

Newburg,  (D2) 248 

New  England, 

(B6) 553 

New  Leipzig, 

(C7) .    280 


New  Rocktord,(F4)  1,652 

New  Salem,  (C6)...  652 

Niagara,  (04) 132 

.Niobe,  (B2) 200 

Nome,  (G6) 261 

Noonan,  (A2) 290 

Norma,  (02) 250 

North  Minot,  (03).  432 

Northwood.  (04)..  968 

Norwich.  (D3) 180 

Oakes.  (F7) 1,403 

Oberon.  (E4). 320 

Olga,  (F2) 200 

Omemee,  (D2) 293 

Oriska,  (G6) 205 

Osnabrock,  (F2)...  264 

Overly,  (D2) 182 

Page,(05)... 373 

Palermo,  (B3) 211 

Park  River,  (03)...  1,074 

Pekin,  (F4)._ 192 

Pembina,  (02) 776 

Penn,  (E3) 100 

Perth,  (E2) 236 

Petersburg,  (F4)...  357 

Pingree,  (FS) 250 

Pisek,  (G3) 312 

Plaza,  (03) 426 

Portal,  (32) 525 

Portland,  (05) 607 

Powers  Lake,  (B2).  194 

R,ay,  (A3) 679 

Reeder,  (B7) 166 

Regent,  (B7) 247 

Reynolds,  {(i4) 214 

Rhame,  (A7) 222 

RichaidCon.  (B6)..  660 


OHIO 


Bradford,  (C9) 1,844 

Bradner,(04) 890 

Bradrick,  (L16) 250 

Branch  Hill,  (D13)..   100 

Brandon,  (K8) 200 

Brandt,  (DIO) 240 

Bratenahl,  (04)...     690 

Brecksville,  (04) 950 

Bremen,  (LU) 925 

Brewster,  (07) 200 

Brice,  010) ISO 

Briceton,  (B5) 200 

Bridgeport,  (R9).... 3,974 
Bridgewater  Center, 

(B3) 100 

Briggsdale,  (HIO)..     200 

Brighton,  (F 10) 130 

Brighton,  (LS) 100 

Brilliant,  (S8) 742 

Brimfield,  (P5) 500 

Brinkhaven,  (M8).  .  341 
Bristolville,  (R4)....  950 

Broadway,  (G8) 230 

Broadwell,  (N12)...  3S0 
Brokensword,  (H6).    170 

Brookfield,  (SS) 900 

Brooklyn,  (04) 1,700 

Brooklyn  Hgts,  (04)  400 
Brookside,  (R9).  ...  383 
Brookville,  (CIO)..  .1,187 
Broughton,  (BS)....  195 
Brownhelm,  (L4).  . .  200 
Brownhelm  Station, 

(L4) 200 

Brownsville,  (LIO). .  350 

Brunswick,  (N4) 100 

Bryan,  (B4) 3,641 

Buchtel,  (M12) 1,180 

Buckeve  City,  (M8).  269 

Buckland,  (C7) 304 

Bucyrus,  (J6) 8,122 

Buena  Vista,  (G15)  .  400 

Buffalo,  (PIO) 950 

Buford,  (E13) 160 

Burb,ink,  (N6) 351 

Burghill,  (S4) 400 

Burgoon,  (H4) 230 

Burkettsville.  (B8V .  236 
Burlington,  (L16). . .   300 

Burton.  (Q4) 650 

Burton  City,  (06)...   200 

Butlel,(L7) 730 

Eutlervllle,  (D12).       96 

Byer,  (K13) 200 

Byesvillc,  (OlO).  ...3,156 

Byhalia,  (08) 250 

Cable,  (F9) 200 

Cadiz,  (R8) 1,971 

Cadwallader,  I.P9).  .   130 

Calais,  (PIO) 87 

Calcutta,  (S7) 150 

Caldwell,  (GU) 1,430 

Caledonia.  (J  7) 562 

Calla,  (R6) 100 

Cambridge,  (09).. 11,327 

Camden,  (Bll) 899 

Cameron,  (RIO) 200 

Campbell,  (KIS)....  950 
Campbellstown,(A10)100 
Camp  Deonison, 

(D13) 365 

Canaan,  (N6) 130 

Canal  Dover.  (07)  .6,621 
Canal  Fulton,  (06)..  978 
CanaLewisville,(N8)  300 
Canal  Winchester, 

OlO) 740 

Canfield,  (R5) 685 

Cannelville,  (NIO)..  451 

Canton,  (P6) 50,217 

Carbondale^  (L12).  .  500 
Carbon  HU1,(L12)..  600 
Cardington,(J8)...  1,349 

Carey,  (G6) 2,225 

Carlisle,  (PI  1) 116 

Carlisle,  (CI  1) 260 

Carlton,  (M14) 200 

Carman,  (R8) 180 

Carrington,  (Mil). .  200 

Carroll,  (KIO) 284 

Carrollton,(Q7)....  1,730 

Can-others.  (T6) 120 

Carthago,  (C13).. .  .3,618 
Carthagena,  (B8)...  200 
Carysville,  (E9).  ...  100 

Cassella.  (B8) 200 

Casstown,  (D9) 265 

Castalia.  (J4) 500 

Castine,  (BIO) 142 

CaUwba,(F10) 234 


Catawba  Island,  03)  800 
Cecil,  (BS) 290 

Cedarville,  (Ell).  ..1,039 

Celina,  (B7) 3,493 

Center  Belpre,  (012)  150 
Centerburg,  (KS). . .  723 
Centerficld,  (F12)...  150 
Center  Village,  (J  9).  150 
Centerville,  (L14)...  143 
Centerville,  (Dll).  .  353 

Ceylon,  (L4) 300 

Chagrin  Falls,  (P4).  1,93 1 
Chambersburg,(M15)  209 
Chambersburg,  (DIO)IOO 
Chandlersville,  (NIO)  300 
Chapman,  (K13)....  150 

Chardon,(Q3) 1,S42 

Charlestown,  (Q5).  .  600 

Chatfield,  (J6) 270 

Chatham,  (MS) 950 

Chattanooga,  (A7). .  110 
Chauncey,  (M12)...  821 
Cherry  Valley,  (S3)  .  250 
Chesapeake,  (LIO). .  541 

Cheshire,  (J 9) 120 

Cheshire,  (Ml 4) 300 

Chester,  (N13) ISO 

Chesterhill,  (N12)...  410 
Chesterland,  (P3). ..  ISO 
Chesterville,  (K8).. .  229 

Cheviot,  (B13) 1,930 

Chicago,  (J5) 2,950 

Chicago  Junction, 

see  LhiCigo..  ..2,950 
Chickasaw,  (08). .. .  309 
ChUlicothe,  012)..  14,508 

Chile.  (D14) 260 

Chippewa  Lake,  (N5)  180 
Christiansburg,  (D9)  380 

Churchill,  (SS) 200 

Cincinnati,(C13).363,591 
Circleville,  (JU).  ..6,744 

Claiborne,  (G8) 150 

Claridon,  (Q3) 800 

Clarington,  (RIO)...  784 

Clark,  (N8) 300 

Clarksburg,  (H12)  .  558 
Clarksfielci,(LS)....  300 

Clarkson,  (S7) 140 

Clarksville,  (E12). ..  425 

Clay,  (K14) ISO 

Clay  Center,  (03).. .  300 
Claysville,  (OlO).. ..   130 

Clayton,  (ClO) 430 

Clcarport,  (Kll)....  130 
Clermontville,  (D14)  100 
Cleveland,  (N3)..  560,663 
CleveLind  Hgts,(03)2,95S 

Cleves,  (B13) 1,423 

Clifton,  (ElO) 239 

Clinton,  (06) 305 

Cloverdale,  (05). .. .  222 

Clyde,  (H4) 2,815 

Coalburg,  (SS) 300 

Coalgrove,  (KIS)...  1,759 
Coal  Run,  (Oil)....  200 

Coalton,  (K13) 1,111 

Coitsville,  (S5) 200 

Colby,  (J4) 130 

Coldwater,  (B8) 869 

Colebrook,  (R3) 400 

Coletown,  (B9) 100 

College  Comer  .(All)  379 
College  Hill,  (C13)..  1,979 

Collins,  (K4) 300 

Collinsville,  (Bll)...  200 
Collinwood,  (03).  ..4,850 

Colton,  (E4) 130 

Columbia  Center, 

(KIO) 220 

Columbiana,  (S6).  .1,582 
COLUMBUS, 

(JIO) 181,511 

Columbas  Grove, 

(D6) 1,802 

Commercial     Point, 

(HIO) 234 

Concord,  (Q3) 150 

Condit,  09) 220 

Conesville,  (N9) 400 

Congress,  (M6) 164 

Conneaut,  (S2) 8,319 

Conotton,  (Q8) 100 

Conover,  (D9) 200 

Continental,  (CS)..  1,074 

Convoy,  (B6) 741 

Coolville,  (N13) 370 

Coopersville,  (H14).    130 

Copley,  (OS) 300 

Copopa,  (N4) 100 


Cornersburg,  (RS). .  250 

Cornmg,  (Mil) 1,564 

Corsica,  (K7) 200 

Cortland,  (R4) 612 

Corwin,  (Dll) 146 

Coshocton,  (N8).  ...9,603 
Covington,  (C9).. .  .1,848 
Cozaddale,(D13)...  180 

Craig,  (09) 100 

Cranenest,  (Qll).  ..  200 

Crescent,  (R9) 100 

Crescentville,  (012).   ISO 

Crestline,  (J6) 3,807 

Creston,  (N6) 970 

Cridersville,  (D7)...  526 

Cromers,  (HS) 100 

Crooksvillc,  (MIO)  .3,028 

Croton,  (K9) 410 

Crown  City,  (LIS)..  295 
Crystal  Spring,  (P6).  400 

Cuba,  (E12) 180 

Cumberland,  (OlO)  .  609 

Curtice,  (03) 400 

Custar,  (E4) 345 

Cuyahoga  Falls,(P5)4,020 

Cygnet,  (F5) 699 

Cynthiana,  (G13). ..   180 

Dalton,  (06) 599 

Damascus,  (R6) 400 

Danbury,  (74) 150 

Danford,(09) 200 

Danville,  (L8) 373 

DarbyvUle,  (HU). .  233 
Darrowville,  (PS). . .  150 
Darrtown,  (B12).. ..  300 

Dawn,  (B9) 150 

Dayton,  (Dll)...  116,577 

Dean,  (Dll) 170 

Deavertown,  (Nil).    223 

Decatur,  (F14) 300 

Decliff,  (07) 100 

Deerfield,  ((55) 480 

Deer  Park,  (013).  ..  300 

Deersville,  (Q8) 187 

Defiance,  (04) 7,327 

Degraff,  (E8) 1,082 

Delaware,  (H8) 9,076 

Delhi,  (B13) 872 

Dell,(P12) 150 

Dellroy,  (Q7) 373 

Delphos.(C6) 5,038 

Delta,  (D3) 1,689 

Democracy,  (L8).  . .   180 

Demos,  (RIO) 190 

Dennison,  (P8) 4,008 

Dent,  (B13) 200 

Derby,  (HIO) 300 

Derwent,  fOlO) 500 

Deshler,  (ES) 1,515 

Deunquat,  (H6) 200 

Dexter,  (M13) 280 

Dexter  City,  (OH)..  235 

Dialton,  (ElO) 130 

Diamond,  (Q5) 250 

Dillonvale,(R9).... 1,519 
Dixie,  (Mil)....;..   150 

Dixon,  (A6) 300 

Doanville,  (M12)...  700 
Dodgeville,  (R3)....  200 

Dodson,  (CIO) 100 

Dodsonville,  (E13). .  230 

Dola,  (F6) 200 

Donnelsville,  (ElO).    202 

Dorset,  (S3) 200 

Dover,  (N4) 300 

Dowling,  (F4) 100 

Downington,  (M13)  130 
Doylestown,  (06). ..  877 

Drakes,  (Mil) 100 

Dresden,  (M9) 1,549 

Drill,  (R9) 300 

Dublin,  (H9) 239 

Dunbridge,  (F4)....  200 
Duncan  Falls,  (NIO)  250 

Dundas,(K13) 200 

Dundee,  (07) 350 

Dungannon,  (R7). ..  ISO 

Dunglen,  (R9) 200 

Dunkirk,  (F6) 1,109 

Dupont,  (CS) 334 

Eagle  Cliff,  (N3)....  100 
East  Akron,  (P5).  . .  100 
East  Claridon.  (Q}).  100 
E.  Cleveland,  (03). .9.179 
E.Columbus,  (710)  .  100 
East  Fairfield,  ?S6)..  300 
E.  Greenville,  (06)..  400 
E.  Lewistown,  (S6)..  100 
East  Liberty.  (F8)..  500 
East  Liberty,  (06). .  100 


E.Liv'!rpooI,(S7).  20,387 
E.  Monroe,  (G12)...  ISO 
E.  Norwalk,  (K4). ..  100 

Easton,  (06) 180 

EastOrwell,  (R3). ..  700 
E.Palestine,  (S6)... 3,537 
E.  Plymouth,  (R2). .  200 
E.Ringgold,  (J  11)..  180 
E.  Rochester,  (R7).  ,  250 

E.  Sparta,  (P7) 250 

E.Springfield,  (R8).  300 
E.Townsend,  (LS). .  100 
E.  Trumbull,  (R3)..  180 
East  View,  (N4)....  479 
E.Youngstown,(S5)  4,972 

Eaton,  (Bll) 3,187 

Ebcr,  (GU) 100 

Eckmansville,  (F14).  100 

Edenton,  (D13) 330 

Edgerton,  (B4) 1,072 

Edinburg,  (Q5) 150 

Edison,  (J7) 387 

Edlam,  (M7) 100 

Edon,  (A3) 678 

Eifort,  (K14) 200 

Elba,  (PI  1) 350 

Eldorado,  (BIO) 321 

Elgin,  (B7) 129 

Ell,  (Fll) 100 

Elidi,(D6) 447 

Elizabethtown,  (A13)  300 
Elk  Fork,  (L12),  ...   150 

Elkton,  (S6) 160 

EUerton,  (CU) 139 

Elliottsville,  (S8).  ..   150 

Elliston,  (03) 130 

Ellsbcrry,  (FIS) 100 

Ellsworth,  (RS) 600 

Elmore,  (04) 937 

ElmwoodPl,(B13)  3,423 

Elton,  (07) 130 

Elyria,  (M4) 14,825 

Empire,  (S7) 509 

Englewood,  (CIO).. .  250 

Enon,  (ElO) 249 

Era,  (HU) 140 

Erhart,  (NS) 100 

Etna,  (KIO) 300 

Euclid,  (03) 1,953 

Euphemia,  (BIO).  ..  300 

Eureka,  (M15) 200 

Evansport,  (C4) 350 

Everett,  (OS) 100 

Ewington,  (L13) 130 

Excello,  (012) 200 

Fairfax,  (F13) ilO 

Fairfield,  (DIO) 292 

Fairhaven.  (All)...  200 

Fairlawn,  (OS) 100 

Fairmount,  (03) 300 

Fairpoint,  (R9) ISO 

FatportHarbor, 

(Q2) 2,263 

Fairview,  (P9) 346 

Farmdale,  (S4) 300 

Farmer,  (B4) 370 

Farmers  Station, 

(E12) 130 

Farmersville,  (CU)  .  437 

Famham,  (S2) 100 

Fayette,  (C3) 915 

Fayetteville,  (E13)..  370 

Feesburg,  (E14) ISO 

Felicity,  (D 14) 578 

Fembank,  (B13)....  305 

Fidelity,  (CIO) 300 

Fields,  (N4) 100 

FincasUe,  (F14) 120 

Findlay,  (FS) 14,858 

Fitchville,  ((KS)....  137 

Fivemile,  (E13) 200 

Fivenoints,  (HU).. .  220 

Flat  Rock,  (JS) 350 

Fletcher,  (:D9) 376 

Floodwood,  (M12). .  4S0 
Florencedale,  (R8). .  300 

Florida,  (04) 234 

Flushing,  (Q9) 868 

ny,(Qll) 100 

Folger,  (M4) 400 

FootviUe,  (R3) 250 

Foraker,  (F7) 250 

Ford,  (Q4) 150 

Forest,  (G6) 1,285 

Forestville  (C13)...  200 
Fort  Jefferson,  (B9).  100 
Fort  Jennings,  (C6).  336 
Fort  Loramie,  (C8)  .  489 
Fort  Rccovery,(A8)  1,193 
Fort  Seneca,  (HS).. .   100 


Rock  Lake,  (E2)...  233 

Rolette.  (E2) 434 

Rolla,  (E2) 601 

Rugby,  (E3) 1,458 

Ruso,(D4) 126 

Russell,  (D2) 153 

Rutland,  (07) 280 

Ryder,  (C4) 380 

Saint  John,  (E2)...  402 
Saint  Thomas, 

(G2) 550 

Sanborn,  (F6) 412 

Sarles,  (E2) 328 

Sawyer,  (C3) 327 

Schafer,  (A4) 300 

Scranton,  (A7) 181 

Sentinel  Butte, 

(A6) 333 

Sharon,  (04) 328 

Sheldon,  (06) 381 

Sherbrooke,  (05)..  100 

Sherwood,  (C2) 415 

Sheyenne,  (E4) 500 

Sims,  (C6)_ 202 

Souris„(02) 336 

Spiritwood,  (F6)...  250 

Stanley,  (B3) 653 

Stanton,  (05) SOO 

Starkweather,  (F2).  262 

Steele,  (E6) 504 

Sterling,  (D  6) 137 

Strasburg,  (D7)....  431 

Streeter,  (E6) 350 

Surrey,  (C3) 120 

Sweet  Briar,  (C6)..  100 

Sykeston,  (E5) 333 

Tagus,  (C;3) 136 

Foster,  (D12) 320 

Fostoria,  (OS) 9,597 

Fowler,  (S4) 180 

Frankfort,  (H12).  ..  734 

Franklin,  (CU) 2,659 

Franklin  Sq,  (R6).  .  300 
Franklin  Station.(N9)2S0 
Frazeysburg,  (L9)  . .  614 
Fredericksburg,  (N7)  507 
Fredericktown,(K3)  1,021 
Freedom  Station,(QS)120 

Freeman,  (87) 100 

Freeport,  ((29) 624 

Freeport,  (04) 733 

Fremont,  (H4) 9,939 

French,  (HIS) 190 

Fresno,  (08) 290 

Frost,  (N12) 390 

Fruitdale,  (G12) 100 

Fruithai,  (C13) 150 

Fryburg,  (D7) 180 

Fulda,  (PU) 120 

Fullertown,  (P4) 100 

Fulton,  (J8) 330 

Fultonham,  (MIO)..  340 

Gahanna,  (J9) 294 

Galena,  (J9) 640 

Gallon,  (J7) 7,214 

Gallia,  (K14) 140 

Gallipolis,  (L14). . .  5,560 

Galloway,  (HIO) 250 

Gambler,  (L8) 537 

Ganges,  (K6) 100 

Gano,  (012) 110 

Garfield,  (R6) 250 

Garrettsville,  (<34)..  1,001 

Gates  .Mill,  (P3) 300 

Gaysport,  (NIO) 200 

Geneva,  (R2) 2,496 

Genoa,  (G3) 817 

GeorgesvUle,  (HIO)  .  300 
Georgetown,  (E14).  1,580 

Germano,  (R8) 300 

Germantown,  (011)1,778 

Getaway,  (L16) 130 

Gettysburg,  (B9).  ..  320 

Geyer,  (D7) 140 

Ghent,  (OS) 180 

Gibsonburg,  (G4).  .1,864 

Gilboa,  (ES) 345 

Gillespieville,  (J13)..  230 

Gilmore,  (P8) 280 

Ginghamsburg,(D10)  150 

Girard,  (S5) 3,736 

Glandorf,  (D5) 558 

Glencoe,  (RIO) 280 

Glendale,(B12)....  1,741 

Olenford,  (LIO) 180 

Glenmont,  (M7). . . .  269 

Glenmore,  (B6) 200 

Glenroy,  (K13) 800 

Glenwillow,  (P4)...  I.SO 
Glouster,  (Mil)... .2,527 

Glynwood,  (C7) 200 

Gnadenhutten,  (P8).  560 

Goes,  (ElO) 110 

Gomer.(D6) 220 

Good  Hope,  (G12)..  280 
Goosetown,  (K12).      100 

Gordon.  (BIO) 181 

Gore,  (LU) 200 

Goshen,  (D13) 400 

Gracey,(P12) 150 

Grafton,  (M4) 955 

Grand  Rapids,  (E4).  574 
Grand  River,  (P3).  .  203 
Grandview,  (QIO...  200 
GrandviewHgts,(H9)  489 

Granger,  (N5) 100 

Grant,  (F7) 100 

GranvUle,  (K9) 1,394 

Gratiot,  (LIO) 250 

Gratis,  (Bll) 410 

Graysville,  (Qll). ..  166 

Gray  town,  (G3) 150 

Greasyridge,  (LIS).  .  100 
Greatbend,  (N14)...  160 
Green  Camp,  (07). .  308 
Greenfield,  (012)..  .4,228 

Greenford,  (R6) 200 

Greenland.  (H12)...  130 
Oreensburg,  (R4). . .  200 
Oreenspring,  (HS).  ..833 

Oreentown,  (P6) 350 

Greenville,  (B9).... 6,237 

Greenwich.  (LS) 876 

Greer,  (M7) 100 

Grelton,  (E4) 210 

Gresham,  (N4) 200 

Griffith,  (Qll) 150 


Taylor,  (B6) 400 

Temvik,  (D7) 250 

Thompson.  (04)...  360 

Thome,  (E2) 53 

Tioga,  (B3) 369 

Tolley,  (C2) 306 

Tolna.  (F4) 288 

Tower  City,  (06)..  492 

Towner,  (D 3) 707 

Turtle  Lake,  (D4)..  550 

Underwood,  (C5)..  415 

Upham,  (D2) 273 

VaUeyCity,  (F6)..  4,783 

Velva,  (D3) 258 

Verona,  (F7) 233 

Wahpeton,  (H7)...  2,814 

Walcott,  (G6) 250 

Wales,(F2) 400 

Walhalla,  (02) 544 

Walum,  (FS) 100 

Warwick,  (F4) 180 

Washburn.  (D5)...  657 

Webster,  (F3) 100 

Westhope,  (C2) 306 

Wheatland,  (G6)...  520 

Wheelock,  (A3) 250 

White  Earth. 

(B3) 238 

Wildrose,    (A2) 387 

Williston,  (A3) 4,678 

Willow  City,  (D2)..  648 

Wilton,  (D5) 713 

Wimbledon.  (FS)..  533 

W'shek.  (E7). 489 

Wyndmere,  (07)...  489 

York,  (E3) 300 

Zeeland,  (E8) 200 


Griggs,  (R2) 100 

Groesbeck,  (B13)...  350 

Grove,  (Q4) 100 

Grove  City,  (HIO)..  837 

Groveport,  OlO) 643 

Orover,  (S9) 366 

Grover  Hill,  (B6). . .  676 

Gustavus,  (S4) 250 

Gutman,  (D7) 100 

Guysville,  (N12) 180 

Gypsum,  03) 660 

HallsvUle,012) 280 

Hamden,  (tl3) 1,019 

Hamersville,  (D14)..  276 

Hametown,  (06) 150 

Hamilton,  (B12).  .35,279 

Hamler,  (OS) 596 

Hamlet,  (D13) 250 

Hammansbiu-g,  (F5)  200 
Hammondsville,(R7)  400 

Hampden,  (Q3) 200 

Hanford,  (HIO),..  361 
Hanging  Rock,  (K15)662 
Hannibal,  (RU)....  SOO 

Hanover,  (M9) 331 

Hanovcrton,  (R7).. .  317 
Harlem  Springs,  (Q7)  250 

Harper,  (F8) 150 

Harpcrsville,  (R9).  .  180 

Harpster,  (G7) 239 

Harriettsville,  (PU).  250 

Harris,  (L14) 100 

Harrisfaurg,  (HIO)...  286 

Harrison,  (A12) 1,368 

HarrisonvUle,  (M13)  300 
Harrbville,  (R9). .      364 

Harrod,  (E7) 474 

Harshman,  (DIO). ..  300 
Hartford,  set  Croton  410 

Hartford,  (S4) 300 

Hartland,  (KS) lOO 

Hartsgrove,  (R3). . .  800 

Hartville,  (P6) 350 

Hartwell,  (B13) 2,823 

Harveysburg,  (E12).  359 

Haskins,  (F4) 391 

Hatton,  (GS) 100 

Havana,  (J5) 200 

Haverhill.  (J  15) 100 

Haviland,  (B5) 233 

Hawk,  (L13) 100 

Haydenville,  (L12)..  400 

Hayesvjlle,  (L6) 338 

Hazael,  (N13) 150 

Hazlewood,  (C12)...  40O 
HebbardsvilIe,(M12)  150 

Hebron,  (KIO) 677 

Hedges,  (BS) 100 

Helena,  (04) 305 

Hemlock,  (Mil). ...  452 
Hendry.sburg,  (Q9)..  450 

Henley,  (H14) 180 

Hepburn,  (G7) 250 

Heslop,  (P12) 300 

Hessville,  (H4) 250 

Hicksville,  (A4) 2,395 

Higby,  013) lOO 

Higglnsport,  (D14)..  417 
Highland,  (F12)....  272 

HiUgrove,  (A9) 200 

Hilliards,  (H9) 370 

Hillsboro,  (FI3).... 4,296 

Hinckley,  (N5) 280 

Hh-am,  (Q4) 422 

Hockingport,  (N13). .  230 

Holgate,  (D4) 1,095 

Holland,  (F3) 200 

HoUansburg,  (AlO)..  287 

HoUister,  (Mil) 500 

Holloway, '<J9) 786 

Holmesville,  (N7).. .  320 

Homer,  (K9) 400 

Homcrville,  (MS). .  .  130 
Homeworth,  (Q6). ..  400 

Hooker,  (Kll) ISO 

Hopedale,  (R8) 391 

Hopewell,  (MIO)....  280 
Houcktown,  (F6)...  150 

Houston,  (C9) 250 

Howard,  (L8) 300 

Howensline,  (P7). ..  150 

Hoytville,  (ES) 404 

Hubbard,  (SS) 1,699 

Hudson,  (P4) 1,021 

Hughes,  (C12) ISO 

Hume,  (D7) 200 

Huntington,  (M5)..  650 
Huntsburg,  ((33)....  800 

Huntsville,  (E8) 328 

Huron,  (K4) 1,756 


368 


(OHIO) 


INDEX  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES 


Iberia,  (T7) 200 

Idaho,  (H13) 100 

Indipcndenct:,  C04).  950 

Idlewood,   (04) 221 

Inghams,  (L12) 100 

lagomar,  (BID 100 

Srand,(P6) 250 

Itondale,  (R'1 1,250 

Ironspot,  (MIO)....  400 
Ironton,(K.15)....  13,147 

Irwin,  (G9). 130 

Isle  Saint  George,a3)140 

Isleta,(08) 150 

Ithaca,  (BIO) 100 

Ivorydale,  (B13)....  700 

ackson,  (K13) 5,468 

acksonboro,  (BU).  55 
ackson  Center,  (D8)  685 
'lacksontown,  (LIO).  300 
'  acksonville,  (G14).  100 
acksonville,(M12).l,285 
acobsburg,  (RIO).  .  150 
amestown,  (Ell).  .1,133 

aspcr,(H13) 250 

ava,(E3) 100 

e£ferson,  (R3) 1,461 

effersonville,  (FU).   716 

elloway,  (L7) 150 

enera,(F6) 259 

erome,  (H9) 100 

eromesvUle,  (M6). .  314 

lerry  City,  (F5) 458 

ersey,  (K.9) 200 

erusalem,  (QIO)....  242 

ewcll,  (C4) 130 

>wett,  (Q8) 917 

obs,  (M12) 700 

ohnson,  (06) 200 

'  ohnsonville,  (S4).. .  600 
ohnstown,  (K9).. . .  805 
ohnsville,(Cll)....  200 

oUy,(Qll) 100 

oyce,  (08) 210 

unction,  (C5) 200 

unction  City,  (LU)  811 

.ustus,  (07) 380 

'Calida,(D6) 770 

Kamms,  (N4) 280 

Kanauga,(M14)....  150 

Kansas,  (G5) 400 

Keene,  (N8) 150 

Kelleys  Is.  (K3)  ...1,017 
KeUoggsville,  (S2).  .  300 

Kenmore,  (05) 1,561 

Kennard,  (F9) 150 

Kennedy,  (C13) 260 

Kennedy  Heights, 

(B13) 598 

Kennon,  (Q9) 100 

Kennonsburg,  (PIO)..  100 
Kensington,  (R7). . .  400 

Kent,  (PS) 4,488 

Kenton,  (F7) 7,185 

Kettlersville.  (C8).  .  149 
Keystone,  (K14).. . 
KiefervUle,  (D5). .. 


Kilbourne,  (J8). ... 
'"".8).. 


150 
120 
250 
300 


Kilgore,  (R8. 

KiUbuck,  (N8) 400 

Kimberly,  (M12).  ..  200 

Kimbolton,  (09)....  277 

Kings  Creek,  (E9).  .  200 

Kings  Mills,  (D12). .  750 

Kingston,  (J  12) 813 

Kingsville,  (S2) 600 

Kingsway,  (H4) 100 

Kinsman,  (S4) 900 

Kipling,  (PIO) 300 

Kipton,  (L4) 250 

Kirby.  (G6) 136 

KirkersviUe,  (KIO)..  297 

Kirkpatrick,  (H7).. .  100 

Kirtland,  (P3) 210 

Knoxvile,  (S8) lOO 

Kos3uth,(C7) 123 

Krumroy,  (P5) 100 

Kunkle.  (B3) 450 

Kyger,  (M13) 150 

Kyles  Corners,  (S5)  """ 


230 
100 
418 
150 
200 


Lacame,  (H3). 

Lafayette,  (E6) 

Lafayette,  (M6) 

Lafayette,  (GIO).. . 

Lafayette,  (N5) 100 

Lagrange.  (M5) 467 

Laings,  (QU) 100 

Lake,(P6) 240 

Lakeside,  (K3) 300 

Lakeview,  (E8) 528 

Lakeville,  (M7) ISO 

Lakewood,(N3)...  15,181 

Lamartine,  (Q8) 150 

Lamira,  (Q9) 110 

Lancaster,  (KU).. 13,093 

Landeck,  (C6) 100 

Lansing,  (S9) 300 

Larue,  (G7) 772 

Latham,  (G 13) 100 

Lathrop,  (N12) 200 

Latty,(BS) 339 

Laura,  (CIO) 302 

Laurel,  (D14) 200 

Laurelville,  (K12)..  .  457 
LawrenceviUe,  (ElO)  100 

Lawshe,  (G14) 300 

Leavittsburg,  (R5)..  300 

Lebanon,  (D12) 2,698 

Leesburg,  (F12) 828 

Lees  Creek,  (F12)...   150 

LeesviUc,  (Q8) 194 

Leesville  Cross  Roads, 

(J6) US 

Leetonia,  (S6) 2,665 

Leipsic,  (E5) ,1,773 

Lemert,  (H5) 100 

Lemoyne,  (G4) 300 

Lena,  (D9) 170 

Leon,  (S3) 100 

Leonard,  (TIO) 130 

Leroy,  (NS) 192 

Letart  Falls,  (N14)  .   500 

Levanna,  (E14) 300 

Levering,  (K7) 100 

Lewisburg,  (BIO)...  672 
Lewis  Center.  (J9)..  300 

Lewistown,  (E8) 200 

Lewisville,  (Qll).. ..  291 
Lexington,  (K7)....  654 
liberty,  (CI  1) 230 


Liberty  Center,  (E4)  647 
LightsviUe,  (AS)....  300 
Lilly  Chapel,  (GIO).    400 

Lima,  (U7) 30,508 

LimaviUe,  (Q5) 136 

Lime  City,  (F3)....  150 
Limestone,  (H3)....  200 

Lindale,  (D14) 100 

Linden  Heights,  (J9)  991 
Lindentree,  (Q7)....  100 
Lindenville,  (S3)....  800 

Lindsey,  (H4) 501 

Linndale,  (04) 512 

Linnville,  (LIO) 100 

Linton  MUls,  (Q9).  .  150 

Linworth,  (H9) 170 

Lisbon,  (R6) 3,084 

Litchfield,  (MS) 200 

Lithopolis,(J10)..  ..  331 
Little  Hocking,  (013)350 
LitaeSandusky,(G6)  136 

Lloyd,  (Q5) 150 

Lock,  (K8) 100 

Lockbourne,  (J  10).  .  307 
Lockington,  (C9).  . .  166 
Lockland,(C13).... 3,439 

Lockwood,  (R4) 300 

Locust  Comer,  (C13)  150 
Locust  Grove,  (G14)  200 

Lodi,  (N5) 1,015 

Logan,  (Lll) 4,850 

Loganville,  (E8) 180 

London,  (GIO) 3,530 

Londonderry,  (P)).  •  100 
Long  Bottom,  (N13)  150 
Longstreth,  (M12). .  500 

Lorain,  (M4) 28,883 

Lor.imie,  (C8) 489 

Lordstown,  (R5)....  100 
LoreCity,  (PIO). ...  609 
LoudonviUe,  (L7).  .1,804 

Louisville.  (P6) 1,678 

Lovdand.  (Dl) 1,421 

Lowell,  (Oil) 569 

Lowellville,(S5)....  1,592 
Lower  Salem,  (PU).  287 

Loyal  Oak,  (05) 130 

LoydsvUle,  (Q9) 150 

Lucas,  (L7) 272 

Lucasburg,  (OlO). . .  400 
Lucasville,  (J14)....  260 

Luckey,  (F4) 500 

Ludlow  Falls,  (CIO)  300 

Luhrig,(M12) 400 

Lykens,  (H6) 200 

Lynchburg,  (E13).... 923 

Lyndon,  (G12) 150 

Lyons,  (D3) 408 

Lyra,  (KU) 160 

McArthur,(L13)...  1,107 
McClainville,  (R9). .  200 

McClure,  (E4) 547 

McComb,  (E5) 1,088 

McConnelsville, 

(Nil) 1,831 

McCuneville,  (Lll).  300 
McCutchenville,  (G6)350 
McDermott,  (H14)..  200 
McDonaldsville,  (P6)  120 

McGuffey,  (E7) 491 

McLunev,  (Mil)...  100 
Macedonia,  (P4).. . .  500 

Mack,  (B13) 150 

Macksburg,  (PU)...  454 

Macon,  (F14) 110 

Madeira,  (CI3) 550 

Madison,  (Q2) 863 

Madisonburg,  (N6)  .  180 
Madison  Mills,  (G  11)1 50 
MadUonvaie,(C13)  5.193 
Magnetic  Springs, 

(G8) 155 

Magnolia,  (P7) 556 

Magrcw,  (E9) 2  SO 

Miholm,  (Lll) 200 

Maineville,  (D12)...  245 

Malaga,  (QIO) 150 

Malinta,  (D4) 345 

Mallet  Creek,  (N5)  .  400 

Malta,  (Nil) 971 

Malvern,  (07) 753 

Manchester,  (F15)  .  1,966 

Mandale,  (C5) 130 

Mansfield,  (K6)... 20,768 

Mantua,  (Q4) 721 

Maplcshade,  (M14).  400 

Mapleton,  (P6) 120 

Maplewood,  (D8). .  150 
Marathon,  (D13)...  150 
Marblediff,  (HIO).  .  88 
Marblehead.(K3)..  1,172 

Marchand,  (P6) 100 

Marengo,  (J8) 283 

Maria  Stein,  (C8). ..  500 
Marietta,  (012)... 12,923 

Marion,  (H7) 18,232 

Mark  Center,  (B4). .  300 

Marlboro,  (Q6) 250 

Marseilles,  (G 7) 225 

Marshall,  (G13) 100 

Marshallville,  (06)..  294 

Martel,  (J7) 160 

Martin,  (G3) 400 

Martinsburg,  (L9).  .  252 
Manias  Ferry,  (S9)  9,133 
Martinsville,  (E12)..  334 
Marysville,(G9)... 3,576 

Mason,  (C12) 737 

Massieville,  (J12)...  250 
Massill  m,  (06).. . .  13,879 
Masterton,  (PU)...   100 

Maud,  (C12) 150 

Maumee,  (F3) 2,307 

Maximo,  (Q6) 190 

Mayfield,  (P3) 500 

Maynard,  (R9) 400 

Meander,  (R5) 100 

Means,  (R8) 100 

Mecca,  (S4) 250 

Mechan  icsburg,(F9)  1 ,446 
Mechanicstown,(R7)  250 

Medina,  (NS) 2,734 

Medwav,(piO).  ...  250 

Meeker  <G7) 130 

Melbem  (B4) 300 

Melgen,  (LIO) 100 

Melraore,  (H5) 250 

Melrose,  (CS) 317 

Mendon,  (B7) 621 


Mentor,  (P3) 732 

Mercer,  (B7) 300 

Mermill,  (F4) 300 

Mesopotamia,  (R4).  800 
Metamora,  (E3). ...  475 

Metz,  (P5) 100 

Mexico,  (H6) 120 

Miami,  (B13) 400 

Miamisburg,  (CU)  4,271 
Miamiville,  (C13)...  250 
Middle  Bass,  (J3). ..  200 
Middlebourne,  (P9).  100 
Middlcbranch,  (P6).  260 
Middleburg,  (F8). . .  350 
Middlecreek,  (PU)..  100 
Middlefield,  (Q4).  . .  640 
Middle  Point,  (C6). .  607 
Middlcport,(MU). 3,194 
Middletown,  (C12)13,1S2 
Middletown,  (PIO)..  180 

Midland,  (E12) 327 

Midvale,  (P8) 680 

Midway,  (GU) 483 

Millin,  (L6) 153 

Milan,  (K4) 696 

Milford,  (D13) 1,321 

MUford  Center,  (G9)  635 

MUlbury,  (G3) 276 

Millcdgeville,  (FU).    187 

Miller,  (LIS) 350 

Miller  City,  (DS)...  218 
Millersburg,  (N7)  ..2,020 
MUlersport,  (LIO)...  260 
Millerstown,  (E9).. .  280 
Millersville,  (G4). ..  200 

Millfield,  (M12) ISO 

MUlville,  (B12) 250 

Milnersville,  (P9). .  .  150 

Milo,  (HIO) 2,000 

Milton  Center,  (E4).  350 
Miltonsburg,  (QIO).  92 
Miltonvillc,  (B12)...    100 

Mineral,  (Ml 2) 310 

Mineral  City,  (P7)..  1,032 
Mineral  Ridge,(RS).  759 
Minersville,  (N13)..  950 

Minerton,  (L13) 120 

Minerva.  (Q7) 1,395 

Mingo,  (F9) 200 

Mingo  Jc,(S8) 4,049 

Minster,  (C8) 1,S83 

Misco,  (MU) 200 

Mishler,  (P6) 100 

Mogadore,  (P5) 438 

Mohictn,  (M7) 150 

Momeneetown,  (F3).  200 

Monclova,  (E3) 250 

Monday,  (M12) 400 

Montort,  (B13) 500 

Monroe,  (C12) 255 

Monroe  Center,  (S2)  210 
Monroeville,(K5)..  1,152 
Monterey,  (D 13). .  .  100 
Montezuma,  (BS).. .  228 
Montgomery,  (C13).  800 
Montpelier,(B3)... 2,759 

Montra,  (D8) 180 

Montreal,  (KI6)....   100 

Montrose,  (05) 110 

Montville,  (Q3) 600 

Moons,  (G12) 100 

Moorefield,  (Q9). ...  190 
Morning  Sun,  (BU).  100 

Morral.  (H7) 334 

Morristown,  (Q9)...  2.0 
Morrisville,  (E12).. .   100 

Morrow,  (D12) 832 

Mortimer,  (F5) 100 

Moscow,  (D 14) 327 

Mossrun,  (P12) 180 

Moulton,  (C7) 100 

Mountairy,  (B13)...  497 
Mt.  Blanchard,  (F6).  4S1 
Mt.Carmel,  (C13)..   240 

Mt.  Cory,  (E6) 290 

Mt.  Eaton,  (07). .. .  208 
Mt.  Ephraim,  (PIO).  230 
Mt.Gilead,(J7).... 1,673 
Mt.  Healthy,  (B13).l,799 
Mt.  Heron,  (B9)....  100 
Mt.Holly,(D13)...  100 
Mt.  Holly,  (CI 2).  ..   100 

Mt.  Hope,  (N7) 130 

Mt.  Liberty,  (Q9)...  100 
Mt.  Liberty,  (K8)...  200 
Mt.Orab,  (E13)....  539 
Mt.  Perry,  (MIO)...  ISO 
Mt.  Pleasant,  (R9)..  701 
Mt.  Sterling,  (Gll)l,071 
Mt.  Summit,  (C13)  .  150 
Mt.  Vernon,  (K8).. 9,087 
Mt.  Victory,  (F7). ..  740 
Mt.  Washington, 

(C13) 984 

Mowrystown,  (F13).  326 
Moxahala,  (.MU)...  400 
Mulberry,  (D13)....  100 
Mummaville,  (CIO).   130 

Mungen,  (F4) 180 

Munroe  Falls,  (PS). .  300 

Munson,  (MS) 200 

Murray,  (MU) 1,386 

Museville,  (NIO)....  100 

Mutual,  (F9) 134 

Nankin,  (L6) 180 

Napoleon,  (D4) 4,007 

Nashport,  (M9) 190 

Nashville,  (M7) 268 

Navarre,  (P7) 1,357 

Neapolis,  (E4) 100 

Nebraska  QU) 100 

Nefifs,  (R9) 100 

Negley,  (S6) 520 

Nellie,  (M8) 133 

Nelson,  (Q4) 100 

Nelsonville,  (L12).  .6,082 

Neptune,  (B7) 160 

Nevada,  (H6) 889 

Neville,  (D 14) 200 

New  Albany,  (J 9)...  215 
New  Albany,  (R6)  .  200 
New  Alexandria,  f  8)  180 
New  Antioch,  (F     ).  230 

Newark,  (L9) 25,404 

New  Athens,  (Q9).. .  376 
New  Baltimore,  (BI2)170 
New  Baltimore.  (Q6)  250 
New  Bavaria.  (D5)..  400 
New  Bedford,  (N8)..   180 


New  Berlin,  (P6). .. .  865 
New  Bloomington, 

see  Agusta 304 

New  Boston,  (D13).  400 
New  Boston,  (J  14)  .1,858 
New  Bremen,  (C8). 1,586 
New  Buflalo,  (S6).. .   200 

Newburg,  (04) 5,813 

NewburgHgcS,  (04)  940 
New      Burlington, 

(Ell) 320 

New      Btu'lington, 

(B13) 300 

New  Carlisle,  (DlO)l,0S8 
New  Castle,  (M8)..  300 
New     Comerstown, 

(08) 2,943 

NewConcord,(O10).  683 
New      Cumberland, 

(P7) 150 

New  Dover,  (G9)...  250 
New  Garden,  (R7)..  208 
New      Hagerstown, 

(Q8) 110 

New  Hampshire,(E7)  300 
New  Harmony,(E13)  100 
New  Haven,  (B 12). .  230 
New  Haven,  (K5).. .  180 
New  Holland,  (HU)  804 

Newhope,  (E14) 140 

New  Hope,  (BU)....  200 
New  Jasper,  (EU). .  100 
New  Jerusalem,  (F8)  130 
New  Knoxville,  (C8)  487 
New  I.ebanon,  (CIO)  227 
New  I.ebanon,  (CU)  202 
New  Lexington, 

(MU) 2,559 

New  Lexington(BU)  ISO 
New  London,  (LS)..  1,557 
New  Lyme,  (R3)....  100 
New  .Madison,  (BIO)  628 

Newman  (06) 100 

New  .Market,  (F13).  130 
New  Marshfield, 

(M13) 400 

New  Martinsburg, 

^(G12) 200 

New  ^Iatamoras, 

(QU) 711 

New   Middletown, 

(S6) 200 

New  Milford,  (Q5). .  100 
New  .Mooreneld,(F10)230 
New  Moscow,  (N9).  130 
New  Palestine,  (C14)  100 
New  Paris,  (AlO).  ..  870 
New  Petersburg, 

(G12) 220 

New      Philadelphia, 

(P8) 8,542 

NewPittsburg,(L12)  300 
New  Pittshurg,(M6).  120 
New  Plymouth,(L12)  170 

Newport,  (F14) 300 

Newport,  (C9) 200 

Newport,  (P12) 300 

New  Portage,  (OS). .  100 
New  Richland,  (E8).  200 
New   Richmond, 

(D14) 1,733 

New  Riegel,  (G5). . .  268 
New  Rumley,  (R8)..  180 
New  Salem,  (LIO)...  149 
New  Salisbury,  (S7).  100 
New  Somerset,  (S8).  100 
New  Sprin^field,(S6)  400 
New  Straitsville, 

(KU) 2,242 

Newton  Falls,  (R5).  757 
Newtonsville,  (D13).  142 
Newtown,  (CI3)....  546 
New  Trenton,  (R9)  .  100 
New  Vienna,  (F12)..   793 

Newville,  (L7) 100 

New  Washington, 

(J6) 889 

New  Waterford,  (S6)  509 
New  Weston,  (B8). .  258 

Ney,  (B4) 298 

Nicholsville,  (D14)..   150 

Niles.  (SS) 8,361 

Nimisila,  (06) 200 

Nipgen,  (HIS) 110 

Norman,  (L9) 200 

No.  Baltimore,  (F5)2,503 
No.Bend,  (B13)....  560 
No.  Benton,  (Q6). . .  150 
No.  Bloomfic!d,(R4)780 
No.  Bristol,  (R4).  . .  200 

No.  Creek,  (D5) 100 

No.  Dover,  (N3).. . .  200 
No.  Eaton,  (N4)....  100 
No.  Fairfield,  (KLS). .  500 
Northfield,  (04)....  150 
No.  Georgetown, 

(Q6) 240 

No.  Hampton,  (ElO)  400 
No.  Industry,  (P7). .  250 
No.  Tackson,  (R5).  .  400 
No.lCingsviUe,  (S2).  400 
No.  Lawrence,  (06)  1,200 
No.  Lewisburg,  (F9).  793 
No.  Liberty,  (F14)..  300 
No.  Liberty,  (L7). . .   130 

No.  Lima,  (S6) 300 

No.  Madison,  (Q2). .  200 
No.  Monroeville,(K.4)  100 
No.  Olmsted,  (N4)  .1,030 
No.  Randall,  (04)...  62 
No.  RidgevUle,  (N4)  400 
No.  Robinson,  (J6)..  155 
No.  Royalton,  (04)  .  150 

No.  Solon,  (P4) 120 

No.Star,  (B8) 150 

Norton,  (H8) 130 

Norwalk,  (KS) 7,858 

Norwich,  (NIO) 186 

Norwood,  (C13)... 16,185 
Nottingham,  (03).. 2,387 

Nova,  (L5) 250 

Noveltv,  (P4) 200 

Oakfield,  (R4) 300 

Oakharbor,(H3)...  1,559 
Oak  Hill,  (K14).... 1,148 

Oakland,  (E12) 190 

Oakley,  (BI3) 1,639 

Oakwood,  (DlO)..,.  358 
Oakwood,(C5) 496 


Oberlin,  (L4) 4,365 

Oceola,  (H6) 180 

Octa,(FU) 91 

Ogontz,  (L4) 160 

Ohio  City,  (B6) 860 

Okcana,  (A12) 120 

Okolona,  (C4) 100 

Olbers,  (M12) 180 

Old  Fort,  (HS) 200 

Olena,  (K5) 150 

Olive  Branch,  (D13).  200 
Olive  Furnace,  (K14)  250 
Olive  Green,  (J8).  . .  130 
Olivegrecn,  (Oil)...  100 
Olivesburg,  (L6). ...  200 

Olivett,  (Q9) 130 

Olmsted  Falls,  (N4).394 

Omega,  (J  13) 300 

Oneida,  (Q7) 130 

Ontario,  (K7) 140 

Opperman,  (OlO)...  190 

Orangeville,  (S4) 185 

Orbiston,  (M12) 600 

Oregonia,  (D12) 120 

Oreville,  (LU) 100 

Orient,  (HIO) 250 

Orrville,  (06) 3,101 

Ort,  (K15) 150 

Orwell,  (R3) 800 

Osborn,  (DIO) 866 

Osgood,  (C8) 214 

Osnaburg,  (P6) 448 

Ostrander,  (G8) 431 

Otho,  (NIO) 100 

Otsego,  (N9) 250 

Ottawa,  (D5) 2,182 

Ottokee,  (D3) 100 

Ottoville,  (C6) 477 

Otway,  (H14) 234 

OutvUle,  (KIO) 110 

Overton,  (M6) 150 

Owens,  (H7) 600 

OwensvUle,  (D13)...  400 

Oxford,  (A12) 2,017 

Padanaram,  (S3).. . .  100 
Painesville,  (Q3).  ..5,501 

P.iint,  (GI3) 100 

Painter  Creek,  (BIO)  110 
Paintersville,  (EU) .  130 

Palestine,  (A9) 216 

Palestine,  (D8) 210 

Palmyra,  (Q5) 950 

Pancoastburg,  (GU)  200 

Pandora,  (E6) 562 

Pansy,  (E12) 100 

Paris,  ((26) 300 

Parkman,  (04) 300 

Parlett,  (R8) 150 

Parma,  (N4) 150 

Pataskala.  (KIO).  . .  800 

Patriot,  (L14) 120 

Patterson,  (F6) 191 

Paulding,  (BS) 2,081 

Payne,  (AS) 1,207 

Peebles,  (G14) 921 

Pemberton,  (D8).  . .  300 
Pemberville,(G4)..  1,006 

Penfield,  (MS) 100 

Peninsula,  (OS) 536 

Pennsville,  (Nil)...  250 

Peoria,  (G8) 130 

Perintown,  (D13). . .  270 

Perkins,  (S5) 100 

Perry,  (Q3) 500 

Pcrrysburg,(F3)...  1,913 
Perrysville,  (L7). . . .  541 

Perry  ton,  (M9) 200 

Peru,  (K5) 100 

Petersburg,  (S6) 600 

Petrea,  (K13) 100 

Pettisville,  (D3) 300 

Phalanx,  (R4) 100 

Pharisburg,  (G8).. .  .  250 
Phillipsburg,  (CIO)..  343 

Philo,  (NIO) 495 

Philothea,  (B8) 100 

Phoneton,  (DIO).. . .  ISO 
Pickerington,  (KIO).  310 

Piedmont,  (Q9) 280 

Pierpont,  (S2) 250 

Pigeonrun,  (Q6) 150 

Pike  Run,  (P8) 810 

Piketon,  (J13) 663 

Pikeville,  (B9) 100 

Pinegrove,  (L14)....   100 

Pioneer,  (B3) 660 

Piqua,(C9) 13,388 

Pitchin,  (EIO) 140 

Pitsburg,  (BIO) 240 

Pittsfield  (M5) 100 

Plain,  (M6) 100 

Plain  City,  (G9)....  1,407 

Plainfield,  (09) 215 

Plainville,(C13)....  250 

Piano,  (G12) 100 

Plants,  (N14) 100 

Plattsburg,  (FIO)...  150 
PlattsviUe,  (D9)....  130 
Pleasant  Bend,  (DS).  100 
Pleasant  City,  (OIO)  788 
Pleasant  Hill,  (C9). .  571 
Pleasant  Home,  (M6)  100 
Pleasanton,(MI2)..  150 
Pleasant  Plain,  (D12)  200 
Pleasant     Ridge, 

(BI3) 1,769 

Pleasant  Run,  (B12)  ISO 
PleasantviUe,  (KIO).  608 
Plymouth,  (K6)....  1,3 14 
Point  Isabel.  (D14).  120 
Point  PIace,(G3). . .  100 
Point  Pleasant,(D14)  170 

Poland,  (SS) 367 

Polk,  (M6) 250 

Pomeroy.(MI3)... 4,023 

Poplar,  (H6) 100 

Portage,  (F4) 4S0 

Port  Clinton,  (J3).  .3,007 
Portersville,  (Nil).,  100 
Port  Homer,  (S7). . .  ISO 
Port  Jefferson,  (D8).  233 

Portland,  (NI3) 150 

Portsmouth,  (HI5)23,481 
Port  Washington, 

(P8) 421 

Port  William,  (EI  1).   298 

Potsdam,  (CIO) 140 

Pottersburg,  (G9)...  150 
Powell,  (H9) 250 


Powellsvflle,  015).  .  130 
Powhatan  Pt,  (RIO).  380 
Prairie  Depot,  (G4).I,3iO 

Prall,(EI3) 150 

Pricetown,  (E13).  . .  106 
Proctorville,  (L16)..  577 

Progress,  (AlO) 200 

Prospect,  (H8) 945 

Prout,  (K4) 100 

Pulaski,  (B3) 200 

Put  in  Bay,  (J3). .. .  259 
Pyrmont,  (CIO).  ...  300 
Quaker  City,  (PIO).  .746 

Quincy,  (E8) 594 

Raab,  (E3) 250 

Racine,  (NI4) 540 

RadcliCf,  (LI3) 150 

Radnor,  (H8) 250 

Ragersville,  (08).. . .  200 
Rainsboro,  (G13)...  220 

Ramsey,  (R9) 100 

Randolph,  (QS) 300 

Range,  (GU) 250 

Rapids,  (Q4) 250 

Rarden,  (H14) 350 

Rathbone,  (H9) 100 

Ravenna,  (Q5) 5,310 

Rawson,  (E6) 470 

Ray,  (KI3) 200 

Ra viand,  (S9) 300 

Raymond,  (G8) 350 

Reading,  (CI2) 3,985 

Redfield,  (MIO) 250 

Redlion,  (DI2) ISO 

Reedsburg,  (iM6).  . .  120 
Reedsville,  (N13)...   250 

Reesville,  (FI2) 280 

Rehoboth,  (MU)...  200 

Reily,  (A12) 390 

Reinersville,  (Oil)..  200 
Remington,  (CI3)...  100 
Rendville,  (MU).  ..  623 

Renner,  (H9) 200 

Republic,  (J5) 475 

Reynoldsburg,  (JIO).  431 
Rhodesdale,  (S8).. . .  300 

Richmond,  (R8) 372 

Richmond,  seeGrand 

River 203 

Richmond      Center, 

(S3) 150 

Richmond  Dale,ai3)  350 

Richville,  (P6) 200 

Richwood,(G8)....  1,729 
Ridgeville    Comers, 

(C4) 250 

Ridgeway,  (F7) 427 

Rimer,  (D6) 100 

Rio  Grande,  (L14).  .  150 

Riota,  (AIO) 150 

Ripley,  (EIS) 1,840 

Risingsun,  (GS) 599 

Rittman,  (N6) 300 

River  Styx,  (N5).. . .   100 

Rix  Mills,  (QIO) 200 

Roachester,  (DI2).  .  120 
Robertsville.  (Q6).. .  250 

Robins,  (PIO) 500 

Robyville,  (R9) 100 

Rochester,  (L5) 186 

Rockbridge,  (K 11)..  350 
Rockcamp,  (K15).. .  120 
Rock   Creek, 

(R3) 455 

Rockcreek  Station, 

(R3) 200 

Rockford,  (B7) 1,186 

Rockland,  (012)....  200 

Rockport,  (E6) 100 

Rockport,  (N4)....3,I79 
Rockyridge,  (G3). . .  349 
Rocky  River,  (N3). 1,174 

Rogers,  (S6) 258 

RoUersville,  (G4). . .  130 

Rome,  see  Stout 243 

Rome,(R3) 600 

Rome,  (K6) 120 

Rootstown,  (PS)....  200 

Roscoe,(N8) 595 

Roschill,  (A8) 100 

Roscmont,  (RS) 100 

Roseville,  (MI0)...2,II3 
Rosewood,  (E9).  ...  250 

Ross,  (B12) 330 

Rossburg,  (B8) 261 

Rossford,  (F3) 1,000 

Rossmoyne,  (CI3).  .  300 

Roswell,  (P8) 514 

Roundhead,  (E7)...  400 

Rows,  (.M6) 100 

Roxabell,(HI2).  ...  250 

Royalton,  (JII) 200 

Rudolph,  (F4) 500 

Ruraldale,  (MIO)...  300 

Rushmore,  (D6) 250 

Rush  Run,  (S9) 200 

Rushsylvania,  (F8)..  560 
Rushville,  (LIO)....  246 

Russell,  (FI3) 150 

Russellville,  (EI4).  .  438 

Russia,  (C9) 350 

Rutland,  (M13) 300 

Sabina,(FI2) 1,514 

St.  Bernard,  (B13).  5,002 

St.  Clair,  (S7) 100 

St.  Clairsville,  (R9).l,393 

St.  Henry,  (B8) 560 

St.  Johns,  (D7) 350 

St.Louisville,  (L9). .  244 
St.  Marvs,(C7)....  5,732 

St.  Paris,  (E9) 1,261 

Salem,  (R6) 8,943 

Salem  Center.  (L13).  100 

Salesville,  (PIO) 265 

SaIineville,(R7).... 2,403 

Saltillo,  (MIO) 100 

Saltpetre,  (PI  1) 100 

Sample,  (R5) 100 

Sandhill,  (K4) 100 

Sandrun,  (MU) 350 

S.anduskv,  (K4)...I9.9S9 
Sandyvil'le,  (P7)....  280 

Santa  Fe,  (E81 200 

Santoy,  (MU) .500 

Sarahsville,  (PIO)...  281 

Sardinia,  (EI4) 534 

S.irdis,  (RU) 380 

Sater,(B12) 100 

Savaimab,  (L6) 262 


Saybrook,  (R2)  ....  250 
Sayler  Park,  {B13..  877 

Scio,  (Q8) 958 

Sciota,  (J14) 200 

Sciota  Furn.ace,(JI4)  140 
Sciotoville,  014). . .  1,300 
Scotch  Ridge,  (F4).  .  100 

Scott,  (B6) 472 

Scroggsfield,(R7)...  100 

Seaman,  (FI4) 250 

Sebring,  (Q6) 2,104 

Sedalia,  (GU) 500 

Sekitan,  (A13) 1,700 

Selden,  (G12) 100 

Selma,  (EIO) 200 

Senecaville,  (PIO)...  893 
Seven  Mile,  (BI2)...  340 

Seville,  (NS) 602 

SewellsvUle,  (Q9).  . .  140 
Shadeville,  (HIO)...  150 
ShadysHe,  (RIO).  ..  950 
Shalcrsville.  (Q5). . .  200 

Shandon,  (BI2) 350 

ShanesvUle,  (07)....  334 

Sharon,  (OH) 200 

Sharon  Center,  (OS).  150 
Sharonville,  (C12).  .  710 
Sharpsburg,  (N12). .   150 

Shauck,  (K7) 300 

Shawnee,  (MU).... 2,280 

Shawtown,  (E5) 140 

Shelby,  (K6) 4,903 

Shepard,  (JIO) 400 

Sheridan,  (KI6).  ...  200 
Sherodsville,  (Q8)...  721 

Sherritts,  (K15) 200 

Sherwood,  (B4) 566 

Shiloh,  (K6) 555 

Short  Creek,  (R9).. .  200 

Shreve,  (M7) 1,016 

Siam,  (JS) 150 

Sidney,  (D8) 6,607 

Silverton,  (C13) 459 

Sinai,  (JI3) 200 

Sinking  Spring,(G13)  187 

Smithfield,  (R8) 589 

Smithville,  (N6) 447 

Smyrna,  (P9) 100 

Snowville,  (M13).  ..  150 
Socialville,  (C12).  ..   100 

Sodom,  (S4) 350 

Somcrdale,  (P7) 300 

Somerset,  (LIO) 1,286 

Somerton,  (QIO) 200 

Somerville,(BIl)...  349 

Sonora,  (NIO) 200 

So.  Bloomfield  (HU)  212 
So.  BloomingvUle, 

(KI2) 200 

So.Charleston.(FI0)l,I8I 
So.  Euclid,  (P3).  ...  300 
Southington,  (RS).  .  200 
So.  Lebanon,  (DI2).  626 
So.  Newburg,  (04)  1,273 
So.  New  Lyme.  (R3).  300 

So.Olive,  (PU) ISO 

So.  Perry,  (K12)...  180 
So.  Plymouth,  (FU).  100 
So.  Point,  (K16)....  316 
So.Salem,  (G12)....  211 

So.  Solon,  (FU) 420 

So.  Vienna,  (FIO)...  270 
So.  Webster,  (KI4)..  499 
So.  Woodbury,  (J8) .  150 
So.  Zanesville,(M10)  853 

Sparta,  (K8) 191 

Speidel,  (QIO) 100 

Spencer,  (.MS) 500 

Spcncerville,(C7)..  1,748 
Springboro,  (DII)„..3S5 
Springdale,  (BI2)...  280 
Springfield,  (EIO)  .46,921 

Springhill,  (E9) 127 

Spring  Mountain, 

(M8) 100 

Springvalley,  (DII).   443 

Stafford,  (PU) 174 

Startle,  (R9) 400 

Station  Fifteen,  (Q8)  150 

Staunton,  (G12) 120 

Steel,  (R9) 500 

Sterling,  (N6) 380 

Steuben,  (KS) 100 

SteubenviIle,(S8).  .22,391 

Stewart,  (NI2) 340 

Stewartsville,  (R9). .  500 

Stillwater,  (P8) 230 

Stockdale,  (JI4) 250 

Stockport,  (Nil).  ..  438 

Stockton,  (BI2) 130 

Stone  Creek,  (08).. .  144 
Stony  Ridge,  (F3).. .  300 

Stout,  (GI5) 243 

Stoutsville,(JlI).  ..  400 
Stovertown,  (NIO)..  150 
Strasburg,  (07)....  835 
Streetsboro,  (P5).  . .  200 
Strongsville,  (N4).. .  250 

Struthers,  (S5) 3,370 

Stryker,  (C4) 1,026 

Suffield,(P5) 100 

Sugarcreek,  (OS)....  389 
SugarGrove,(KIl).  368 
Sugar  Ridge,  (F4)...   150 

Sullivan,  MS) ISO 

Sulphur  Springs,  (J6)  350 
Summerfield,  (PU)  .  489 
Summerford,  (GIO).  200 
Summerside,  (CI3)..  100 
Summersville,  (G8)  .  300 
Summit  Station, 

(KIO) 190 

Sunbury,(J9) 485 

Superior,  (KIS) 200 

Swanton,  (E3) 1,058 

Sycamore,  (H6) 977 

Sylvania,  (F3) 1,002 

SymmesCorncrs,(B12)140 
Syracuse,  (N13).... 1,250 

T.acoma,  (QIO) 150 

Tallmadge,  (PS) 500 

Tarton,  (Jll) 302 

Taylorsburg,  (CIO)..  100 
Taylorsville,  see  Philo  495 

Tedrow,  (D3) 350 

Teegarden,  (R6)....  100 
Temperanceville, 

(QlO) 200 

Terrace  Park.  (C13).  448 


Terre  Haute,  (E9).  .  100 

The  Bend,  (B4) 103 

The  Plaias,  (MI2).  .  140 
Thomastown   (PS)..   200 

Thompson,  (Q3) 100 

Thornville,  (LIO)...   411 

Thurman,  (LI4) SOO 

Thurston,  (KIO). .. .  300 

TifEn,  (H5) U,894 

Tiltonsville,  (S9)....  ISO 
Tippecanoe,  (qS)...  450 
Tippecanoe  City, 

(DlO) 2,033 

Tiro,  06) 321 

Toboso,  (M9) 150 

Toledo,  (F3) 168,497 

Tontogany,  (F4)....  314 

Torch,  (NI3) 100 

Toronto,  (SS) 4,271 

Tracy,  (P8) 40O 

Tradersville,  (GU)..    100 

Trebeins,  (EU) lOO 

TremontCity,  (E9).  450 

Trenton,  (C12) 564 

TrUby,  (F3) 150 

Trimtie,  (MI2) 711 

Trinway,(M9) 300 

Triumph,  (R4) 100 

Trotwood,  (CIO)....  348 
Trowbridge,  (G3). . .  200 

Troy,  (C9) 6,122 

Tmmbull,  (R3) 100 

Tuppers  Plains.  (N13)200 
Tuscarawas,  (P8)  ..471 

Twinsburg,  (P4) 250 

Uhrirhsville,  (PS)  ..4,751 

Union,  (CIO) 250 

Union  City,  (A9)...  1,595 
Union  Furnace,  (L12)70O 

Unionport,  (K8) 250 

Union  Station,  {K9).  100 
Uniontown,  (Q9).. . .  120 
Uniontown,  (.\II0)..  210 

Unionville,  (R2) 300 

Unionville      Center, 

(G9) 239 

Uniopolis,  (D7) 245 

Unity,  (S6) 300 

Upper  Sandusky, 

(G6) 3,779 

Urbana,  (E9) 7,739 

Utica,  (L9) 1,729 

Valley  City,  (N5)...  250 

Vanburen,  (FS) 303 

Vandalia,  (DIO) 221 

Vanlue,  (G6) 400 

Van  Wert,  (B6) 7,157 

Vaughniiville,  (D6)..  300 

Vencdocia,  (C6) 247 

Venice,  (J4) 100 

Vermilion,  (L4) 1,369 

Verona,  (CIO) 250 

VersaUles,  (B9) 1,580 

Vickerv,  (J4) 200 

Vienna,  (FIO) 368 

Vienna,  (SS) 150 

Vigo,  (j  13) 200 

Villa,  (EIO) 100 

Vincent,  (0 1 2) 250 

Vinton,  (L14) 324 

Wabash,  (R8) 100 

Wabash,  (A7) 300 

Waco,  (P7) 200 

Wadsworth,(N5).. 3,073 

Wagram,  (KIO) 100 

Wainwright,  (P8). .  .  350 

Wakeman,  (L5) 930 

Walbridge,  (G3) 500 

Waldo,  (H8) 319 

Walhonding,  (MS). .  110 

Walkers,  (S7) 200 

Walnut  Creek,  (N7).  150 
Walnutrun,(G10)...  210 

Walton,  (GI2) 100 

Wapakoneta,  (D7)  .5,349 

Warner,  (PU) 200 

Warnock,  (R9) 160 

Warren,  (RS) 11,081 

Warrensburg,  (H8)..  100 
Warrensville,  (P4).  .  150 

Warrenton,  (S9) 300 

Warsaw,  (M8) 512 

Warwick,  (06) 500 

Washington,  (P9). ..  366 
W.ishington     Court 

House,  (GU).... 7,277 
Washingtonvillc,(S6)  957 
Waterford,  (Oil)...  300 
Waterloo,  (KIS)....  150 
Watertown,  (OI2).  .  200 
Waterville,  (F3)....  834 

Wauseon,  (D3) 2,650 

Waverly,(HI3)... .1,803 

Wayland,  (QS) 100 

Waynesburg,  (Q7).  .  760 
Waynesfield,  (E7).. .  542 
Waynesville,  (DU).  705 
WeaversCorners,(J5)  150 
Weavers  Station, 

(B9) 120 

Webster,  (B9) 250 

Weldon,  (S4) 200 

Wellington,  (MS).  .2,131 
Wellston,  (KI3)....6,87S 

Wellsville,  (S7) 7,769 

Welshficld,  (Q4) 950 

Wengerlawn,  (BIO)  .  130 
W.    Alexandria, 

(BID 1,030 

W.  Andover,  (S3). . .  30O 
W.  Austintown,  (R5)  150 
W.  Bedford,  (M8).. .  130 
Westboro,  (E12)....  300 
W.  Brookfield,  (06)  .  300 

W.Cairo,  (D6) 38S 

W.  Carlisle,  (M9). .  .  ISO 
W.Carrollton,(DIl)l,28S 
W.  Charleston,(D10).130 
W.Chester,  (CI 2)..  30O 
W.  Clarksfield,  (L5)    20O 

W.Dover,  (N4) 300 

W.  Elkton,  (BID...  230 
Western  Star,  (OS)..  154 
Westerville,  (J 9).  ..1,903 
W.  Farmington,(R4)  446 

Westfield,  (JS) 140 

W.  Independence, 

(F5) HO 

W.Jeflerson,(G10).l,04J 


INDEX  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES 


(OHIO— OKLAHOMA— OREGON) 


369 


W.UIayette,(08)..  840 
W.Lancaster,  (I'll).  180 
W.Lebanon,  (07)...  300 
W.Leipsic,(D5)....  253 
W.Liberty,  (E9).. .1,288 

W.Lodi,U5) 100 

W.    Mancnester, 

(BIO) 445 

W.  Mansfield,  (F8)..  913 

W.  Mecca,  (S4) 200 

W. Mentor,  (P3)....  100 
,W.Middletown,(Cll)300 


W.MnigTOve,(F5)..  191 
W.Milton,  ((:iO)...  1,207 
Westminster,  (E7). .  200 
W.Newton,  (E7)...  200 

Weston,  (E4) 913 

W.  Park,(N4) 300 

W.  Richfield,  (OS). .  250 
W.  RushviUe,  (LIO).  147 

W.  Salem,  (M6) 642 

W.Sonora.(B10)...  200 
W.Toledo,  (F3).... 2,500 
W.  Union.  (F14).  ..1,080 


W.  Unity,  (C3) 980  Wick,  (S3) 200 

Westview,  (N4) 600  Wickliffe,  (P3) 500 

W.  Wheeling,  (S9).  .  250  WUberforce  (Ell)..  300 

Wetzel,  (C6) 100  Wilkesville,  (L13).. .  203 

Weymouth,  (N5). . .  300  WUkins,  (L9) 100 

Wharton,  (G6) 485  Williamsburg,  (D13)  948 

Wheelersburg,  015).  250  Williams    Center, 

Wheldon,  (K13)....  280       (34) 100 

Whipple,(Pll) 150  Williamsfield,<S3)..  200 

White    Cottage,  Williamsport.(Hll).  536 

(MIO) 300  Williamstown,  (F6)  .  100 

Whjtehouse,  (E3). . .  506  Williston,  (G3) 100 


Willoughby,  (P3)..  .2.072 

Willow,  (04) 230 

WiUshire,  (A6) 653 

WUmington,  (E12)  .4,491 

WUmot,(07) 258 

Winchester,  (F14).. .  927 

Windham,  (Q5) 261 

Windsor,  (R3) 700 

Windsor  Mais,(Q3).   150 
Winesburg.  (07) . .     250 

Winficld.  (P?) 100 

Winona,  (k6) 180 


Winterset,  (P9) 200 

Wintcrsville,  (S8)...  100 
Withamsville, 

(C13) 390 

Wolf  Run,  (R8) 100 

Wood,(B12) 130 

Woodington,  (B9) . .  300 

Woodland,  (G8) 120 

Woodlawn,  (B12)...  250 
Woodsfield,(Qll)..  2,502 

Woodstock,  (F9).. . .  310 

Woodville,  (G4) 807 


Wooster,  (N6) 6,136 

Worthington,  (H9)..  547 

Wren,  (A6) 277 

Wrightsvilie, 

(F15  „..  130 

Wyandot,  (H7) 160 

Wynant,(C8) 100 

Wyoming,  (C13)...  1,893 

Xenia,  (Ell) 8,706 

Yellow  Bud,  012)..  250 
Yellow   Springs, 

(ElO) 1,360 


York,(G8) 100 

Yorkshire,  (B8) 182 

YorkvUle,  (S9) 100 

Young,  (H14) 100 

Youngs  town, 

(S5) 79,066 

ZalesUi,  (L12) 476 

Zanesficld,  (F8) 250 

Zancsville,  (MIO)  J8,026 
Zimmerman,  (Dll)  ,  160 

Zoar,  (P7) 182 

ZoarSUtioa.(F7).  .  200 


OKLAHOMA 


Ada,(GS) 4,349 

Adlir,(K2) 376 

Adamson,  aS) 150 

Addington,  (E6)...  493 

Afton,(Ll) 1,279 

Agra,(G3) 366 

Akim.CLi) 150 

Albany,  (H7) 100 

Albion,  (K5) 200 

Alderson,  (J5) Z86 

Alex,(E5) 240 

Alikchi,(K6) 100 

Aline,  (C2) 303 

AUen,  (H5) 645 

AUna,(E6) 120 

Alius,  (B5) 4,821 

Alva,  (CD 3,688 

Amabala,  (H4) 200 

Ames,  (D2) 200 

Amorita,  (Dl) 100 

Anadarko,  (D4)...  3,439 

Antelope,  (A3) 100 

Antioch,  (F5) 100 

Antlers,  (76) 1,273 

Apache,  (DS) 950 

Arapaho,  (C3) 713 

Arcadia,  (F3) 150 

Ardmore,  (F6) 8,618 

Ark,(F7).... 200 

Arlington,  (G3) 120 

Amett.  (A2) 511 

Asher,  (G5) 381 

Atoka,  (H6) 1,968 

Atwood,(HS) 130 

Augusta,  (CI) 420 

Autwine,  (Fl) 150 

Avard,(Cl) 170 

Avery,  (G3) 150 

Avoca,  (GS) 150 

Bacone,  (K3) 100 

Banner.  (F5) 266 

Bartlesville,  (HI)..  6,181 

Beaver,  (C7) 326 

Bebee,  (G5) 200 

Beggs,(H3) 855 

Bellemont,  (G4)...  120 

Bennington,  (J7).-.  513 

Berwyn,  (F6) 378 

Bessie,  (B4) 420 

Beulah.  (B4) 265 

Bigcabin,  (Kl) 220 

Bigheart,  (H2) 307 

Billings,  (Fl) 524 

Binger,  (D4) 280 

Bison,  (E2) 220 

Bixby,(J3) 384 

Blackburn,  (G2)...  335 

Blackwell,  (Fl) 3,266 

Blair,  (B5).-- 508 

Blanchard,(E4)...  629 

Bliss,  (Fl) 100 

Blocker.  (J4) 131 

Blue.(H6) 100 

Bluejacket,  (KD...  508 

Boise  City,  (A7)...  100 

Bokchito,  (H7) 535 

Bokoshe,  (L4) 483 

Boley,(G4) 1,334 

BosweIl,(J6) 828 

Boynton,(J3) 679 

Braden.(L4) 100 

Bradley.  (E5) 150 

BragiJs,  (K3) 259 

Braman,  (Fl) 339 

Breckmridge,  (E2).  150 

Briartown,  (K4)...  ISO 

Bridgeport,  (D3)...  428 

Bristow,  (H3) 1,667 

Biitton,(E3) 696 


.dams,  (G2) 205 

Airlie,   (B4) 100 

Albany,  (B4) 4,275 

Albee,  (G3) 100 

Alsea,   (BS) 130 

Amity.  (B3) 407 

Antelope,   (E4) 175 

Arlington,  (E2)...  .  317 

Ashland,  (C9) 5,020 

Ashwood,  (E4).  ...  26 

Astoria,  (Bl) 10,117 

Athena.  (G2) 586 

Aumsville.  (C4)....  275 

Aurora.  (C3) 190 

Austin,  (G4) 144 

Baker.  (H4I 6,742 

Ballston,  (B3) 100 

Bandon,   (A7) 1,803 

Banks.  (B2) 300 

Barlow,  (C3) 69 

Bay  City,  (B2)...  .  281 

Beaver  Hill,  (A7)..  149 

Beaverton.  (C2)...  386 

Bend,  (D5) 536 

Bonanza,    (D9)....  275 

Boring.  (C3) 150 

Bourne,  (G4) 77 

Bridal  Veil,  (C2)...-  200 

Brooks,  (C3) 120 

Brownsville.  (C5)..  919 

Buena  Vista,  (B4)..  100 

Bums,  (F6) 904 

Butte  Falls,  (C9).,  200 

Butteville,    (C3)...  49 

Buxton.  (B2) 200 

Camas  Valley,  (B7)  100 

Canby,   (C3) 587 

Canyon  City,  (G5)  364 

Canyonville,  (B8).  .  149 

Carlton,  (B3) 386 


Broken  Arrow,  (J2).  1,576 

Bromide,  (G6) 20O 

Brooken,  (K4) 200 

Buck,a5) 500 

Buffalo,  (Al) 282 

Butler,  (B3) 100 

Byars,  (F5) 487 

Byron,  (Dl) 286 

Cache,  (C5) 317 

Caddo,  (H6) 1,143 

Cade,  06) HO 

C-ilera,  (H7) 575 

Calumet,  (D3) 160 

Calvin,  (H5) 570 

Cameron,  (L4) 206 

Canadian,  04) 481 

Caney,  (H6) 295 

Canton,  (C2) 703 

Canute,  (B4) 250 

Capitol  Hill,  (E4)..  1,500 

Capron,  (CD ISO 

Carbon,  (15) 490 

Carmen,  (Dl) 883 

Carnegie,  (C4) S3S 

Carney,  (G3) 260 

Carrier,  (D2) 250 

Cashion,  (E3) 289 

Castle,(H3) 294 

Catoosa,  (J  2) 404 

Cement,  (D5) 770 

Center,  (G5) 150 

Centrahoma,  (H5).     600 

Centralia,  (Kl) 387 

Ceres,  (F2) 120 

Cestos,(B2) 200 

Chandler,  (G3) 2,024 

Chant,  (K4) 882 

Chattanooga,  (C6)     471 

Checotah,  (K4) 1,683 

Chelsea,  OD 1,350 

Cherokee,  (Dl) 2,016 

Cheyenne,  (A3) 468 

Chick.Tsha,  (E4).. 10,320 

Chilocco,  (GD 500 

Choctaw,  (F4) 2« 

Choska,  03) 100 

Choteau,  (K2) 483 

Claremore,  02)...  2,866 
ClarksviUe,  03)...     388 

Clayton,  (K5) 100 

Clearview,  (H4)...     100 

Cleo,  (D2) 425 

Clevebnd,  (H2)...  1,310 

Cliff,  (G6) 100 

Clinton,  (C4) 2,781 

Cloud  Chief,  (C4)..     100 

Coalg.ate,  (H6) 3,255 

Colbert,  (H7) 200 

Collinsville,  02)-..  1,324 
Comanche,  (E5)...  1,301 
Connerville,(G6)..  160 
Cooperton,  (C5)...       76 

Copan,  (Jl) 307 

Cordell,  (C4) 1,950 

Cornish,  (E6) 489 

Covington,  (E2)...     183 

Coweta,  03) 1,187 

Cowlington,  (L4)..     378 

Coyle,(F3) 413 

Craig,  (J5) 200 

Crescent,  (E3) 903 

Cropper,  (E2) 120 

Cross,  (Fl) 220 

Crowder,  (J4) 529 

Cumberiand,  (G6).     450 

Curtis,  (B2) 150 

Gushing,  (G3) 1,072 

Custer,  (C3) 854 

Dacoma,  (CD 146 


Carson,  (H4) 200 

Cascade  Locks, 

(D2) 280 

Central  Point,  (B9)  761 

Champoeg,  (C3)...  100 

Chemawa,  (C3) 400 

Clackamas,  (C3)...  100 

Clatskanie,  (Bl)...  747 

Clatsop,   (Bl) 220 

Clifton,  (Bl) 130 

ClineFalls,  (D5)...  30 

Cloverdale,  (B3)...  200 

Coburg,  (BS) 613 

Condon,   (E3) 1,009 

Copperfield,    04). .  250 

Coquille,  (A7) 1,398 

Cornelius,  (B3)....  459 

Cornucopia.  (H3) . .  150 
Corvallis,  (B4).  ...4,552 
Cottagegrove,  (C6)  1,834 

Cove,   (H3) 433 

Crawfordsville,  (C5)  130 

Creswell,  (B6) 367 

Culver,  (D4) 200 

Cushman,  (B6)....  150 

Dallas,  (B4) 2,124 

Damascus,  (^C3). . .  100 

Dayton,    (B3) 453 

Dayville,  (FS) ISO 

Deer  Island.  (C2).  .  100 

Deschutes,  (D5)...  64 

Detroit,  (C4) 100 

Dilley,  (B3) 100 

Drain,  (B6) 335 

Drewsey,   (G6) 82 

Dufur,    (D3) 523 

Dundee,   (B3) 196 

Durkee,  (H4) 100 

Eagle  Point,  (C9)..  120 

Eastside,  (A7) 252 


Dale,(F4) 250 

Davenport,(G3)...     394 

Davidson,  (B6) 361 

DavU,  (FS) 1,416 

Dawson,  (12) 300 

Deer  Creek,  (El)..     166 

Delaware,  OD 662 

Depew,  (H3) 100 

Devol,(C6) 300 

Dewey,  OD 1,344 

Dibble,  (E4) 190 

Dill,  (B4)..J 240 

Dougherty,  (F6)...    278 

Douglas,  (E2) 132 

Dover,  (E3) 450 

Dow,  05) 900 

Do)[ey,(A4) 100 

Dragger,  (L2) 150 

Drummond,  (E2) .  .     150 

Duncan,  (D6) 2,477 

Durant,(H6) 5,330 

Durwood,(F6) 230 

Dustin,(H4) 579 

EagleCity,  (C3)...     230 

Earl,(G6) 230 

Earlsbcro,  (G4)...    388 

Eddy,  (El) lOO 

Edmond,  (E3) 2,090 

Eldorado,  (A6) 926 

Elgin,  (DS) 178 

Elk  City,  (B4) 3,165 

El  Reno,  (D3) 7,872 

Emet,  (G6) 500 

Enid,  (E2) 13,799 

Enterprise,  (K4)...    500 

Erick,(A4) 915 

Erin  Springs,  (E5).     300 

Eufaula,  04) 1,307 

Evans,',02) 100 

Fairfax,  (Gl) 819 

Fairland,  (LI) 569 

Fairmont,  (E2) 150 

Fairview,  (C2) 2,020 

Fallis,  (F3) 248 

Fame,  04) ISO 

Fanshawe,  (LS) 130 

Fargo,  (A2) 341 

Faxon,  (C6) 215 

Fay,  (C3) 200 

Featherston,  (K4)..     100 

Fitzhugh,  (GS) 260 

Fletcher,  (DS) 374 

Foraker,  (GD 415 

Fort  Cobb,  (D4)...    382 
Fort  Gibson,  (K3)..  1,344 

Fort  Sill,  (D5) 2,500 

FortTowson,  (K6)      697 

Foss,  (B4) 525 

Foster,  (F5) 150 

Foyil,  02) 250 

Francis,  (G5) 931 

Franks,  (G5) 100 

Frederick,  (C6) 3,027 

Gage,(A2) 924 

Cans,  (L4) 351 

Garber,  (E2) 382 

Garvin,  (L7) 957 

Geary,  (D3) 1,4S2 

Gerommo,  (D6)....     186 

Glencoe.(C2) 373 

Glenn,  (F6) 100 

Glenpool,  (J3) 1,500 

Golconda,TK4) 100 

Goltry,  (Dl) 320 

(Joodwater,  (L7)...     100 

Gore,  (K3) 316 

Gotebo,  (C4) 740 

Gowen,(K5) 100 

Gracemont,D4)...     220 


Echo,  (F2) 400 

EddyvUle,  (B4)....  100 

Elgin,  (H2) 1,120 

Elkhead,  (B6) 100 

Elkton,  (B6) 150 

EUnira,  (BS) 110 

Empire,  (A7) 147 

Enterprise,  (H3)...  1,242 

Estacada,  (C3)... .  405 

Eugene,  (B5) 12,083 

Fairview,   (C2)....  204 

Falls  City,  (B4)...  969 

Flora,  (H2) 100 

Florence,    (A6)....  311 
Forestgrove,  (B2).  .1,772 

Fort  Klamath,  (D8)  200 

Fort  Stevens,  (Al)  150 

Fossil,  (E4) 421 

Freewater,  (G2)...  532 

Galescreek,  (B2)...  120 

Gardiner,   (A6)....  391 

Garibaldi,  (B2)....  200 

Gaston,  (B3) 250 

Gates,  (C4) 100 

Gervais,   (C3) 276 

Glencoe,  (C2) ISO 

Glendale,   (B8) ....  646 

Goble,  (CD 350 

Gold  Beach.  (A9)..  ISO 

Gold  Hill,  (B9)....  423 

Granite,   (G4) 89 

Grant,  (E2) 213 

Grants  Pass,  (B9)..  3,897 
Grass  Valley, 

(E3) 342 

Greenhorn,  (G4),..  28 

Gresham,   (C3) 540 

Haines,  (G4) 423 

Halfway,    (H4) 186 

Halsey,  (B5) 337 


Graham,  (F6) 100 

Grand,  (A3) 130 

Grandfield,  (C6)...    830 

Granite,  (BS) 1,229 

Grant,  0?) 416 

Grayson,  03) 1,000 

Grove,  (Ll) 888 

Guertie,{H5) 305 

Guthrie,  (F3)  ...11,654 

Guymon,  (B7) 1,342 

Haileyviie,  05)...  2,024 

Hallett,  (G2) 147 

Hanna,04) 200 

Hanson,  (L4) 230 

Hardy,  (Gl) 101 

Harrah,  (F4) 356 

Harris,  (L7) 100 

Hart,  (GS) 130 

Hartshome,  05)...  2,963 

Haskell,  03) 857 

Hastings,  (D6) 727 

Hattonville,  (Ll)..    500 

Haworth.  0,7) 200 

Headrick,(B5) 270 

Healdton,  (E6) 170 

Heavener,  (L5) 780 

Helena,  (Dl) 760 

Henderson,  (F4)...  100 
Hennessey,  (E2)...  1,665 
HenryetU,  (H4)...  1,671 

Hewitt,  (F6) 100 

Hickory,  (G5) 350 

Hill,  (L4) 200 

Hillsdale,  (El) 140 

Hinton,  (D4) 686 

Hitchcock,  (D3)...    275 

Hitchita,  (J4) 150 

Hobart,  (B4) 3,845 

Hochatown,  (L6)..     500 

Hoffman,  (J4) 307 

Holdenville,  (H4)..  2,296 

Hollis,(A5) 964 

Homestead,  (D2)-.     300 

Hominy,  (H2) 760 

Hooker,  (B7) 5'25 

Howe,  (LS) 538 

Hoyt,  (K4) 200 

Hughart,  (K4) 600 

Hugo,  (K7) 4,582 

Hulbert,  (K3) 300 

Hunter,  (El) 341 

Hydro,  (C3) 562 

Idabel,  (L7) 1,493 

Illinois,  (K3) 300 

Independence,  (C3)  300 
Indiahoma,  (C5)..     188 

Indianola,  (J4) 481 

Ingersoll,  (Dl) 253 

Inola,  02) 405 

Jefferson,  (El) 281 

Tenks,  (H3) 290 

Jennings,  (H2) 361 

Jesse,  (G5) 100 

Jet,  (Dl) 365 

Johnson,  (FS) 230 

Tones,  (F3) 163 

Kanima,  (K4) 200 

Kansas,  a2) 110 

Kaw,  (Gl) 595 

KellyviUe,  (U3)...     130 

Kemp,  (H7) 336 

Kencfrick,  (G3) 280 

Kenton,  (A7) 100 

Keokuk  Falls,  (G4)     210 

Keota,  (L4) 200 

Keystone,  (H2)...    273 

Kiefer,  (H3) 1,197 

Kiel,  (D3) 100 

Kildare,  (Fl) 216 


Kingfisher,  (E3)...  2,538 

Kingston,  (G6) 439 

Kinta,  (K4) 300 

Kiowa,  05) 1,021 

Konawa,(G5) 761 

Kosoma,  06) 200 

Krebs,  05) 2,884 

Kremlin,  (El) 253 

KuUy  Chaha,  (L4).     130 

Lahoma,  (D2) 275 

Lakemp,  (B7) 300 

Lamar,  (H4) 30O 

Lambert,  (CD 127 

Lamont,  (El) 635 

Langston,  (F3) 339 

Lawton,  (DS) 7,788 

Lebanon,  (G7) 200 

Leflore,  (KS) 300 

Lehigh,  (H6) 1,880 

Lenapah,  OD 412 

Lenora,  (B2) 250 

Leon,  (F7) 197 

Leonard,  03) 100 

Lexington,  (F4)...    768 
'.■::::=!nville,  (Ll)..     300 

Lindsay,  (E5) 1,156 

Lockridge,  (E3)...     210 

Loco,  (E6) 350 

Lone  Grove,  (F6)..  222 
LoneWolf,(B5)...  677 

Long,  (L3) 170 

Longdale,  (D2) 296 

Lookeba,(D4) 217 

Loveland,  (C6) 300 

Lovell,  (E2) 220 

Lowrey,  (L2) 260 

Lucien,  (F2) 100 

Luther,  (F3) 310 

Lutie,  (KS) 500 

McAlester,  (JS)..  12,954 

McComb,  (G4) 166 

McCurtain,  (K4)..     526 

McLain,(K3) 100 

McLoud,  (F4) 638 

McMillan,  (G6)...     150 
MacArthur,  (B3)..     300 

Madill,  (G6) 1,564 

Manchester,  (ED..    271 

Mangum,  (BS) 3,667 

Manitou,(B6) 412 

Mannford,  (H2)...     220 
Mannsville,  (G6)..     SIS 

Maramec,  (^G2) 224 

Marble  City,  (L3).    342 

Marietta,  (F7) 1,546 

Mark,  (K2) 300 

Marlow,  (E5) 1,965 

Marshall,  (E 2) 450 

Martha,  (B5) 100 

Maud,  (G4) 503 

Ma.xwell,  (GS) 100 

Maysville,  (FS) 476 

Mead,(G7) 250 

Medford,  (El) 1,110 

Meeker,  ((33) 349 

Meno,(D2) 69 

Meridian,  (F3) 199 

Miami,  (LD 2,907 

Midland,  (G5) 200 

Midway,  (H6) 200 

Milbum,  (G6) 438 

MiU  Creek,  (G6)...    626 

Milton,  (L4) 200 

Minco,  (E4) 706 

Mission  Mines,  (Ll)     200 

Mohawk,  02) 200 

Monroe,  (LS) 180 

Moore,  (E4) 225 

Mooreiand,  (B2)...    493 


OREGON 


Hamilton,  (F4) 100 

Hammond,  (Al). ..  250 

Hardman,  (F3) 200 

Harney,   (G6) 58 

Harrisburg,  (B5).  ..  453 

Helix,  (G2) 109 

Heppner,  (F3) 880 

Hermiston,  (F2)...  647 

Hilgard,   (G3) 190 

Hillsboro,  (C2). ..  .2,016 

Hillsdale,   (C3) 100 

Hood  River,  (D2).. 2,331 

Houlton,  (C2) 347 

Hubbard,  (C3)....  283 

Hugo,   (B8) 100 

Huntington,  (HS)..  680 

Imbler,  (G3) 300 

Independence,  (B4)  1,160 

lone,   (F2) 239 

Irrigon,  (F2) 100 

Irving,  (B5) 105 

Island  City,  (G3)..  166 

Jacksonville,  (B9)..  785 

Jefferson,    (B4)....  415 

John  Day,  (G5)...  258 

Jordan  Valley,  (H8)  150 

Joseph,  (H2) 725 

Junction  City,  (B5)  759 

Kamela,  (G3) 100 

Kent,  (E3) 150 

Kerby,  (B9) 120 

Kings  Valley,  (B4)  100 
Klamath  Falls, 

(D9) 2,758 

Knappa,  (Bl) 180 

Lafayette,  (B3)...  412 
La  Grande,  (G3)...  4,843 
Lakeview,(E9).,..  1,253 

Langlois,  (A8) 150 

Lapine,  (D6) 126 


Latourell  Falls, 

(C3) 100 

Lebanon,    (C4) 1,820 

Leland,  (B8) 110 

Lexington,  (F3) 185 

Linnton,  (C2) 1,165 

Lonerock,  (F3)....  70 

Longcreek,  (F4)...  86 

Lostine,   (H3) 230 

Lyons,  (C4) 150 

McCoy,  (B3) 100 

McEwen,  (G4) 110 

McMinnville,  (B3)  2,400 

Madras,  (D4) 364 

Mapleton,    (BS)...  125 

Marcola,  (CS) 200 

Marion,  (C4) 100 

Marshfield,(A7)...  2,980 

Mayger,  (Bl).....  110 

Mayville,   (E3)....  150 

Meacham.   (G2)...  100 
Medford,  (C9)....  12,490 

Mehama,   (C4).,..  100 

Melrose,  (B7) 100 

Merlin,  (B8) 150 

Merrill,  (D9) 375 

Mill  City.  (C4)....  500 

Milton,  (G2) 1,280 

Milwaukie,  (C3)...  860 

Mist.  (Bl) 150 

Mitchell,  (E4) 210 

Molalla,   (C3) 250 

Monitor,  (C3) 250 

Monmouth,  (B4)..  493 

Monroe,  (B5) 340 

Montavilla,    (C2)..  780 

Monument,    (F4).,  119 

Moro,   (E3) 378 

Mosier,  (D2) 350 

Mount  Angel,  (C3)  545 


Morris,  03) 470 

Morrison,  (F2) 327 

Mounds,  (H3) 701 

Mountain  Park,  (CS)  449 
Mountain  View,  (C4)  855 

Moyers,  06) 200 

Muldrow,  (L4)....     671 

Mulhall,  (F2) 441 

Muse,  (LS) 150 

Muskogee,  (K3)... 25,278 

Mustang,  (E4) 170 

Mutual,  (B2) 264 

Nardin,  (Fl) 277 

Nashville,  (El) 348 

Navina,  (E3) 119 

Newalla,  (F4) 130 

Newkirk,  (Fl) 1,992 

New  Marshall,  (E2)     480 
Ninnekah,  (D5)...     230 

Noble,  (F4) 403 

Norman,  (E4) 3,724 

North  Enid,  (E2)..     128 

Norton,  (G6) lOO 

Nowata,  OD 3,672 

Oakland,  TG6) 366 

Oakwood,  (C3) 199 

Oberlin,  (J7) 200 

Ochelata,  (HI) 550 

Oconee,  (H6) 100 

Odell,  (L7) 100 

Okarche,  (E3) 402 

O'Keene,  (D2) 920 

Okemah,  (H4) 1,389 

OKLAHOMA(E4)64,205 
Okmulgee,  (H3)...  4,176 

Oktaha,  (K3) 324 

Olney,  (H6) 100 

Olustee,  (B5) 850 

Oologah,  02) 255 

Orlando,  (F2) 340 

Orr,  (E6) 270 

Otoe,(F2) 400 

Overbrook,(F6)...     100 

Owasso,  02) 373 

Paden,  (G4) 419 

P.age,  (LS) 100 

Panama,  (L4) 310 

Paoli.  (F5) 239 

Parkland,  (G3) 100 

PaulsValley,(F5)..  2,689 
Pawhuska,  (HI)...  2,776 

Pawnee,  (G2) 2,161 

Payson,(G4) 140 

Peckham,  (Fl) 150 

Pcggs,(K2) 263 

Peoria,  (Ll) 135 

Perkins,  (F3) 603 

Perry,(F2) 3,133 

Petersburg,  (E7) 100 

Phillips,  (H6) 680 

Piedmont,  (E3) 255 

Pike,  (F7) 130 

Pittsburg,  (J5) 150 

Platter,  (07) 130 

Pocahontas,  05)...     140 

Pocasset,  (E4) 200 

Ponca,  (Fl) 2,521 

Pondcreek,  (ED...  1,113 

Pontotoc,  (G6) 380 

Pooleville,  (F6) 150 

Port,  (B4) 100 

Porter,  03) 637 

Porum,  (K4) 548 

Poteau,  (L4) 1,830 

Powell,  (G7) 100 

Prague,  (G4) 1,025 

Price,  (G4) 500 

Pryor,  (K2) 1,798 

Purcell,  (FS) 2,740 


Mulino,  (C3) 100 

Myrtle  Creek,  (B7)  429 
Myrtle  Point,  (A7)    836 

Needy.   (C3) 100 

Nehalem,  (B2)....  119 
New  Astoria,  (Bl)..  957 
Newberg,  (83). ..  .2,260 
New  Era,  (C3)....  200 
New  Pine  Creek, 

(E9) 200 

Newport,  (A4)....  721 
Nortli  Bend,  (A7).. 2,078 
North  Powder,  (G3)    455 

Norway,  (A7) 100 

Nyssa,(H6) 449 

Oak  Grove,  (C3)...  100 
Oakland,    (B7)....    467 

Olney,  (Bl) 180 

Ontario,  (H5) 1,248 

Oregon  City,  (C3)..  4,287 

Orient,    (C3) 150 

Oswego,  (C3) 550 

Paisley,  (E8) 200 

Parkersburg,  (A7)..  100 
Park  Place,  (C3)  . .  200 
Pendleton,  (G2)... 4,460 

Peoria,    (B5) 100 

Perry,  (G3) 100 

Perrydale,  (B3) 100 

Philomath,  (B4)...    505 

Phoenix,  (C9) 250 

Pilotrock.  (G3)..,.     197 

Pine,  (H4) 150 

Portland,  (C2).  .260,601 
PortOrford,  (A8)..  250 
Prairie  City.  (G5),.    348 

Prineville,  (E5) 1,042 

Prosper,    (A7) 250 

Rainier,  (CD 1,359 

Redmond,   (D5).,.    216 


Purdy,  (ES) 250 

Putnam,  (C3) 230 

Quapaw,  (LD 350 

Quay,  (G2) 200 

Quinlan,  (B2) 355 

Quinton,  (K4) 697 

Ralston,  (Gl) 597 

Ramona,  OD 725 

Randlett,(D6) 574 

Randolph,  (G6)...     100 

Ravia,  (G6) 556 

Reagan,  (G6) 160 

Redbird,  03) 200 

Red  Fork,  (H2) 350 

Red  Oak,  (K5) 398 

Redrock,  (F2) 378 

ReevesviUe,  (K3)..    300 

Reichert,  (L5) 100 

Remy,  (L4) 200 

Renfrew,  (El) 207 

Rentiesvill«,  (K4)  .    411 

Rex,  (K3) 150 

Ringwood,  (D2)...    271 

Ripley,  (G2) 368 

Rocky,  (C4) 378 

Roff,  (GS) 1,044 

Roland,  (L4) 228 

Romulus,  (G4) 20O 

Roosevelt,  (C5)...     298 
Rush  Springs,  (E5),    823 

Ryan,  (E6) 1,207 

Sac  &  Fox  Agency, 

(G3) 100 

Sacred  Heart,  (G4)    100 

Salina,  (K2) 250 

Sallisaw,  (L4) 2,479 

Saltfork,  (El) 200 

Sans  Bois,  (K4) 200 

Sapulpa,  (H2) 8,283 

Sasakwa,  (H5);...     241 

Savanna,  (J5) 200 

Sawyer,  (K6) 100 

Sayre,(A4) 1,881 

Scipio,  04) 300 

Scullin,(GS) 73 

Selling,  (C2) 352 

Seminole,  (G4) 476 

Sentinel,  (B4) 857 

Seward,  (F3) 159 

Shadypomt,  (L4)..     100 

Shattuck,  (A2) 1,231 

Shawnee,  (G4) 12,474 

Short,  (L3) 200 

Silo,  (H6) 152 

Skedee,  (G2) 289 

Skiatook,  (H2) 606 

Snyder,  (C5) 1,122 

Soper,  (J6) 233 

Southard,  (D2) 150 

So,  Coffeyville,  (Jl)     196 

Sparks,  (G3) 421 

Spencer,  (F4) 240 

Spiro,(L4) 1,173 

Springer,  (F6) 300 

Stanley,  (KS) 200 

Sterling,  (D5) 276 

Stidham,  (J4) 116 

Stigler,  (K4) 1,583 

Stillwater.  (F2) 3,444 

Stilwell,  (L3) 1,039 

Stonewall,  (H5)...    494 

Stratford,  (GS) 685 

Stringtown,  06).-.     200 

Stroud,  (G3) 1,220 

Sugden,  (E6) 321 

Sulphur,  (F5) 3,684 

Supply,  (Al) 180 

Sutter,  (L4) 350 

Taft,03) 352 


Reedville,  (C3)....  125 

Richland,  (H4) 334 

Rickreall,  (B4) 130 

Riddle,   (B8) 187 

Rogue  River, 

(B9) no 

Roseburg,  (E7). ..  .4,738 

Rufus,  (E2) 100 

Saint  Helens,  (C2)  742 
Saint  Johns,  (C2).. 4,872 
Saint  Paul,  (C3)...  103 
SALEM,  (C4)....  18,286 

Sandy,  (C3) 300 

Scappoose,  (C2)...    200 

Scholls,  (C2) ISO 

Scio,  (C4) 295 

Scottsburg,  (B6). . .  200 
Scotts  Mills,  (C3)..    250 

Seaside,  (B2) 1,121 

Shaniko,  (E3) 495 

Shedd,  (B5) 220 

Sheridan,  (B3). ...  1,021 
Sherwood,  (C3)....     115 

Siletz,  (B4) 100 

Silver  Lake.  (E7)..  150 
Silverton,  (C4). ..  .1,588 

Sisters.  (D5) 125 

Sodaville,  (C5)....  110 
Springfield,  (C5)...  1,838 
Stanfield,    (F2)....    318 

Stavton,  (C4) 703 

Sublimity,  (C4)....  138 
Summerville,  (G3)  237 
Sumpter,  (G4) ....  643 
Sweet  Home,   (C5)    202 

Talent,  (C9) 300 

Tangent,  (B4) 130 

The  Dalles,  (D2).. 4,880 

Tigard,  (C3) 275 

Tillamook,  (B3)... 1,352 


Tah!equah,(U)...  2,891 

Talala,01) 340 

Talihina,  (L5) 491 

Taloga,  (C2) 468 

Tamaha,  (K4) 498 

Tecumseh,  (G4)...  1,626 

Teller,  (G6) 200 

Temple,  (D6) 85 J 

Terlton,  (H2) 100 

Terral,  (E7) 573 

Texanna,  (K4) 180 

Texhoma,  (B7) 371 

Texmo,  (B3) 130 

Texola,  (A4) 361 

ThackerviUe,  (F7)..     190 

Thomas,  (C3) 1,371 

Tipton,  (B6) 441 

Tishomingo,  (G6)..  1,408 

Tonkawa,  (Fl) 1,776 

Troy,  (G6) 100 

Tryon,  (G3) 174 

Tulsa,  (H2) 18,18J 

Tupelo,  (H5) 387 

Tushka,  (H6) 300 

Tuskahoma,  (K5)..     130 

Tussy,  (E6) 130 

Tuttle,  (E4) 794 

Tyrone,  (B7) 100 

Unchuka,  (H5) 100 

Union,  (E4) 220 

Valliant,  (K6) 6S« 

Vera,  02) 312 

Verden,  (D4) 524 

Vian,  (L4) 794 

Vipita,  (Kl) 4,082 

Wade,(H7) 240 

Wagoner,  (K3) 4,018 

Wainwright,  03)...  130 

Wakita,  (El) 40S 

Walker,  (F5) 150 

Walter,  (D6) 1,377 

Wanette,  (GS) 677 

Wann,  (Jl) 286 

Wapanucka,  (H6),.     948 

Warner,  (K4) 370 

Washunga,  (Gl)...     260 

Watonga,  (D3) 1,723 

Waukomis,  (E2)...     533 

Waurika,  (E6) 2,928 

Wayne,  (F5) 332 

Waynoka,  (CI) 1,150 

Weatherford,  (C3).  2,118 
Webbers  Falls,  (K4)    380 

Welch,  (Kl) 684 

Welectka,  (H4) 1,229 

Wellston,  (F3) 590 

West  Tulsa,  02)...     300 

Westville,  (L2) 802 

Wetumka,  (H4) 1,190 

Wewoka,  (H4) 1,022 

Wheatland,  (E4)...  150 
Whitehead,  (F5)  ..  lOO 
Whitefield,(K4)...  350 
Wilburton,(K5)...  2,277 

Wildcat,  (J4) 411 

Wilkerson,(K4)...     100 

Williams,  (L4) 400 

Willis,  (G7) 130 

Wister,  (LS) 498 

Witcher,  (F3) 150 

Woodford,  (F6)...  150 
Woodville,  (G7)...  38S 
Woodward,  (A2)...  2,696 
Wyandotte,  (Ll)...     255 

Wybark,  (K3) 200 

Wynnewood,  (F5). .  2,002 

yale,(G2) 685 

Yeager,(H4) 231 

Yukon,  (E4) l.Olg 


Toledo,  (B4) 541 

Trontdale,  (C2) 309 

Tualatin,    (C3) 120 

Turner,  (C4) 191 

Tygh  Valley, 

(D3) 150 

Ukiah,  (G3) 110 

Umatilla,    (F2)....  198 

Union,    (H3) 1,483 

Vale,  (HS) 992 

Vermonia,  (B2) 69 

Waldo,   (B9) 100 

Waldport,  (AS) 250 

Wallowa,  (H2) 793 

Wamic,  {U3) 100 

Warren,  (C2) 100 

Warrendale,  (D2)..  150 

Warrenton,  (Bl)...  339 

Wasco,   (E2).,....  386 

Waterloo,  (C5)....  83 

Wauna,  (Bl) 300 

Wedderbum,     (A9)  100 

Wendling,  (CS)..,.  ,S0O 

Westfall,  (H6) 140 

Weston,   (G2) 499 

Westport,  (Bl)....  150 

West  Seaside,  (B2)  149 

Whiteson.  (B3)....  100 

Whitney,   (G4)..,.  55 

Wilbur,  (B7) 150 

Wildcrville,    (B9)..  100 

Willamette,   (C^)..  317 

Willamina,  (B3)...  376 

Wilsonville,   (C3)..  150 
Woodbum,  (C3)...  1,616 

Woods.  (A3) 100 

Yamhill,  (B3) 325 

Yankton,   (C2)....  130 

Yaquina,  (A4) 300 

Yoncalla,   (B6)....  23.' 


370 


J>£NN8YI.VANIA) 


INDEX  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES 
PENNSYLVANIA 


AinnsbuTg,  (G6)...  300 
Abbottstown.  (HtlO).  400 

Abinglon.  (L9) 400 

Abraharasville.  (L2).  100 

Abrams,  (L9) 150 

Academia,  (G7) 240 

Academy  C'^—.crs, 

(G2) VSO 

AckermaQVille,(L6)  .  350 

AcosU,  (09) 

Adah,  (BIO) 

AdunsbBTK,  (B8) 


Barbara,  (ES) 200   Bloomsburg,  (RS). 


Barclay,  (H3) 

Bardwell,  (K3) 

Barevillc.  (J  9) 

Barker.  (LIOJ 

BarkeyviUe,  (B5).. 
Barnes,  (D3). . 


Barnesboro,  (D7)... 3,535 


200 
500 
300 
675 
200 
100 
230 


AdamstowD,  09). .. 
AdarasviUc,  (A3).. . . 
Addiaghara,  (LIO).. 

AddisoQ.  (Cll) 

Adelaide,  (B9) 500 

150 

100 

too 

100 
200 
719 
150 


Admire,  (HIO), 
Adrian,  (U6)... 
AirvUle,  (JIO).. 
Airydale,  (F8).. 

Aitch,  CE8) 

Akron,  (19).... 

Alba,(H3) 

Albion,  (A2) 1,534 

Albunis.(K7) 900 

Aldan,  (LlO) 661 

AldenStauon,  (KS).  200 

AldenvUle,  (U) 130 

Alderson,  (J4) 400 

Aleppo,  (AlO) 100 

Alexandria,  (E7)....  432 
Aliquippa,(A7)....  1,743 

Alleraans,  (E7) 100 

Allen,  (G9) 350 

AUenport,  (B9) 1,500 

AUensMUls,  (D5)...   200 

Allensville,  (F7) 290 

AUemciwn,(K7)...  51,913 
Allenwood,(H5)....  300 
Allison  Park,  (B7)...  350 

Allport,  (E6) 400 

Almedia,(J5) 200 

Altoona,  (E7) 52,127 

Alum  Bank,  (D9). . .  320 

Alverton,  (B9) 600 

Ambersons  Valley, 

(F9) 450 

Ambler,  (L9) 2,649 

Ambridge.(A7)....  5,205 

Amity,  (A9) 250 

Amsbry,  (D7) 260 

Andalusia,  (M9). .. .  300 

Anita,  (C5) 3,000 

Annville,  (H8) 3,000 

AnsonviUe.  (D6) 450 

Antes  Fort,  (G5)....  300 

Antrim,  (G3) 1,500 

ApoUo,  (B7) 3,006 

Applewold,  (B6)....  300 
Aquashicola,  (K.6).. .  300 

Aram,  (GIO) 250 

Ararat,  (K2) 500 

Arcadia.  (D6) 1,400 

Archbald,  iL4) 7,194 

Ardara,(B8) 400 

Arden,(A9) 400 

Ardmore,  (LlO) 3,800 

Arendtsville,  (GIO)..  383 

Argentine,  (B5) 500 

Ariel,  (U) 400 

Aristes,  (J6) 400 

ftrmagh,(C8) 82 

Armbrust,  (39) 350 

(Arnold,  (B7) 1,818 

^mot,(G3) 3,500 

frrooa,  (B8) 683 

Arrow,  (D9) 300 

Arroyo,  (D4) 200 

Artz,(H7) 300 

Ashbourne,  (L9) 650 

Aslierton,  (H6) 200 

Ashlield,  (K6) 100 

Ashland,  (16) 6,855 

Ashley,  (K5) 5,601 

Ashtol.-i.  (D9) 100 

Ashville,  (D7) 384 

Askam,  (K5) 600 

Aspinwall,  (B7) 2,592 

Aston  Mills,  (LlO)..  400 

Atco,  (L3) 100 

Atglen,(K10) 546 

Athens,  (H2) 3,796 

Athol,  (K8) 230 

Atkinsons  Mills,  (F8)  120 

Atlantic,  (.\3) 200 

Atlas,  (16) 1,000 

Atwood,(C6) 191 

Auburn,  (17) 921 

Audenried,  (J6) 5,000 

Audubon,  (L9)... . 


Barneston,  (K9) 120 

Bamesville,  (K6)....  200 

Barree,  (E7) 240 

Barry,  (J7) 100 

Bart,  (JIO) 220 

Bartonsville,  (L5)....  250 

Bartville,  (JIO) 210 

Bastress,  (G5) 150 

Bath,  (L7) 1,057 

Baurastown,  (K8).. .  170 
Beachhaven,  (J3)...  400 

Beachlake,  (L3) 250 

Bcachly,  (CIO) 200 

Beadlin?,  (A8) 700 

BeallsviUe,  (B9) 407 

Beargap.  (H6) 120 

Bear  Lake,  (C2) 221 

Beartown,  (K9) 170 

Beaumont,  (K.4) 190 

Beaver,  (A7) 3,456 

Beaver  Center,  (A2)  150 
Beaverdale,  (D8)... 1,200 
Beaver  F.ilis,  (A6;  12,1 91 
Beaver  Meadows, 

(K6) 1,530 

Beaver  Springs.  (G7)  450 
Beavertown,  (G7)...  800 
Beavervalley,  (J6)...  500 
Bechtelsville,  (K8). .  417 
Beckersvillc,  (K9)...  250 
Becks  .Mills,  (A9), 


7,413 

Bloserville,  (G?) 130 

Bloosburg,  (G3) 2,303 

Blue  Ball,  (J  9) 200 

Bluebell,  (L9) 150 

BIytbedaie,  (B9) 800 

boalsburg,  (F6) 300 

Bodines,  (H4) 200 

Boiling  Springs,  (G9)  500 

Bolivar,  (C8) 518 

Bonneauville,  (GIO).  200 
Bonnybrook,  (G9)...   100 

Booneville,  (GS) 140 

Booth  Corner,  (KIO)  140 

Boquet,  (B8) 130 

Boston,  (B8) 800 

Boswcll,  (D9) 1,878 

Bourne,  (H2) 100 

Bower  Hill,  (A8) 300 

Bowers,  (K8) 200 

Bowersville,  (D6). . .  180 
Bowmansdale,  (H9).  240 
Bowmanstown,  (K6)  400 
Bowman.'sville,  (J9)..  250 
Boyce  Station,  (A8).   100 

Boyers,  (B5) 200 

Boyertown,  (K8). . .  2,433 

Bracken,  (D8) 400 

Brackenridge,  (B7). 3,134 
BradJock.  (B8). .  .19,357 
Bradenville,  (08)..  .1,000 

Bradford,  (D2) 14,544 

Bradys  Bend,  (B5). .  500 

Braeburn,  (B7) 200 

Braman,  (L2) 100 

Branch  Dale,  (J  7),..  750 
Brandonville,  (J6)..  200 
Brandt,  (L2) 400 


uimden,  (B8) 300  'ClearviUe,  (ElO). . . 

Cameron,  (E4) 300    Curtin,  (H7) 

Cammal,  (G4) 700    Clermont,  (E3).. .. 

CampbcUtown,  (H8)  280    Cleversburg,  (G9).. 

Camp  Hill,  (.\8)....  150    Clifford,  (K3) 

Camphill,  (U9) 875    Clifton,  (A8) 

Camptown,  (J3) 230    Clifton  Heights, 

Canadensis,  (LS) 250 

Candor,  (/"■ 
Cannelton, 


150    CuinboIa,07).... 
—    Curllsville,  (C5)... 


200 


Curry  Run,  (D6).. . 
Ctu"wensville, 

(DS) 2,549 

Custards,  (A3) 100 

Custer  City,  (D2)...  200 


...1, 


Eriton,(D5).. 

Ernest,  (C7)..., 

Erwinna,  (L7^ 

Eshbach,  (K8) 

Eshcol,  (G8) 

Eshbach,  (K8) 

^"(Asl'-'^—i^S    r^'°^-;?i^---^-\l^    CymbrirMin«,-(D7)3-55    E.ho^^^niio'^'-  '""    ^Ifl]?)'^ 

^tk«::;:      &§lh::::]^g  §Zi^^:a>^l^  e!^-<^-'-'^  ^^(^i^^^-. 


100 
300 
130 
200 
300 


730   E.  Broadtop,  (E9).. 

""    Eastbrook,  (A5) 

E.  Butler,  (B6) , 

E.  Canton,  (H3).... 
E.  Charleston,  (G2).    ... 
E.  Conemaugh,(D8)5,046 
E.  Coventry,  (K9)..  300 


100 

200 
500 
130 
ISO 


Canoe  Camp  (G2)..   140 

Canoe  Run,  (E4) 300 

Canonsburg,  (A8)... 3,891 

Canton,  (H3) 1,637 

Carbon,  (B8) 600 

Carbondale,  (K3). 17,040 


Clinton,  (L3) 250 

Clintondale,  (G5)...  220 
Clintonville,  (B5). .  .  335 

Cloe,(D6) 200 

Clovercreek,  (E8). . .   110 
Clymer,  (C7) 1,753 


Cardiff  Mmes,(D4).  300    Coal  Bluff,  (A9) 500    DalevUle,  (U).. . . . 


Cardington,  (LlO)..  400 

Carlisle,  (G9) 10,303 

Carmichaels,  (AlO)..  478 

Carnegie.  (A8) 10,009 

Carnot,  ( A7) 200 

Carr,  (B6) 200 

Carrick,  (B8) 6,117 

Carroll,  (G5) 100 

Carrolltown,  (D7). .  1,348 

Cartwright,  (D4)...  1,000    ,  .^.„, 

CarversvUle,  (L8). . .    170    Coaltown,  (B5)"" 

Carverton,  (K4) 200    Coal  Valley,  (B8) 

Cashtown,  (GIO).. ..    170    "  ...■"  — 

Cassandra,  (D8) 306 

Casselman,  (CIO)...  166 

Cassville,  (E8) 165 

Castle  Fin,  (JIO) 100 

Castle  Shatmon, 

„(A8) 2,600 

Cataract,  (ES) ;00 


Coal  CasUe,  (J7)...  200 
Coal  Center,  (B9)...  816 

Coaldale,  (E9) 311 

Coaldale,  (K6) 5,154 

Coal  Glen,  (D5) 300 

Coalhill,  (B4) 100 

Coalmont,  (E9) 228 

Coalport,  (D7) 876 

Coalridge,  (K4) 

Coalrun,  (CIO) 


200 
250 
150 

-—, 250 

Coatesville,  (KlO).l  1,084 

Coburn,  (G6) 200 

Cocalico,  (J8) ISO 

Cochranton,  (A3)...  695 
Cochranville,  (KIO).  250 

Cocolamus,  (G7) 100 

Codorus,  (HIO) 420 

Coffeetown,  (L7) 500 


Daguscahonda,  (D4)  200 
Dagus  Mines,  (D4).  800 

Dahoga,  (D3) 200 

Daisytown,  (IJ8) 382 

Daisytown,  (B9) 500 

Dale,  (K8) 1,000 

Dale,  (D8) 2,285 

DalevUle,  (L4) 250 

DalL-is,  (K4) 576 

Dallastown,  (HIO)..  1,884 

Dalmalia,  (H7) 350 

Dalton,  (K3) 767 

Damascus,  (L3) 140 

Danboro,  (L8) 150 

Danielsville.  (K6). .  1,000 

Danville,  fH6) 7,517 

Darby,  (LlO) 6,305 

Darlington,  (A6) 311 

Darragh,  (B8) 1,500 

Dauberville,  (J8) 100 

Dauphin,  (H8) 545 

Davidsburg,  (HIO)..   130 

Davisville,  (L9) 100 

Dawson,  (B9) 848 


E.Earl,  (J9) 150    Etna,  (B7i 

E.  Freedom,  (D8)...  330    Etters,  (H9)... 
E.  Grcensburg,  (B8)l,500    Euclid,  (B5).  . 
E.GreenvUle,  (L8)..1,23S    Eureka,  (L9)     "■ 
E.Hanover,  (HS)...  330    "^        '  •■ 

E.  Hickory,  <C3) 3S0 

Eastlemon,  (K3) 100 

E.  McKeesport, 

^<B8) 2,118 

E.  Mauch  Chunk, 

^(K6) 3,548 

E.  Nantmeal,  (K9)..  200 
E.  Newcastle,  (A6)..  200 

Easton,  (L7) 28,523 

E.  Petersburg,  (J9)..  600 
E.  Pittsburg,  (B8)...S,61S 
E.  Prospect,  (HIO).  ..316 
E.Riverside,  (BIO)..  100 
E.  Rochester,  (A7). .   718 

East  Side,  (K5) 220 

E.  Smethnort,  (E2)..  250 
E.  Smilhfield,  (H2)..  300 


5, 


Evansburg,  (A6)...l,, 
Evans  City,  (A6)...l,t 

Everett,  (E9) 1, 

Evergreen,  (J3) 

Everson,  (B9) 1,' 

Ewingville,  (A8) ; 

Excelsior,  (H7) l,i 

Exchange,  (H5) : 

Exeter,  (K4) 3,; 

Exeter  Borough. 

^(K.4) _...2,( 

Expedit,  (D7) 1,; 


E.  Springfield,  (A2)..  348 


Export,  (B8)... 
Eyers  Grove,  (H5). 

Eynon,  (K3) 

Factoryville,  (K3). 
Fairbank,  (BIO)... 
Fairchance,  (BIO). 
Fairdale,  (K2) 


E.  Stroudsburg,(L5)3,330    Fairfield',  (GIO)".! ! 


.1,1 


Dayton  (C6) 809    E.Texas(K7):....:'300    Fairfield'Center;"(H4)  1 

Dean,  (07),^.. 330    E.Titusvillc,  (B3)...  200    Fairhaven,  (AS)..". .  S 


Deanville,  (C6) 100 

Deckers  Point,  (C6).    100 


E.Tro.v,  (H3).... 
Eastvale,  (A6).. 


210    Fairhope,  (DIO) 

322    Fairland,  (J9).  ..i"   1 


Bellasylva,  (J4) 100 

Bellefonte,  (F6) 4,145 

BellcKrove,  (H8)....  ISO 
Belle  Vernon,  (B9). 2,372 
Belleville,  (F7) 400 


Bridgeport,  (U 10).. 3,400 
Bridgeport,  (L9). .  .3,860 

Bridgcton,  (JIO) 500 

Bridge  Valley,  (L8)..  160 
Bridgeville,  (A8) ...  1 ,983 


Cementon,  (K7).. .  .2,000  Collamer,  (KIO) 

Centerbridge,  (M8)..  160  College  Hill  ' '  ' 

Centerhall,  (F6)....   500  Collegeville,  ,_,,....  ...    ,„v. ,„„..,„ 

ConterMorehind,(K4)  1 10  Collingdale,  (LlO).  .1,361  Demunds  Corners, 

Centerport,  (J8) lU  Collins,  (H9) ISO  (K4). 


KIO)....   150    Delmont,(B8) 500    Eberlys  M  if,  (H9)V.  110    Fa  Is  (kS    ''^  ^^"^  S 

I,  A6)...  1,787    Delta,  (Jll) 881     Ebervale,  (KS).....  710    Fa  sCreekVosVl  5 

'^^-V.s-.^l)    Dempsevtown,(B3).  ISO    Eckley,  (K6).   .  500    F^ IsingTon  (M9)"     '? 


100 


„        -..--. ...    sington,  (M9) 

Economy,  (A7) 500    Fallston,  (A7) 

Eddington,  (M9).. . .   200    Falmouth,  (H9).'. ! '. 


Beiievie7(A7y.".V.".6,3"23    BHdg;«t-er;'(A7)::i:5'62    Centerroad Station,              CollomsviJIUGS)..:  170    Dents  Run, "(£4)"."  I  loO    Edd^^tore;  (Llo'i.U.'l.ie?    F"n'Sburg  ^Foi ' 
?!lh"-iS>.-;Av;-  152    ^&^^-im f??    Ceile^SquareiaV):  3M    9^^^.'^^} 'd^    SL^rriqSv. «-««2    gl^.r^.^C^..... '130    Farm"r?vir(^T9'.^; 


, 100 

Aughwick  Mills,  (F8)  500 

Austin.  (E5)       .     2  941 

Austinburg,  (Fl)         100  S''^' T ^},^^' 

AustinvUle,  (H2)         130  I— '"l  ^'^'tir     .„.. 

Avalon,(A7^..'    .4  317  gF.""°8ham,  (E7)...   196 


Bells  Landing,  (D6).  200 

Bellwood,  (E7) 2,277 

Belsano,  (D7) 200 

Bels:!n.i  Mills,  (E6)..  200 

Ben  .Avon,  (A7) 1,828 

Bendersville,  (G10).„  355 

Benezett.  (E4) 400 

Bennett,  (B7) 8,000 

Bennington  Furnace, 

(D7) 200 

Benore,    (F6) 20O 

Bensalem,  (.M9) 100 

Benson,  (D9) 387 

Bentley  Creek,  (H2).  150 
BentleyviIle,(B9)..  1,922 

Benton,  (JS) 719 

Beringer,  (D7) ISO 

Berkley,  (CIO) 100 

Berks,  (J7) 200 

Berlin,  (D 10) 1,336 

Berlinsville,  (K6)...  500 
Berraudian,  (G9).. . .   110 

Berne,  (J7) 100 

Bernharts,  (K8) 110 

Bernice,  (J4) 600 

Bernville,  (J8) 308 

Berrysburg,  (H7)...  377 

Berwick,  (GIO) 332 

Berwick,  (JS) 5,357 

Bcrwinsdale,  (D6).. .   150 

Berwyn,  (L9) 1,000 

Bessemer,  (A6) 500 

Best,(K7) ISO 

Bethany,  (L3) 130 

Bethayres,  (L9) 350 

Bethel,  (J8) 700 

Bethel,  (AS) 160 

Bethesda,  (JIO) ISO 

Bethlehem,  (L7)..  12,837 
Biglerville,  (GIO)...  386 

Bigpond,  (H2) 100 

Big  Run,  (DS)....  .1,032 
Big  Shanty.  (D2)...  220 

Bigspring,  (G9) ISO 

Bingen,rL7) 250 

Binkley,  (J9) 250 

Birchardville,  (K2).  100 
Birchrunvillc,  (K9).  130 
Bird  in  Hand.  (J9)..  250 

Birdsboro,  (K9) 2,930 

" 200 


Brisbin,  (E6) 459 

Bristol,  (,M9) 9,2S6 

Bristoria,  (AlO) ISO 

Broadaw,  (L9) 160 

Bro,adFord,  (B9)...  500 
Broad  Mountain, 

(J7) 800 

Broadtop,  (E9) 478 

Brockport,  (D4) 400 

Brockton,  (77) 300 

BrockwayvUle,  (D4)l,898 
Brodbecks,  (HIO)...  100 
Brodhcadsville,  (L6)  650 

Brookfield,  (F2) 100 

Brook  Haven,  (LlO).  100 

Brookland,  (F2) 120 

Brookline,  (AS) 180 

Brooklyn,  (K2) 300 

Erookslon,  (C3) SOO 

Brookville,  (C5).. .  .3  003 

Broomall,  (I.IO) 140 

Broughton,  (A8)...  .2,000 
Brownfield,  (BlO)..  1,500 
Brownsdale,  (B6). . .  100 
Brownstiiwn,  (DS)..  1,300 
Brow.istiiwn,  (J9)..  600 
Brow.isviile,  (J 8)...  200 
Brownsville.  (B9). .2,324 

Bruccton,  (A8) 500 

Hruin.  (B5) 539 

Brumbiugh,  (E'J)...  100 
lirumfieidville,  (K8)  320 
Bruancrville,  (J9)...  500 
Brush  Creek,  (A6)..  110 
Brush  Valley,  (C7)..  250 
Bryansville.  (Jll)  ..  120 
Bryn  Athyn,  (L9)..  130 
Bryn  Mawr,  (L9). .3,100 

Buckglen,  (J6) 200 

Buckharn,  (H5)....  170 
Buckingham.  (L8)..  ISO 

Buck  Mtn,  (J6) 300 

Bucknell.  (H6) 100 

Bucna  Vbta,  (B8)..  500 
Bufifdo  Mills.  (UIO)  200 
Buff.do  Roads,  (G6)   200 

l:uffaIorun,  (E6) 120 

Bulg:r,  (A8) 1,200 

Bullis  Mills,  (E2)...  120 
Bumpville,  (J2) 150 


Center  Valley,  (L7)  .500 

Centerville,  (B3) 264 

Centerville,  (B9)....  1,413 

Central,  (J4) 100 

Centralia,  (J6) 2,429 

Cetronia,  (L7) 200 


Colona,  (A7) 1,000 

Columbia,  (J9)..  11,454 
Columbia  Cross 

Roads,  (H2) 200 

Columbus.  (B2) 346 

Colwyn,  (LlO) 1,584 

Concord,  (F9) 170 


Chadds  Ford,  (KIO)  300    ConcordvUle,  (KIO).  400 
Chalfont,  (L8).. 303    Conemaugh,  (D8).  .3,500 


Deodati,-(H9) '200    Edella,  (KsT. .  M  Fa^rTndsvi  fe  9vl\       , 

Derrick  City,  (D2)..  200    Edelman,  (L6).. . .       \Z  Far"d"  (AS    '     ^' Vn  f 

Derry,(C8) 2,954    Eden,  (M9). ......       500  FaSove   (fin       '9 

nerrv   r.„..K  Edenbom,  (BIO). .. .   IM  Fa™trcit>^^,B9y2  0 

Edenburg,  (B4) 616  Fayetteville,  (FIO) '    61 

Edgegrove  (GU)...  ISO  FeasterviUe,  (LQ)..';  2i 

Edgehill,  (L9)) 650  Federal,  (A8)  la 


Challenge,  (D4).. . . 
Chambersburg, 

(FlO) 11,800 

Chambersville,  (C7).  600 
Chandlers  Valley, 

(C2)..... 200 


100    Conestoga,  (JIO) 600 


Derry    Church, 

(H8) 250 

Desire,  (DS) 500 

Devon,  (L9) 300 

Dewart,  (HS) 250 

De Young,  (D3) 300 

Dick,  (B8) 100 


Confluence,  (CIO).. .  890    DickersonRun,'(B9)  500    Edinboro,  ('A2) 


Edgemont,  (LlO)....   160    Felton,  (HioV  " 

Edgewood,  (B8).. ..  2,596    Ferndale,  (L7) 

Edgeworth,  (A7)... 1,229    Ferndale,  (D8) 


Conifer,  (CS).......  300 

ConneautLake,  (A3)  725 
Conneautville,  (A2).  867 
Connellsville,  (B9)  12,845 


^,.  ,        666 

Edmburg.  (AS) 440 

Edri,  (C7) 500 

Edwardsville,  (K4).  8,407 


Fernwood,  (LlO). 
Ferris,  (BS)  . 
Fertigs^  (B4). ..'.] 


Chaneysville,  (ElO).   200    Conoquenessing, 


Chapel,  (K8) 100 

Chapman,  (L7) 253 

Chapman,  (H7) 320 

Chapman  Quarries, 

„(L7) 350 

Chanmans  Run, 

(ElO) 100 

Charleroi,  (B9) 9,615 

Charleston,  (AS) 190 

Chatham,  (KIO) 190 

Ch.auncy,  (KS) 400 

Cheat  Haven,  (Bll).  200 

Chelsea,  (LlO) 100 

Cheltenham,  (L9)...  400 
Cherry  Flats,  (G3)..  130 
Cherry  Hill,  (A2)...  ISO 
Cherry  Hill,  (L7)....  100 
Cherry  Mills,  (H3)...  140 
Cherry  Tree,  (D7)...  439 

Cherrytree.  (B3) 100 

Cherry  Valley,  (BS).  113 
Cherry  Valley,  (A8)  1,400 
Cherry ville,  (K6)...  300 

Chester,  (LlO) 38,537 

Chester  Heights, 

(LlO) 130 

Chester  Hill,  (E6).. .  648 


(A6) 400 

Conrad,  (F3) 360 

Consbohocken,  (L9) 7,480 

Conway,  (A7) 1,483 

Conyngham,  (J6)... .  406 

Cookport,  (D7) 150 

Cooksburg,  (C4)....  ISO 
Coolbaughs,  (LS)...  100 
Coolspring,  (CS)....  ISO 
Coopersburg,  (L7)...  633 
Cooperstown,  (B3). .   ISl 

Coplay,  (L7) 2,670 

Coral,  (C7) 700 

Coraopolis,  (.A7)...  .5,252 

Cordelia,  (J 9) ISO 

Cornplanter,  (D2)....  200 

Cornw.all,  (J8) 300 

Cnrry,  (B2) 5,991 

v-orsica,  (CS) 301 

Cortez,  (L4) 200 

Corydon,  (D2) 500 

CoryvUle,  (E3) 300 

Costello,  (E3) 900 

Coudersport,  (F2).  .3,100 

Coulters,  (B8) 600 

Coupon,  (D7) 500 

Courtdale,  (K4)..         '  ' 


Dickinson,  (G9) 800 

Dickson  City,  (K4).  9,331 

Dillsburg,  (H9) 853    Edwardsville,  (K4).  8,407  Fieldl  Station' foVl'   5) 

Dimock,(K3) 100    Effort,  (L6).  I..... .  110  FUer  (A4)      *  ^      ^'  2 

iPP'j  '■PL.V ■  ■  •  '•°<"'  Finleyville;  (aV)! '.'.'.  t 

Ehrenfeld,  (D8) 400  Fisher,  (C4).  « 

Earn,  (KIO)  130  Fishers  Feriy,  (H6):  2 

f  K'"'^,'te\<^">---  ^^°  F«hertown,(b9)..     r 

gbon  (D*) 300  Fisherville,  (H7)  k 

ImS°''^?">VoV-   '^*  FfeW=gCreek,(J5.    2 

E!d:r?^f(c^A'.l-;:-  285  S'^-^'.-«?j?".'l9)  3? 

El  Dorado.  (E8) 300 

Eldred,  (E2) 1,235 

Eldredsville,  (H3).. .   100 

Eleanor,  (D5) 500 

E!gin,(B2) 148  . ,  _,,, 

E  imsport,  (GS).. . . .  400  Fleetwood,  (K8);.'.Vl,39 

Elizabeth,  (B8)_.  .2,311  Fleming,  (F6). .....  36 


Dingmans  Ferry, 

„(MS) 350 

Dixmont,  (A7) 1,200 

Dixon,  (K3) 130 

DixonvHIe,  (C7) 800 

Doe  Run,  (KIO)....  220 

Dolington,  (M9) 130 

Donaldson,  (J7) 1,100 

Donegal,  (C9) 147 

Donora,  (B9) 8,174 

Dormont,  (A8) 1,115 

Dornsife,  (H7) 110 

Dorranceton,  (K4)..  4,046 
Dorseyville,  (B7)....  500 
Douglassville,  (K8)..  130 


Fiveforks,  (FlO)....  K 
Five-Mile  House, 

^.(K8), ?:...  IC 

Fivepomts,  (AS) 2C 

Flatwoods,  (B9)  13 

Fleetville,  (K3) 25 


Dover,  (H9) 576  Elizabethtown,(H9J2,S87 

Downievilie,  (B7)...  200  Elizabethvillc,  (H7)l,039 

Downingtown,  Elk  City,  (B4) 100 

(K9) 3,326  Elk  Grove,  (J4) 100 

Doylesburg,  (F9)....   100  Elkhom,  (B9) 200 

Doylcstown,  (L8)... J,304  Elk  Lake,  (J3) 200 


Draketown,  (CIO).. . .  120 

Draper,  (G3) 140 

Dravosburg,  (B8)...  1,895 
Drehersville,  (K7)...  420 

Dresher,  (L9) 300 

Driiton,  (KS) 2,500 

Driftwood,  (E4) 517 


Avella,  (A8) 500 

Avis,(GS) 796 

Avoca,  (K4) 4,634 

Avon,  (18) 400 

Avondale,  (KIO)....  668 

Avonia,(An 200 

Avonmore,(C7)....  1,262 

Avoy,(L4) 150 

Axemann,  (F6) 200 

Bachmanville,  (H9).   260 

Baden,  (A7) 601 

Bajgaley,  (C9) 1,000 

Bainbridge,  (H9).. . .  800 

2^,  (B9) 300 

Bakers  Summit,  (E8)  200 
Bakerstown,  (B7)...  300 
Bakersville,  (C9).. . .  100 

Ba^a,lL10) 2OO 

Ba^d  Eagle,  (E7)....  300 
Baldmount,  (K4)...  no 
Balls  Mills,  (G4)....  120 

Bally,  (K8)   .'.:::  IsS 

B»ls"-(B7) 100 

S??J?!i,L«)v..-- 5,369 


Bishop,  (A8) 500 

Bismarck,  (J8) 700 

Bittcrsville,  (HIO)...   100 

Bitumen,  (F4) 400 

Blackash,  (B3) 180 

Blackhorse,  (KIO)...  330 
Black  Lick,  (C8)...  1,500 

Blarklog,  (F8) 200 

Blackwalnut,  (J3).. .   100 

Blain,  (F8) 326 

Blain  City,  (D6)...  540 

Blainsport,  (J8) 180 

Blairs  Mills,  (F9)...   100 
Blair  Station,  (A8)..  400 

Blairsville,  (C8) 3,572 

Blairsville  Intersection, 

(C8) 400 

Blakely,  (K4) 5,345 

Blakeslee,  (KS) 200 

Blanchard,  (F5) 550 

Blandburg,  (E7).. .  .1,800 

Blandon,  (K8) 600 

Bloomfield.  (G8) 762 

Bloomingdale,  (JS)..  200 


.  :J2)... 

Bunkcrhill.  (J8) 150 

Bunola,  (n9) 300 

Burdine,  (A8) 300 

Burgettstown,  (A8).I,268 

Burlington,  (H2) 142 

Burnham,  (F7) 700 

Burnside,  (D6) 493 

Burnt  Cabins,  (F9).   120 

Burnwood,  (K2) 120 

Burrows,  (D3) 180 

Bursonville,  (L7)....    170 

Bushkill,  (L5) 130 

Butler,  (B6) 20,728 

Buttonwood,  (G3)...  200 


.,,.___  .,  ,     _ 548  

Chester  Springs,(K9)  180    Courtney,  (A9) 600    Drinker,  (L4)..'. 100 

Chester  Valley,  (L9)  160    Cove  Forge,  (E8). . .   100    Drummond,  (D4). . .    ISO 
~       "     '         '    "'      ^      Coventryville,  (K9).   100    ~ 

Covington,  (G3) 340 

Covode,  (C6) 200 

Cowan,  (H6) 110 

Cowanesque,  (G2)...  330 

Cowanshannoc,  (C6)  200 

Cowansville,  (B6)...  200 


Chest  Springs,  (D  7).  174 

Cheswick,  (B7) 317 

Chewton,  (A6) 300 

Cheyney,  (KIO) 230 

Chickies,  (J9) 250 

Chicora,  (B6) 1,700 

Childs,  (K3) 100 


Butztown,  (L7) 200    Clarington,  (C4). . 


Chillisquaque,  (H6).   160    Crabtree,  (C8) 200 

Chinchilla,  (K4) 320    Crafton,  (A8) 4,583 

Choconut,  (J2) 250    " - 

Christiana,  (JIO)....  934 
Church  town,  (K9)..  300 
Churchville,  (L9)...  260 

Circleville,  (B8) 100 

Clair,  (E8) 100 

Clairton,  (B8) 3,326 

Cbrence,  (FS) 100 

Clarendon,  (C2) 933 

Claridge,  (B8) 2,200 


ille,(B6)....  280    Duncansville,  (E8)..l,263    Elwyn,  (LlO) ISO    Fort  Loudon  (FlO)     3 10 

(HIO) 150    Dundaff.(K3) 150    Elysburg,  (H6) 200    For  nev  (hV  lIS 

,(C8) 160    Dunkard,(All) 200    Emaus,  (L7) 3,501    Fort  VVashingtoiL' ' 


Byrnedale,  (D4) 600 

Cabot,  (B6) 200 

Cains,  (K9) ISO 

Caledonia,  (E4) 260 

California,  (L8) 120 

California,  (B9) 2,230 

Callensburg,  (B5)...  198 

Callery,  (A7) 235 

Calumet,  (B9) 500 

Camargo,  (JIO) 180 

Cambra,  (J5) 100 


Blooming  Glen,  (L8)  300    Cambridge,  (k.9).'. ! !  130 


Banksviurffir'ilm    g«>™ng  uien,  (L8)  300    Cambridge,  (K9).. . 
BSSSSl'(B^9l*?:-V.iS    ifc:i°i§ir.-S'd\?2S    CambridgeSprings. 


200    Blooming  VaUey',(A3)150       <A2) f7.1,5l4 


.      500 

Clarion,  (C5) 2,612 

Clark,  (A4) 300 

Clarksburg,  (C7).. . .  200 
ClarksGreen,  (K4)..  210 
Clarks  Summit,  (K4)  500 
Clarksville,  (AlO)...   208 

Clarksville,  (A4) 216 

Claussville,  (K7).. ..  400 

Clay,  (J9) 110 

Claysburg,  (D8) 200 

Claysville,  (A9) 1,045 

Clayton,  (K8) 320 

Claytonia,  (AS) 250 

Clcarffeld,  (E5) 6.851 


Craigsville,  (B6) 

Craley, 

Cramer, 

Cranberry,  (134) 200 

Cranesville,  (A2).. . .  200 

Creamery,  (L9) 150 

Creckside,  (C7) 563 

Creighton,  (B7) 600 

Crenshaw,  (D5) 400 

Cresco,  (LS) 200 

Cressman,  (L8) 300 

Cresson,  (D8) 1,470 

Cressona,  (J7) 1,837 

Creswell,  (JIO) 120 

Crooked  Creek,  (G2)  150 

Crosby,  (E3) 100 

Cross  Creek,  (A8)...  150 
Cross  Fork,  (F4)....  800 
Crosskill  Mills.  (J8).  100 
Cross  Roads,  (L7)...  100 
Cros,sroads,  (HIO)...    158 

Crothers,  (A9) 100 

Crumlynne,  (LlO).. .  600 
Cumberland  Valley, 
(DIO) 130 


Drums,  (JS)....;...  900 

Dry  Run,  (F9) 170 

Dublin,  (L8) 360 

Dubois,  (D5) 12,623 

Duboistowii,  (GS)..    682 

Dudley,  (E9) 440 

Duke  Center,  (E2). .   600 

Dunbar,  (BIO) 1,970 

Duncannon,  (G8)....l,474 
Duncansville,  (E8)..l,263 


Elkland,  (Gl) 1,175 

Elk  Lick,  (Cll).. ..1,200 

Ellenton,  (H3) 100 

Elliott,  (A8) 4,200 

Elliottsburg,  (G8).. .   140 
Elliotts  Mills,  (AS)..  650 

Elliottson,  (G9) 110 

Ellisburg,  (F2) 130 

Ellsworth,  (B9) 2,084 

Ellwood  City,  (A6).  3,902 

Elm,  (H9) 100 

Elmer,  (F2) 200 

Elmhurst,  (K4) 379 

Elmora,  (D7) 1,000 

EIrama,  (B9) 200 

Elrov,  (L8) 250 

Elton,  (D8) 250 

Elverson  (K9) 350 

Elwvn,  (LIO) ISO 


Flemington,  (F5)...l,02 

Flicksville.  (L6) 10 

Floreffe,  (B8) 50 

Florence,  (A8) 33 

Florenza,  (DS) 50 

Florin,  (H9) 80 

Flourtown,  (L9)....   50 

Floyd,  (B4) 23 

Fogelsville,  (K7) 40 

Folcroft,  (LlO) 15 

Folsom,  (LlO) 10 

Fontana,  (J8) 20i 

Footdale,  (BIO) 8O1 

Forbes  Road,  (C8). .  40l 

Force,  (D4) 351 

Ford  City,  (B6).... 4,851 
Forest  City,  (L3)...5,74' 
Forest  Grove,  (LS). .  131 
Forest  Lake,  (K2).. .  2S( 
Forestville,  (B5).... 

Forkston,  (J3) 

Forksville,  (H4) 

Fort  Hunter,  (H8). 
Fort  Littleton,  (F9) 


10( 
26( 
10( 
63C 

lie 


Dunlevy,  (B9) 300 

Dunlo,  (D8) 2,500 

Dunmore,  (K4)..  .17,615 

Dupont,  (K4) 500 

Duqucsne,  (B8)..  .15,727 

Durham,  (L7) 200 

Durlach,  (J9) ISO 

Duryea,  (K4) 7,487 

Dushore,  (J3) 813 

Dutch  Hill,  (BS)....  250 

Dysart,  (D7) 200 

Eagles  Mere,  (H4). .   184 

Eagleville,  (L9) 160 

Earlston,  (E9) 500 

Earlville,  (K8) 300 

E.  Altoona,  (E7)... 1,200 
E.  Bangor,  (L6)....  1,1 86 
E.  Bellcvue,  (A8)...   250 

E.  Benton,  (K3) 200 

E.Berlin,  (HIO) 672 

E.Brady,  (B6) 1,493 

E.  Branch,  (B2) 100 


Embrceville,  (KIO)..   130 

Emeigh,  (D7) 400 

Emerald,  (K7) 200 

Emerickville,  (CS)..   180 

Emigsville,  (H9) 200 

Emienton,  (B5) 1,110 

Emporium,  (E3).... 2,916 

Emsworth,  (A7) 1,510 

Endeavor.  (C3) 400 

Enders,  (H8) 100 

Englesville,  (K8).. . .   100 
English  Center,  (G4)  600 

Enhaut.  (H9) 450 

Enon  Vallev,  (A6).. .  354 

Enterline,  (H8) 120 

Enterprise,  (B3) 600 

Entriken,  (F8) 180 

Ephrata,  (J9) 3,192 

Epton,  (B8) 300 

E-juinunk,  (L2) 400 

Erdon,  (E7) 900 

Erie,(Al) 66,525 


shington, 

^a9) 7...  600 

Fortyfort,  (K4) 2,3 1? 

Fountain  Dale,(Gll)  250 
Fountain  Hill,  (L7).l,388 
Fountain  Springs, 

„(J7) 400 

Foxburg  (BS) 750 

Frackvilie,  (J6) J,118 

Frank,  (B8) 500 

Frankfort  Springs, 

^(A8) :....„.   144 

Franklin,  (D8) 2,102 

Franklin,  (B4) 9,767 

Franklin  Corners, 

^(A2) 200 

Franklin  Forks,(K2)  100 
Franklinlnwn,  (G9).  216 
rranklinville,  (E7). .  120 
Frankstown,  (£8)...  200 

Frazer,  (K9) 100 

Fredell,  (BS). jno 

F«derict,(K8>,....  31(i 


INDEX  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES 


(PENNSYLVANL.y 


371 


xJericksburg,  (J8)   770 
!dericktown,  (A9)l,000 


jdonia,  (A4). 
:eburg,  (H7). 

■ed,  CC9) 

;edom,  (A7). . 

«hoid,  (C2).. 

*laiid,  (K5).. 

3«inan,  (K.8), 


443 
..  680 
..  300 
.  .3,0(,0 
..  110 
-.6,197 
100 


Gravity,  (L4) 150 

Grays  Landing,  (810)200 


Graysville,  (E7) 

Greason,  (G9) 

Great  Belt,  (U6) 

Great  Uend,  (K2)... 
Greece  City,  (B6)... 

Greeley,  CL4} 

Greenbrier,  (H7) 


160 
100 
100 
788 
100 
200 
160 


Hillsgrove,  (H4) S50 

Hillside.  (C8) 130 

Hillsville,  (A5) 200 

Hinliletown,  (J9)....    180 

Hitcs,  CB7) 300 

Hobbie,  (J5) 100 

Hoboken,  CU7) 700 

Hogestown,  (G9).. . .   150 
Hokendauqua,  CK.7).  800 


iemansburg,  (L7).  867    Greencastle,  (FIO)..  1,919    Hollidaysburg,  (E8)3,734    jumoiiviUc  (BloV 


2,24S 
220 
100 
300 
600 
103 


!  :eport,  (B7). 

"  ■nchville,  {E5).. . . 

cks,  (L8) 

edens,  (C9) 

idensburg,  (J7).. 
ndsviUc,  02)-... 

co,(A6) 100 

iztown,  (J9) 100 

stburg.  (C6) 400 

■burg.  (C4) 300 

ler,  (CS) 100 

lerton,  (L7) 750 

ton  House,  U 10).  150 

(JIO) 130 

oes,  (F3) 1,000 

Eton,  (F3) 4,027 

latin,  (B9) 300 

fitzin,  (D8) 3,504 
ister,  (E8) 100 
.5.  (BU) 200 

„).  (JIO) 800 

:Jdcau,  (E3) 100 

!*fdenvilie,  {L8)...  200 

fleld,  08) 150 

land,  (C2) 300 

mans  Mills,  (D7)  ISO 

rett,  (CIO) 848 

rcttford,  (LIO)..  220 

wood,  (B91 100 

tonville,  (A8)... .  650 

town,  (C7) 150 

chellville,  (Hll).  160 


Greene,  (JIO) 200 

Greenfield,  (Bl) 100 

Greenfield,  (A5) 300 

Greengrove,  (K3). . .   180 

Greenlane,  (K8) 372 

Greenock,  (B8) 750 

Greensboro,  (BIO)...  442 
Greensburg,  (C8)..  13,012 
Greenspring,  (F9)...  100 
Green  Tree,  (A8)...  1,143 
Green  Village,  (F9)..  210 

Greenville,  (A4) 5,909 

Grill,  (K8) 200 

Grimvillc,  (K7) 160 

Grindstone,  (B9) 500 

Groffs  Store,  (J9)...   180 

Grovania,  (H6) 200 

Grove  City,  (A5),.. 3,674 

Grover,  (H3) 300 

Groveton,  (AT) 390 

Gullev.  (D3) 100 

Gulf  .Mills,  (L9) 800 


Hoolinger,  (J 9) 150 

Hollisterville,  (L4). .  300 

HoUsopple,  (D9) 450 

Holtz,  (HIO) 200 

Home,  (C6) 130 

Homer  City,  (C7)...  985 
Homestead,  (B8)...18,713 

Honesdale,  (L3) 2,945 

Honeybrook,  (K9)..  581 
Honey  Grove,  (F8)..   250 

Honor,  (.\6) 200 

Hooker,  (B5) 100 

Hookstown,  (A7).. . .  250 

Hoopcston,  (L9) 250 

Hooverhurst,  (D6). .  100 
Hooversville,  (D9)..  990 
Hopbottom,  (K.3). . .  364 

Hopcland,  (J9) 200 

Hopewell,  (E9) 590 

Hoi>ewell,  (KIO) 136 

Hopewell  Cotton 

Works,  (KIO) 300 


ohnsonville,  (L6).. .    150 
ohnstown,  (D8).  .55,482 

ohnsville,  (L9) 200 

oliett,  (J7) 200 

ones  Mills,  (C9).. . .    110 
ones  Station,  (B8)..  300 

.onestown,  (J8) 603 

Josephine,  (C7) 4,850 

Julian,  (F6).. 200 

350 

unction,  (J 9) 130 

uneau,  (D6) 100 

Juniata,  (E7) 5,285 

JuniataviUe,  (BIO)..   750 

Justus,  (K4) 200 

Kane,  (D3) 6,626 

Kanesholm,  (D3). . .   100 

Kancvillc,  (B3) 200 

Kantner,  (D9) 300 

Kantz,  (H6) 150 

Karns  City,  (U5).. . .   233 
Karthaus,  (ES) 700 


Large,  (B8) 300 

Larimer,  (B8) 1,700 

Larke,  (E8) 150 

Larksville,  (K4) 9,288 

Larrys  Creek,  (G5)..   310 

Lash,  (B9) 250 

Latrobc,  (C8) 8,777 

Lattimer  Mines, 

,  (K5) 1,500 

Laughlintown,  (C9).  150 
Laurel  Run,  (KS). . .  790 

Laurelton,  (G6) 310 

Laurys  Station,  (K7)  200 

l.avellc,  (J7) 600 

I.awn,  (H9) 200 

Lawrence,  (A8) 160 

Luwrencevilie.  \G2).  54-v 
Lawsonham,  (C5).. .  150 
Lawsville  Center, 

(K2) 

Lawton,  (J2) 

Layton,  (B9) 


Longlevcl,  (JIO) 

),(K7)... 


Kaseville,  (H5) 1 50    Leiicock,'(J9').. . .   . 

Kassonbrook,  (J4)...   100    Leaman  Place,  (J9)., 


Guthriesville,  (K9)..   220    Hoppenville,  (L8)...    ISO 

Guths  Station,  (K7).  300    Hopwood  (BIO) 800 

Guys  .Mills,  (B3) 300    Horatio,  (CC) 1,200 


"es,  (BIO)'. 


400 


Gwynedd,  (L9) 150 

Haafsville,  (K7) 100 

Haas,  (J7) 250 

Hackctt,  (A9) 500 

Haddcnville,  (BIO)..    100 

Hadley,  (A4) 300 

Haffey,  (B7) 120 

Hagersville,  (L8) 300 


Horsham,  (L9) 220 

Hortons,  (D6) 130 

Hosensack,  (L8) 100 

Host,  (J8) 120 

Hostetter,  (C8) 800 

Houserville,  (F6) 160 

Houston,  (.A9) 793 

Houtzdale,  (E6) 1,434 

Howard,  (FS) 667 

Hoytdale,  (,\6) 400 

Hoytville,  (G3) 700 

Hublersburg,  (F6).. .   180 

Hudson,  (KS) 2,000 

Huefner,  (C4) 100 

Huey,  (L'5) 250 

Huff,  (C8) 150 


Kelly  Station,  (B7)..  200 

Kelton,  (KIO) ISO 

Kemblesville,  (KU).  210 

ly,  (.\8).     ;....   100    Hahntown,' (ij8)V.".:  630  HoytdaTe,"(,WX !!! !  400  KeMrr°r(A4)..^.^;!;   ISO 

!P°".(E8) 917    Halifa.x,  (H8) 745    Hoytville,  (G3) 700  Kcnnerdell,  (l;4).. . .   150 

.    ^     /V„V  ?fR    H^  ,1a™.   H9) 472  Hublersburg,  (F6).. .   180  Kennel  t  Sq,  (KIO).  2,049 

town,  (K9). ..  330    Hallstead,  (K2). ..  .1,538    Hudson,  (KS) 2,000  Kent,  (C/).                   130 

town  (08) 100    Hallton,(D4) 500    Huefner,  (C4) 100  Keown,  (A7)       ■""  200 

'"■'-, Ih ^??    Hamburg,  (K7).... 2,301    Huey,  (C5) 2S0  Kerrmoor,  (D6)..  i!!   130 

"^■^f./f^) 350    Ham|l,(C6) 200    Huff,  (C8) ISO  Kersey,  (D4). ...  .i     600 

,(.\3)                236    Hamilton.  (C6) 350  Huffs  Station,  (B8)..  650  Keystone  Tr,  (DIO).  150 

rgetown,(A7)...   269    Hamlm,  (T8) 170  Hughestown,  (K4)..2,024  Khedive,  (AlO)            100 

nanii,(F3)            300    Hamlin,  (L4) 200  Hughesville,  (H5)..  1,650  Kiferlown,  (B9)..;"  200 

nansville,  (K7)..   130    Hammersley  Fork,              Hughs,  (T4) 100  Kimberton,  (K9).        200 

,   (!■"■») 160  Hulraeville  (M9)....  468  Kimble,  (L4).        '"   150 

Hammett,(Bl) 400    Humbert,  (CIO) 300  Kimmeiton,  (D9)        200 


Katcllen,  (L6) 150 

KaulTman,  (FIO) 120 

Kaylor,  (iJ6) 1,000 

Kearney,  {E9) 200 

Keating  Summit, 

(E3) 200 

Kccksburg,  (C9) ISO 

Keeneyville,  (G2)...   230 

Keim,  (CIO) 180 

Keistcr  Works, 

(BIO) 1,200 

Kclayres,  (J6) 1,500 

Kellam,  (L2) 150 

Kellers  Church,  (L8)  ISO    ,^-.,.. 

Kellcttville,  (C3)....  430    Leetsdale,  (A7) 1,904 

Kellypoint,  (G6)....   120    Lehigh  Tannery, 


130 

100 

300 

350 

,  ,.-,-.   100 

Lebanon,  (J8) 19,240 

Leboeuf,  (B2) 130 

Leckrone,  (BIO) 500 

Lecontes  Mills,  (ES).  300 

Lederach,  (L8) 130 

Ledgedalc,  (L4) 180 

Ledger,  (J9) loO 

Leechburg,  (B7) 3,624 

Leechs  Corners,  ( A4)  150 

Leeper,  (C4) 250 

Lcesburg,  (AS) 200 

Lees  CroS5roads,(G9)  420 

Leesport,  (J8) 600 

Leetonia,  (F3) 300 


(KS).      

Lehigh  ton,  (K6).. 

Lehman,  (J4) 

'   ■■      Pi)... 


.  150 
5,315 
.  2U0 
.  100 
.  160 
1,050 


ysburg,  (GIO).. 4,030 

-altar,  (K8) 400 

.on,  (K2) 250 

onia,  (A7) 130 

ronton,  (B9) 300 

ert,  (L5) 130 

erton,  (J6) 5,401 

ertsville,  (K8)...  500 

:spie,  (B9) 1,000 

tt,  (H2) 200 

er,  (E6) 100 

y,(D6) 300 

rd,  (Al) 1,155 

rd  Manor,  (J6)..  200 
rdville,  (J6).. .  .4,396 

land,  (L3) 140 

Jen,  (.\8) 300 

lens,  (DIO) 410 

■  (CIO) 130 

.  .Mills,  (B7). . .  300 

.■run,  (C2) '  600 

wyne,  (L9) 1,000 

!0w,  (A7) 203 

:ow,  (E7) 200 

imere,  (B7) 1,200 

port,  (B8) 5,540 

ionton,  (F4) 400 

3urn,  (K3) 319 

Campbell,(D6)l,099 
Carbon,  (J7)...    100 

lale,  (A7) 500 

Ion,  (L7) 823 

ielJ,  (A7) 984 

lazel,  (D3) 500 

lope,  (D6) 237 

ron,  (G5) 100 

och,  (K9) 160 

yon,  (J5) 3,500 

.Vlills,  (LlO)...  350 

noore,(K9) 180 

Olden,  (LlO)..  1,157 
Kichey,  (D6)..   710 

iddle,  (L10)...330 
Rock, 

10) 1,263 

oy,  (JIO) 110 

haw,  (B7) 100 

ide,  (L9) 1,500 

mion,  (F5) ISO 

lllc,  (Hll)....   130 

thite,  (D7) 200 

fiUard,  (A7). ..  400 
food,  (K3) 100 

Mills,  (G6)...  350 

rd.  (Al) 100 

boro,  (H9) 434 

rille,  (K9) 200 

)n,  (T7) 1,185 

)nvinc,  (J9).. . .   400 

;n,  (JIO) 120 

■  nville,  (KIO). .  120 
lllersville, 

) 100 

Lsboro,  (KS). . .  84 
Isboro,  (L4)....  250 

n,  (J6) 500 

n  City,  (H6).. .   300 

dale,  (KS) 300 

ion,  (C7) 700 

■ville,  (LlO). . .   100 

'",  (E8) 190 

plan,  (D6) 666 

1  Tunnel,  (TS)..  200 
1  Valley.  (C3)..  290 
tehill,  (GIO)...   100 

ville,  (H8) 220 

■iUe,  (F7) 200 

■ille  Center, 

)- 170 

ville,  (B8) 140 

flat,  (E6) 1,000 

rford,  (L9) 180 

.(H7) 536 

town,  (B9). ...  200 


Hammond,  (C2) 100 

Hamorton,  (KIO)...  250 

Hampton,  (GIO) 190 

Hannastown,  (BS)..   500 

Hanover,  (HIO) 7,057 

Hanoverdalc,  (H8). .   120 


Leidy,  (F4, 

Leinbachs,  (J8)_ . 
Leisenring,  (BIO). 

Leith,  (BIO) 850 

Leithsville,  (L7) 140 

Lemasters,  (FIO).. . .    160 

Leraont,  (FO) 120 

Lemont  Furnace, 

(BIO) 1,100 

Lemoyne,  (H9) 1,393 

Lenhartsville,  (K7)..   153 
Lenni  Mills,  (LlO)...  490 

Lenover,  (KIO) 100 

Leola,  (J9) 100 


Hummelstown,(H9)2,128    Kinderhook,  (H9).";   130    Leoly'n,  (H3')' 


Hunkers,  (B9) ISO    King  of  Prussia,(L9)   100 

Hunlock  Creek,  (JS)  530    Kingsdale,  (GU).. ..    110 


Hunterstown,  (G  fo)'.  190 
Huntersville,  (H4)..  190 
Huntingdon,  (FS).. 6,861 


Hanover  Jc,  (EIIO)..  200    Huntingdon  Valley, 


Harbour  Creek,(BI).  100 

Harding,  (K4) ISO 

Harford,  (K2) 300 

HarLansburg,  (.\5)...  250 

Harleigh,  (K5) 550 

Harley.sville,  (L8)...  350 
Harmarville,  (B7).. .  780 
Harmonjiburg,  (.\3).   100 

Harmony,  (.^6) 673 

HARRISBURG, 

(H8) 64,186 

Harrison  City,  (B8).  250 
Harrison  Valley, 

(F2) 600 

Harrisville,  (BS) 352 


250 


(L9) 

Huntington  Mills, 

,  (J5) 350 

Huntsdalc,  (G9) 300 

Hustontown,  (F9)..  .    140 

Hutchins,  {Di) 200 

Hyde,  (D5) 250 

Hyde  Park,  (B7)....  315 

Hydetown,  (B3) 413 

Hyndman,  (DIO)..  .1,164 

Hyner,  (F4) 220 

Ickesburg,  (G8) 410 

Idamar,  (C7) 800 

Idaville,  (G9) 1 10 

Idlepark,  (C8) 200 


Hartlcton,'(G6).!!!!    160    Wlewood,  (A8).'! !!!   600 


Hartley,  (HIO) 250 

Hartstown,  (A3) 135 

Hartsville,  (L9) 100 

Harveys,  (AlO) 2S0 

Harvevville,  (JS).. . .   280 

Hastings,  (07) 2,125 

Hatboro,  (L9) 963 

Hatchery,  (K6) 100 

Hatfield,  (L8) 705 

Hauto  (K6) 500 

Haverford,  (L9) 530 

Hawk  Run,  (E6) 690 

Hawlcy,  (L4) 2,018 

Hawthorn,  (CS) 569 

Haydentown,  (BIO)..  ISO 

Havnic,  (B4) 200 

Hays,  (B8) 1,838 

HayiMill,  (OIO)....   100 

Haysville,  (A7) 166 

Hazeldell,  (A6) 1,168 

Hazelhurst,  (D3). . .  1,000 

Hazletcn,  (J6) 25,452 

Hazzard,  (B9) 300 


Imprial,  (A8) 800 

Independence,  (A8).  250 

Indiana,  (C7) 5,749 

Indian  Creek,  (CIO).  200 

Industry,  (A7) 300 

Ingram,  (A8) 2,037 

Inkerman,  (K4) 500 

Instanter,  (D3) 400 

Intercourse,  (J 9) 320 

lola,  (H5) 110 

Irish  Ripple,  (A6). 
Irishtown,  (GIO).. 

Ironbridge,  (L9) 230 

Ironton,  (K7) 200 

Irvineton,  (C2) 240 

Irvona,  (D6) 800 

Irwin,  (B8) 2,SS5 

Iselin,  (C7) 200 

Isctt,  (E7) 200 

Ivanhoe,  (.\9) 500 

Ivarea,  (A2) ISO 

Ivison,  (D7) 150 

IvyLand,  (L9) 247 


Kingsley,  (K2) 200 

Kingston,  (K4) 6,449 

Kintncrsville,  (L7)..    110 

Kinzers,  (110) 100 

Kinzua,  (D2) 900 

Kirby,  (AIO) 100 

Kirks  Mills,  (Jll)...   180 

Kirkwood,  (J  10) 200 

Kishacoquillas, 

(F7) 100 

Kittanning,  (C6)... 4,311 
Kittanning  Point, 

(E8) ISO 

Klecknersville,  (L6).    150 
KIcinfeltersville, 

(J8) 190 

Knapp,  (G3) 250 

Knight.s,  (C8) 500 

Knowlton,  (LlO) 100 

Knox,  (B5) 900 

Kno.xD.ale,  (CS) 300 

Knoxvillc,  (B8) 5,651 

Kno.iville,  (G2) 840 

Koppcl,  (A6) ISO 

Kossuth,  (B4) 

Kratzerville,  QIC).. 

Kreamer,  (116) 

Kreidcrsville,  (L7). 
Kresgcville,  (K6)... 


100 
200 
160 
ISO 

200 

Kress,  (G2) ISO 


Heckton  Mills,  (H8)  110    Jackson,  {K2) 250 

Hecktown,  (L6) 200  Jackson  Center, 

Hccla,  (K7) 120        (A4) 269 

Hc^ins,  (:i7) 330  Jacksonville,  (C7).. .  87 

Hejdelbcrg,  (A8)...  1,848  Jacksonville,  (K7).. .  250 

Hcidlersburg,  (GIO).  300  Jacksonville,  (B8).. .  500 

Heilmandale.  (J8).. .   ISO  Jacobs  Creek,  (B9)..  250 

Hc'lwood,  (D7) 1,000    Jacobus,  (HIO) 260 


Helfcnstem,  (J7) 200 

Hellam,  (H9) 300 

Hellcrtown.  (L7) 915 

Helvetia,  (D5) 200 

Henderson,  (A4) 130 

Henrietta,  (E9) 100 

Hensel,  (JIO) 100 

Hepburnville,  (G4)..    100 

Hepler,  (H7) 130 

Hereford,  (K8) 170 

Herminie.  (B8) 800 

Herndon,  (H7) 620 

Hcrrick  Center, 

(K3) 410 

Herrickville,  (J2)... .  280 

Herrville,  (JIO) 200 

Hershey  (H8) 350 

Hetlervillc,  (J5).,...  250 

Hickernell,  (A2) ISO 

Hickman,  ( A8) 500 

Hickory,  (A8) 210 

Hickory  Comers, 

(H7) 100 

Hicks  Run,  (E4) 300 

High  Spire,  (H9)...  1,659 

Highville,  (JIO) loO 

Hilliards,  (B5) 200 

Haisdale,  (D6).^..  400 


450 
330 
500 
.  822 
.  500 
.  200 
1,300 
'  077 


Tames  City,  (D3) 
James  Creek,  (E8).. 

Jamestown,  (08) 

Jamestown,  (A4).. . . 
Jamison  City,  (J4). . 
Jarrettown,  (L9). 
Jcanesville,  (K6). 
Jeannette.  (IS8).. 

[cddo,  (K6) 377 

lefferson,  (AlO) 357 

Icfferson,  (HIO) 347 

lefferson  Cen,  (B6).  110 
leffersonville,  (L9). .  380 
fenkintown.  (L9)..  .2,968 

renner.s,  <C9) 250 

fennerstown,  (C9)...  109 
lenningsville,  (J3)...  240 

[ermi'n,  (K3) 3,158 

lerome,  (C9) 1,000 

fersey  Mills,  (G4).. .  400 
fersey  Shore,  (G5)..  5,381 
lersevtown,  (H5). . .  200 

[essup,  (K4) 1,300 

loanna,  (K9) 500 

lob  CB8) 400 

lohnttta,  (37) 662 

lohnsonburg, 
lD4)...„ 4,334 


300    Kricks  .Mill,  (J8).. . .   150 

""    Kulpsville,  (L9) 330 

Kunckle,  (K4) 150 

Kunkletown,  (L6).. .  200 
Kushequa,  (03)....   500 

Kutztown,  (K7) 2,350 

Kylcrtown,  (ES) 400 

Laanna,  (L4) ISO 

La  Belle,  (B9) 1,000 

Laboratory,  (A9)... .  200 

Laceyville,  (J3) 479 

L.ackawaxen,  (M4). .   500 

L.adona,  (F2) 200 

Lafayette  Hill,  (L9).  550 

Laflin,  (K4) 523 

Lahaska,  (L8) 200 

Lairdsvillc,  (HS) 300 

La  Jose,  (06) 360 

Lake  Cary,  (K3)....  100 
Lake  Como,  (L2)... .   200 

Lakemont,  (E8) 1,200 

Laketon,  (J4) 100 

Lamar,  (FS) 230 

Lamartine,  (BS) 350 

Lamberton,  (BIO)...  600 
Lambs  Creek,  (G2)..  200 

Lampeter,  (JIO) 400 

Lancaster,  (J9).... 47, 227 
Landenbcrg,  (KU)..   700 

Lander,  (C2) 300 

Landingville,  (J7)...  258 
Landisburg,  (G8)...  252 
Landis  Valley,  (J9)..  250 

Landisville.  (J 9) 600 

Landrus,  (G3) 500 


L,andstreet,  (09) ISO 

Lanesboro,  (K2) 771 

Lanes  Mills,  (OS). . .  130 
Langhorne,  (M9)....  895 
Langhorne  Manor, 

(M9) 170 

Lansdale,  (L9) 3,551 

Lansdowne,  (LlO).  .4,066 

Lanse,  (E6) 500 

Lansford,  (K6) 8,321 

Laplume,  (K3) 258 

Laporte,  (J4) 245 

Lappa,  (K9) 120 

Laouin.  (H3) 200 


.    .  ,  - 200 

Leona,  (H2) 110 

Leraysville,  (J2) 326 

LeRoy,  (113) 250 

Levin,  (L8) 100 

Lewis,  (B7) 130 

Lewisbcrry,  (H9)....  233 

Lewisburg,  (H6) 3,081 

Lewis  Run,  (D2) 500 

Lewistown,  (F7) 8,1^ 

Lewisviile,  (KU)....  300 

Lewisville,  (F2) 579 

Lexington,  (J9) 300 

Liberty,  (G3) 253 

Liberty  Sq,  (JIO)....   160 

Library,  (A  7) 100 

Lickdale,  (J8) 230 

Lickingville,  (C4)...  300 

Lightslreet,  (JS) 300 

Ligonier,  (C9) 1,575 

Lilly,  (D8) 1,638 

Lima,  (LIO) 640 

Limeport,  (L7) 130 

Limerick  (K9) 400 

Lime  Ridge,  (JS) 400 

Limestone,  (CS) 250 

Lime  Valley,  010)..   ISO 

Lincoln,  (J9) 450 

Lincoln  Place,  (BS)  1,000 
Lincoln  University, 

(KIO) 300 

Lincolnville,  (B2)...  250 

Linden,  (G5) 350 

Lindscy,  (D6) 2,500 

Line  Lexington,  (L8)  500 
Line  Mountain, 

(H7) 120 

Linesville,  (A3) 833 

Linfield,  (K9) 400 

Linglestown,  (H8).. .   700 

Linhart,  (B8) 400 

Linwood  Sta,  (LIO)..  900 

Lionville,  (K9) 250 

Lisburn,  (H9) 240 

Listie,  (09) 500 

Listonburg,  (CU)...   2S0 

Litchlicid,  (J2) 100 

Lititz,  (J9) 2,032 

Little  Britain,  (JIO).  200 
Little  Cooley,(B3)..  130 

Little  Gap,  (K6) 200 

Little  Marsh,  (G2)..  280 
Little  Meadows,  (J2)  155 
LittleOley,  (K8)....  250 
Littles  Corners,  (A3)  150 
Littlestown,(GIl)..  1,347 
Litzenberg,  (K7).. ..  150 
Livermore,  (C8) . . .  .   124 

Liverpool,  (G7) 596 

Llanerch,  (LIO) 200 

Llanwcllyn,  (LIO)...   400 

Llewellyn,  (J7) 500 

Lloyd,  (G3) 250 

Lloydcll,  (D8) 800 

Lobachsvillc,  (K8). .  180 
Lockhaven,(FS)... 7,772 
Lock  No.  4,  (B9).. . .  600 
LockportSta,  (C8)..  150 
Locustdale,(J7)....  1,000 
Locust  G.ap,(J')-.- 1,700 
Locust  Valley,  (L7)..  160 

Lofty,  (J5) 200 

Logans  Ferry,  (B7)..  200 
Logansport,  (B7)... .   100 

Loganton,  (G5) 375 

Loganville,  (HIO). . .   298 

Loleta,  (C4) 200 

London,  (AS) 100 

London  Grove,  (KIO)  100 

Lonepine,  (A9) 150 

Long  Branch, 

(B9) 273 


„       ,.-..   100 

Longswamp,  (K7).. .  200 

Lookout,  (L2) 300 

LoiKz,  (J4) 1,400 

Loretto,  (D7) 246 

Lost  Creek,  (J6) 1,500 

Lottsville,  (C2) 200 

Loupurex,  (A8) 1,000 

Loveioy,  (D7) 400 

Lovclton,  (J3) 100 

Loveville,  (E7) 130 

Lowber,  (B8) 700 

Lower  Providence, 

(L9) 220 

Lowhill.  (K7) 140 

Lowville,  (Bl) 130 

Loyalhanna,  (C8). . .   900 

Loyalsock,  (H5) 1,050 

Loysburg,  (E9) 310 

Loysville,  (G8) 360 

Lucesco,  {B7) 100 

Luanda,  (C4) 300 

Ludlow,  (D3) 700 

Lumber  City,  (D6)..  363 
Lumbervillc,  (L8)...  250 
LundysLane,  (A2)..  400 
Lungervillc,  (H4)...  140 
Luthcrsburg,  (OS)..  460 

Luxor,  (C8) 200 

Luzerne,  (K4) 5,426 

Lycippus,  (C9) 120 

Lykens,  (H7) 2,943 

Lyndora,  (B6) 3,000 

Lynnport,  (K7) 150 

Lyon  Station,  (K8)..   540 

McAdoo,  (J6) 3,389 

McAlevys  Fort, 

(F7) 100 

McAlistcrville,  (G7).  560 
McCall  F'errv,  (JIO).  500 

McCance,  (C:8) 530 

McClelland  town, 

(BIO) 800 

McClurc,  (G7) 200 

McConnellsburg, 

(ElO) 579 

McConnells  Mills, 

(A8) 180 

McConnellstown, 

(E8) 310 

McCoysville,  (FS)....  140 
McCracken,  (AlO). .  100 
McDonald,  (AS).... 2,543 
McElhattan,  (GS)...  250 
McEwcnsville,(I15)..  209 
McGees  Mills,  (D5).  250 

McGovern,  (A9) ISO 

McGrann,  (C5) 300 

McGraw,  (C3) 150 

McKean,  (A2) 350 

McKeansburg,  (K7).  320 

McKee,  (£8) 180 

McKees  Half  Falls, 

(H7) 250 

McKeesport,  (B8).42,694 
McKees  Rocks, 

(A8) 14,702 

McKinley,  (L9) 600 

McKnightstown, 

(GIO) 130 

McLallan  Corners, 

(A2) 100 

McMahan,  (B9) 813 

McMurray,  (AS) 100 

McSherrystown, 

(GIO) 1,724 

McSparran,  (J  U). . .  200 
McVcytown,  (F8).. .  514 
Macdonaldton, 

(DIO) 1,000 

Mackeyville,  (GS).. .   170 

Macungie,  (K7) 772 

M.adeline,  (06) 300 

Madera,  (E6) 1,200 

Madison,  (B9) 421 

Madisonburg,  (F6)..   170 

Mahaffey,  (D6) 754 

Mahanoy,  (H7) ISO 

Mahanoy  City, 

(J5) 15,936 

Mahanoy  Plane, 

(J6) 2,000 

Mahoning,  (C6) 200 

Maiden  Creek,  (K8).  100 
Maiden  Creek  Station, 

(K8) 100 

Mainesburg,  (H2).. .  250 

Mainvillc,  (T6) 800 

Maitland,  (G7) 150 

Maltby,  (K4) 2,700 


170 
800 
140 
920 


Marshwood,  (K4)...  350 
Marslellcr,(D7)....  1,000 
Martha  Furnace, 

(E5) 

Martin,  (BIO) 

Martindalc,  (J9).. 
Martinsburg,  (E8) . .  ... 
Marlins  Corner,(K9)  100 
Martins  Creek,  (L5).  300 
Marvindale,  (D3). . .  100 
Marysvillc,  (H8).  ..1,693 
Masontown,  (BIO). .  890 

Mastcn,  (113) 300 

Mastcrsonville,  (J9).  130 

Masthopc,  (L3) 170 

Matamoras,  (.M4).  .1,388 
Mattawana,  (F8)...  320 
Mauch  Chunk, 

(K6) 3,952 

Maud,  (M9) 240 

Mausdale,  (H5) 100 

Maxatawny,  (K7).. .   200 

Mayburg,  (C3) 200 

Mayfield,  (L3) 3,662 

Maytown,  (H9) 900 

Mazeppa,  (G6) 140 

Meadowbrook,  (L9>.  250 
Meadow  Lands,(A9)   500 

Meadville,  (A3).      

Mechanic  Grove, 

,  (JIO) : 

Mechanicsburg, 

(H9) 4,469 

Mechanicsburg,(C7)  159 
Mechanics  Valley, 

(L8) 130 

Mechanicsville,(.M8)  200 

Media,  (LIO) 3,562 

Medix  Run,  (E4)....  400 
Mehoopany,  (J3)....  600 
Melrose  Park,  (L9).     200 

Mench,  (ElO) ISO 

Menges  Mills,  (HlO)   120 

Mercer,  (AS) 2,026 

Mercersburg,  (F10).li410 

Meredith,  (C6) 100 

MerionSta,  (L9)....  600 

Merionville,  (L9) 150 

Mertztown,  (K8) 700 

Meshoppen,  (J3) 630 

Messmore,  (BlO) 200 

Mexico,  (G 7) 220 

Meycrsdale,  (D10)..3,741 
Middleboro,  (A2). . .  207 
Middleburg,  (G6)...  521 
Middlebury  (Tenter, 


Morann,  (E«) 1,000 

Moravia,  (A6) 100 

Morca  Colliery,  (J6)  830 

Moredalc,  (G9) 150 

Morcland,  (H5) 210 

Morgan.  (A8) 3,000 

Morgans  Hill,  (L6)..  100 
Morgans,  Sla,  (B«)..  250 
Morgantown,  (K9)..  200 

Mor^anza,  (A8) 1,000 

Morris,  (G3) 700 

Morrisdalc  Mines, 

(E6) 670 

Morris  Run,  (Hi).. 2,300 
Morrisville,  (M9)... 2,002 
Morstein,  (K9)..  150 

Morton,  (LlO) 1,071 

Mortonvillc,  (KIO)..   130 

Morwood,  (L8) 100 

Moscow,  (K4) 650 

Moselcm,  (K7) 200 

Mosgrove,  (C6) 200 

Moshannon,  (E5). .  .  140 
Mosiertown,  (A2). . .  200 
Mount  Aetna,  (J8)...  330 
Mounlaindale,  (E7)..350 
Mountain    Eagle. 

.  (E6) !.;..   ISO 

.12,780  Mountainhome,  (L5)  200 
Mounlaintop,  (KS)  1,200 
Mouiitainville,  (L7).  600 
Mount  Alton,  (D2)..  300 
Mount  Bethel,  (L6).  400 
Mount  Braddock, 

„  (BIO) 1,000 

Mount  Carbon,  (J7).  33S 
Mount  Carmel, 

,  (J6) 17,53Z 

Mount  Holly  Springs. 

,  (G9) ....i;2/2 

Mount  Hope,  09).. .  lOO 
Mount  Jackson, 

,  (A5) 600 

Mount  Jewett,(D3)  1  77* 
Mount  Joy,  (H9)... 2,166 
Mount  Lebanon,(A8)  500 
Mount    Morris, 

,  (All) 382 

Mount  Nebo,  (JIO)..  120 
Mount  Oliver,(A8)..4,241 
Mount  Penn,  (K8).  785 
Mt.  Pleasant,  (B9)..5,812 
Ml.  Pleasant  Mills. 

,  (G7) ;.  250 

Mount  Pocono,(L5)  200 
Mountrock,  (G9)....  140 


150 


(G2) 130  Mt.  Sterling,  (BIO)..  500 

Middlecreek,  (G6)...   140  Mount  Union,  (F8)  3,338 

Middleport,  (J7)...I,I00    Mountville,  09) 803 

Middlesex,  (G9).         130  Mount  Wolf,  (H8).     200 

Middle  Spring,  (F9).  160  Mount  Zion,  (J8).. .  500 

Middlelown,  (H9)...5  374    Moycr,  (B9) 600 

Midland,  (A7) 1,244  Muddy  Creek  Forks, 

Midway,  (A8) 941         (JIO) 200 

Mifflin,  (G7) 1,050  Mummasburg,  (GlO)  110 


MiOlinburg,  ((j6)..  .1,559 
Millintown.  (G7)..  954 
Mifflinville,  (JS).   . .  600 

Milan,  (H2) 130 

Mi!.inville,  (L3) 200 

Mildred,  (J4) '. .   200 

Milerun,  (H6) 110 

Milcsburg,  (F6) 531 

Milford,  (M4) 872 

Milford  Square,  (L8)  200 
Milford  Sta,  (CIO)...  100 
Millboume,  (I.IO).. .  322 

Mill  Citv,  (K4) 350 

Mill  Creek,  (F8) 308 

Millersburg,  (H7)... 2,394 
Millers  Sta,  (A2)....  100 
Millerstowr,  (B6).. .  993 
Millcrstown,  (G7)..  .  549 
Millcrsvillc,  (JIO)... 2,000 

Millerton,  (H2) 450 

Millgrovc,  06) 700 

Millh.ill,  (F5) 1,043 

Millheim,  (F6) 626 

Millmont,  (G6) 190 

Millport,  (E2) 150 

Millrift,  (M4) 150 

Mill  Run,  (CIO) 200 

Mills,  (F2) 500 

Millsboro,  (AlO)...  .1,000 

Millstone,  (C4) 300 

Millvalc,  (BS) 7  851 

Mill  Village,  (B2)...  290 

Millville,  (HS) 611 

Millwav,  (J9) 120 

Millwood,  (C8) 400 


Muncy,  (HS) 1,904 

Muncy  Valley,  (H4).  300 

Munhall,  (B8) 5,185 

Munsqn  Sta,  (E6).. .   500 

Murrell,  (J9) 250 

Murrysville,  (B8)...  250 

Mustard,  (B9) 300 

Mutual,  (B9) 800 

Myerstown,  08). .  .3,800 

Myra,  (D8) 400 

Nansen,  (D3) 300 

Nanticoke,  (KS)..  .18,877 
Nantmeal  Village, 

,,(K9) *:..  200 

^antyGlo,(D8)...  1,000 

Xarberth,  (L9) 1 ,790 

Nasby,  (Bl) lOp 

Nashville,  (HlO) 150 

Katalie,  (H6) 250 

Natrona,  (B7) 4,000 

Nauvoo,  (G3) 200 

Nazareth,  (L7) 3,978 

Nebraska,  (C4) 250 

Ncffs,  (K7) 200 

Ncffsville,  (J9) 400 

Neglcy,  (B8) 230 

NcLson,  (G2) 448 

Ncscopeck,  (J5) 1,578 

Ncshaminy,  (L9) lOO 

Ncshannock,  (AS).. .  300 
Neshannock  Falls 

(AS) 100 

Nesquehoning,  (K6)2,500 

Netllcton,  (D7) 250 

Nevilton,  (A7) 300 


Malvern,  (L9)..!.;.  1425    Milrov,  (F7)..  .'.'.'.'.1,500    J*™  Albany,  (j'i)'.'.'.  413 
%r .,.   /^.^v        .  —    »,;,.-_   /TTr.  ..  .,-    New  Alexandria, 

„(C8) 505 

New  Baltimore, 

,  (DIO) 177 

New  Bedford,  (AS)..  200 
New  Berlin,  (G5)...  527 
New  Berlinville.(K8)  300 
Newberrytown,(H9)  300 
New  Bethlehem, 

(C5) 1,625 

New  Bloomfield, 

(G8), 


Mammoth,  (C9).. . .  1,000 
ManadaHill,  (H8). .  ISO 
Manchester,  (H9).. .  547 

Manheim,  (19) 2,202 

Manns  Choice,  (D9)   341 

Manoa,  (LIO) 500 

Manor,  {B8) 1,039 

Manorville.  (C6)....   545 

Manown,  (B9j 500 

Mansfield,  (G2) 1,645 

Maplcton,  (F8) 752 

Mapleton  Depot, 

(F8) 770 

Maplctown,  (BIO)...  130 
Mapelwood,  (L4)...  200 

Marburg,  (HIO) 150 

Marchand,  (C5) 110 

Marcu.shook,  (LIO).  1,573 
Marguerite,  (C9)....   500 

Mariann.a,  (A9) 1,363 

Marienville,  (C4)..  -1,300 

Marietta,  (H9) 2,079 

Marion,  (FIO) 250 

Marion  Center,  (C5)  356 
Marion  Hgts,  06). .  1,352 
Markelsville,  (GS)...  250 

Markes,  (FIO) 180 

Markham,  (KIO)....  130 
Marklesburg,  (E8). .  211 
Alarkleysburg, 

(BU) 227 

Marple,  (LIO) 110 

Mars,(A7) 1,215 

Marsh,  (K9) 230 

Marshalls  Creek, 

(L5) 230 

Marshallton,  (KIO),.  500 


Milton,  (HS) 7,460 

Milton  Grove,  (J9)..  200 

Mina,  (E3) 500 

Alineral  Point,  (D8).  250 
Miners  Mills,  (K5)..3,159 
Minersville,  O')-.. 7,240 

Mines,  (E8) 200 

Minooka,  (K4) 3,000 

Mitchells  Milk,  (07)  200 

Modena,  (KIQ) 130 

Mohnton,  (KS) 1,536 

Mohrsville,  (J8) 240 

Mollenauer,  (A8)....   500 

Monaca,  (A7) 3,375 

Monessen,  (B9). .  .11,775 

Monocacy,  (K9) 260 

Monongahela, 

(B9) 7,598 

Monroe,  (T3) 403 

Monroe,  (BS). 


New  Boston,  (16) 
..       ....       .^f^^ 


.1,000 
.  820 


150 
500 
830 
720 
10 


Monroeton,  (T3).. . 
Mont  Alto,  (flO).. 
Montandon,  (H6).. 
Mont  Clare,  (L9).. 

Monterey,  (K7) 180 

Montgomery,  (H5).  1,490 
Montgomery  Ferry, 

(G7) 130 

Montoursville.(G4)  1,904 

Montrose,  (B7) 200 

Montrose,  (K2) 1,914 

Moon  Run,  (A3).  ..1,200 

Moores,  (LIO) 1,800 

Moorheadville,  * 

(Bl) 300 

Moosic,  (K4) 3,964 

Mooween,  (C7) 200 


New  Bridgeviilt 

^  OIO) 200 

New  Brighton, 

(-^6) 8,329 

New  Britain,  (L8).. .  120 
New  Buenavista, 

(D9) 130 

New  Buffalo,  (H8). .  135 

Ncwburg,  (D6) 274 

Newburg,  (F9) 264 

Newcastle,  (AS)..  .36,280 
New  Centerville, 

(L9) no 

New   Centerville, 

(CIO) 101 

Newchesler.  (GIO)..  250 
New  Columbia,(HS)  40O 
New  Columbus,  05)  175 
Newcomer,  (B10)....l,000 
New  Cumberland, 

(H9) 1.472 

New  Danville, 

(JIO) 120 

New  Derry,  (C8).. . .  3S0 


372 


(PENNSYLVANIA) 


INDEX  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES 


FiDmlle,(MS) 100 

New  Eagle,  (B9)....  400 

Netreiir(B9) 400 

New  England,  (B8)..  450 
New  Enterprise,(E9)  210 

New  Era,  03) 150 

New  Florence,  (C8).  717 
Newfoundland,  (L4).  900 
New  Franklin,  (FIO).  130 
New  Freedom,(HU)  725 
New  Freeport,  (AlO)  200 
NewGalUee,(A6)...  453 
New  Geneva,  (BIO).  290 
New  Germantown, 

(F8) 200 

Sew  Grenada,  (E9).  100 
New  Hamburg,  (A4)  100 
New  Hanover,  (K.8).  510 
Newhaven,(B9)....  2,600 
New  Holland,  a9)--l. 106 
Newhope,(  MS)....  1,083 
New  Jerusalem,  (K8)  250 
New  Kensington, 

(B7) 7,707 

New  Kingstown,CG9)  330 
New  Lebanon,  (A4).    164 

NewUn,n6) 200 

New  London,  (K.10).  ISO 
New  Mahoning,  (lt5)  150 
Newmanstown,  (18).  7/0 
New  MayviUe,  (C5).  150 
NewMUford,  (K2)..  654 
New  MUlport,  (D6).  250 
NewOxford,  (GIO)..  838 
New  Paris,  (D9)....  194 

Newpark,  (111) 160 

New  Philadelphia, 

07) 2,512 

Newport,  (G8) 2,009 

NewportviUe,  (M9)..  300 
New  Providence, 

010) 200 

New  Ringgold,  (K7).  266 

Newry,  (E8) 380 

New  Salem,  (C5)....  100 
New  Salem,  (BIO)...  500 
New  Salem,  (B8).. . .  424 
New  Salem,  (HIO)..  248 
New  Sheffield,  (A7)..  200 
New  Stanton,  (B9)..  300 
NewTexas,  (B7)....  100 
Newtonburg,  (D6). .  150 
Newton  Hamilton, 

(F8) 340 

Newtown,  (M9) 1,675 

Newtown,  07) 350 

Newtown  Mills,(C3)  100 
Newtown'*;,  (LIO).  150 
New  Tripoli,  (K.7)....  500 

NewviUe,  (G9) 1,449 

New  Washington, 

(D6) 174 

New  Wilmington, 

(A5) 758 

Nicholson,  (K3) 852 

Nickel  Mines,  (J  10).   200 

Nick  town,  (D;) 150 

Niles  Valley,  (G2)...   20P 

Nineveh,  (AlO) 250 

Nittany,  (F6) 180 

Noblestown,  (A8)... 1,000 

Nordmont,  04) 100 

Normal,  (K6) 130 

Normalville,  (CIO)..  140 
Norristown,  (L9)...27,875 
Northampton,  (L7).8,729 
Northampton  Heights, 

(L7) 1,037 

No.  Belle  Vernon, 

(B9) 1,522 

Northbend,  (F4)....  800 
No.  Berwick,  (J5)...  100 
No.  Braddock, 

(B8) 11,824 

Northbrook,  (KIO)..  130 
No.  Catasauqua, 

(L7) 2,030 

No.  Charleroi,  (B9).1,00S 

No.  East,  (Bl) 2,672 

No.  Freedom,  (C5)..  130 
No.  Girard,  \A1).. . .  750 

No.  Irwin,  (B8) 646 

No.  Jackson,  (K2)...  100 
No.  Liberty,  (A5). . .  150 
No.  Mehoopany,  (J3)  300 
No.  Mountain,  (H4).  200 
No.  Pinegrove,  (C4).  250 

No.  Rome,  (J2) 100 

No.  Sewickly,  (A6)..  300 
No.  Springfield,  (Al)  150 

No.  Star,  (A8) 500 

No.Towanda,  02)..  910 
Northumberland, 

(H6) 3,517 

Northville,  (Bl) 120 

No.  Wales,  (L9)....  1,7 10 
No.  Warren,  (C2). . .  650 
No.  Washington,(B5)  200 
No.  Water  Gap,  (L5)  200 
No.  York,  (HIO).  ..1,902 
Norwood,  (LIO)....  1,668 
Norwood  Station, 

(LIO) 1,400 

Nottingham,  (KU)..  150 
Nowrytown,  (07)...  500 

Noxen,(J4) 800 

Nuangola,  (K5) 124 

Numidia,  (J6) 300 

Nuremberg,  (J6)....  700 
Oakbottom,  (JIO)...  300 

Oakbrook,  (K.8) 200 

Oakdale,  (A8) 1,353 

OakHaUSta.  (F6)..  210 

OakhUl,  (JIO) 300 

OaUand,  (C6) 360 

Oakland,  (K.2) 915 

Oakmont,  (B7) 3,436 

Oak  Ridge,  (C5). .. .  900 

Oaks,  (L9) 120 

Oak  Station,  (A8)...  250 

Oakview,  (LIO) 400 

Oakville,  (09) 130 

Obelisk,  (K81 250 

Oberlin.  (H9) 550 

Obold,  (J8) 250 

Octoraro,  (110) 100 

Odenthal,  (D8) 300 

Ofden,(U0) 110 


Ogdensburg,  (G3).. .  300 

Ogontz,(L9) 300 

Ogonlz  School,  (L9).  300 

Ohicpyle.  (CIO) 535 

OaCity,  (B4) 15,657 

Olanta,  (D6) 300 

01d£orge,(K4)....  11,324 
Old  ZionsviUe,  {K8).   150 

Oley,  (K8) 650 

Oliphant  Ftlmace, 

(BIO) 200 

Oliver,  (BIO) 1,000 

Olivers  Mills,  (K5)..    500 

Olyphant,  (li4) 8,505 

Oneida,  06) 1.200 

Onnalinda,  (D8). . . .   500 

Ono,  (H8) 120 

Onondaga,  (D6)....  500 

Onset,  (H8) 180 

Option,  (B8) 250 

Orangeville,  (J5)....  399 

Orbisonia,  (F9) 618 

Orefield,  (K7) 250 

Oregon,  (J9) SCO 

OrcHUl,  (E8) 150 

Oreland,  (L9) 200 

Orient,  (BIO) 1,600 

Oriental,  (G7) 120 

Oriole,  (GS) 120 

Ormsby,  (D2) 300 

Orrstown,  (F9) 247 

Orson,  (L2) 530 

Orviston,  (F5) 500 

Orwell,  (J2) 120 

Orwigsburg,  07)... .  1,801 

Orwin,  (H7) 300 

Osburn,  (A7) 425 

Osceola,  (G2) 591 

Osceola  Mills,  (E6).  2,437 

Oshanter,  (D6) 400 

Osterburg,  (D9) 150 

Osterhout,  (K3) 150 

Oswayo,  (E2) 382 

Otto,  (B8) 120 

Ottsville,  (L8)....;.  300 

Oval,  (G5) 220 

Oxford,  (KIO) 2,390 

Oxford  Valley,  (M9)   250 

Packerton,  (K6) 500 

Paint,  (D9) 999 

Paintersville,  (G7)..   100 

Palm,  (K8) 150 

Palmer,  (A2) 100 

Palmerton,(K6)....  1,000 

Palmyra,  (H8) 2,000 

Palo  Alto,  (J7) 1,873 

Panic,  (D5) 200 

Pansy,  (C5) 150 

Paoli,  (L9) 240 

Paradise,  OlO) 410 

Paradise  Valley,  (L5)  130 

Pardee,  (AS) 400 

Pardus,  (D5) 250 

Paris,  (A8) 150 

Parker  Ford,  (K9)...  200 
Parkers  Landing, 

(B5) 1,244 

Parkcrsville,  (KIO)..  100 
Parkcsburg,  (KIO)..  2,522 

Parkland,  (M9) 100 

P.-irkplace,  (J6) 200 

Parnassus,  (B7) 2,578 

Parryville,  (K6) 590 

Parsons,  (K5) 4,338 

Parthenia,  (C2) 150 

Passmore,  (K8) 250 

Patchinsville,  (D6)..   150 

Patterson,  (G7) 885 

Patterson  Hgts,  (A6)  367 

Patton,  (D7) 3,907 

Paulton,  (B7) 500 

Paupac,  (L4) 160 

Paxton,  (H7) 100 

Paxtonville,  (G6)...  210 
Peach  Bottom,  (Jll)  150 

Peale,  (E5) 800 

Peckville,  (K4) 4,200 

Peely,  (KS) 1,000 

Pen  Argyl,(L6).... 3,967 

Penbrook,  (H8) 1,462 

Pencoyd,  (L9) 800 

Penfield,  (D5) 800 

PenUyn,  (L9) 130 

Penn,  (B8) 1,048 

Penn  Run,  (C7) 200 

Pennsburg,  (L8).. .  .1,141 
Penns  Creek,  (G6)..  270 

Pennsdale,  (H4) 200 

Penns  Park,  (M8).. .  150 
Penns  Station,  (B8)  1,500 

Pennsville,  (B9) 300 

Pennsylvania  Furnace, 

(F7) 300 

Pennvalley,  (M9). . .   150 

Penryn,  (J9) 200 

Pensyl,  (J6) 500 

Peoples,  (J7) 100 

Pequea,  (K9) 200 

Pequea  Creek,  (JIO).  200 

Percy,  (BIO) 500 

Perkasie,  (L8) 2,779 

Perkiomenville,  (K8)  230 
Perryopolis,  (B9)....  600 
Perrysville,  (A7)....  300 
Petersburg,  (E7)....  705 
Peterscreek,  (Jll)...  200 
Petroleum  Center, 

(B3) 200 

Petrolia,  (B5) 360 

Pfouts  Valley,  (G7)..  100 
Philadelphia, 

(LIO) 1,549,008 

PhUipsburg,  (E6)..  .3,585 

Philipston,  (B5) 500 

Phoenix,  (C6) 130 

Phoenixville,  (K9). 10,743 
Picture  Rocks.  (H4).  576 

Pikesville,  (K8) 150 

Piketown,  (H8) 130 

Pillow,  (H7) 450 

Pine  Bank,  (AlO), . .  200 
Pine  Forge,  (K8).. . .  160 

Pineglen,  (E5) 210 

Pinegrove,  (J7).. .  .1,352 
Pinegrove  Furnace. 

(G9) 300 

Pinegrove  Mill5,(F7)  330 
Hne  Station,  (G5)...  200 


Pinkerton,(C10)....  210 

Pipersville,  (L8) 220 

Pilcairn,  (B8) 4,975 

Pitman,  (H7) 210 

Pittock,  (A8) 1,500 

Pittsburg,  (B8)....533,905 

Pittslield,  (C2) 300 

Pittston,  (K4) 16,267 

Pittsville,  (B4) 110 

Plainlield,  (G9) 260 

Plaingrove,(A5)....  670 

Plains,  (K4) 2,000 

Plainsville,  (K4) 210 

Platca,  (A2) 220 

Pleasant  Gap,  (F6)..  400 
Plca.santGrove,(Jll)  100 
Pleasant  Hill,  (A6). .  100 
Pleasant  Mount,(L3)  200 
Pleasant  Run,  (K8).  110 
Pleasant  Unity,  (C9)  630 
Pleasant  Valley,(L7)  100 
Pleasant  Valley,(B8)  300 
Pleasantview,  (F8). .  130 
Pleasantville,  (E9). .  191 
Pleasantville,  (B3). .  702 

Plumer,  (B3) 100 

Plumsteadville,  (L8)  600 

Plumville,  (C6) 414 

Plymouth,  (K5)...  16,996 
Plymouth  Meeting, 

(L9) 800 

Pocahontas,  (DU)..  100 
Point  Marion,(Bll)l,3S9 
Point  Pleasant,  (L8).  300 

Polk,  (B4) 2,066 

Pollock,  (B5) 250 

Pomeroy,  (KIO) 300 

Pond  Eddy,  (.\14)...  200 

Pont,  (A2) 100 

Portage,  (D8) 2,954 

Portage  Creek,  (E3).  100 
Port  Allegany,  (E2)  1,972 
Port  Carbon,  07).. 2,678 
Port  Clinton,  (K7)..  491 
Portersville,  (A6)...  170 
Port  Griffith,  (K4). .  200 
Port  Kcnnedy,(L9).  1,000 

Portland,  (L6) 649 

Portland  Mills,(D4).  750 
Port  Matilda,  (E6)..  310 
Port  Perry,  (B8)....  1,300 
Port  Providence, 

(L9) 300 

Port  Royal,  (G7).. . .  535 
Port  Royal,  (B9).. . .  400 
Port  Trevorton,  (H7)  450 

Portvue,  (B8) 1,978 

Potterbrook,  (F2)...  200 

Potlerdale,  (E5) 120 

Potters  MMs,  (F6). .   320 

Potterville,  02) 130 

Potts  Grove,  (H5)...  180 
Pottstown,  (K9).  .15,599 
Pottstown  Landing, 

(K9) 200 

PottsvUle,(J7).... 20,236 

Powell,  (H3l 300 

Powelton,  (E6) 150 

Fowls  Valley,  (H8)..  230 
Prescottville,  (DS). .  300 

Presto,  (B8) 250 

Priceburg,  (K4) 500 

Pricedale,  (B9) 1,000 

Price  town,  (K8) 410 

Primrose,  (.■^S) 200 

Princeton,  (A6) 300 

Pringlc,  (K4) 300 

Proctor,  (H4) 350 

Progress,  (H8) 300 

Prompton,  (L3) 263 

Prospect,  (A6) 346 

Prospect  Park, 

(LIO) 1,655 

Prospectville,  (L9). .  160 

Prosperity,  (A9) 180 

Providence  Sq,  (L9)   100 

Pulaski,  (A5) 400 

PunxsuUwney,(C6)9,058 

Puritan,  (D8) 450 

PutneyvUle,  (C6)...  150 

Quakake,  06) 500 

Quakertown,  (L8).  .3,801 
QuarryvUle,  OlO)...  739 

Queen,  (D8) 120 

Queen  Junction,  (B6)  200 
Queenstown,  (B5).. .     72 

Quincy,  (FIO) 500 

Raccoon,  (A8) 100 

Racine,  (A6) 200 

Radnor,  (L9) 3,000 

Railroad,  (HI  1) 308 

Rainsburg,  (DIO)...  203 

Ralston,  (H4) 900 

Ramey,  (E6) 1,045 

Ramsaytown,  (C5)..  600 

Randolph,  (A3) 170 

Rankin  Sta,  (B8).. 6,042 

Ranshaw,  (H6) 200 

Rathmel,  (D5) 1,000 

Rattigan,  (B6) 200 

Raubsville,  (L7)....  100 
Rauchtown,  (G5). . .  200 

Ravenrun,  (J6) 500 

Ravine,  (J7) 300 

RawlinsvUle,  (JIO). .  180 
Rays  Hill,  (ElO). ...  100 
Reading,  (K 8).... 96,071 
Rearastown,  (19)....  800 
Rebersburg,  (F6)... .  250 

Rebuck,  (H7) 400 

Redbank,  (BS) 100 

RedrlySe,  (C4) 150 

RedhUl,  (K8) 664 

Redington,  (L7) 360 

Redland,  (GIO) 150 

Red  Lion,  (HIO).... 2,092 
Redman  Mills.  (B8).   500 

Red  Rock,  (D2) 130 

Redrun,  (J9) 150 

Reed.sville,  (F7) 310 

Refton,  (JIO) 100 

Register.  (J5) 170 

Rehrersburg,  (J8). . .  510 
Reiner  Citv,(H7)...  250 
Reinholds  Sta,   (J8).   160 

Rei.s5ing,  (A8) 350 

Relay,  (HIO) 130 


Remlu,  (L9) 100 

Rendham,  (K4) 500 

Renfrew,  (B6) 500 

Rennerdale,  (A8)... .  300 

Reno,  (B4) 350 

Renovo,  (F4) 4,621 

Republic,  (BIO) 1,000 

Reynolds,  (K7) 110 

Reynoldsville,  (D5).3,189 

Rheems,  (H9) 250 

Rhodes,  (J 6).^ 250 

Rhone,  (KS) 200 

Rices  Landing,  (AlO)  671 

RicevUlc,  (B2) 121 

Richardsville,  (C5)..  150 

Richboro,  (M9) 230 

Richfield,  (G71 230 

Rich  Hill,  (L8) 100 

Richland,  (J8) 722 

Richland  (Center, 

(L8) 1,000 

Richlandtown,  (LB).   562 

Richmond,  (L6) 100 

Ricketts,  (J4) 250 

Riddlesburg,  (E9).. .   230 

Ridgway,  (D4) 5,408 

Ridley  Park,  (LIO). 1,751 
Ricgelsville,  (L7).. . .   700 

Rimer,  (B6) 150 

Riraersburg,  (CS). . .  855 

Ringdale,  (J4) 100 

Ringgold,  (C5) 130 

Ringtown,  (J6) 723 

Rittersville,  (L7).. . .  250 

Riverside,  (H6) 429 

River  View,  (B9)....  400 

Rixford,  (D2) 500 

Roaring  Branch,(n3)  450 
Roaring  Creek,  05).  700 
Roaring  Spring, 

(E8) 1,903 

RobbinsSta,  (B8)..  ISO 
Robertsdale,  (E9).. .  600 

Robesonia,  (J8) 400 

Robinson,  (C8) 500 

Rochester,  (A7).... 5,903 
Rochester  Mills, 

(D6) 300 

Rock,  (J7) 130 

Rockdale,  a.lO)....  1,500 
Rockdale  Mills,  (D5)  150 

Rockglen,  (J5) 300 

Rockhill,  (F9) 504 

Rockhill  Furnace, 

(F9) 570 

Rockland,  (B4) 520 

Rockledge,  (L9) 879 

Rockport,  (K6) 180 

Rockton,  (DS) 100 

Rockwood,  (CIO)...  1,300 
Rockygrove,  (B4).. .   500 

Rodfield,  (B8) 250 

Rodney,  (C9) 200 

Roelofs,  (M9) 200 

Rogersville,  (AlO)...  400 
Rohrerstown,  (19).. .  600 

Rohrsburg,  (J5) 200 

Rolfe,  (D3) 300 

Rome,  (J2) 222 

Romola,  (F5) 200 

Ronco,  (BIO) 1,000 

Ronks,  (J9) 200 

Rootville,  (B2) 100 

Roscoe,  (B9) 1,450 

Rose  Bud,  (D6) 1,000 

Rosecrans,  (G5) 130 

Rosedale,  (D8) 419 

Rosemont,  (L9) 1,000 

Rose  Point,  (.\6),. . .   250 

Roseto,  (L5) 200 

Roslyn,  (L9) 100 

Rossiter,  (D5) 3,000 

Rosston,  (B7) 100 

Rothsville,  (J9) 450 

Rough  and  Ready, 

(H7) 130 

Roulette,  (E2) 1,500 

Rouseville,  (B4) 648 

Rouzerville,  (FU)...  300 

Rowland,  (M4) 300 

Roxbury,  (D8) 1,000 

Royal  ton,  (H9) 1,033 

Royer,  (E8) 200 

Roycrsford,(L9)... 3,073 
Ruffs  Dale,  (B9)....  650 

Rupert,  (J6) 500 

Rupp,  (J5) 250 

Rural  Valley,  (C6). .  753 

Rush,  02) 120 

Rushland,  (M9) 100 

Rushtown,  (H5) 110 

RushvUle,  02) ISO 

Russell,  (C2) 540 

Russellton,  (B7) 800 

Russellvillc,  (KIO). .   110 

Rutland,  (H2) 300 

Rutledge,  (LIO) 523 

Ryde,  (F8) 100 

Sabbath  Rest,  (E7)..  380 
Sabinsville,  (F2)....  600 

Sabula,(D5) 1,300 

Sacramento,  (H7)...  150 
SadsburyvUle,  (KIO)  300 
Saegerstown,  (A3)...  712 
Saegersville,  (K7)...  100 
Safe  Harbor,  (JIO)..  250 

Sagamore,  (C6) 2,100 

Saginaw.  (H9) 200 

Sagon,  (H6) 300 

St.  Augustine,  (D7).  760 
St.  Benedict,  (D7)...  900 
St.  Bonifacius,  (D7).  300 

St.  Clair,  (B8) 5,640 

St.  Clair,  (J7) 6,455 

St.  Clairsville,  (E9)..  101 

St.  Davids,  a9) 200 

St.  Marvs,(D4).... 6,346 
St.  Michael,  (D3)...  250 
St.  Nicholas.  05)...  1,200 

St.  Peters,  (K9) 500 

St.  Petersburg.  (B5).  453 
St.Thomaii,  (FIO)...  500 

Salem,  (H6) 120 

Salemville,  (E9) 100 

Salfordvillc,  (L8)....   170 

Salina,  (B7) 800 

Salisbury,  (CIO)....  885 
SalU,  (D8) 200 


Salladasburg,  (G4)...  280 

Salona,  (GS) 400 

Salter,  (E9) 100 

Saltillo,  (F9) 410 

Saltsburg,  (C8) 1,044 

Salunga,  09) 300 

Sample  Run,  (C7).. .  300 

Sanatoga,  (K9) 350 

Sand  Patch,  (DIO)..  150 
Sandy  Creek,  (B7)..  190 
Sandy  Lake,  (A4)...  639 
Sandy  Ridge,  (E5). .  400 
Sandy  Run,  (KS)...  300 
Sandy  Valley,  (D5)..  150 
Sankertown,  (D8).. .  587 

Sarver,  (B7) 1,150 

Sassamansville, 

(K8) 160 

Sancona,  (L7) 350 

Sawyer  City,  (D2)..  200 

Saxman,  (D7) 300 

Saxonburg,  (B7)....  345 

Saxton,  (E9) 1,195 

Saybrook,  (C3) 100 

Saylorsburg,  (L6)...   120 

SavTe,  (H2). 5,426 

Scalp  Level,  (D9)...  1,424 
Scarlets  Mill,  (K9)  .  150 
Scenery  Hill,  (A9).. .  400 
SchacSerstown,  08)..  700 

Schcib,  (H7) 200 

Schellburg,  (D9)....  314 
SchenleySta,  (B7)...1S0 
Schnecksvillc,  (K7)..  230 

Schoeneck,  (J9) 300 

Schuylkill  Haven, 

07) 4,747 

SchwenkviUe,  (L9)..  381 

Sciota,  (L5) ISO 

Scotch  hill,  (C4).. . .  100 

Scotland,  (FIO) 230 

Scottdale,  (B9) 5,456 

Scott  Haven,  (B8)...  800 
Scranton,(K4)..  .129,807 

Seanor,  (D9) 600 

Searights,  (BIO) 100 

Seek,  (K5) 810 

Seelyville,  (L3) 650 

Seidersville,  (L7).. . .  150 
Seishohzville,  (K8)..  410 

Seitzland,  (HIO) 210 

Selinsgrove,  (H5)..  .1,473 
Sellersville,(L8)....  1,572 

Seneca,  (B4) 250 

Sevenpoints,  (H6)...  220 
Sevenstars,  (GIO)...  120 
Seven  Valleys,  (HIO)  355 

Seward,  (C8) 548 

Sewickley,  (A7) 4,479 

Shadegap,  (F9) 143 

Shadygrove,  (FIO)..    120 

Shaft,  05) 1,500 

Shafton,  (B8'/ 350 

Shamokin,  (H6).. .  19,588 
Shamokin  Dam,(H6)  500 
Shamrock  Sta,  (K7).  130 
Shanesville,  (K8)....  110 
Shanksville,  (D9)...  710 
Shannondale,  (C5). ,  130 

Sharon,  (AS) 15,270 

Sharon  Hill,  (LIO)..  1,401 
Sharpsburg,(B7)... 8,153 
Sharpsville,(A4)... 3,534 
SharltesviUc,  (17)...  500 
Shavertown,  (K4).. .   100 

Shawmut,  (D4) 500 

Shawnee  on  Delaware, 

(L5) 150 

Sheakleyville,  (A4)..  126 
Shearers  Cross  Roads, 

(B7) 200 

Sheffield,  (C3) 1,900 

Shelocta,  (C7) 117 

Shenandoah,  (J5)..  2  5,7  74 

Shenango,  (A4') 130 

Shepherdstown,  (H9)  140 

Sheppton,  (J6) 1,000 

Sheridan,  (18) 250 

Sheridan,  (117) 1,000 

Sheridanville,  (A8)..3,000 

Sherman,  (L2) 250 

Shermans  Dale,  (G8)  450 
Shermansville,  (A3).    150 

Sherrett,  (B5) 150 

Sherwin,  (B5) 130 

Sheshequin,  (J2) 210 

Shick5hinny,(JS)...  1,917 

Shields,  (A7) 225 

Shillington,(K8)... 1,427 
Shimenille,  (K7)...  100 
Shinglehouse,  (E2)..l,598 

Shintown.  (F4) 150 

Shippensburg,  (F9)  3,457 
Shippensville,  (C4)..  378 
Shippingport,  (A7)...  150 
Shiremanstown,  (G9)  545 

Shireoaks,  (B9) 100 

Shirleysburg,  (F8).. .  256 
Shoemakersville,  (J8)  630 
Shoencrsville  (K7). .    130 

Shohola,  (M4) 100 

Shrewsbury,  (HIO)..  598 

Shunk,  (H3) 300 

Sidney,  (D5) ISO 

Siegfried,  (L7) 2,800 

Sigel,  (C4) 150 

Sigsbee,  (AlO) 100 

Silvari,  03) 150 

Silverbrook,(J6)... 1,200 
SUver  Creek,  (J7)....l, 700 

SUverdale,  CL8) 232 

Silvcrspring,  (J9)... .   200 

Simpson,  (K3) 2,200 

Sinking  Spring,  (T8).  600 
Sinnamahoning,  (E4)  700 

Sitka,  (BIO) 100 

Siverlv,  (B4) 1,615 

Si-xmileRun,  (E9)...  350 
Skinners  Eddy,  (J3).  200 

Skippack,  (L9) 350 

Slatedale,  (K7) 700 

Slateford,  (L5) 100 

Slate  Lick,  (B5) 200 

Slaterun,  (G4) 350 

Slatington,  (K6) 4,454 

Sligo,  (B5) 754 

Slippervrock,  (A5)..  870 
Smethport,(E2)....  1,817 


Smicksburg,  (C6). . .  230 

Smilhdale,  (B9) 480 

Smitblield,  (BIO)....    749 

Smithmill,  (E7) 250 

Smiths  Ferry,  (A7)..  500 

Smithton,  (B9) 784 

Smock,  (BIO) 1,000 

Smokerun,  (E6) 380 

Smyrna,  OlO) 130 

Snedekerville,  (H2).    100 

Snowshoe,  (ES) 643 

Snydersburg,  (C4)...  130 
Snydertown,  (H6)...   288 

Soldier,  (DS) 800 

Somerfield,  (CU)...   180 

Somerset,  (C9) 2,512 

Somerslane,  (G2)....  150 
Sonestown,  (H4)....  300 

Sonman,  (D8) 500 

Soudcrsburg,  (J9). . .  220 
Soudcrton,  (L8).. .  .1,875 
So.  Allentown,  (L7).l,814 
Southampton,  (L9)..  300 
So.  Bethlehem,  (C6).  439 
So.  Bethlehem, 

(L7) 19,973 

So.  Brownsville, 

(BIO) 3,943 

So.  Burgettstown, 

(A8) 880 

So.  Canaan,  (L3).. . .  100 
So.  Canonsburg, 

(.\9) 1,697 

So.  Connellsville, 

(B9) 200 

Southdale,  (JS) 130 

So.  Fork,  (D8) 4,592 

So. Gibson,  (K3)....  180 
So.Greensburg,(B8)  1,748 
So.  Hatfield,  (L8). . .  150 
So.  Heights,  (A7)...  365 
So.  Langhome,  (M9)  500 
So.  Montrose,  (K2).  100 
So.  New  Castle,  (A5)  551 
So.  Philipsburg.  (E6)  434 
So.  Renovo,  (F4)...  80S 
So.  Sterling,  (L4)....  350 
So.  Waverly,(H2).. 1,084 
Southwest,  (B9)....  1,500 
Southwest  Greensburg, 

(B9) 2,127 

So.  Williamsport, 

(HS) 3,734 

Spanglcr,  (D7) 2,700 

Spartansburg,  (B2)..  460 

Specrs,  (B9) 383 

Spinnerstown,  (L8)..  150 
Sporting  Hill,  (J9)...   160 

Spraggs,  (AlO) 100 

Sprankle  Mills,  (C5).  100 

Springboro,  (A2) 614 

Spring  City,  (K9)... 2,880 
Springcreek,  (B2)...  300 
Springdale,  (B7).. ..  1,999 

Springet,  (H9) 400 

Spring  Forge,  (HI 0)1, 500 
Spring  Garden,  {AS)1, 100 
Spring  Grove,(H10)l,152 
Springhope,  (D9)...  110 
Spring  House,  (L9)...  ISO 
Spring  Mills,  (F6).. .  300 
Springmount,  (L8). .  250 

Springs,  (Cll) 150 

Springtown,  (L7)....  300 
Springville,  ■:K3)....  200 
Spruce  Creek,  (E7)..  220 
Sprucegrove,  OlO)..  130 
Stahlstown,  (C9).. . .  150 
Standing  Stone,  02)  200 

Stanton,  (CS) 200 

Starford,  (D7) 400 

Starjunction,  (B9)..3,000 

Starners,  (G9) 200 

Starrucca,  (K2) 381 

State  College,  (F6)..l,425 

Stateline,  (FU) 240 

Stauffer,  (C9) 500 

Steamburg,  (A3)....  200 
Steckman,  (ElO)....  200 

Steel  ton,  (H9) 14,246 

Steinsville,  (K7)....  130 
Stembersville,  (K5)..  ISO 

Sterling,  (L4) 400 

Sterling  Run,  (E4). .  410 
Sterrettania,  (Al)...  100 
StcrrettsGap,  (G8)..  130 
Stellersville,  (K7)...   100 

Stevens,  (J9) 390 

Stevensville,  (J2)...  300 
Stewartstown, 

(Hll) 674 

Sticknev,  (D2) 200 

Stiles,  (K7) 300 

Stillwater,  (JS) 179 

Stockdale,  (B9) 761 

Stockertown,  (L7).. .  426 

Stockton,  (K6) 200 

Stokesdale,  (G2)....  130 
Stoneboro,(A4)....  1,074 
Stone  Church,  (L6)..  120 

Stoneham,  (C2) 200 

Stonehenge,  (FIO)....  100 
Stonerstown,  (E9)....  250 
Stony  Creek  Mills 

(K8) 150 

Stonyfork,(G3) 150 

Stony  Run,  (K7)....  130 
Stoops  Ferry,  (A7). .  100 
Stormstown,  (E5)...  300 
Stouchsburg,  08)...  400 

Stouts,  (L7) 100 

Stoyestown,  (D9). . .  355 

Strafford,  (L9) 200 

Straight,  (D3) 300 

Strangford,(C8)....  300 
Strasburg,  OlO)....  885 
Strattonville,  (CS)..  375 
Strausstown,  (J8). . .  400 
StrickersviUe,  (KU).  130 
Strinestown,  (H9).. .  100 

Strong,  (J6) 700 

Strongstown,  (D7). .  100 
Stroudsburg,  (L6).  .4,379 

StuU,  (J4) 100 

Sturgeon,  (AS) 1,200 

Suedberg,  07V.-.-  510 
Sugargrove,  ((S),. . .  459 


Sugarhill,  (D5) 100 

Sugarloaf,  (16) 200 

Sugar  Notch,  (K5)..2,439 

Sugarrun,  03) 200 

Sugartown,  (KIO).. .  160 
Summerhill,  (D8). . .  853 
Summerville,  (C5)...  609 

Summit,  (DS) 210 

SummithiII,(K6)... 4,209 
SummitMills,  (CIO).  200 
Summit  Sta,  (J7)...  130 
Sumncytown,  (L8)..  280 
Sunbury,(H5)....  13,770 
Sunderlinville,  (F2)..  100 
Sunny  Side,  (B9)... .  200 

Sunset,  (A9) 130 

Superior,  (C8) 500 

Surgeons  Hall,  (A8).  100 
Susquehanna,  (K2). 3,478 

Sutersville,  (B9) 917 

Swanville,  (.iVl) 100 

Swarthmore,  (LIO).  1,899 

Swartzville,  (T9) 130 

Swedeland,  (L9) 550 

Sweden  Valley,  (F3).  100 
Sweet  Valley,  (J4).. .  200 

Swissvalc,  (iiS) 7,381 

Swoycrs,  (K4) 2,850 

Swoyersville,  (K4)..  5,395 
Sybcrtsville,  (JS).. . .    100 

Sygan,  (A8) 1,500 

Sykesville,(DS)....  1,756 

Sylvan,  (FU) 200 

Sylvania,  (H2) 217 

Tafton,  (L4) 130 

Talmage,  (J9) 190 

Tamaqua,  (K5) 9,462 

Tanners  Falls,  (L3)..  210 
Tanncrsvijle,  (L5).. .  400 

Tarentum,  (B7) 7,414 

Tarrs,  (B9) SCO 

.Tatamy,  (L7) 512 

Taylor,  (K4) 9,050 

Tayloria,  (JIO) ISO 

Taylorstown,  (A9)..  400 
Taylorsville,  (M8)...  100 
Taylorsville,  fD7).. .   100 

Telford,  (L8) 207 

Temple,  (K8) 400 

Templeton,  (C5) 600 

Tenmile,  (A9) 150 

Tenmile  Bottom, 

(B4) .300 

Terrace,  (B8) .500 

Terrehill,  (19) 882 

Thomasville,  (HIO)..  400 

Thompson,  (K2) 322 

Thompsontown,(G7)  293 

Thornburg,  (AS) 230 

Thomdale,  (KIO). .  .    150 

Thornhill,  (A7) 400 

Thornton,  (KIO)....  100 
Three  Springs,  (F9).  248 
Threetuns,  (L9)...   .   150 

Throop,  (K4) 5,133 

Thurston,  (K4) 100 

Tidioute,  (C3) 1,324 

Tildcn,  (HIO) 100 

Timblin,  (C5) 150 

Tioga,  (G2) 533 

Tiona,  (C3) 300 

Tionesta,  (C4) 803 

Tipton,  (E7) 400 

Titusville,  (B3) 8,533 

Tivoli,  (H4) 130 

Tobyhanna,  (LS)....  600 

Topton,  (K7) 809 

Toughkenamon, 

(KIO) 250 

Towanda,  (J2) 4,281 

Tower  City,  (H7)....2,325 

Fownhill,  (J5) 150 

Townline,  (J5) 100 

Townville,  (B3) 317 

Trafford,  (BS) 1,959 

Trainer,  (LIO) 200 

Transfer,  (A4) 400 

Trappe,  (K9) 393 

Trauger,  (C9) 1,200 

Tredvffrin,  (K9). ...   400 

Treic'hlers,  (K7) 250 

Tremont,  07) 2,067 

Tresckow,  (K6) 500 

Trestle,  (B8) 200 

Treveskyn,  A8)....2,500 
Trevorton,  (H6)...   2,000 

Trevose,  (M9) 150 

Trexler,  (K7) 150 

Trexlcrtown,(K7)...  480 
Troughcreek,  (E9)..  380 

Troutrun,  (G4) 290 

Troutville,  (DS)....  250 
Troxelville,  (G6)....   100 

Troy,  (H2) 1,288 

TrucksvUle,  (K4)...  200 

Truemans,  (C3) 200 

Tnimbauersville, 

(L8) 611 

Tryonvffle,  (B3)....  200 
Tuckerton,  (K8). . . .  150 
Tullytown,  (M9).. . .  622 
Tulpehocken,  (JS)....  290 
Tunkhannock,  (K3)1,S98 
Tunnelhill,  (D8). . . .  651 
Tunnelton,  (CS)....  200 
Turbotville,  (HS)...  365 
Turkey  City,  (BS)..  150 
Turtle  Creek,  (BS). 4,995 
Turtlepoint,  (E2)...   100 

Tuscarora,  (J5) 700 

TwUight,  (B9) 458 

Tyler,  (D5) 1,500 

Tvlcr  HUl,  (L3) 130 

Tylcrsburg,  (C4)....  250 
Tvlersport,  (L8). . . .  350 
TylersvUle,  (G6)....  150 

Tyrone,  (E7) 7,176 

Uiilcrstown,  (L7)... .  100 

Ulcdi,(B10) 1,500 

Ulster,  (H2) 300 

Ulysses,  (F2) 900 

Unami3,(Cll) 250 

Undercliff,  (AS) 150 

Union  City,  (B2).... 3,584 
Uniondale,  (K3). ...  355 
Union  Deposit,  (HS)  480 
Union  Furnace,  (E7)  200 


Union  GroTO,(J9)...  20* 

Uniontown,  (117)....  291 
Uniontown,  (BIO)  13,344 

Unionville,  (A7) 150 

Unionvillc,  (F6) 343 

Unionville,  (KIO). . .  500 

United,  (B9) 500 

Unity  Station,  (B7).  500 

Universal,  (B8) 800 

Upland,  (LIO) 2,221 

Upper  Black  Eddy, 

lL8)     250 

Upper  Darby,  (LIO).  500 
Upper  Lehigh,  (KS).  650 
Upper  Middletown, 

(BlO) 130 

Upper  Providence, 

(LIO) 250 

Upper  Strasburg,(F9)  250 

Upton,  (FIO) 180 

Urban,  (H7) 130 

Urey,  (D5) 200 

Ursina,  (CIO) 338 

Utahville,  (E7) 300 

Utica,  (B4) 265 

Uwchland,  (K9) 200 

Valencia,  (B7) 240 

Valier,  (C5) 600 

Valley  Forge,  (L9)..  300 
Valley  View,  (H7).. .   500 

Vallonia,  (A3) 670 

Vanderbilt,  (B9)..  ..1,198 
Vandergrift,  (B7)... 3,876 
Vandergrif  t  Heights, 

(B7) 3,438 

Vandling,  (K3) 985 

Van  Meter,  (B9)....  400 
VanOrmcr,  (D7)....   500 

Vanport,  (A7) 300 

Vanwert,  (G7) 450 

Varden,(L4) 170 

Venango,  (A2) 251 

Venetia,  (AS) 500 

Venice,  (A8) 180 

Veracruz,  (L7) 130 

Verona,  (B7) 2,849 

Versailles,  (B8) 1,487 

Viaduct,  (DS) 100 

Vicksburg,  (G5) 130 

Village  Green,  (LIO).  240 

ViUanova,  (L9) 200 

Vintage,  (JIO) 300 

Vintondalc,(U8).... 1,410 
Virginville,  (K7). ...  100 

Volant,  (AS) 185 

Vose,  (K3) 150 

Wagner,  (G7) 170 

Wakefield,  (JU)....  220 
Walkers  Mills,  (AS).   500 

Wall,  (BS) 1,962 

Wallace,  (K9) 100 

Wallaceton,  (E5).. . .  324 
Wallingford,  (LIO). .    100 

Wallisrun,  (G4) 150 

Walnut,  (G7) 150 

Walnut  Bottom,(G9)  250 
Walnutport,(K7)..  1,039 

Walsall,  (DS) 150 

Walston,  (C6).' 2,000 

Walters,  (L7) 100 

Waltcrsburg,  (BIO)..  500 
W^altcrs  Park,  (J8). .  200 

Wampum,  (A6) 980 

W'anamakers,  (K7)..    130 

Wanaraie,  05) 1,500 

Wapwallopen,  05)..  300 

Ward,  (LIO) 120 

Warfordsburg,  (Ell)  100 

Warren,  (C2) 11,080 

Warren  Center,  (J2).  150 
Warrendale,  (A7).. .  1,000 
Warrensville,  (G4). .  700 
Warrior  Run,  (K5).  1,251 
Warriors  Mark,  (E7)  300 

Warsaw,  (D5) 100 

Warwick,  (K9) 250 

Washington,  (JIO)..  560 
Washington,  (A9). 18,778 
Washingtonboro, 

(JIO) 73» 

Washingtonville, 

(HS) 183 

Waterford,  (A2)....  724 

Waterside,  (E9) 20O 

Waterstreet,  (E7)...  100 
WatervUle,  (G4). . . .  150 
Watsontown,  (HS)..1,950 
Wattersonville,  (B6)  150 
Wattsburg,  (B2)....  283 

Waverly,  (K3) 515 

Waymart.  (U) 412 

Wayne,  (L9) 3,000 

Waynesboro,  (FU)  7,199 
Waynesburg, 

(AlO) 3,545 

Weatherly,  (K6)....2,S01 
Weaversville,  (L7)..   190 

Webster,  (B9) 1,000 

Webster  Mills,  (EIO)  100 

Weedville,  (D4) 300 

Wehrum,  (C8) 600 

Weikert,  (G6) 100 

Weisel,  (U) 180 

Weisenburg,  (K7)...   100 

Wcissport,  (K5) 638 

Weldbank,  (C2) 200 

Weldon,  (L9) 300 

Wellersburg, 

(DID 193 

Wells,  (H2) 100 

Wellsboro,  (G3)....3,183 
Wellscreek,  (D9)....  300 

Wellsville,  (H9) 308 

Wendel,  (BS) 1,000 

Wemersville,  08)- "  370 

Wertz,(E8) 200 

Wertzville,  (G8)....  100 
Wescosvill;,  (K7)...  ISO 

Weskit,  (B6) 500 

Wesley,(B5) 130 

Wesleyville,  (Al)....  630 
W.  Alexander, 

(A9) 426 

W.  Auburn,  (J3). .. .  150 
W.Bangor,  (J  11)...  300 
W.Berwick,  05). -S.SIJ 
W.  Bethlehem,  (L7)4,409 


INDEX  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES 


/  PENNSYLVANIA— RHODE  ISLAND  \ 
UOUTH  CAROLINA— SOUTH  DAKOTA/ 


373 


W.  BridgewatCT, 

(A7) 1,500 

W.  Brownsville, 

<B9) 2,036 

W.Chester,  (K10)U,767 
W.  CooshobockeD, 

(L9) 2,202 

W.Decatur,  (E6)...  530 
W.Easton,(L7).... 1,033 
W.  Elizabeth,  (B8)..  841 

West  End,  (B4) 495 

W.  Fairfield,  (C8).. .  210 
W.Fairview,(H9)..  1,300 

Westficld,  (G2) 1,207 

W.  Finlev,  (A9)..  . .  200 
W.  Franklin,  CH3)...  100 
W.  Freedom,  (B5)....  300 

W.Green,  (Bl) 100 

Weslgrove,(KIO)..  1,261 
W.  Hanover,  (H8)...  400 
W.Hazieton.(K6).. 4,715 
W.Hickory,  (C3)...  350 
W.  nomestead,(B8)3,009 
W,  Kittanning,  (B6)  589 


Westltvnd,  (A8) 500    Westporl,  (F4) 250 

W.  Lebanon,  (C;).. .    160  W.  Reading,  (K.8).  .2,064 

W.  Loesport,  U8)...  436  W.  Reynoldsville, 

W.Lciscnring.CB  10)  1,200        (D5) 933 

W.  Liberty,  (A8) 2,000  W.  Salisbury,  (CU).  700 

W.Liberty,  (AS)....   199  W.  Springfield,  (A2).  280 

W.  Manayunk,  (L9).  500  W.  Sunbury,  (B5).. .  283 

W.  Middlesex,  (A5)  1,157  W.Telford,  (L8)....  664 

W. Middletown,  Westtown,  (K.10)...  100 

(AS) 274  West  View,  (AS)....  1,626 

W.  Milton,  (H5)....  380    WcstvUle,  (U5) 500 

Wcstmont,  (D8).. . .  1,468  W.  Vincent,  (K9). . .   100 

W.  Monterey,  (B5)..  600  W.  Washiaifton, 

Westmoor,  (K4). ...  400       IM} 3,400 

W.  Nanticoke,  (J5)..  130  W.  Willow,  (J  10)....   150 

W.  Newton,  (B9)..  .2,880  W.  Winfield,  (B6).. .  500 

Weston,  (J6) 100  W.  Wyoming,  (K4)  1,621 

Westover.  (D6) 569  W.  York,  (HIO).... 2,435 

W.  Pike,  (F2) 100    Wetmore,  (D3) 100 

W.  Pikeland,  (K9)..    150    Wharton,  (E3) 100 

W.  Pittsburg,  (A8)..l,000  Wheatland,  (AS).. . .  955 

W.  Pittsburg,  (A6)...  500    Whighill,  (C3) 150 

W.  Piltston,  (K4).  .6,848  Whitaker,  (B8)....  .1,547 

Westpoint,  (L9) 250  Whitedeer,  (H5). . . .  350 


Whitehall,  (H5) 150 

While  Haven,  (K5).l,438 
Whitehorse,  (LIO)....  100 

Whiteley,  (AlO) 100 

Whilemarsh,  (L9).. .  300 
White  Mills,  (L3)....2,200 

Whitcoak,  (J9) 130 

Whitepine,  (G4) 500 

Whitestown,  (A6).. .   100 

Whitney,  (C9) 880 

VVhitsett,  (B9) 100 

Wickboro,  (36) 2,775 

Wickhaven,  (B9)....  100 
Wiconisco,  (H7)..  ..3,000 

Widnoon,  (B6) 150 

Wigton,  (E6) 350 

Wilawana,  (H2) 120 

Wilburlon,  (J6) 1,200 

Wilcox,  (D3) 1,300 

Wilgus,  (D6) 250 

Wilkes-Barre,(KS)  67,105 
Wilkinsburg,(B8).  18,924 
William  Penn,  (L9).  1,100 
Williams,  (DIO) 200 


Williamsburg,  (E8).  1,523 
Williams  Cor,  (K9).  150 
Williams Grove,(E5)  400 
Williamson  School, 

(LlO) 100 

Williamsport,  (G4)3 1,860 
Williamstown,  (H7)2,904 

Willock,  (B8) 500 

Willow  Grove,  (L9)..  800 
Willow  Street,  (J  10).  190 
Wilmerding,  (B8)....6,133 

Wilmore.  (D8) 314 

Wilpen,(CS'i 200 

Wilson,  (B8) 1,108 

Wimmers,  (K4) 160 

Winburne,(E6).... 3,000 

Windber,  (D9) 8,013 

Windgap,  (L6) 832 

Windham,  (J2) 300 

Windham  Center, 

(J2) 100 

Wind  Ridge,  (AlO)..   ISO 

Windsor,  (HIO) 697 

Winfield,  (H6) 300 


Winterbum,  (05)...  200 
Winterstown,  (HIO).  238 

Winlon,  (K4) 5,280 

Winwood,  (L2) 100 

Wireton,  (A7) 100 

Wirsing,  (Bll) 100 

Wislmw,  (D5) 100 

Wismcr,  (L8) 150 

Witmer,  (J9) 300 

Wittenberg,  (DU)..  100 
Wolfsburg,  (D9)....  130 
Womelsdorf,(J8)...  1,301 

Wood,  (E9) 100 

Woodbury,  (E9) 255 

Woodcock,  (A2) 130 

Woodland,  (E5).. .  .1,200 
Woodlawn,  (A7).. ..  1,396 

Woodville,  (A8) 500 

Woodward.  (G6).. . .  400 

Woolrich,  (G5) 250 

Worcester.  (L9) 140 

Wormlevsburg,  (H9)  809 

Worthington,  (B6)..   436 

,  WorthvUle,  (C5)....  121 


Woxall,(U) 140 

Wrights,  (E3) 100 

Wrightsdale,  (Jll)..  170 
Wrighlsville,  (H9).. 2,051 

Wurtemburg,  (A6). .  500 

Wyalusing,  (J3) 580 

Wycombe,  (M8)....  130 

Wyebrooke,  (K9). . .  100 

Wylandville,  (A9).. .  110 

Wyncote,  (L9) 260 

Wyndmoor,  (L9)....  200 

Wynnewood,  (L9)...  130 
Wyoming,  (K4). . .  .3,010 

Wyomissing,  (J8). . .  985 

Wysox,  (J2) 150 

Yardley,  (M9) 894 

Yates,  (K4) 550 

Yatesboro,  (C6).. .  .2,000 

YatcsviUe,  (K4) 573 

Yeadon,  (LIO) 882 

Yeagcrtown,  (F7). . .  540 

Yellow  Creek,  (E9)..  100 

Yerkes,  (L9) 200 

Yocumtown,  (H9).. .  140 


Yoe,  (HIO) 567 

Yohoghany,  (B8). . .  400 

York,  (HIO) 44,750 

Yorkjina,  (HIO) 500 

York  lumace.  (110).  100 
Yorkhavcn,  (H9)... .  Hi 
York  New  Salem, 

(HIO) 230 

York  Run,  (BIO)....  100 
York    Springs, 

(G9) m 

Youngs,  (L6) 100 

Youngstown,  (C8)...  32.* 
YoungsviUc,  (C2)..  1.40« 
Youngwood,(B9)...  1,881 

Yukon,  (B9) 1,00C 

Zehner,  (KS) 20C 

Zelienople,  (A6)....l,38? 

Zerbe,  0') 300 

Zieglerville,  (L9)....  400 

Zion,  (F6) 130 

Zion  Grove,  (J6). . . .  20C 
Zollarsville,  (AlO).. .  100 
Zora,(Gll) IOC 


RHODE  ISLAND 


1915  STATE  CENSUS  FIGURES 


■=Popu]ation  of  Township 


Abbottnin,  (LS)....  250 
Adamsville,  (M6). . .  300 

Albion,  (LS) 450 

Allenton,  (L6) 700 

Alton,  (K7) 100 

Anthony,  (K6) 1,500 

Apponaug,(L6)....  1,300 

Arcadia,  (K6) 100 

Arctic,  (^K.6) 3,100 

Arlington.  (LS) 1,000 

Arnold  .Mills,  (L5).  .  300 

Ashaway,  (16) 1,200 

Ashland,  (K5) 280 

Ashton,  (LS) 1,400 

Auburn,  (L5) 4,500 

Austin,  (K6) 100 

Barrmgton.  (L6)-.«2,982 
Block  Island.  (K8).  1,200 
Bradford,  (K7)  ...  ISO 


Abbeville,  (C5). ..  .4.459 
Adamsburg,  (D2)..  100 
Adiirasrun.  (C8)...     200 

Aiken,  (D7) 3,911 

Alcolu,    (G6) 458 

Allen.  (16) 200 

Allendale,  (E9). ..  .1,453 
Almeda,    (ElO)....    100 

Alston.    (E5) no 

Anderson,  (B3). ..  .9,654 
Antreville,  (B4)...  100 
Appleton,  (E9)....     156 

Arcadia,  (D2) 300 

Arkwright,  (D2)...    500 

Autun,    (B3) 150 

Bamberg,  (E8) ....  1,937 

Barnwell,   (E8) 1,324 

Batesburg,  (D6)..  .1,995 
Batesville,    (C2)...     ISO 

Bath,  (D8) 500 

Beaufort,    (B9). ..  .2,486 

Belton.   (C3) 1,652 

BennettsviUe,  (H3)  2,646 

Bessie,  (C3) 250 

Bethune,  (04) 317 

Bingham,  (H4)....  195 
Bishopville,  (G5)..  1,559 
Blacksburg,  (El).. 1,119 
Blackstock,  (E3)...  192 
Blackville.   (E8)...  1,278 

Blaney,  (F5) 100 

Blenheim,  (H4)....  228 
Bluffton,  (BIO).  ...  577 
BIythewood,  (F5)..     100 

Bolcn,  (F7) 150 

Bonneau,  (H8) 100 

Bordeaux,  (C6) 200 

Bowman,  (F8) 327 

Bradley,  (CS) 279 

Branchville,  (F8)..  1,471 
Brandon,    (C2)....     300 

Brighton,  (A8) 190 

Brightsville,  (H2)..     100 

Brunson,  (ElO) 610 

Bucklick.  (F4) 300 

Buffalo,  (D3) 1,200 

Burton,  (B9) 100 

Cades,  (H7) 300 

Calhoun,  (B3) 215 

Calhoun  Falls,  (B5)    295 

Camden,  (F4) 3,559 

Cameron,  (F7) 421 

Campobello.  (CI)..    255 

Carlisle.    (E3) 367 

Cartersville.  (H5)..  320 
Cateechee,  (B2)...    300 

Cayce,  (E6) 180 

Cedar  Spring,  (D2)    150 


Bridgeton,  (K5) 600 

Bristol,  (L6) •10,302 

Bristol  Ferrv,  (L6)..   100 

Canonchet,  (J7) 100 

Carolina,  (K7) 300 

Centerdale,  (KS)...  1,250 
CentervUle,(K6)...  1,500 
Central  Falls,(LS).  23.708 
Charlestown,  (K7).  ."901 
Chepachet,(K5)...  1,200 

Clayville,  (KS) 300 

Conimicut,  (L5) 200 

Coventry;  (K6)..  ..■5,669 

Cranston,  (L5) 26,940 

Crompton,(K6)....  1,800 
Cumberland,  (L5)."9,929 
Cumberland  Hill, 

(LS) 150 

Davisville,  (L6) 580 


Central,    (B3) 886 

Chapin,  (E5) 345 

Chappells,  (D5)...  ISO 
Charleston.  (HIO)  58,833 

Cheraw,  (H3) 2,873 

Cherokee,  (Dl) 150 

Cherokee  Falls,  (Dl)  591 

Chesnee,    (Dl) 140 

Chester,   (E3) 4,754 

Chesterfield,  (G3)..  618 
ClarksHill,  (C7)...  100 
Clemson    College, 

(B3) 350 

Clifton,  (D2) 4,500 

Clinton,  (D4) 3,272 

Clio,  (H3) 780 

Clover,  (El) 1,207 

Cokesbury,  (C4)..  .  290 
Colemans,   (05)...     150 

Colliers.  (C7) 150 

COLUMBIA, 

(E5) 26,319 

Congaree,  (F6) 100 

Connors,  (G8) 100 

Converse,  (D2) 1,000 

Conway,   (J6) 1,228 

Cope,  (F8) 174 

Cordesville.  (H9)..    130 

Coronaca,  (C4) 199 

Cottiigeville.   (GIO)    418 

Coward,  (H6) 100 

Cowpens.  (D2)..  ..1,101 
Crocketville,    (ElO)    200 

Cromer,  (D4) 100 

Cross  Anchor,  (D3)  200 
Cross  Hill,  (D4)...  558 
Crosskeys,  (D3)..  .     120 

Dantzler,    (F8) 130 

Darlington,  (H4)..3,789 

Denmark,  (E8) 1,075 

Dillon,  (J4) 1,757 

Donalds,    (C4) 268 

Dovesville.  (H4).    .     169 

Drayton.   (D2) 200 

Duewest,    (C4) 672 

Dunbar.  (H3) 150 

Dunbarton,  (D9)..     150 

Duncan,  (C2) 190 

Dunklin.  (C3)....  200 
Early  Branch,  (FIO)    160 

Easley,   (B2) 2,983 

Eastover,  (F6).  ...  237 
Eau  Claire,  (E5)...  1,234 

Ebenezer,  (HS) 250 

Ebenezer,  (E2) 190 

Edgefield,  (D6) 1,771 

Edgraoor,  (E2) 113 

Edisto  Island,  (C8)  3,500 


Diamond  Hill,  (L5) .  250 
E.  Greenwich,  (L6)»3,504 
E.    Providence, 

(L5) "18.584 

E.  Providence  Center, 

(L5) 200 

Escoheag,  (K6) 100 

Esmond,  (LS) 500 

Exeter,  (K6) "904 

Fiskeville.  (K6)....  1,000 

Forestdale,  (KS) 400 

Foster,  (KS) ■1,076 

Foster  Center,  (K5).  600 
Georgiaville,(KS)..  1,000 

Glendale,  (KS) 370 

Gould,  (K7) 100 

Grants  Mills,  (L4).  .  300 

Greene,  (J6) 460 

GreeoviUe,  (K.5) 700 


Greystone,  (KS) 800 

Hamilton,  (L6) 300 

Harrisville,  (KS).. .  2,200 
Hillsgrove,  (L6)  ...    800 

Hope,  (K5) 850 

Hope  Valley,(K7).  .1,450 
Hopkinton,  (J7).  ..■2.496 
Hughesdale,  (KS). ..  450 
Island  Park,'  (M6).  225 
Jamestown,  (L7)..^l,518 

Kent,  (KS) 170 

Kenvon,  (K7) ISO 

Kingston,  (K7) 450 

La  Fayette,  (L6).. ..  350 
Lakewood,  (L5).  ...  650 

Liberty,  (K6) 100 

Limerock,  (L5) 250 

Little    Compton, 

(M6) "1.382 


Longmcadow,  (L6)..  350 

Lonsdale,  (L5) 4,000 

Lymansville,  (LS).. .   700 

ManviUe,  (K5) 2,100 

Mapleville,  (KS).  . .  610 
.Middletown,  (L6)  .■1,992 
Narragansett  Pier, 

(L7) ■1,431 

Nasonville,  (KS).. . .  550 

Natick,  (K6) 5,000 

NayattPl.,  (L6)....  200 

Newport,  (L6) 30,472 

Nooseneck  Hill,(K6)  100 
No.  Scituate,  (KS)..  1,050 
No.  Tiverton,  (M6).1,6S0 

Norwood,  (LS) 650 

Oakland,  (KS) 490 

Oakland  Beach,(L6).  500 
Pascoag,  (K5) 3,000 


Pawtucket,  (LS).  ..55,335 
Peace  Dale,  (L7)...  1,550 

Pheni.i,  (K6) 2,400 

Phillipsdale,  (LS)...   700 

Pt.  Judith,  (L7) 100 

Pontiac,  (L6) 1,900 

Portsmouth, 

(M6) ■2,678 

Potter  Hill,  (J7) 250 

PROVIDENCE, 

(LS) 247,660 

Prudence,  (L6) 200 

River  Point,  (K6).. 3,500 

Riverside,  (LS) 2,000 

Rockland,  (K5) 400 

Rockville,  (J 5) 250 

Rumford,  (LS) 500 

Saunderstown,  (L6).  200 
Sayle8viUe,(L5)....  800 


SOUTH    CAROLINA 


Effingham,  (HS). ..  150 
Ehrhardt,  (E9)....    315 

Elks,  (E8) 114 

Ellenton.   (D9) 367 

Elliott,  (GS) 500 

Elloree,  (F7) 540 

Enoree,  (C3) 2,000 

Enterprise,  (C8) ...    200 

Estill,   (ElO) 460 

Ethel,  (C8) 100 

Eutawville,  (G8)...    405 

Exchange.  (CS) 300 

Fairfax,  (ElO) 499 

Fairforest,  (C2) 300 

Fairmont,  (C2) 100 

Fair  Play,  (A3)....    100 

Ferguson,  (08) 100 

Fingerville,  (Dl)...  300 
Florence,  (HS). ..  .7,057 
Foreston,  (G7)....    115 

Fork,  (JS) 134 

Forkshoals,  (C3)...  360 
Fort  Lawn.  (F3)...  204 
Fort  Mill,  (Fl).... 1,616 
FortMotte,  (F7)...  392 
Fountain  Inn.  (C3)    979 

Frogmore,  (B9) 100 

Furman,  (ElO) 100 

Gaffncy,  (Dl) 4,767 

Gaston,  (E6) 150 

Georgetown,  (J8).. 5,530 

Gilbert,  (E6) 450 

Glendale,  (D2)....  600 
Glenn  Springs,  (D2)    178 

Godbold,  (J6) 100 

Goldville,  (D4)....  210 
Golightly,  (D2)....    300 

Gourdin,  (H8) 200 

Govan,  (E9) Ill 

Gowensville,  (CI)..  100 
Grahamville,  (A9)  300 
Graniteville,  (D7I..2,500 
Gray  Court,  (C3)..  284 
Great  Falls,  (F3)..  200 
Greeleyville,  (H7)..  630 
Grecnpond,  (FIO)..  360 
Greenville,  (C2)..  15,741 
Greenwood,   (C5)..6,614 

Greer,  (C2) 1,673 

Grover,  (F9) 67 

Gurley,  (K5) 100 

Hagood.    (F5) 300 

Hamburg,  (D8) 490 

Hamer,    (J4) 150 

Hampton.  (ElO)...  748 
Hardeeville,  (AlO)  650 
Harleyville,  (G9)..  190 
HartsvUle,  (G4).., 2,365 


Haskell,  06) 100 

Heath  Spring,  (F3)    452 

Hebron,  (H6) 100 

Helena,    (D4) 425 

Hendersonville, 

(FIO) 319 

Hickory  Grove,  (E2)  285 
Highland,  (CI)....    200 

Hodges.    (C4) 266 

Holly  Hill,  (G8)...  342 
Honeapath,  (C4)...  1,763 
Huntersville,     (C3)    250 

Inman,   (CI) 474 

Irmo.  (ES) 267 

Iva,  (B4) 894 

Jackson,  (D9) 150 

Jacksonboro,  (GIO)  54 
James     Island, 

(HIO) 250 

Jedburg.  (09) 110 

Jefferson.   (03) 390 

Johns  Island,  (GIO)    500 

Johnston,  (D6) 943 

Jonesville.    (D2)...    959 

Jordan,  (07) 300 

Kathwood.  (D8).  ..    200 

Kelton,    (D2) 92 

Kemper,  (J4) 52 

Kershaw,    (F2) 950 

Killian,  (F5) 110 

KingsCreek,(El)..  100 
Kingstree.   (H7)...  1,372 

Kline,   (E9) 199 

Ladies  Island.  (B9)  100 
Lake  City,  (H6)... 1,074 

Lamar,  (G5) 592 

Lancaster.  (F3). . .  2,098 

Lando,    (E3) 200 

Landrum,  (CD 449 

l^ne,      (H7) 100 

Lanford    Station, 

(C3) 100 

Langley,  (D7) 1,400 

Latta.  (J4) 1,358 

Laurens.  (C4) 4,818 

Leeds,  (E3) 350 

Leesville,   (D6)....    980 

Lena.  (ElO) 100 

Lenud,  (H8) 250 

I-evys,  (AlO) 200 

Lewiedale,  (E5)...  162 
Lexington.   (E6)...    709 

Liberty,  (B2) 1,058 

Liberty  Hill,  (F4)..  200 
Lincolnville,  (G9)..  341 
Little     Mountain, 

(OS) 440 

LittleRiver,  (K6)..    200 


Little  Rock,  (J4)...  99 
Livingston,  (E7)...  168 
Lockhact,  (D2). ..  .1,000 

Lodge,  (F9) 300 

Lonestar,    (F7)....    100 

Loris,  (KS) 229 

Lowndesville,  (B5).  350 
Lowryville,    (E2)..    343 

Lucknow.  (04) 139 

Lugoff,    (F5) 150 

Lumber,  (H4) 300 

Luray,  (ElO) 300 

Lydia,  (GS) 100 

Lynch,   (H6) 100 

Lynchburg,   (G5)..    466 

McBee,  (G4) 187 

McClellanville, 

(H9) 700 

McColl,   (H3) 1,628 

McConnellsviUe, 

(E2) 279 

McCormick.  (C6)..  613 
Macbeth,  (H8)....     100 

Madden,  (C4) 150 

Madison,    (A3) 20O 

Mallory,    (J4) 96 

Manning,  (G7) I,8S4 

Marietta,  (Bl).  ...    310 

Marion,  (J5) 3,844 

Marlboro,  (H3) 100 

Mars  Bluff,  (HS)..  450 
Maryville,  (HIO).  .    473 

May,  (J4) 200 

Maybinton,  (E4)..  100 
Mayesville,    (06)..    751 

Meggett,  (C8) 1,000 

Meriwether,  (C7)..  100 
Merritts    Bridge, 

(D7) 100 

Midland  Park,  (GIO)  100 

Midway,  (F8) 96 

Millettville,  (D9)..    130 

Modoc,  (C7) 108 

Moocks    Comer, 

(H9) 232 

Monetta,  (D6) 122 

Monticello,  (E4)...  100 
Montmorenci,  (D7)    200 

Moore,   (C2) 150 

Moultrieville, 

(HIO) 1,011 

Mount  Carmel,(C5)  264 
Mount     Croghan, 

(G3) 100 

Mount   Pleasant, 

(HIO) 1,346 

Mountvillc,  (D4)..  ISO 
MuUios,  aS) 1,832 


Murrells  Inlet,  (J7)  200 

Navy  Yard,   (HIO)  450 

Neeses,  (E7) 143 

Newberry,  (D4)... 5,028 
New  Brookland, 

(E6) 900 

Newmarket,  (CS) . .  160 

Newport,   (E2).  ...  100 

New  Prospect,  (CD  130 

Newry,  (B3) 900 

Neyles,   (FIO) 300 

Nichols,  (}S) 118 

NinctySbt,  (DS)...  758 

Norris,    (B3) 180 

North,  (E7) 561 

North     Augusta, 

(D7) 1,136 

Norway,  (E8) 315 

Olanta.     (H6) 230 

Olar.  (E9) 350 

Oldpoint,   (E2) 250 

Orangeburg.  (F7).. 5,906 

Oswego,   (05) 100 

Owings,  (C3) 170 

Pacolet,   (D2) 410 

Pageland,  (G2) 360 

Pages  Mills.  (J4)...  157 

Palmetto.  (H5)....  100 

Paris  Island,  (BIO)  300 

Piirksville,   (C6)...  197 

Patrick,    (03) 9g 

Paxville,  (06) 175 

Peak.    (E5) 183 

P(;lham,    (C2) 300 

Pelzer,  (B3) 4,000 

Pendleton,  (B3)...  822 

Perry,  (E7) 179 

Pickens,   (B2) 897 

Piedmont,  (B3)...  4,000 

Pineland,   (AS)....  100 

Pinewood,   (06)...  424 

Pinopolis,  (09) 200 

Plum  Branch,  (C6)  145 

Pomaria,  (E4) 200 

Ponpon,  (010) 300 

Port  Harrelsoo.  (J7)  150 

Port  Royal,  (B9)..  363 

Pregnall,  (09) 100 

Princeton,    (C3)...  182 

Prosperity,  (DS) .. .  737 

Quick.  (H3) 200 

Reedy  River  Factory, 

(C2) 200 

Reevcsville,   (F9)..  205 

Reidville,   (C2)....  177 

Rcmbert,    (F5) 100 

Richburg,    (E3)...  245 

Ridgeland,  (A9)...  330 


Shannock,  (K7) 100 

Shawomet,  (L6).  ...  100 
Slatersville,  (K5)  ..1,850 

Slocum,  (K6) 250 

Smithfield.  iKi). .■3,284 

So.  Foster,  (KS) 100 

So.  Portsmouth, 

(M6) 100 

So.  Scituate,  (K5)..  .  300 

Stillwater,  (K5) 150 

Summit,  (K6) 220 

Tarkiln,  (KS) 190 

Thornton,  (K5) 700 

Tiverton,  (M6).. .  ,■4,409 
Tiverton  Four  Cor- 
ners, (M6) 325 

Usquepaugh,  (K7)..  100 
Valley  Falls,  (L5)..  2,400 
Wakefield,  (L7) 2,750 


Ridgespring,  (D6)  505 
Ridgeville,  (09) ...    300 

Ridgeway,  (F4) 370 

Robertsville,  (A8)..     100 

Rockhill,  (E2) 7,216 

Rockton,(E4) 100 

Rowesville,    (F8)..    508 

Ruby,  (03).- 194 

RufTin,  (F9) 200 

Rural,  (G5) 400 

Saint  Charles,  (GS)  100 
Saint  George,  (F9)  957 
Saint  Helena  Island, 

(B9) 100 

Saint     Matthews, 

(F7) 1,377 

Saint  Stephen,  (HS)    408 

Salem,  (B2) 139 

Salley,  (E7) 311 

Saluda,  (DS) 610 

Sampit,   (J8) 200 

Sandyrun.  (F6) 110 

Santuck,  (D3) 100 

Scotia,  (ElO) 189 

Scranton.  (H6)....    308 

Sellers,  (JS) 458 

Seneca,  (B3) 1,313 

Shandon,    (E5)....    795 

Sharon,  (E2) 374 

Shirley,  (ElO) 130 

Sieglingville,   (E9).     113 

Silver,  (G7) 200 

Silverstreet,  (D5)..  200 
Simpsonville,     {C3)    521 

Smoaks,   (F9) 200 

Smyrna,  (El) 109 

Snelling,   (E9) 338 

Society  Hill,  (H3)..  500 
S.  Lynchburg.  (05)    280 

Sparjun,  (D2) 500 

Spartanburg, 

(C2) 17,517 

Springfield,  (E7)...    438 

Starr.  (B4) 200 

Stecdman,  (E6) 200 

Stillwood,  (ElO)...  200 
Stokesbridge,  (05)  100 
Summerton,  (07). .  678 
Summerville.  (09)  2,355 

Summit,  (E6) 87 

Sumter,  (06) 8,109 

Swansea,  (E7) 523 

Switzer,  (C2) 125 

Sycamore,  (E9)....      99 

Taft,  (H7) ISO 

Tarboro,  (A9) 100 

Tatura,  (H3) 225 

Taylor,  (C2) 250 


Warren,  (L6) ^7,241 

Warwick,  (L6).. .  ."29,084 
Washington,  (K6)...  450 
Watch    Hill, 

(J7) 100 

W.  Barrington,  (L6).  770 
Westeriy,  0')-- -"10,175 
W.  Gloucester,  (J5).  100 
W.  Greenwich 

(K6) ■  .509 

W.  Kingston,  (K7).  .  lOO 
White  Rock.  (17)...   ISO 

Wickford,  (L6) 1,050 

Wood  River  Jc, 

(K7) 150 

Wocdville,  (K7) 200 

Woonsocket,  __  > 

(LS) .^.nafiii 

Wyoming,  (K6) 200 

i>rry,  (CI) ISO 

The  Farms,  (GIO)..     150 

Tillman,  (A9) 100 

Timmonsville,  (H5)  1,708 

Tindal,  (06) 100 

Tirzah,  (El) 128 

Townville,  (B3). . .  255 
Travellers  Rest,  (B2)    60 

Trenton.  (D6) 257 

Trio,  (H8) 198 

Troy,  (D6) 233 

Tucapau,  (C2)...  ,    800 

Ulmers,  (E9) 190 

Union,    (D3) 5,623 

Vance,  (08) 97 

Vamville,  (ElO)..  .    .542 

Vauclusc,  (D7) 850 

Verdery,  (C5) 230 

Vox,   (H6) 100 

Wagener,  (E7)...  .  352 
Walhalla,  (A2)..  .  .1,595 
Watterboro, 

(FIO) 1,577 

Walton,  (E4) 100 

Wando,  (HIO) 250 

Ward,  (D6) 183 

Ware  Shoals,  (C4)  500 
Warrenville.  (D7)..    320 

Wateree,  (F5) 100 

Waterloo.  (C4) 191 

Wedgefield,  (F6) ...  310 
Wellford,    (C2)..,.    370 

Wells,  (08) 100 

Westminster,  (A3)  1,576 
West  Union.  (A3).  328 
Westville.  (F4).  ..  107 
Whitehall,  (FIO)...  300 
White  Pond,  (E8).  250 
White  Rock,  (E5),  85 
White  Stone.  (D2)  100 
Whitmire,    (D3)...l.045 

Wilkins,    (B9) 100 

Wilksburg,  (E3).  .  .  300 
Williams,  (F9)....  100 
Williamston,  (B3)  1,957 
Willington,  (C6)..  .     365 

Williston,  (E8) 624 

Wilson,  (07) 100 

Windsor,  (D8)....  200 
Winnsboro,    (E4)     1,754 

Winona,  (HS) 100 

Woodford,  (E7)..  .  190 
Woodruff,  (D2).  .1,880 
Woodward,  (E3)...  400 
Yemassee.  (AS)...  250 
Yonges  Island.  (C8)    200 

Yorkville.  (E2) 2,326 

Zion,  U5) 19S 


SOUTH    DAKOTA 

1915  STATE  CENSUS  FIGURES 


Aberdeen,  (F2)...  11,846 

Akaska,  (D2) 76 

Albee,(H2) 140 

Alcester,  (H4) 477 

Alexandria,  (G4).-.  936 

Alpena,  (F3) 394 

Altamont,  (H3) 103 

Andover,  (02) 349 

Ardmore,  (A4) 140 

Arlington,  (03) 884 

Armour,  (F4) 953 

Artas,(E2) 159 

Artesian,  (04) 586 

Ashton,  (F3) 326 

Athol,(F2) 150 

Aurora,  (H3) 277 

Avon,(G4) 525 

Baltic,  (H4) 306 

Bancroft,  (03) 139 

Belleiouicbe,  (A3)..  1,101 


Belvidere,  (C4) 232 

Bemis,  (H3) 100 

Beresford,  (H4)...  1,350 
Bigstone  City, 

(H2) 652 

Bijou  Hills,  (E4)...  200 

Bison,  (B2) 200 

Bbick  Hawk,  (A3).  100 

Blunt,  (D3) 277 

Bonesteel,  (E4) 532 

Bowdle,  (E2) 538 

Bradley,  (02) 533 

Brandt,  (H3) 224 

Brentford.  (F2)...  100 

Bridgewater,  (G4).  971 

Bristol,  (G2) 457 

Brittoh,  (G2) 907 

Broadland,  (F3)...  114 
Brookings,  (H3)...  3,416 

Bruce,  (H3) 328 


Bryant,  (G3) 687 

Buffalo,  (A2) 150 

Buffalogap,  (A4)...  137 

Burke,(E4) 421 

Bushnell,  (H3) 146 

Butler,  (02) 149 

Camp  Crook,  (A2).  133 

Canastota,  (G4)...  511 

Canova,(04) 318 

Canton,  (H4) 2,316 

Carlyle,  (E2) 100 

Carter,  (D4j 103 

Carthage,  ((J3) 555 

Castlewood,  (G3)..  537 

Cavour,  (03) 192 

Centerville,  (H4)..  1,109 

Central  City,  (A3).  262 

Chamberlain,  (E4).  1,055 

Chancellor,  (H4)...  228 

Chelsea,  (F2) 86 


Chester,  (G4) 160 

Cheyenne   Agency, 

(D2) 100 

Claremont,  (F2).-.  279 

Clark,  (G3) 1,200 

Clearlake,  (H3) 804 

Colman,  (H4) 399 

Colome,  (E4) 415 

Colton,(H4) 522 

Columbia,  (F2) 250 

Conde,  (F2) 483 

Corona,  (H2) 211 

Corsica,  (F4) 300 

Cottonwood,  (C4)..  120 

Crandall,  (02) 200 

Cresbard,  (E2) 238 

Crocker,  (G2) 86 

Custer,  (A4) 416 

Dallas,(E4) 751 

Dante,  (F4)...:.,  113 


DavU,  (G4) 244 

Deadwood,  (A3)...  3,113 
DeU  Rapids,  (H4)..  1,538 

Delmont,  (F4) 494 

Dempster,  (03)...     100 

DeSmet,  (03) 1,014 

Dixon,  (E4) ISO 

Doland,  (F3) SIS 

Dolton,  (G4) 133 

Draper,  (D4) 120 

East    Sioux    Falls, 

(H4) 268 

Edgemont,  (A4)...     743 
Eafngton,  (H2)....       46 

Egan,  (H4) 605 

Elk  point,  (HS) 1,546 

Elkton,  (H3)_ 768 

Emery,  (04) 545 

Englewood,  (A3)..       78 
Erwio,  (G3) 232 


Estelline,  (H3) TS75 

Ethan,  (F4) 308 

Eureka,  (E2) 968 

Fairfax,  (F4) 391 

Fairview.  (H4) 151 

Faith,  (B3)- -    232 

Farmer,   (04) 550 

Faulkton,  (E2) 458 

Fedora,  (G3) 250 

Femey,(F2) 220 

Flandreau,(H3)...  1,688 

Florence,  (G2) 216 

Forest  City,  (D2)..  100 

Fort  Pierre,  (D3)...  673 

Frankfort,  (F3)...  428 

Frederick,  (F2) 402 

Freeman,  (G4) 725 

Fulton,  (G4) 234 

Galena,  (A3) 59 

GannvaUey,  (F3)..  250 


Garden  City,  (03).  254 

Garretson,  (H4)...  819 

Gary,  (H3) 591 

Gayville,  (GS) 320 

Geddes,  (F4) 664 

Gettysburg,  (E2)..  751 

Glenham,(D2) 139 

Goodwin,  (H3) 126 

Greenway,  (E2) . . .  150 

Greenwood,  (F5)..  300 

Gregory,  (E4) 919 

Grenville,  (G2) lOO 

Groton,  (F2) 1,028 

Harrisburg,  (H4)..  185 

Harrison,  (F4) 120 

Harrold,  (E3) 173 

Hartford.  (G4) 703 

Hayti,  (G3) 256 

Hazel,   (03) 249 

Hecla,(F2) 474 


Henry,  (G3) 435 

Hermosa,  (A4) 77 

Herreid,  (D2) 391 

Herrick,  (E4) 44S 

Hetland,  (03) 245 

Highmore,  (E3)...  700 

Hill  City,  (A4) 271 

Hitchcock,  (F3)...  261 

Holmquist,   (G2)..  250 

Hosmer,  (E2) 3»1 

Hot  Springs,  (A4)..  2,132 

Hoven,(E2) 180 

Howard,  (03) 1,169 

Hudson,  (H4) 435 

Humboldt,  (G4)...  450 

Hurley,  (04) 531 

Huron,  (F3) 6,012 

lona,  (E4) 100 

Ipswich,  (E2) 702 

Irene,  (G4) 394 


374        (SOUTH  DAKOTA-TENNESSBE-TEXAS)  INDEX    OF    THE     UNITED    STATES 


Iroquois,  (G3) 

Isabel,  (C2) 

Java,  (E2) 

Jefferson,  (H6) 

Kadoda,  (C4) 

Kennebec,  (E4)  . . . 

Keystone,  (A4) 

Kimball,  (F4) 

Kranzburg,  {H3)  .. 
Lake  Andes,  (F4)... 
Lake  Norden,  (03) 
Lake  Preston,  (G3). 

Lamro,  (E4) 

Lane,(F3)... 

Langtord,  (G2) 

Lead,  (A3). i 

Lebanon,  fE2) 

Lebeau,  (D2) 

Lemmon,  (B2) 

Lennox,  (H4) 

Leola,(F2) 


530    Lesterville,  (G4)...  301 

162    Letcher,  (F4) 411 

410   Lily,  (G2) 149 

501    Little  Eagle,  (D2)..  100 

254    Lowry,  (E2) 90 

202    Mcintosh,  (C2)...  428 

320   McLaughlin,  D2)._  125 

787    Madison,  (G4)-..  3,949 

100   Jlanchester,  (G3)..  140 

566   Mansfield,  (F2) 250 

268   Marion,  (G4) 614 

862    Marvin,  (H2) 300 

350  Meadow,  (B2) 100 

278   Meckling,  (GS) 190 

426   Mellette,  (F2) 453 

,128  Menno.  (G4) 760 

420   Midland,  (C3) 207 

210   MilUmk,  (H2) 1,940 

943   Miller,  (E3) 956 

901    Missionhill.  (GS)..  166 

501    MitcheU,  (F4) 7,785 


Mobridge,  (D2) 1,551 

Monroe,  (G4) 170 

Montrose,  (G4) 552 

Morristown,  (C2)..  127 

Mound  City,  (E2) .  288 
Mount  Vernon,  (F4)    54 1 

Murdo,  (D3) 352 

Naples,  (G3) 130 

Newark,  (G2) 192 

Newell,  {A3) 272 

New  Underwood, 

(B3). 119 

Nisland,   (A3) 128 

Northville,  (F2)...  282 

Nunda,  (G3) 250 

O.icoma,  (E4) 163 

Oelrichs,  (A4) .  .    ..  100 

Oldham,  (G3) 362 

Olivet,  (G4) 163 

Onaka,  (E2) 120 

Onida,  (D3) 251 


Orient,  (E3) 180 

Ortley,  (G2) 162 

Parker,  (G4) 1,324 

Parkston.  (G4) 1,132 

Pecver,  (H2) 301 

Philip,  (C3) 404 

Piedmont,  (A3)...     100 

Pierpont,  (G2) 320 

PIERRE,  (D3)....  3,010 
Plankinton,  (F4)...     916 

Platte,  (F4( 939 

Pollock,  (D2) 238 

Presho,  (D4) 355 

Pukwana,  (E4) 182 

Quinn,(B3) 250 

Ramona,(G3) 324 

Rapid  City,  (A3)...  4,268 

Raymond,  (G3) 241 

Redfielrl.  (F3) 3,122 

Ree  Heights,  (E3)..     250 
Reliance,  (E4) 350 


Revillo,  (H2) 293 

Rockham,  (F3) 283 

Roscoe,  (E2)_ 320 

Rosebud,  (D4) 110 

Roswell,  (G3) 150 

Roubaix,  (A3) 100 

Rowena,  (H4) 100 

Rutland,  (H3) 225 

Saint  Lawrence, (F3)  253 
Saint Onge,  (A3)...     250 

Silem,  (G4) 1,132 

Scenic,  (B4) 130 

Scotland,  (G4) 1,249 

Selby,  (D2) 646 

Seneca,  (E2) 182 

Sherman,  (H4) 211 

Sinai.  (H3) 145 

Sioux  Falls.  {H4).. 20,929 

Siiseton,  (G2) 1,386 

Southshore,  (G21..     331 
So.SiouxFalls,  (H4)     171 


Spear6sh,  (A3) 921 

Spencer,  (G4) 572 

Springfield,  (F5)...  695 

Stickney,  (F4) 312 

Stockholm,  (H2)...  200 

Strandburg,  (H2) . .  117 

Stratford,  (F2) 400 

Sturgis,  (A3) 1,029 

Summit,  (H2) 536 

Tabor,  (G5) 441 

Tea,  (H4) 177 

Tcrraville,  (.\3)...  491 

Terry,  (.\3) 600 

Timber  Lake,  (C2).  238 

Tol3toy,(E2) 148 

Toronto,  (H3) 438 

Trent,  (H4)._ 274 

Tripp,  fG4) 903 

Tulare,  (F3) 250 

Turton,  (F2) 263 

Twinbrooks,  (H2).  177 


Tyndall,(G4) 1,302 

Utica,  (05) 133 

Valley  Springs, 

(H4) 372 

Veblen,  (G2) 340 

Verdon,  (F2) 89 

Vermilion,  (H5) 2,376 

Viborg,  (G4) 484 

Vienna,  (G3) 458 

Vilas,  (G3) Ml 

Virgil,  (F3) 220 

Volga,  (H3) 616 

Volin,  (G5) 33i 

Wagner,  (F4) 906 

Wakonda,  (G4) 403 

W.aU,(B4) 128 

Wallace,  (G2) 218 

Ward,(H3) 102 

Warner,  (F2) 250 

Wasta,  (B3) 250 

Watertown,  (G3)..  8,313 


Waubay,  (G2) 879 

Webster,  (G2) 1,640 

Wentworth,  (H4)..  350 
We,ssington,  (F3) . .  526 
Wessington  Sprmgs, 

(F3) 1,142 

Wetonka,  (F2) 300 

White,  (H3) 581 

White  Lake,  (F4) . .  504 
Whiterock,  (H2)...  384 
Whitcwood,  (A3)..  295 
Willow  Lake,  (G3).     398 

Wilmot,  (H2) 520 

Winfred,  (G4) 301 

Winner,  (E4). 923 

Witten,(E4) 400 

Wolsey,  (F3) 439 

Woonsocket.  (F3)..  1,201 
Worthing,  (H4)...      191 

Vale,  (G3) 250 

Yankton,  (G5) 4,771 


TENNESSEE 


Adams,  (G5) 542    Bullsgap,  (P6) 

AdamsviUe,  (E8)..     700    Bumpus  MiUs,  (FS) 


Aetna,  (G7) 150  Bunker  Hill,  (H8).  120 

Afton,(06) 120  Buntyn,  (B8) 500 

Agee,  (N6) 100  Burns,  (G6) 250 

Alamo,   (C7) 340  Burwood,  (H7) 150 


Alanthus,  (P5). 
Alexandria,  (K6).. 

Algood,  (L6) 

AlTardt.  (M6) 

AUens  Creek,  (F8) 


200 
500 
100 

140 


Allisona,  (H7) 100 

Almy,  (M6) 240 

Altamont,  (K8).-.     140 

Alto,  (K8) 150 

Altonpark,  (L8) .  .  .     400 
Anderson,  (K8)...     300 

Anthras,  (N5) 150 

Apiso.n,  (L8) 120 

Arcadia,  (R5) 200 

Arlington,  (B8) 477 

Arthur,  (OS) 200 

Asbury,  (07) 100 

Ashland  City,  (G6)     641 

Ashport,  (B7) 600 

Aspen  Hill,  (G8)...     200 

Athens,  (M8) 2,264 

Atoka,  (B8) 250 

Atpontley,  (L7)...     400 

Atwood,  (D7) 200 

Auburn,  (J7) 140 

Anion,  {B8) 140 

Avondale,  (L8) 1,000 

Await,  (J8) 180 

Baileyton,  (Q6)...  250 
BakerviUe,  (F7)...     170 

Ballcamp,  (N7) 200 

Barley,  (A8) 150 

Bamville,  (G8) 150 

Barr,  (B7) 200 

Bartlett,  (B8) 263 

Baxter,  (K6) 200 

Beans  Creek,  US)..     150 
Beardstown,  (F7).. 
Bear  Spring,  (F6)_- 
Beechgrove.  (J7)._ 
Beersheba  Springs, 

(K8) 

Belfast,  (H8). 110 

Bellbuckle,  07).-.  465 
Belleview,  (H6).-.     180 

BeUs,  (C7)- 753 

BelUburg,(G6)....    210 

BeUtown,  (N8) ISO 

BeUviUe,  (H8) 100 

Bemis,  (D7)- 650 

Bennett,  (N6) 100 

Benton,  (M8) 200 

Bessie,  (B6) 150 

Bethel,  (G8) 170 

Bethel  Springs,(D8)     200 

Bethpage,  (16) 170 

Big  Rock,  (FS) 130 

Big  Sandy,  (E6)...  380 
Binghamton,  (B8).  1,673 
Birchwood,  (M8)..     100 

Blanche,  (HS) 250 

Block,  (N6) 100 

Bloomingdale,  (QS)  100 
Bloomington 

Springs,  (K6)...  166 
BlountviUe,  (R5)..  230 
Blue  Gem,  (M6)...  100 
BlufiCity,  (R6)...     540 

BoUvar,  (C8) 1,070 

BonAir,(L7) 517 

Boyds  Creek,  (07).     100 

Braden,  (C8) 150 

Bradford,  (D6) 500 

Bransford,  06) 120 

Brazil,  (D7) 16» 

Briceville,  (N6)...  1,400 

Brighton,  (B8) 220 

Bristol,  (R5) 7,148 

Brownsville,  (C7)..  2,882 
Brunswick,  (B8)...  250 
Brushy    Mountain, 

{M6).-_ 

Buckeye,  (N6) 

Buena  Vista,  (E7). 
Buffalo  Valley,  (K6) 


100 
100 


230 


100    Butler,  (S6) ...     499 

800    Byrdstown,  (L5)..     100 

180    Cades,  (D7) 161 

330    Cainsvillc,  07) 200 

490     Calhoun,  (M8) 220 

Camden,  (E6) 692 

Campbells,  (G8)...  100 
CampbelIsville,(G8)  150 
Caneybr.anch,  (Q6)  150 
Capleville,  (B8)...     150 

Cardiff,  (M7) 120 

Carlisle,  (F6) ISO 

Carlock,  (MS) 100 

Carters  Creek,  (H7)     ISO 

Carthage,  (K6) 904 

Caryville,  (N6) 250 

Castalian     Springs, 

06) 150 

Catlettsburg,  (07).  100 
Cedar  Hill,  (IIS)..-     500 

Celina,  (K.5) 380 

Centcrville,  (F7)-.  1,097 
ChapeUIill,  (H7)..  170 
Charieston,  (M8).-  400 
Charlotte,  (G6).-.     236 

Ch,Tska,  (NS) 100 

Chattanooga,  (L8)  44,604 

Cherry,  (B7) 100 

Cherry  Valley,  (J6)     100 
Chesterfield,  (E7).. 
Chestnut  Hill,  (P7) 
Chestnut     Mound, 

(K6).. 

Chic,  (B7) --     100 

Christiana,  (J7)-..     150 

Clairfield,  (OS) 200 

Clarksburg,  (E7).-  230 
Clarksville,  (G5)..  8,548 
Claybrook,  (D7)..-  ISO 
Clear  Water,  (M7).  300 
Cleveland,  (M8)...  5,549 

Chiton,  (FS) 711 

Clifty,  (L7) 596 

Clinton,  (N6) 1,090 

Coal  Creek,  (N6)-.  1,102 
Coal  Field,  (M6)..  300 
Coa'.mont,  (KS).-.     250 

Cog  Hill,  (MS) 100 

Colesville,  (S6) 100 

College  Grove,  (H7)  130 
CoUierville,  (B8),..  802 
Columbia,  (H7)  ...5,754 

Como,  (D6) 160 

Conasauga,  (MS)..     100 

Concord,  (N7) 500 

Cookeville,(L6)...  1,848 
Copperhill,  (NS)...  1,500 
Comersville,  (IIS).  290 
Cottagegrove,  (E6)  215 
Countyline,  08).--  ISO 
Covington,  (B7)  — -2,990 

Cowan,  (K8) 630 

Crab  Orchard,  (M7)  300 
Craincsville,    (D8).     100 

Crandull,  (SS) 150 

Crossbridges,  (G7).  110 
Cro»s  Plains,  (HS).  110 
Crossville,  (M7)...     763 

Culleoka,  (GS) 340 

Cumberland     City, 

(F6) 600 

Cumberland     Fur- 
nace, (G6) 300 

Cumberland     Gap, 

(05) 347 

Curryhee,  (07) 100 

Curve,  (C7) 100 

Daisy,  (L8) 370 

Dancyville,  (C8)..  100 
Dandridge,  (P6)...     447 

Dante,  (06) 150 

Danville,  (F6) HO 

Darden,  (E7) 200 

Darks  MiU,  (H7)..     100 


858 
100 
120 


120    DaysviUe,  (M7)...     100 


Dayton,  (L8) 1,991 

Decatur,  (M7) 165 

Decaturville,  (E7).     300 

Dccherd,  (J8) 1,022 

Deer  Lodge,  (M6).     150 

Dellrose,  (HS) 150 

Del  Rio,  (P7) 100 

Denmark,  (07).--     300 

Deposit,  (N6) 100 

Detroit,  (B7) 100 

Dickson,  (G6) 1,850 

DiiScult,  (K6) 280 

Dixon  Spring,  06).     250 

Dock,  (P6) 100 

Dorton,  (M7) 100 

Double    Bridges, 

(B7) 100 

Double    Springs, 

(K6) 140 

Dover,  (F6) 480 

Dowelltown,  (K6).     240 

Doyle,  (R7) 240 

Dresden,  (D6) 708 

Drokes,  (R6) ISO 

Ducktown,  (NS).--  1,500 

Dunlap,  (L8) 1,166 

DurhamviUe,  (B7)-     ISO 

Dyer,  (D6) 1,166 

Dyersburg,(C6).- 4,149 

Eads,  (P3) 81 

Eagleville,  (H7)-..  380 
East    Chattanooga, 

(L8) 5,000 

Eastlake,  (L8) 250 

Eastland,  (L7) 334 

Eaton,  (C7) 130 

Ebenczcr,  (N7) 100 

Echo,  06) 100 

Edenwold,  (H6)...  150 
Elizabethton,  (R6).  2,478 

Elkton,  (H8) 179 

Elk  Valley,  (N6)...     200 

EUejoy,  (07) 100 

Ellendale,  (B8) 58 

Elora,  (J8) 100 

Elva,  (MS) 100 

Embreeville,  (Q6)  -  300 
Emorygap,  (M7).-  150 
Englewood,  (M8)-.     600 

Enville,  (E8) 140 

Erin,  (F6) 943 

Erwin,  (R6) 1,149 

Estill  Springs,  OS).     160 

Ethridge,  (G8) 180 

Etowah,  (N8) 1,685 

Eijrekaton,  (C8)--  ISO 
EvensviUc,  (M7)-.  200 
FallBranch.  (R6)-.     120 

Fallcreek,  (H7) 120 

Farmington,  (H7)-  ISO 
Fayetteville,  (HS)  -  3,439 

Ferro,  (F8)-- 200 

Fetzerton,  (MS)---     130 

Finley,  (B6) 304 

Fish  Spring,  (R6)--     100 

Flippin,  (B7) 100 

Flynnslick,  (K6)...     150 

Fogal,  (N6) 100 

Fordville,  (R6) 100 

Forest  Hill,  (B8)—  650 
Forkridge,  (OS).--  300 
Fosterville,  07)---  360 
Fountain  City,(N6)  SOO 
Fountain    Head, 

(H5) 170 

Fowlkes,  (B7) 240 

Foxbluff,  (G6) 100 

Foxbranch,  (PS)---     230 

Franklin,  (H7) 2,924 

Friendship,  (C7).-  270 
Friendsville,  (N7)  .     500 

Fulton,  (B7) 100 

Gadsden,  (D7) 270 

Gainesboro,  (K6)..     408 

Gallatin,  06) 2,399 

Gallaway,  (B8) 100 

Gardner,  (D6) 260 

Gates,  (C7) 292 

Gatliff,  (N6) ISO 

Georgetown,  (M8).  150 
GermaatowQ,  (B8).    247 


Gibson,  (D7) 250 

Glass,  (C6) 250 

Gleason,  (D6) 388 

Glen  Cliff,  (H6)---     150 

Glendale,  (G7) 100 

Glenmary,  (M6)-..  500 
Glenravea,  (HS)— .     100 

Glimp,  (B7) 100 

Godwin,  (G7) 100 

Golddust,  (B7) 200 

Goofllettsville,  (H6)  1,000 

Goodrich,  (F7) 360 

Gordonsburg,  (G7)  422 
Gordonsville,  (K6).     245 

Graham,  (F7) 100 

Grand     Junction, 

(C8) 491 

Granville,  (K6) 230 

Graveston,  (06).—  100 
Graysvillc,  (L8).-.  390 
Green  Brier,  (H6)-  522 
Grecneville,  (Q6)-  1,920 
Greenfield,  (D6)---  1,516 

Grimsley,  (L6) 140 

Gruetli,  (K8) 300 

Guelph,  (C6) 200 

Guild,  (K8) 500 

Habersham,  (N6)..  130 
Hales  Point,  (B7)—     200 

Halls,  (C7) 882 

Hamburg,  (E8) 150 

Hampton,  (R6)---  600 
Hardm  Valley,  (N7)     100 

Harrican,  (KS) ISO 

ILarriman,  (N7)--.  3,061 

Harrison,  (L8) 200 

HartsviUe,  (J6) 1,000 

Il.iysviUe,  OS) 100 

Hebbertsburg,(M6)     100 

Heiskell,  (N6) 200 

Helcnwood,  (M6)--  300 
Henderson,  (D8)--  1,087 
Hendersons     Cross 

Roads,  06) 100 

Hendersonville,{H6)    220 

Henning,  (B7) 582 

Henry,  (E6) 198 

HenryviUe,  (G8).-.     150 

Hickman,  (K6) 280 

Hickory     Valley, 

(C8) 200 

Highcliff,  (NS) SOO 

Hilhana,  (L6) 200 

Hill  City,  (L8) 600 

Hinkledale,  (D6)-.  100 
Hohenwald,  (F7).-     500 

Holladay,  (E7) 190 

HoUowrock,  (E6)...  270 
Hombeak,  (C6).--  400 
Horsecreek,  (Q6)..  100 
Huffmans,  (M6)...  100 
Humboldt,  (D7)..- 3,446 
Huntingdon,  (E7)-  1,112 

Huntland,  (JS) 400 

Huntsville,  (M6)--  300 
Hurricane     Mills, 

(F7) 100 

IdaviUe.  (B8) 100 

Indian  Mound,  (FS)  100 
Indian  Springs,(R5)     300 

Inman,  (L8) 620 

Iron  City,  (F8) 410 

Isaljella,  (N8) 500 

Isoline,  (L6) 2S3 

Jacksboro,  (N6).-.     834 

Jackson,  (D7) 15,779 

Jamestown,  (M6)..     350 

Jasper,  (K8) 1,000 

Jearoldstown,  ((^6).  100 
Jeffereon  City,  (P6)  1,328 

Jcllico,  (NS) 1,862 

Jockey,  (06) 100 

Johnson  City,  (Q6)  8,502 
Johnsonville,  (F6)  .  330 
Jonesboro,  (Q6)...     806 

Kelso,  (HS). 130 

Kenton,  (C6) 815 

Kerrville,  (B8) 220 

Kimberlin  Heights, 

(07) 100 

Kimouns,(F7) 300 


Kingsport,  (QS)---     350 

Kingston,  (N7) 824 

Kingston  Sprs,  (G6)  130 
KnoxviUe,  (N7)-.. 36,346 
Lafayette,  (KS)...  678 
Lafollette,  (N6)  ...2,816 

Lagrange,  (C8) 308 

Laguardo,  (J6) 100 

Lancing,  (M6) 100 

Laurel      Bloomeiy, 

(SS) 210 

Laurclhil!,  (K6)...  210 
La  Vergne,  (H6).-.     200 

Law,  (D7) 100 

Lawrcnceburg,  (G8)  1,687 

Lebanon,  06) 3,659 

LenoirCity,(N7)-. 3,392 

Lenox,  (C6) SOO 

Lewisburg,(H8)-..  1,830 
Lexington,  (E7)-.- 1,497 

Liberty,  (K6) 330 

Limestone,  (Q6) 200 

Limestone     Cove, 

(R6) 200 

Linden,  (F7) 330 

Livingston,  (L6)---  1,421 
Lobelville,  (F7)  ---     280 

Longview,  (J 7) 180 

Lonsdale,  (07) 2,391 

Lookout  Mountain, 

(L9) 631 

Loretto,  (G8) 100 

Loudon,  (N  7) 995 

Louisville,  (N7)...     320 

Loved.aIc,  (QS) 200 

Lucy,  (B8) 100 

Luray,  (D7) 200 

Luttrell,  (06) 500 

Lynchburg,  OS)...  408 
Lynnville,  (G8)  ...     596 

McCays,  (N8) 100 

McEwen,  (F6) 661 

McKenzie,  (E6)...  1,322 
McLemoresville, 

(07). 300 

McMillan,  (06)...  130 
McMinnville,  (K7)  2,299 

McNairy,  (08) 150 

Macon,  (C8) 200 

Madisonville,   (N7)     700 

Malcsus,  (D7) 100 

Manchester,  (J8).-  963 
Manly ville,  (E6) --     110 

Martin,  (06) 2,228 

Martins  Mills,  (F8)  200 
Maryville,  (07).-.  2,381 

Mason,  (C8) 391 

Maury  City,  (C7)..     230 

Mayland,  (.L6) 192 

Maynardville,  (06)     200 

Medina,  (D7) 320 

Medon,  (D8) 250 

Meeks,  (KS) 300 

Memphis,  (A8)  --131,105 
Mengelwood,  (B6).  300 
Middleton,(D8)-—     273 

Milan,  (07) 1,605 

Millcdgeville,  (E8)-  130 
Milligan     College, 

(R6) 300 

Millington,  (B8)..-  554 
Millstone,  (M7)...     200 

Miser,  (N7) 130 

Mitchell,  (HS) 150 

Mohawk,  (P6) 300 

Molino,  (H8) 100 

Mont  E,agle,  (K8).  600 
Monterey,  (L6)  ...  1,107 

Montlake,  (LS) 230 

Mooresburg,  (P6)—  200 
Morganton,  (N7)..     100 

Morrison,  (K7) 149 

Vlorristown,  (P6)-.  4,007 

Mjscow,  (C8) 211 

Mosheim,  (Q6) 500 

Moss,  (KS) 130 

Mountain  City,(S6)  592 
Mountain    View, 

(07) 1,436 

Mountpleasant, 

(G7) 1,973 


Mulberry,  (J8) 210 

Mulberry  Gap,  (PS)  200 

Munford,  (B8) 329 

Murfreesboro,  (J7)-  4,679 

Nance,  0?) 110 

NASHVILLE, 

(H6) 110,364 

National     Soldiers 

Home,  (R6) 100 

Neva,  (S6)_ 120 

Newbern,  (C6)....  1,602 

Newcomb,  (.\S)---  500 

New  Market,  (P6).  700 
New    Middleton, 

(K6) 290 

Newport,  (P7) 2,003 

New  Prospect,  (06)  120 

New     Providence,  [ 

(GS) 820 

New  River,  (M6)-.  300 
Newsoms  Station, 

(G6) 150 

New  Tazewell,  (06)  150 

Niota,  (M7) ISO 

Nixon,  (E8) 100 

Nolensville,  (H7)--  ISO 

Norma,  (N6) 300 

Normandy,  (JS)--.  300 

Nunnelly,  (G7) 500 

Oakdale,  (M7) 200 

O.ik  Hill,  (L6) 120 

Oakland,  (C8) 350 

Oakplain,  (G6) 100 

Oakville,  (B8) 160 

Obion,  (C6) 1,293 

Oldfort,  (M8) 100 

Oliver  Springs,(N6)  573 

Oneida,  (MS) 500 

Only,  (F7)... 300 

Ooltewah.  (L8) 500 

Orchard  Knob,  (LS)  1,000 

Orlinda,  (H5) 200 

Orme,  (K8) 653 

Ottway,  (Q6) 100 

Palraersville,  (D6).  120 

Paris,  (E6) 3,881 

Park,  (07) 5,126 

Parrotts ville,  (P6)..  200 

Parsons,  (E7) 700 

Patterson  Mills,(Q7)  100 

Pearley,  (B8) 200 

Perryville,  (F7)...  110 

Persia,  (Q6) 100 

Petersburg,  (H8)..  379 

Petros,  (N6) 1,000 

Philadelphia,  (N7).  300 

Pickwick,  (E8) 350 

Pigeonforge,  (07)..  200 

Pikeville,  (L7) 400 

Piljerk,  (B7) 100 

Pinewood,  (G7)_.-  600 
Pinhook     Landing, 

(M7) 100 

Pinson,  (DS) 300 

Pioneer,  {N6) 230 

Pleasant  Hill,  (L7)-  227 

PleasantShade,(K6)  250 

PleasantView,(H6).  350 

Pless,  (N6)._ 100 

Portland,  (JS) 579 

Powell  Station,(N6)  300 

Probst,  (N8) 150 

Prospect   Station, 

(HS) 200 

Pruden,  (OS) 100 

Pulaski,  (H8) 2,928 

Puryear,  (E6) 254 

Qucbeck,  (K7) 150 

R.aleigh,  (B8) 240 

Ralstons      Station, 

(D6) 100 

Ramer,  (D8) 150 

Randolph,  (B7)..-  100 

Ravenscroft,  (L7)  .  481 

Readyyille,  (J7)-.-  100 
Redboiiing  Springs, 

(KS) 200 

Rhea  Springs,  (M7)  300 

Rheatown,  (Q6).-.  154 

Rialto,  (B7) 110 

Riceville,  (M8) 400 


Richard  City,  (Z8)    324 

Rickman,  (L6) 100 

Ridgedale,  (L8).-.  1,500 

Ridgely,  (B6) 519 

Ripley,  (B7) 2,011 

Rives,  (C6) 468 

Roan  Mountain, 

(R6) 300 

Robbins,  (M6) 400 

Rockford,  (07) 500 

Rock  Island,  (K7)..  100 
Rockwood,  (M7).- 3,660 

Roellcn,  (C6) 150 

Rogersville,  (P6)-.  1,242 

Rome,  (J6) 300 

Roope,  (K8) 200 

Rossville,  (C8) 142 

Rugby,  (M6) 250 

Ruskin,  (F6) 200 

Russellville,  (P6)..  200 
Rutherford,  (D6)..     766 

Rutledge,  (P6) 500 

Saint  Clair,  (P6).—  360 
S.aint  Elmo,  (L8).-  2,426 
Saint  Joseph,  (G8)-  250 
Sale  Creek,  (L8)—.     500 

Saltillo,  (E8) 360 

Samburg,  (C6) HI 

Santa  Fe,  (G7) 270 

Sardis,  (E8) 400 

Saulsbury,  (C8)...  199 
S.ivannah,  (E8)...  2,100 

Scivally,  (J8) 200 

ScottsHill,  (E7)-..     250 

Selmer,  (D8)_ 529 

Sequatchie,  (K8)--  100 
Sevierville,  (07)...     675 

,Sewance,  (KS) 500 

Shadeland,  (M6)--  200 
Shallowford,  (L8)—     250 

Sharon,  (D6) 608 

Shawanee,  (05)---  200 
Shelby  ville,  (H8)-- 2,869 

Shepherd,  (L8) 100 

Sherwood,  (K8)-..  400 
Shopspring,  06)-—     100 

Shouns,  (S6) 200 

Shultz,  (P7) 100 

Smithville,  (K7)-..  800 
Smoky  Junction, 

(N6) 200 

Smyrna,  (H7) 220 

Sneedville,  (PS)...     200 

Soddy,  (L8). 1,200 

Somerville,  (C8)...  1,387 
South  Fulton,  (D6)  1,391 
South  Pittsburg, 

(KS) 2,106 

Southside,  (G6)...     300 

Sparta,  (K7) 1,409 

Speedwell,  (06)...     200 

Spencer,  (L7) 210 

Spot,  (F7) 450 

Spring  City,  (M7).  1,039 
Springcreek,  (D7)  .  200 
Springfield,  (HS)..  2,085 
Spring  Hill,  (G7)-.  695 
Springville,  (E6)...     120 

Stacy,  (Q6) 100 

Stanton.  (CS) 500 

Statesville,  (J6)...     120 

Stewart,  (F6) ISO 

Stokes,  (C7) 100 

Strathmore,  (GS) .  .  200 
Straw  Plains,  (06).  150 
Sugar  Tree,  (E7)-.  200 
Suramertown,  (GS)  400 
Summitville,  (J7)..  130 
Sunbright,  (M6)...  220 
Sutheriand,  (SS)...  200 
Sweetwater,  (N7)—  1,850 
Sycamoie,  (H6)...     200 

Talbott,  (P6) 200 

Tampa,  (P7) 100 

Tampico,  (P6) 130 

Tariton,  (K7) 100 

Tasso,  (MS) 130 

Tazewell,  (06) 886 

Telford,  (Q6) 150 

Teller,  (06) 250 

TeUico  Plains,  (N8)    300 


Temperance     Hall, 

(K6) 180 

Thomastown,  (A8).  391 
Thompsons  Station, 

(H7)-. 200 

TiptonvUle,  (C6)--  843 

Tomscreek,  (F7)--  100 

Toone,  (D8). 245 

Townsend,  (07)...  800 

Toy,  (MS) 100 

Tracy  City,  (KS)..  3,100 

Trade,  (S6) 130 

Trenton,  {C7) 2,402 

TrentviUe,  (06).--  150 

Trezevant,  (D6)...  500 

Trunble,  (C6) 556 

Troy,  (C6) 529 

Tullahoma,  (JS)...  3,049 

Tusculum,  (Q6)-..  150 

Unicoi,  (R6) 250 

Union  City,  (C6)..  4,389 

Unionville,  (H7)...  220 

Uptonville,  (D8)..  100 

Vandever,  (L7) 100 

Vaughtsville,  (S6).  100 

Verona,  (H7) 110 

Victoria,  (K8) 300 

Vildo,  (CS) 120 

Viola,  (K7) 177 

Vonore,  (N7) 200 

Waldensia,  (M7)_.  500 

Walnut  Grove,  (ES)  500 

Walterbill,  07) 120 

Warner,  (G7) 600 

Wartburg,  (M6)...  210 

Wartrace,  (J  7) 659 

Watauga,  (R6) 100 

Watauga    Valley, 

(R6) 150 

Watertown.  06)...  517 

Watson,  (M6) 100 

Wauhatchie,  (L8)..  100 

Waveriy,  (F6) 947 

Wayland     Springs, 

(FS) 130 

Waynesboro,  (FS).  357 
Weavers  Store, 

(FS) 120 

Welch  Station, 

(L6) ISO 

Wcllwood,  (C7)---  200 

Westmoreland,  05)  298 

Westpoint,  (FS)-..  370 

Westport,  (E7) 200 

Wetmore,  (NS) 100 

Wheat,  (N7) 100 

White  Bluffs,  (G6).  419 

White  Fern,  (D7)..  100 
White  House, 

(H6) 100 

Whitepine,  (P6)...  500 

Whites  Bend,  (H6).  200 

Whitesburg,  (P6)..  400 
Whites  Creek, 

CH6) lOO 

Whiteside,  (KS)...  650 

Whiteville,  (C8)-..  741 
Whittle  Springs, 

(06) 200 

Whitwell,  (K8) 3,000 

Wier,  06) 130 

Wilder,  (L6) s300 

Willette,  (K6) 250 

Williston,  (CS) 170 

Willow  Grove, 

(LS) 130 

Winchester, 

(J8) 1,351 

Winesap,  (L7) ISO 

WinCeld,  (MS)  ...  200 

Winona,  (N6) 350 

Witts  Foundry, 

(P6) 250 

Woodbury,  07)...  609 
Woodland  Mills, 

(C6) 250 

Woodville,  (C7)-..  100 

Wooldridge,  (NS)  -  600 

Xenophon,  (PS)---  100 

Yorkville,  (C6) 300 

Yuma,  (E7) 130 


TEXAS 


Abbie,  (H5) 200 

Abbott,  (K6) 850 

Abemathy,  (F3) 100 

Abilene,  (H5) 9,204 

Abram,  (Jll) 200 

Acme,(H3) 300 

Acton,  (K5) 150 

Addison,  (L5) 100 

Adkins,  (J8) 200 

Adrii-n,  (E2) 100 

Adsul.  (07) 250 

Aguilares,  (HIO). ...  300 

Airline,  (MS) 200 

Aiait,(N5) 130 

Alamo  Mills,  <N4). .  100 
AlURed,(G2) 250 


Alba,(M5) 1,200 

Albany,  (HS) 2,000 

Aldinc,  (MS) 150 

Aldridge,  (N6) 600 

Aledo,  (K5) 500 

Alexander,  (J  5) 500 

Alice,  (J  10) 2,136 

Alief,  (M8) 150 

Allen,  (L4) 350 

Allcnfarm,  (L7) 100 

Alleyton,  (L8) 250 

Alliance,  (L4) 150 

Alma,  (L5) 150 

Almeda,  (M8) 250 

Almira,  (N4) 100 

Almont,  (N4) 100 


Alpine,  (D7) 1,500 

Altair,  (L8) 200 

Alta  Loma,  (M8).  . .  400 

Alto,  (M6) 500 

Alvarado,  (KS) 1,155 

Alvin,  (MS) 1,453 

Alvord,  (K4) 2,000 

Amarillo,  (F2) 9,957 

Amelia.  (N7) 100 

Ammannsville,  (L8).  300 

Amphion,  (J9) 2S0 

Anahuac,  (N8) 500 

Anchor,  (M8) 100 

Anderson,  (M7).  ...  600 

Angelita,  (KIO) 100 

Aii(let0D,(M8)....  1,500 


Anna,  (L4) 300 

Anncta,  (K5) 100 

Annona,  (N4) 500 

Anson,  (HS) 1,842 

Antelope,  (J4) 150 

Anti,  (N4) 100 

Appleby,  (N6) 250 

Apple  Springs,  (M6)   300 

Aquilla,  (K6) 310 

Aransas  P.ass,  (K10)l,197 

Arradia,  (M8) 300 

Archer  City,  04).  -.  825 

Ardath,  (L4) 100 

.\rgenta,  (K9) 120 

Argo,  (N4) 230 

Atgyie,(K4) 250 


Arlington,  (K5) 1,794 

Arneckeville,  (K9). .  250 

Arnold,  (L4) 150 

Arp,  (MS) 350 

Arrovo,  (K12) 500 

Arteiia,  (H9) 100 

Arthur  City,  (.Vt4)..    150 

Ash,  (.M6) 150 

Ashbv,  (L9) 150 

Asherton,  (H9) 100 

Ashland,  (\51 200 

Askew,  (.M4) 250 

Aspermont,  (G4) 800 

Ater,  (K6) 100 

Athens,  (MS) 2,261 

AUwta,(N4} 1,604 


Atoka,  (HS) 100 

Altoyac,  (N6) 130 

Aubrey,  (K4) 800 

Auburn,  (KS) 100 

Audubon,  (K4) 100 

Augusta,  (M6) 120 

AL^T1\,(K7)... 29,860 

Authon,  (KS) 100 

Avalon,  (L5) 300 

Avery,  (.N4) 300 

Avinger,  (N5) 320 

Avoca,  (HS) 100 

Axtell,  (L6) 290 

Azie,  (K5) 140 

Baber,  (N6) 200 

Babyhead,  (J7) 100 


Bagwell,  (M4) 300 

Bailey,  (L4) 300 

Bailcyville,  (L6) 250 

Baird,  (H5) 1,710 

Bala,  (G4) 100 

Bald  Prairie,  (L6).. .   130 

Baldwin,  (.N5) 100 

Ballinger,  (G6) 3,536 

Balsora,  (K4) 100 

Bandera,  (H8) 370 

Bangs,  (H6) 512 

Banqucte,  (KIO)....    100 

Bardwell,  (LS) 100 

Barksdale,  (G8).  ...  600 

Barry,  (LS) 300 

Barstow,  (D5) 690 


Bartlett,  (K7) 1,815 

Bartonville,  (K4)...  300 

Bislrop,  (K7) 1,707 

Batesville,  (H9) 200 

Batson,  (N7) 800 

Battle,  (L6) 100 

Bay  City,  (L9) 3,156 

Bazette,  (LS) 130 

Beattie,  (J6) 100 

Beaukiss,  (K7) 140 

Beaumont,  (N7).  .20,540 

Bebe,  (KS) 100 

Beckville,  (N5) 650 

Bedias,  (M7) 500 

Beeville,  (K9) 3,269 

Belcher,  (K4) 181 


INDEX  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES 


(TBXA8) 


375 


Bdcherrille,  (K4).. 

Bellevue,  (J4) 

Bells,  (L4) 

BellviUe,  (L8) 

Belmont,  (K8) 

Belott,  (M6) 

Ballon,  (K6) 

Benarnold,  (L7).  .. 
Bcnavides,  (J  10).... 

Benford,  (N5) 

Ben  Franklin,  (M4), 


.  200 
.  600 
.  496 

l.SOO 
.  150 
.  200 
4,164 
.  200 
.  500 
.  250 
500 


Benhur,  (L6) 200 


Benjamin,  (H4)... 

Benton,  (J8) 

Ben  Wheeler,  (M5)  . 

Berclair,  (K9) 

Bernardo,  {L8) 

Bertram,  (]7) 

Bessmay,  (07).. .  •  - . 


500 
100 
350 
150 
100 
500 
850 
100 


Bettie,  CN5)... 

Beverly,  (F3) 100 

Biardstown,  (M4).. .  100 

Bibb,  (J6) 100 

BieKel,  (L8) 100 

Bigbend,  (D8) 300 

Big  Creek,  (N7) 400 


Canadian,  (G2) 1,648 

Candelaria,  (C7)....  500 

Caney,  (M9) 220 

Canton,  (MS) 500 

Canyon,  (F3) 1,400 

Carbon,  (J5) 479 

Carbondale,  (N4)...  450 

Carl,  (K7) 100 

Carlisle,  {M7) 500 

Carlos,  (U) 150 

Carlsbad,  (G6).     ...  200 

Carlton,  (J6) 250 

Carmine,  (U)  300 

Carmona,  (Ni) 200 

Caro,  (N6) 1,250 

Carricitos,  (K.l).  ..  250 
Carrizo  Spring5,{H9)  600 

Carroll,  '.\I5) 250 

Carrollton,  (L5) 400 

Carson,  (L4) 150 

Carthage,  (NS) 2,250 

Casablanca,  (J  10)...   100 

Cason,  (N4) 350 

Cass,  (04) 100 

Castroville,  (J8) 500 

Cathrons  Storc,(M4)  150 


BigSand"y',(M5).".Vl,200    Cat  Spring,  (L8). ..:  300 
Big  Spring,  (F';).,..4,_102    Cedar  Bayou,_(N8).  400 


Billington,  (L'l) 200 

Birch,  (L7) 300 

Birdville,  (KS', 100 

Birthright,  (M4)....  100 

Bivins,  (N4) 150 

Blackfoot,  (M6) 500 

Blackwell,  (G5) 400 

Blanco,  (J7) 600 

Blanconia,  (K9) 200 

Blanket,  (J6) 500 

Bleiblerville,  (L7)...  500 

Blessing,  (L9) 20O 

Bloomburg,  (04)....  500 
Blooming  Grove, 

(L5) 906 

Blossom,  (M4) 871 

Bluegrove,  (J4) 100 

Blueridgc,  (L4) 430 

BluS,  (L8) 200 

Bluff  Dale,  (J5) 700 


500 
886 
400 
110 
600 


Blum,  (K5) 

Boerne,  (J8) 

Bogata,  (M4).  .. 
Bolivar,  (K4).. . 
Bomarton,  (H4) 

Bonham,  (L4) 4,844 

Bonita,(K4) 200 

Bonney,(M8) 200 

Bonus,  (L8) 600 

BonWicr,(07) 100 

Boonsville,  (K4)....  200 

Boston,  (N4) 300 

Bovina.  (E3) 100 

Bowden,  (M4) 130 

Bowie,  (K.4) 2,874 

Boyce,(L5) 100 

Boyd,  (K4) 800 

Brackettville,  (G8).2,100 

Bradford,  (M6) 250 

Bradshaw,  (H5) 150 

Brady,  (H6) 2,669 

Bragg,  (N7) 100 

Bran?hville,(L7)...  400 

Brandon,  (K5) 401 

Brashear,  (M4) 300 

Brazoria,  (M8) 800 

Brazos,  (JS) 100 

Breckenridge,(J5)..  1,000 

Bremond,  (L6) 1,000 

Brenham,  (U) 4,718 

Bridgeport,  (K.4).  ..2,000 
Brighton,  (KIO)....   100 

Bristol.  (L5) 350 

Britton,(K5) 200 

Broadway,  (M4)....  200 

Brock,  (K5) 150 

Brogado,  (D6) .150 

Bronson,  (06)......  1,000 

Bronte,  (G6) 635 

Brookeland,  (N6))..  800 
Brooklyn  Heights, 

(K.5) 500, 

Brookshire,  (M8)...  200 
Brookston,  (M4).. ..  360 

Browndel,  (06) 500 

Brownfield,  (E4)....  500 
Brownsboro,  (M5)..  160 
Brownsville,  (K12)10,S17 
Brownwood,  (H6).  .6,967 
Bruceville,  (K6)....  600 

Bryan,  (L7) 4,132 

Bryans  Mill,(N4)..  100 

Bryson,(J4) 250 

Buck,(N7),^ 400 

Buckholts,  (K7)....  100 

Buda,  (1C7) 250 

Buffalo,  (M6) 300 

BuffaloGap,  (H5).  .  500 

BuUard,  (MS) 400 

Bulverde,  (J8) 250 

Buna,  (07) 500 

Burkbumett.G^).- 1.500 

Burke,  (N6) 200 

Burkett,  (H5) 300 

Burkevillc,  (06)...,  200 

Burleson,  (KLS) 500 

Burlington,  <K7)....  400 

Burnet,  (J7) 981 

Burns.  (IC4) 100 

Burton,  (L7) 400 

Butler.  (M6) 110 

Byers,  (J3) 600 

Bynum,  (L6) 150 

Caddo,  (T5) 200 

Caddo  Mills,  (L4).. .  450 

Cain,  (L5)... 100 

Calaveras,  (J8) 200 

Caldwell,  (L7) 1,476 

Call.(07) 1,000 

Callis.  (U) 300 

Callisburg,  (K4). ...   100 

Calvert,  (U) 2,579 

Cameron,  (L7) 3,263 

CamUla,  (M?) 200 

Campbell,  (M4) 700 

Campbellton,  (J9).  .  200 
Camp  San  Saba, 

(H6) 180 


Cedar  Cre'ek,'(K7). .  390 
Cedar  Hill,  (L5)....  300 
Cedar  Mills,  (L4)  ..   100 

Cele,  (K7) 200 

Celeste,  (L4) 821 

Celina,  (L4) 724 

Cement,  (L5) 503 

Center,  (N6) 1684 

Center  City,  (J6).  . .  100 
Center  Point,  (IIS)..  500 
Ccnterville,  (M6)...  300 

Centralia,  (M6) 150 

Cestohowa,  (K8).. . .  200 

Chandler,  (MS) 300 

Changing,  (E2) 500 

Chapel  Hill,  (U)...  600 

Chapin,  (J  11) 200 

Charco,(K9) 800 

Charleston,  (M4)...  200 

Cherokee,  (J7) 250 

Cherryspring,  07)..   150 

Chester,  (N7) 300 

Chico,  (K4) 1,200 

Chicota,  (M4) 100 

Childress,  (G3) 3,818 

Chillicothe,(H3)... 1,207 

Chilton,  (L6) 500 

China,  (N7) 400 

China  Spring,  (K6)..  300 

Chireno,  (N6) 250 

Chisholm,  (L5) 250 

Chriesman,  (L7) 200 

Christine,  (J8) 100 

Christoval,  (G6) 200 

Church  Hill,  (N5)...  100 

Cibolo,  (J8) 200 

Circleville,  (K7) ISO 

Cisco,  (J5) 2,410 

Clairemont,  (G4).  ..  200 

Clairette,  05) 150 

Clarendon,  (G3).... 1,9 16 

ClareviUe,  (K9) 100 

Clarksville,  (M4)... 2,065 

Claude,  (F2) 692 

Chwson,  (N6) 250 

Clayton,  (N5) 200 

Clear  Spring,  (K8).  .  310 
Cleburne.  (K5)...  .10,364 
Cleveland,  (N7).... 1,000 
Clevenger,  (N6).  ...  350 

Clifton,  (K6) 1,137 

Climax,  (L4) 100 

Cline,  (G8) 100 

Clinton,  (L4) 100 

Clyde,  (H5) 49a 

Coahoma,  (F5) 350 

Cody,  (M7) ISO 

Coeslield,  (K4) 100 

Cotleeville,  (NS). ...  300 
Coldspring,  (M7)...  600 

Coleman,  (H6) 3,046 

CoUinsville,  (L4)....  791 
Colmesneil,  (N7)....  700 

Cologne,  (K9) 300 

Colony,  (K8) 150 

Colorado,  (GS) 1,840 

Colquitt,  (L5) 100 

Coltharps,  (M6) 150 

Columbia,  (M8) 900 

Columbus,  (L8) 2,500 

Comanche,  (J6) 2,756 

Cometa,  (H9) 500 

Comfort,  08) 560 

Commerce,  (M4)  ..2,818 

Como,  (M4) 600 

Concepcion,  (J  10)...  150 

Concord,  (L6) 150 

Concrete,  (KSI 170 

Connersville,  (M5). .  100 

Connville,  (06) 300 

Conroe,  (M7) 1,374 

Cookes  Point,  (L7)..   100 

Cookville,  (N4) 500 

Cooledge,  (L6) 505 

Cooper,  (M4) 1,513 

CofwviUe,  (L4) 150 

Coppell,  (K5) 100 

Copperas  Cove,(K6)  400 

Cornhill,  (K7) 250 

Corpus  Christi, 

(KIO) 8,222 

Corrigan,  (N6) 700 

Corsicana,  (LS) 9,749 

Coryell,  (K6) 200 

Cotton  Gin,  (L6).  . .  100 
Cottonwood,  (H5).  .  250 

CotuUa,  (H9) 1,880 

Coupland,  (K7) 300 

Courtney,  (M7).  ...  200 
Coutchman,  (L6)...  100 
Covington,  (K5).  ...  400 

Crafton,  (K4) 100 

Crandall,  (LS) 600 

Cranes  MUl,  (J8).  ..  100 
CranfiUs  Gap,  (K6).    100 

Crawford,  (K6) 516 

Cresson,  (K5) 240 

Crete,  (M6) 250 


Crews.  fH6) 150 

Crisc.  (LS) 100 

Crockett,  (M6) 3,947 

Cross,  (L7) 350 

CrossPlains,  (H5).  ..200 

Crowell,(H4) 1,341 

Crowley,  (K5) 200 

Crown,  (J9) 250 

Crowlher,  (J9) 100 

Crystal  City,  (H9)  .  330 
Crystal  Falls,  05).  .  250 

Cuero,(K8) 3,109 

Cumby,(M4) 800 

Cundiff,  04) 200 

Curtis,  (H5) 200 

Cushing,(N6) 1,900 

Cusseta,  (N4) 100 

Cuthand,  (.M4) 120 

Cypress  Mill,  0')-..    lO" 

Dacha,  (N6) 300 

Daingerfield,(N4)..  1,000 
Dalby  Springs,  (N4).  250 

Dale,  (K8) 300 

Dalhart,  (El) 2,580 

Dallardsville,  (N7). .  100 

Dallas,  (LS) 92,104 

Damsite,  (113) 150 

Danevang,  (L8) 250 

Darwin,  (H 10) 100 

Datura,  (L6) 100 

Davilla,  (K7) 400 

Davisville,  (N6) ISO 

Davy,  (K8) ISO 

Dawson,  (L6) 803 

Dayton,  (N7)......  2S0 

Deadwood,  (NS)....  200 

DeanvUle,  (L7) 100 

Dearborn,  (N7) 500 

De  Berry,  (N5) 100 

Decatur,  (K4) 1,651 

Decoy,  (N6) 300 

Deepwater,  (M8)...   250 

DeKalb,(N4) 1,000 

De  Leon,  (JS) 1,015 

Del  Rio,  (G8) 7,200 

Denison,(L4)..... 13,632 
Denning,  (N6)......    150 

Denton,  (K4) 4,732 

Deport,  (M4) 300 

Desdemona,  (J5)....  200 

Detroit,  (M4) 2,000 

Devers,  (N7) 200 

Devine,  (JS) 1,042 

Dewalt,  (MS) 100 

Dewet,  (K8) 250 

Dcweyville,  (07)....  500 

Dexter,  (L4) 300 

D'Hanis,  (H8) 500 

Dialville,  (M6) 200 

Diboll,  (N6) 100 

Dickens,  (G4) 250 

Dickey,  (M6) 200 

Dickinson,  (M8)....  200 

Dido,  (M7) 300 

Dietz,  (K8) 200 

Dilley,  (H9) 200 

Dimmitt,  (E3) ISO 

Direct,  (M4) 180 

Ditto,  (]8) 100 

Dixieland,  (D6) 100 

Dodd  City,  (L4) 289 

Dodge,  (M7) 300 

Dolen,  (N7) 200 

Donie,  (L6) 200 

Douglass,  (N6) 100 

Douglassville,  (N4).    180 

Downing,  (JS) 100 

DowLsvillc,  (K6)...   100 

Drasco,  (HS) 400 

Dresden,  (L5) WO 

Dripping  Springs, 

0') 100 

Druso,  (M6) 250 

Dublin,  (J 5) 2,551 

Duffau,  (K5) 100 

Dumas,  (F2) 100 

Duncanville,  (L5)...   100 

Dundee,  (J4) 150 

Dunlap,  (G3) 100 

Durango,  (K5) 200 

Durant,  (N6) 300 

Duster,  (J  5) 300 

Eagle  Ford,  aS)....  250 
Eagle  Lake,  (L8)... 1,717 
Eagle  Pass,  (G9).. .3,536 
E.  Bernard,  (L8).. . .   100 

Eastland,  (J5) 855 

Ector,  (L4).. 404 

Eddy,  (K6) 500 

Eden,  (H6).. 500 

Edgar,  (K8) 100 

Edgewood,  (M5)....  450 

Edhube,  (L4) 150 

Edna,  (L9) 1,700 

Edom,  (MS). , 200 

Egan,  (K5) 150 

El  Campo,(L8)....  1,778 

Elderville,  (NS) 150 

Eldorado,  (G 7) 500 

Eldridge,  (L8) 200 

Electra,  (J3). 640 

Elgin,  (K7) 1,707 

Eliasville,  (JS) 100 

Elkhart,  (M6) 400 

Elkins,  06) 100 

Ellinger,  (L8) 350 

Elmendorf,  (J8).,  ..  200 

Elmina,  (M7') 500 

ElmMott,  (K6) 130 

Elmo,  (LS) 350 

Elmlown,  (M6) 250 

El  Paso,  (A6) 39,279 

Elysian  Fields,  (N5).  220 

Emberson,  (M4) 150 

Emhouse,  (L5) 150 

Emma,  (F4) 500 

Emory,  (MS) 700 

Emporia,  (N6) 300 

Encinal,  (H9) 650 

Engle.  (K8) 100 

English,  (N4) 200 

Enloe,  (M4) 326 

Ennis,  (L5) 5,669 

Eola,  (G6) 300 

Era,  (K4) 150 

Escobares,(Jll)....  100 


Eskota,  (G5) 150 

Estelline,  (G3) 640 

Eulogy,  (K6) 150 

Eureka,  (L5) 150 

Eustace,  (LS) 200 

Evadale,  (N7) 500 

Evansville,  (L6) 100 

Evant,  06) 300 

Evergreen,  (M7)....  200 

Everitt.  (.M7) 300 

Fairfield,  (L6) 600 

Fairhe,  (L4) 350 

Fairy,  (K6) 120 

Falturrias,(J10).... 1,400 

Falls  City,  (K9) 350 

Fannett,  (N8) 2S0 

Fannin,  (K9) ISO 

Farmer,  (J4) 300 

Farmers  Branch, 

(LS).. 300 

Farmersville,  (L4)  .1,848 
Farmington,  (L4)...  ISO 

Farwell,  (E3) 800 

Fate,  (L5) 350 

Faught,  (M4) 150 

Fayetteville,  (L8). ..  274 

Fentress,  (K8) 250 

Ferris,  (LS) 1,233 

Fieldcreek,  00 l^ 

Fife,  (H6) 180 

Finlav,  (U6) 100 

Fisher,  (GS)..-. 200 

Flat,(K6) 100 

Flatonia,  (K8) 836 

Flint,  (MS) 250 

Florence,  (K7) 350 

Florcsville,  (J8) 1,398 

Floyd,  (L4) 200 

Floydada,  (F3) 664 

Fluvanna,  (F5) 500 

Foard  City,  (H4)...   100 

Forest,  (M6) 150 

Forcstburg,  (K4).  .  .  250 

Forney,  (LS) 1,114 

Forreston,  (LS) 400 

Ft.  Chadbcume, 

(G5) 100 

Ft.  Davi.s,  (D7) 950 

Fort  McKavett,(G7)  200 
Ft.  Sam  Houston, 

08) 200 

Ft.  Stockton,  (E7)..  300 
Ft.  Worth,  (K5).  .73,312 

Foster,  (.M8) 150 

Fonts,  (N7) ISO 

Franklin,  (L6) 1,200 

Frankston,  (MS)....  500 
Fredericksburg, 

07) 2,000 

Frelsburg,  (LS) 300 

Friendswood,  (M8)  .  140 

Friona,(E3) 300 

Frisco,  (L4) 600 

Frosa,  (L6).o 300 

Frost,  (L5) J02 

Fruitland,  CK4) 150 

Fruil\ale,  (M5) 150 

FulbrigUt,  (M4) 200 

Fulshear,  (M8) 250 

Fuqua,  (N7) 600 

Gail,  (1'5) 600 

Gainesville,  (K4)  ..J,624 

Gallatin,  (M6) ISO 

Galveston,  (N8)„  .36,981 

Ganado,  (L8) 558 

Gano,(K7) 150 

Garden  City,  (f6).  .  300 
Gardendale,(H9)...  300 
Garden  Valley,(M5).  200 

Garland,  (LS) 804 

Garrett,  (LS) 150 

Garrison,  (N  6) 627 

Garvin,  (K4) 100 

Gary,(N5) 500 

Garza.  (K4) 300 

Gatesville,  (K.6) 1,929 

Cause,  (L7) 400 

Gay,(N6) 400 

GayhUl,  (L7) 150 

Genoa,  (M8) 100 

George,  (L7) 300 

Georgetown,  (K7).. 3,096 
German  town,  (ii.9)..  350 

Gcronimo,  (JS) 150 

Giblown,  (J4> 150 

Giddings,  (L7) 2,000 

Gilmer,  (NS) l,'i«4 

Gindalc,  (K7) 200 

Ginger,  (MS) 100 

Gladewater,  (NS)...  500 

Glcnbelto,  (K7) 200 

Glendale,  (M7) 100 

Glenflora,  (L8) 400 

Glen  Rose,  (KS).... 2,000 

Glcnwood,  (N5) 100 

Glidden,  (L8).,....  300 

Glory,  (M4) 140 

Gober,  (M4) 100 

Godley,  (K5) 400 

Golden,  (MS) 150 

Goldthwaite,  06).  .1,129 

Goliad,  (K9) 2,100 

Gomez,  (E4) 100 

Gonzales,  (K8) 3,139 

Gordon,  (J5) 609 

Gordonville,  (L4)...   130 

Goree,  (H4) 1,000 

Gorman,  (JS) 963 

Gouldbusk,  (H6).. . .   100 

Graford,  05) 300 

Graham,  (J4) 1,569 

Granbury,  (KS) 1,336 

Grandfalls,  (E6)....  100 
Grand  Prairie,  (KS).  994 
Grand  Saline,  (MS). 1,065 
Grand  View,  (KS).  .1,018 

Granger,  (K7)- 1,708 

Grapeland,  (M61....  400 
Grapevine,  (KS)...  681 

Grayburg,  (N7) 1,000 

Greenville,  (M4)... 8,850 

Greenvine,  (L7) 100 

Greenway,  (KS) 100 

Greenwood.  (K4)...  300 
Gregory,  (KIO) 300 


Groesbeck,(U)..., 1,454 

Groom,  (F2) 200 

Grovesville,  (F4)....  200 
Groveton,(M6).... 4,600 

Grulla,  Oil) 350 

Guffey,  (N7) 1,000 

Gunsight,  05) 200 

Gunter,  (L4) 300 

Gustine,  06) 300 

Guthrie,  (04) 550 

Hagansport,  (M4).  .  150 
Hagcrville,  (M6).. . .   100 

Halbert,  (06) 150 

Hale  Center,  (F3)...   100 

Halesboro,  (M4) 130 

Hallettsville,(L8)..  1,379 

Hallsville,  (NS) 380 

Hamilton,  (J6)....  1,548 

Hamlin,  (GS) 1,978 

Hammond,  (L6) 180 

Hampton,  (N7) 300 

Handlcy,  (K5) 900 

Hankamer,  (N8)....  300 

Hansford,  (Fl) 100 

Happy,  (F3) 400 

Hardy,  (K4) ISO 

Harleton,  (N5) .  250 

Harlingen,(KU)...  1,000 

Harper,  (H7) 200 

Harrelton,  (M4)....  100 
Harrisburg,  (M8). . .  500 

Harrold,  (H3) 350 

Hartburg,  (07) 300 

Harwood,  (KS) 550 

Haskell,  (H4) 2,436 

Hasse,  (J6) 250 

Hawkins,  (MS) ISO 

Hearne,  (L7) 2,352 

Heath,  (L5) 300 

Hcbbronville,  (JIO).  200 

Hedley,  (G3) 300 

Heidenheicner,  (K6).  200 

Helena,  (K9) 100 

Helotes,  (JS) 480 

Hemphill,  (06) 300 

Hempstead,  (M7).. 2,600 
Henderson,  (NS)... 3,200 

Henly,  07) l"" 

Hcnnessy,  (M6) 100 

Henrietta,  (J4) 2,104 

Hereford,  (E3) 1,750 

Hcrmleigh.  (G5) 600 

Hewitt,  (K6) 150 

Hcxt,  (H7) 300 

Hickory  Creek,(L4).    100 

Hico,06) 1,437 

Hidalgo,  (JU) 600 

Higgins,(Gl) 1,200 

High  Hill,  (1,5) 100 

High  Island,  (NS)..  .  200 

Hill,  (M9) 250 

Hillendahl,  (M8).. .  .  400 

Hillsboro,  (K5) 6,115 

Hitchcock,  (M8)....  650 

Hobson,  (K9) 100 

Hockley,  (M7) 400 

Holland,  (K7) 778 

Hondo,  (HS) 2,500 

Honea,(M7) ISO 

Honey  Grove(M4).  2,300 

Hood,(K4) 150 

Hoije,  (L8) 100 

Horgcr,  (N7) ISO 

HornHUl,(L6) 300 

Hortense,  (N7) 500 

Houghton,  (L4) 300 

Housley.(L5) 100 

Houston,  (MS).... 78,800 
Houston  Heights, 

(MS) 6,984 

Howe,  (L4) 581 

Rowland,  (M4) 400 

Hubbard,  (L6) 1,843 

Huckabay,(J5) 150 

Hufsmith,  (M7) 150 

Hughes  Springs,(N4)  850 

Humble,  (M 7) 2,300 

Hungerford,(L8)...  100 
Huntington,  (N6)...  500 
Huntsville,(M7)...  2,072 

Hutchins,  (L5) 350 

Hutto,  (K7) 800 

Huxley,  (06) 100 

Hylton,  (G5) 300 

laeo,  (M8) 100 

Imperial,  (MS) 150 

Independence,  (L7)  .  300 
Indiancreek,  (J6)...  100 

Indian  Gap,  (J6) 100 

Industry,  (L8) 500 

Inez,  (L9) 100 

lola,  a?) 300 

lowaPark,  04) 603 

Iredell,  (K6) 750 

Irene,  (L6) 400 

Iris,  (M6) 250 

Ironosa,  (N6) 100 

Islitas,  (HIO) 200 

Italy,  (LS) 1,149 

Itasca,  (KS) 1,356 

Iuka,(J8) ICO 

"acksboro,  (J4) 1,480 

acksonville,  (M6)  .  2,875 

ardb,  CM4) 130 

asper,  (N7) 400 

ayton,  (04) 314 

effetson,  (NS) 2,515 

ennmgs,  (M4) 100 

ewett,  (L6) 5S6 

Joaquin,  (N6) 100 

Johnson  City,  (J7)  .  1,000 
Johnsons     Station, 

(K5) 100 

Jonah,  (K7) 120 

Jonesboro,  (K6) 450 

Josephine,  (L4) 500 

Joshua,  (K5) 800 

osserand,  (N6) 300 

ourdanton,  (JS) 100 

uan  Saenz,  (KIO)..  100 

unction,  (H7) 800 

uno,  (F7) ISO 

ustin,  (K4) 500 

amack.  (NS) 100 

KamesCity,(K9)..  1,150 

Katemcy,  (H7) 150 

Katy,  (M8) 200 


Kaufman,  (L5)....  1,950 

Keenan,(M7) 500 

Keene,  (K5) 400 

Keller,  (K5) 250 

KellyviUc,  (NS)....    150 

Kelm,  (L5) 100 

Kclsey,  (NS) 150 

Keltys,  (N6) 1,000 

Kemah,  (MS) 200 

Kemp,  (LS) 1,500 

Kcmpner,  (K6) 170 

Kenedy,  (K9) 1,147 

Kennard,  (M6) 600 

Kennedale,  (K5)...     200 

Kenneth,  (M7) 1,000 

Kenney,  (L7) 150 

Kentuckytown, 

CL4) 100 

Kerens,  (LS) 945 

Kermit,(E6) 100 

Kerrville,  (117) 1,843 

Kildare,  (NS) 500 

Kilgore,  (N5) 450 

Killcen,  (K(,) 1,263 

Kimball,  (KS) 200 

Kingsbury,  (KS)...     150 

Kingsland,  07) 250 

Kingston,  (L4) 300 

Kirgsville,  (KIO)..  1,500 

Kicmatia,  (M4) ISO 

Kirby,(J8)... 100 

Kirbyville,  (07). ..2,100 

Kirkland,  (G3) 400 

Kirvin,  (L6) 300 

Kleburg,  (L5) 100 

Klondike,  (M4)...  400 
Knickerbocker, 

(06) 400 

Knippa,  (HS) 100 

KnoxCity,(L4)...  1,200 

Kopperl,  (K5) 200 

Ko5Se,(L6) 764 

Kountze,  (N7) 600 

Kress,  (F3) 300 

Krum,  (K4) 750 

Kyle,  (K7) 742 

Ladonia,(L4) 1,293 

La  Fayette,  (N5)...     250 

Lagarto,  (K9) 150 

La  Gloria,  (110)....     100 

Lagrange.  (LS) 1,850 

Lajitas,  (D8) 140 

Lamar,(K9) 130 

Lamarquc,  (N8)...     210 

Lamasco,  (M4) 250 

LaMerele,  (06)....     100 

Lamcsa,  (F5) 1,000 

Lampasas,  06) 2,119 

Lancaster,  (LS) 1,115 

Laneville,  (N5) 180 

Langtry,  (F8) 150 

Lanham,  (K6) 130 

Lannius,  (L4) 200 

La  Porte,  (M  8) 678 

Laredo,  (HIO) 14,855 

Larissa,  (M5). 150 

Laurelia,  (N7) 750 

Lavemia,  08) 500 

Lavon,  (L4) 300 

Lawrence,  (LS) 150 

Lawsonville,  (N6)..  100 
League  City,  (M8).    500 

Leakey,  (HS) 200 

Leander,(K7) 250 

Lebanon,  (L4) 230 

Ledbetter,  (L7)....     200 

Leesburg,  (M4) 250 

LecsvUle,  (K8) 200 

Lefors,  (G2) 100 

Leggett,(N7) 200 

Lemonville.  (07)...    100 

Lenz,  (K9) 100 

Leonard,  (L4) 990 

Leon  Springs,  08).-     ISO 

Leroy,(K6T 100 

Lewis,  (M6) 130 

Lewisville,  (K4)...  800 
Lexington,  (K7)...  1,600 

Liberty,  (N7) 980 

Liberty  Hill,  07)-.     500 

Lillian,  (KS) 300 

Lindale,  (MS) 658 

Linden,  (NS) 500 

Lindsay,  (K4) 130 

Lingleville.  05) 200 

Linwood,(N6) 300 

Lipscomb,  (Gl) 130 

Lisbon,  (LS) 150 

Littig,(K7) 250 

Little  Elm,  (K4)..-  120 
Little  River,  (K6)..  230 
Liverpool,  (Mf,)..-  200 
Livingston,  (N  7).-.  1,700 

Llano,  07) 1,687 

Lloyd,  (L4) 200 

Locker,  06) 100 

Lockhart,  (KS) 2,945 

Lockney,  (F3) 750 

Lodi,  (N5) 130 

Lodwick,  (N5) 500 

Loeb,(N7) 200 

Lometa,  06) 500 

Lone  Grove,  07).—     100 

Loneoak,  (MS) 756 

Long  Branch,  (NS).     130 

Longmott,  (L9) 150 

Longview,  (NS) 5,155 

L<ifigworth,(G5).--     100 

Lopeno,(Hll) 100 

Loraine,  (G5) 633 

Lorena,(K6) 4.S0 

Losoya,  08) 140 

Lott,  (K6) 1,021 

Louise,  (L8) 300 

Lovelady,  (M6)..-  600 
Loyal  VaUey,(H7)-     300 

Lubbock,  (F4) 1,938 

Lucas,  (L4) 150 

Lucders,  (H5) 750 

Lutkin,  (N6) 2,749 

Luling.  (KS) 1,404 

Luna,  (L6) 100 

Lund,(K7) 100 

Lyford,  (KU) 300 

Lyle,  (N6) 100 

Lyons,  (L7) 300 

Lyra,  05) 1,194 

Lytic,  08)--.- 100 

Lvtton    Springs, 

(K7) 130 


McAIIen,011).-"  TSO 
McCaulley,(GS)...     800 

McDade,(K7) 500 

McDowell,  (LS)...  200 
McGregor,  (K6)...  1,864 
McKinney,(L4)...  4,714 

McLean,  (G2) 633 

McMahon,(K8)...     100 

McNeil,  (K7) 200 

Mabank,  (M5) 1,700 

Macon,  (M4) 100 

Madisonville,  (M7).  1,600 

Madras,  (N4) 100 

Magnolia.  (M7)....    100 

MaEon,  (N5) 200 

Malakofi,  (M5)....    300 

Malone,  (1.6) 300 

Malta,  (N4) 130 

Manchaca,  (K7)-..  100 
Manchester,  (M4)..     ISO 

Mangum,(I5) 100 

Manning,  (N6) 700 

Manor,  (K7). 600 

M.ansfield,(K5)..-.     627 

Manton,(N6) 150 

Manvel,  (MS) 100 

Marathon,  (D7)...  310 
WarbleFalls,  07)..  1,061 

Marcelena,  (J8) 100 

Warfa,  (C7) 700 

Margaret,  (H3) 250 

Marietta,  (N4) 250 

Marion,  OS) 1,200 

Warkham,  (LS):..     400 

Marlin,(L6) 3,878 

Warquez,  (L6) 320 

Mars,  (MS) 150 

Marshall,  (N5)...  11,452 

Wart.  (L6) 2,939 

Wartindale,  (K8)..     530 

Warjneal,  (05) 100 

Marysvillc,  (K4)...     ISO 

Mason,  (H7) 1,200 

Matador,  (04) 700 

Matagorda,  (M  9) .  .  600 
Matinburg,  (MS)..     100 

Matthews,  (L8) 150 

Maud,  (N4) 300 

Maverick,  (G6) 100 

Maxdale,  (K7) 100 

Maxwell,  (KS) 250 

May,  (J6) 400 

Waynard,  (M7) 250 

Waypeari,  (K5)....  500 
Maysfield,  (L7)....  160 
Medicine     Mound, 

(H3)... 100 

Medina,  (H8) 100 

Melissa,  (L4) 260 

Melrose,  (N6) 180 

Memphis,  (G3) 1,936 

Menard,  (H7) 500 

Mercedes,  (KID...  1,209 

Mercury,  (H6) 500 

Meridian,  (K6)  ...     718 

Merit,  (L4) 330 

Werkel,  (HS) 2,008 

Mertens,  (LS) 450 

Mesquite,  (L5) 687 

Mexia,  (L6) ..2,694 

Meyersville,  (K9)..    200 

Miami,  (G2) 500 

Midland,  (E6) 2,192 

Midlothian,  (L5)...    868 

Midway,  (M6) 100 

Midyett,  (NS) 120 

Miguel,  09) 100 

Milam,  (06) 100 

Milano,  (L7) 450 

Milbum,  (H6) 300 

Miles,  (G6) 1,302 

Milford,(L5) 766 

Miller  Grove,  (M4).  100 
Willersview,  (H6)..     250 

Millett,  (119) 300 

Willheim,  (LS) 150 

Millican,  (L7) 600 

Millsap,05) 800 

Milton,  (M4) 150 

Milv!d,(N7) 200 

Minden,  (N5) 200 

Mineola,(M5) 1,706 

Minera,  (HIO) 1,000 

Mineral,  (K9) 100 

MineralWells,  05). 3,950 

Minerva,  (L7) 100 

Mingus,  (JS) 1,000 

Missouri  City,  (M8)    130 

Mobeetie,  (02) 650 

Modisett,  (N6) 150 

MoBat,  (K6) 200 

Monahans,  (E6)...  200 
Monkstown,  (M4)..     300 

Monroe,  (N 5) 130 

Montague,  (K4)...  284 
Montalba,  (M6).-.  100 
Mont  Eelvieu,  (N8)  250 
Montgomery,  (M7)  400 
Montopqiis,  (K7)..     200 

Moody,  rK6) 983 

Moore,  (HS) 600 

Moorcville,  (K6)...     150 

Morales,  (L8) 100 

Moran,  (H5) 450 

Morgan,  (K5) 831 

Morgan  i'.ill,  05)..     350 

Moro,  (05) 230 

Morrill,  (M6) 200 

Moscow.  (N7) 240 

Mosheim,  (K6) 250 

Motley,  (NS) 100 

Moulton,  (K8) 600 

Mountain  Peak. 

(L5) 120 

Mount  Calm,  (L6).  700 
Mount    Enterprise, 

(N6) 750 

Mount      Pleasant, 

(N4) 3.137 

Mount,    Selman, 

(MS) 100 

Mount  Sharp,  (J  7).  130 
Mount    Sylvan, 

(MS) 110 

Mount    Vernon, 

(M4) 1,600 

Muenster,  (K4) 400 

Muldoon,  (K8) 100 

MuUin,  (J6) 750 

Muiock,(Fl) too 


Mulnford,a7) 1# 

Munday,(H4) 956 

Munz,  (N4) 100 

Murchison.  (MS)..    170 

Murphy,  (L4) 130 

Myers,  (L7) 100 

Myra,(K4) 400 

Myrtle    Springs. 

(M5) 150 

Kacogdoches,  (N6).  3,369 

Naples,  (N4) 1,178 

Nash,  (N4) 300 

Nash,  (L5) 200 

Navasota,(M7)...  3,284 

Neal,  (M7) 100 

Necessity,  (J5) 120 

Nechcs,  (M6) 350 

Nelsonville,  (L7)...     180 

Neuville,  (N6) 250 

Nevada,  (LA) 510 

Newark,  (K4) 350 

New  Baden,  (L6)..  180 
New  Berlin,  08).-.  400 
New  Boston,  (N4).- 2,100 
New  Braunfels,  08)  3,165 
New  Caney,  (M7)..     150 

Newcastle,  04) 50O 

New  Fountain, (H8)  100 
New  Hope,  (L5)...     100 

Newport,  04) 280 

New  Salem,  (N6)..  100 
Newsome,  (M5)...     100 

Newton,  (07) 1,200 

NewL'lm,  (L8) 300 

NewWaverly,  (M7)  500 
NewUiUard,(N7)..  500 
Nicholson,  (M4)...     150 

Nix»n,  (KS) 1,000 

N<)fck,(K7) 250 

Nocona,  (K4) 1,338 

Nolanville,  (K6)...     150 

Nome.  (N7) 100 

Noonday,  (MS) 100 

Nordheim.  (K9)...  850 
Nonnangee,  (L6)..  200 
Normanna,  (K9)...  400 
North  Fort  Worth, 

(K5) 3,000 

Norton,  {G6) 120 

Noxville,  (H7) 150 

Nubia,  (05) ..    500 

Nursery,  (K9) 250 

Oak  Grove,  (N4)...     200 

Oakhill,  (K7) 200 

Oakland,  (L8) 250 

Oakley,  08) 300 

0akville,CJ9) 750 

Oakwood,  (M6) 906 

O'Brien,  (H4) 600 

Ochiltree,  (Gl) 500 

Odell,  (H3). 150 

Odessa,  (E6) 1,000 

Oenaville,  (K6) 180 

Oglesby,  (K6) 300 

Ojuelos,  (JIO) 300 

Olive,  (N7) 300 

Olney,  04) 1,095 

Olton,(E3) 100 

Cmaha,  (N4) 1,200 

Cmcn,  (MS) 230 

Cnalaska,  (N7) 150 

Orange,  (07) 5,527 

Orangeville,  (L4) 100 

Orchard,  (L8) 200 

Orphans    Home, 

(L5) 200 

Osage,  (K6) 140 

Oscar,  (K6) 150 

Osceola,  (KS) 100 

Ottawa,  (M7) 300 

Ottine,(K8) 350 

Otto,  (L6) 150 

Ovalo,  (H5) 600 

Overton,  (NS) 7C0 

Ovilla,  (L5) 200 

Owens,  (16) 130 

Ozena,  (F7) 1,200 

Paducah,  (G4) 1,350 

Paige,  (K7) SCO 

Paint  Rock,  (H6)..    500 

Paisano,  (JIO) 180 

Palacios,  (L9) 1,389 

Palafos,  (HIO) 300 

Palestine,  (M6)...  10,482 

Palmer,(LS) 605 

Palmetto,  (M  7) 400 

Palo  Pinto,  (J5)....     750 

Paluxy,(K5) 110 

Pampa,  (02) 200 

P.inchita,  (Jll) 200 

Pandora,  (K8) 200 

Panhandle,  (F2).--  521 
Panna  Maria,  (K9).    150 

Papalote,  (K9) 180 

Paradise,  (K4) 500 

Paris,  (M4) 11,269 

Parita,  08) 100 

Parker,  (K5) 100 

Park  f  prinps.  (K4).     300 

Pasadena,  (M8) 100 

Patterson,  (M8)...     150 

Paxton,  (N6) 100 

Pearland,  (M8) 140 

PearsaU,  (H9) 1,799 

Peaster,  (K5) 200 

Pebble,  (H8) 100 

Pecan  Gap,  (M4)..     600 

Pecos,  (D6) 1,856 

Peerless,  (M  4) 250 

Pelham,  (L6) 300 

PelIa,(K4) 200 

Pendleton,'(K6)...     100 

Penelope,  (K6) 100 

Peniel,  (L4) 467 

Pennington,  (M6)..     200 

Perry,  (L6) 200 

Pert,  (M6) 20O 

Petersburg,  (F4)...  120 
Petersville,  (N6)...    200 

Petrolia,  04) 517 

Petty,  (M4) 300 

Pflugerville,  (K7)..    200 

Phelan,(K7) 400 

Pickton,  (M4) 200 

Pierce,  (L8) 100 

Pike,  (L4) 150 

Pilot  Grove,  a4)..  250 
Pilot  Point,  (K4)...  1,371 

Pine,  CN5) 100 

Fine  Grove,  (M5)..    20« 


376 


(TBXA8— UTAH— VERMONT) 


INDEX  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES 


Pinehfll,  (NS) 200 

Pine  Island,  (N7)..  100 

I>ineland,  (N6) 200 

Pine  Valley,  (M7)..  200 

Pinkham,  (N4) 100 

Pioneer,  (HS) 150 

Pirtle,(NS) 100 

Pisek.(L8) 100 

Pittbridge,(L7)...  100 
Pittsburg,  (N5)....  1,916 

Plains,  (£4) 100 

Plainview,  (F3) 2,829 

Piano,  (L4) 1,258 

PlantersviUe,  (M7).  150 

Pleasanton,  (J9) .  .  .  650 

Plemons.  (F2) 100 

Poetry,  (L5) 300 

Point,  (iM5) 200 

Pointblank,  (M7)..  150 

Point  Isabel,  (Kll).  400 

Pollok.  (N6) 150 

Polly,  (H8) 200 

Ponta,  (M6) 100 

Pontotoc,  G7) 250 

Poolville,  (K5) 500 

PortArthur,  (08)..  7,663 

Port  Bolivar,  {N8).  100 

Portland,  (KIO)...  200 
Port  Lavaca,  CL9).  1,699 

Post,  (F4) 100 

Postoak,  (14) 200 

Postoak  Point,  (L8)  100 

Potosi,  (H5) 140 

Pottsboro,  (U) 313 

Pottsville,  (J6) 100 

Powell,  (LS) 100 

Poyner,  (M5) 100 

Praha,  (K8) 100 

Prairie  Hill,  (L6)...  200 

Prairie  Lea,  (K8)...  300 

Prairieview,  (M7).  500 

Prair.eviUe,  (L5)...  120 

Premont,  (jlO) 100 

Presidio,  (C8) 300 

Preston,  (L4) ISO 

Pritchett,  (N5) 200 

Proctor,  (J6) 300 

Progreso,  (Jin 300 

Prospect,  (J4) 100 

Prosper,  (L4) 300 

Provident  City, 

(L8) 150 

Purdon,  (L6) 150 

Purley,  (M4) 100 

Putnam,  (H5) 500 

Pyburn,  (L6) 100 

duail,  (G3) 150 

Quanah,  (H3) 3,127 

Quarton,  (F2) 100 

QueeuCity,  (N4)..  388 

Quemado,  (G9) 100 

Quibi,  (H8) 200 

Quinlan,  (L5) 537 

Quintana,  (M9) 300 

Quitman,  (M5) 100 


Rabke,  (K8) 400 

Ragley,(N5) 500 

Rainbow,  (K5) 100 

Ramirena,  (J9) 200 

Rancho,  (K8) 250 

Randado,  (JIO) 350 

Randolph,  (L4) 400 

Ranger,  (JS) 1,000 

Ralcliff,  (M6) 130 

Ravenna,  (L4) 280 

Raymondville,(Kll)  450 

Raywood,  (N7) 200 

Reagan,  (L6) 400 

Realitos,  (JIO) 300 

RedOak,  (L5) 350 

RedRock,  (K8)....    550 

Redwater,  (N4) 300 

Reedville,  (K8) 100 

Refugio,  (K9) 500 

Reralig,  (06) 750 

Renner,  (L4) 300 

Reynolds,  (M5) 100 

Rheingold,  (J7) 300 

Rhome,  (K4) 600 

Rhonesboro,  (M5).     250 

Rice,  (L5) 300 

Richardson,  (L5)...     200 

Richland,  (L6) 350 

Richland     Springs, 

06) 150 

Richmond,  (MS)...  1,371 

Rienzi,(L6) 300 

Riesel,  (L6) 550 

Ringgold,  (J4) 400 

Rio  Frio,  (H8) 100 

Rio  Grande,  (JU)..  2,300 

Riovista,  (K5) 500 

Ripley,  (M4) 100 

Rising  Star,  (J5)...     640 

Riviera,  (KIO) 200 

Roanoke,  (K4) 400 

Roans  Prairie,  (M7)  250 
Robert  Lee,  (G6)...  1,800 
Robstown,  (KIO)...     130 

Roby.  (G5) 900 

Rochester,  (H4)...  500 
Rock  Creek,  (J5).--     500 

Rockdale,  (K7) 2,073 

Rockhill,  (L4) 150 

Rock  Island,  (L8)..     500 

Rockland,  l'N6) 200 

Rockport,  (L9) 1,382 

Rocksprings,  (G7)..     750 

Rockwall,  (L5) 1,136 

Roda,  (L6) 250 

Roganville,  (07)...     20K 

Rogers,  (K7) 1,275 

Roma,  (JU) 600 

Romney,  (J5) 100 

Rosalie,  (M4) 300 

Rosanky,  (K8) 100 

Roscoe.  (G5) 941 

Rosebud,  (K6) 1,472 

Rosehill,  (M7) 300 

Rosenberg,  (M8)...  1,198 


Rosewood,  (NS)...    300 

Rosser,  (LS) 200 

Rosston,  (K4) 300 

Rossville,  (J8) 30O 

Rotan,(G5) 1,126 

Round     Mountain, 

(J7) ISO 

Round  Rock,  (K7).  900 
Round  Top,  (L7)...     300 

Rowena,  (06) 300 

Rowlett,  (LS) 100 

Ro.tton,  (M4) 600 

RoyseCity,(LS)...  1,210 

Royston,  (G5) 250 

Rule,  (H4) 891 

RuliS,  (07) 100 

Runge,  (K9) 1,200 

Rusk,  (M6) 1,558 

Rutersville,  (L8)...     100 

Ryals,  (M7) 200 

Rye,  (N7) 300 

Sabinal,  (H8) 1,640 

Sabine,  (08) 350 

Sabine  Pass,  (N8)..     400 

Sacul,  (N6) 100 

Sadler,  (L4) 400 

Sage,  (J7) 300 

Sagerton,  CH4)1....     500 

Saginaw,  (KS) 100 

Saint  Hedwig,  (J8).     500 

Saint  Jo,  (K4) 822 

Salado,  (K7) 400 

Salesville,  (JS) 100 

Samfordyce,  (J  11)..     100 

Samuel,  (L7) 200 

San  Angelo,(G6)..  10,321 
San  Antonio,  (J8). 96,614 
San     Augustine, 

(N6) 1,204 

San  Benito,  (Kll).  1,000 

Sand,  (K7) 100 

Sanderson,  (E7)...     700 

Sandia,  (KIO) 500 

San  Diego,  QIO)-.  2,500 

Sandy,  (J7) 100 

San  Elizario,  (A6).  834 
San  Felipe,  (L8)_..  206 
San  Gabriel,  (K7)..     100 

Sanger,  (K4) 800 

San  Juan,  (Jll)...  100 
San  Leon,  (N8)...  100 
San  Marcos,  (J8)-- 4,071 
San  Patricio,  (KIO)     320 

San  Saba,  (J6) 1,500 

Sansom,  (H8) 478 

SantaAnna,(H6)..  1,453 
Santa  Maria,  (Kll)     250 

Santo,  (JS) 500 

San  Ygnacio,  (HIO)     500 

Saragosa,  (D6) 100 

Saralvo,  (LS) 100 

Saratoga,  (N7) 1,000 

Sarco  Creek,  (K9) .     600 

Sarita,  (KIO) 130 

Saron,  (M6) 500 


Sartartia,  (M8) 150 

Saturn,  (K8) 110 

Savoy,  (L4) 328 

ScherU,  (J8) 350 

Schulcnburg,  (L8).  1,091 
Schumanville,  (J8).     300 

Scotland,  (J4) 300 

Scottsville,  (NS)...     100 

Scranton,  (HS) 300 

Scurry,  (LS) 250 

Seabrook,  (N8) 100 

Seadritt,  (L9) 100 

Scagoville,  (LS)...     300 

Seafy,  (L8) 1,700 

Sebree,  (K4) 100 

Seguin,  (O) 3,116 

Selfs,  (M4) 100 

Seminole,  (E5) 500 

Senior,  (J8) 100 

Sevenoaks,  (N7)...     100 

Seymour,  (H4) 2,029 

ShaeHer,  (JIO) 150 

Shatter,  (C8) 1,000 

Shatter  Lake,  rE5).    400 
Shamrock,  ((52)...     600 

Shannon,  (J4) 100 

Sharp,  (L7) 100 

Sharpsburg,  (KIO).     150 

Sheffield.  (F7) 130 

Shelby,  (L7) 200 

Shelbvville,  (06)..     200 

Sheldon,  (M8) 100 

Shepherd,  (M7)...    350 

Sherley,  (M4) 100 

Shemian,  (L41...  12,412 
Sherwood,  (G6)...     700 

Shiner,  iK8) 1,096 

Shiro,  (M7) 250 

Sierra  Blanca,  (B6)  .  320 

SiLsbee,  (N7) 150 

Silverton,!(F3) 700 

Simmons,  (J9) 130 

Simms,  (N4) 150 

Simpsonville,   (MS)     190 

Sinton,  (K9) 1,500 

Sipe  Springs,  (JS)..     300 

Sisterdale,  (J8) 1.50 

Skidmore,  (K9)...  1,000 

Slayden,  (K8) 100 

Slidell,  (K4) 150 

Smiley,  iK8) 1,000 

Smithfield,  (KS)...     150 
Smithville,  (K8)...  3,167 

Smyrna,  (N6) 300 

Snyder,  (GS) 2,514 

Socorro,  (A6) 1,147 

Solms,  (J8) 100 

Somerset,  (J8) 300 

Somerville,  (L7)...  2,500 

Sonora,  (G7) 800 

Sourlake.  (N7) 6,000 

South     Houston, 

(M8) 700 

Southmayd,  (L4)..     180 
Spanish  Camp,  (L8)     100 


Spanish  Fort,  (K4).  250 

Spoeiord,  (G8) 130 

Spring,  (M7) 150 

Springbranch,  (J8).  150 

Spring  Creek,  (H4).  130 

Springfield,  (JIO)..  100 

Springtown,  (K5)..  700 

Sprinkle,  (K7) 100 

Spurger.  (N7) 100 

Stack,  (N6) 150 

Stacy,  (H6) 200 

Stamford,  (H5) 3,902 

Standart,  (08) 150 

Stanton,  (KS) 1,400 

Staples,  (K8) 140 

SUr,  (J6) 150 

StarrviUe,  (MS)....  120 

Steeles  Store,  (L7)..  100 

Steep  Creek,  (N6).  150 

Stephenville,  (JS)_.  2,561 

Sterling  City,  (G6).  800 

Stiles,  (FO) 150 

Stockdale,  (K8)....  1,250 

Stoneburg,  (K4)...  100 

Stoneham,  (M7)...  250 

Stonewall,  (J7) 200 

Story,  (G2) 100 

Stowell,  (N8) 150 

Stranger,  (L6) 100 

Stratford,  (El) 520 

Strawn,  (JS) 1,000 

Straws  IVIill,  (K6)..  150 

Streetman,  (L6)...  100 

String,  (K6) 250 

String  Prairie,  (K8)  150 

Stuebner,  (M7) 200 

Sublime,  (L8) 200 

Sullivan,  (KS) 200 

Sulphur  Bluff,  (M4)  250 
Sulphur   Springs, 

(M4) 5,151 

Summerfield,  (M6).  330 
Summers  Mills, 

(K7) 220 

Sumner,  (M4) 100 

Sunnyside,  (MS)...  100 

Sunset,  (K4) 650 

Sunshine,  (KIO)...  200 
Sutherland  Springs, 

(J8) 7S0 

Swan,  (MS) 200 

Swannville,  (N6)...  150 

Sweet  Home,  (LS)..  500 

Sweetwater,  (G5).  4,176 

Swift,  (N6) 150 

Sylvester,  (GS) 150 

Tadmor,  (M6) 100 

Taft.  (KIO) 100 

Tahoka,  (F4) 800 

Tally,  (NS) 100 

Talpa,  (H6) 1,200 

Tamina,(M7) 100 

Tarkinglon  Prairie, 

(M7)... 500 

Tascosa,  (E2) 100 


Tatum,  (N5) 300 

Taylor,  (K7) 5,314 

Taylorsville,  (K8)..     100 

Teague,  (L6) 3,288 

Tchuacana,  (L6)...     425 

Temple,  (K6) 10,993 

Tenaha,  (N6) 491 

Tennessee    Clolony, 

(M6) 100 

Tennyson,  (G6) 100 

Terlingua,  (D8) 200 

Terrell,  (L5) 7,050 

Teiarkana,  (04)...  9,790 
Texas  City,  (N8)...    400 

Texia,  (07) SOO 

Texline,  (El) 100 

The  Grove,  (K6)...    100 

Theta,  (M4) 400 

Thomaston,  (K9)..  300 
Thompsons,  (MS).  100 
Thorndale,  (K7)...     600 

Thornton,  (L6) 678 

Thorp  Spring,  (KS).  400 
Throckmorton, 

(H4) 600 

Thurber,  (JS) 4,500 

Tilden,  (J9) 500 

Timpson,  (N6) 1,528 

Tioga,  (L4) 1,600 

Tivoli,  (L9) 130 

Tobey,  (J9) 100 

Todd,  (M7) 100 

Tokeen,  (HS) 200 

Tolar,  (K5) 455 

Tolbert,  (H31 200 

Tom  Ball,  (MS)....  130 
Tom  Bean,  (L4)...     288 

Tool,  (LS) 100 

Toomey,  (N6) 100 

Torrecillas,  (JIO)...  100 
Townbluff,  (N7)...     300 

Toyah,  (D6) 1,052 

Tracy,  (K7) 200 

Travis,  (L6) 100 

Trent,  (HS) 200 

Trenton,  (L4) 550 

Trinity,  (M7) 850 

Trinity  Mills,  (LS).     200 

Trotti,  (07) 350 

Troup,  (MS) 1,126 

Troy,  fK6) 500 

TrumbuU,  (LS) 100 

Triiscott,  (H4) 200 

Tulia,  (F3) 1,216 

Tulip,  a.4) 120 

Tundra,  (MS) 100 

Tunis,  (L7) 200 

Turlington,  (M6)..  100 
Turnersville,  (K6)..  130 
Turpentine,  (N6)..  100 
Turtle  Bayou,  (N8).    400 

Tye,  (HS) 250 

Tyler,  (MS) 10,400 

Union,  (K8) 100 

Uma-i,(M4) 180 


Upton,  (K7) SOO 

Utopia,  (H8) 200 

Uvalde,  CH8) 3,998 

Valentine,  (C7) 200 

Valera,(H6) 100 

Valley  Mills,  (K6)..  708 
Vallevspring,  (J7)..  100 
Valley  View,  (K4)..  350 
VanAlstyne,  (L4)..  1,441- 

V,indalia,  (N4) 100 

Vandyke,  (J6) 100 

Van  Horn,  (C6) 150 

VanVleck,  (M8)...     200 

Va.shti,  (J4) 100 

Vaughan,  (K6) 100 

Velasco,  (M9) 1,500 

Venus,  (KS) 495 

Vernon,  (H3) 3,195 

Verona,  (L4) 100 

Vesey,  (N4) 100 

Victoria,  (L9) 3,673 

View,  (J8) 450 

Village    Mills, 

(N7) 400 

Vincent,  (FS) 200 

Vineyard,  (K4) 150 

Voss,  (H6) 700 

Waco,  (K6) 26,425 

Wade,  (K8) 150 

Wadsworth,  (M9)..     100 

Waelder,  (KS) 1,400 

Walburg,  (K7) 150 

Waldrip,  (H6) 250 

Waller,  (M7) 400 

Wallis  Station, 

(L8) 880 

Wallisville,  (N8)...  350 
Walnut  Sprs,  (K5).  1,340 

Warda,  (L7) 100 

Waring,  as) 100 

Warren,  (N7) 600 

Warrenton,  (L7I...  400 
Washington,  (L7)—     300 

Waskom,  (05) 500 

Waterloo,  (K8) 150 

Waterman,  (N6)...  476 
Water  Valley, 

(G6) ISO 

Walters,  (K7) 100 

Waukegan,  (M7)...     500 

Waverly,  (M7) 200 

Waxahachie,  (L5)..  6,205 
Weatherford,(K5).  5,074 
Webberville,  (K7)..  320 
Weesatche,  (K9)...     100 

Weimar,  (L8> 906 

Weinert,  (H4) 200 

Welcome,  (L7) 230 

Weldon,  (M6) 150 

Wellborn,  (L7) 400 

Wellington,  (G3)...     576 

Wells,  (N6) 150 

Weser,  (K9) 110 

Wesley,  (L7) 200 

West,(K.6) 1,645 


Westbrook,  (FS) 200 

West    Columbia, 

(M8) 200 

Westhofif,  (K8) 100 

Westmmster,  (L4).    380 

Weston,  (L4) 250 

Westphalia,  (K6)..  100 
Westpoint,  (K8)...    300 

Westville,  (M7) lOO 

Wharton,  (L8) 1,505 

Wheatland,  (L4)...     lOO 

Wheeler,  (G2) ICO 

Wheelock,  (L7) 130 

Whitehall,  (M7)...  100 
Whitchouse,  (MS)..  250 
Whiterock,(L4)...  130 
Whitesboro,  (L4)..  1,219 
Whitewright,  (L4).  1,563 

Whitney,  (K6) 766 

Whitt,  (KS) 500 

Wichita  Falls,  (J4).  8,200 
Wilburton,  (M7)...  2.S0 
Wildorado,  (E2)...     180 

Williams,  (N7) 200 

Willis,  (M7) 1,500 

Willow  City,  (J7)..  130 
Willspoint,  (MS)...  1,398 

Wilmer,  (LS) 250 

Wilson,  06) 200 

Winchell,  (H6) 250 

Winchester,  (L7)...    400 

Windom,  (M4) 400 

Winfield,  (M4) 600 

Wingate,  (G6) 20O 

Winnie,  (N8) 200 

Winnsboro,  (MS). .1,741 

Winona,  (MS) 30& 

Winters,  (HS) 1,347 

Wokaty,  lK7) 300 

WolfeCity,(L4)...  1,402 
Woodbine,  (K4)...  100 
Woodbury,  (KS)...  200 
WoodlancI,  (M4)...  220 
Woodlawn,  (N5)...     300 

Woods,  (N5) 100 

Woodsboro,  (K9)..  500 
Woodviile,  (N7)...  900 
Wootan  Wells, 

(L6). 130 

Wortham,(L6) 899 

Worthing,  (LS) 100 

W'rightsboro,  (K8).     100 

Wylie,  (L5) 620 

Yantis,  (M5) 180 

Yoakum,  (K8) 4,657 

Yorktown,  (KS)...  1,180 

YsleU,  (A6) 2,000 

Yturria,  (Kll) 200 

Zapata,  (HU) 200 

Zephyr,  (J6) 300 

Zigzag,  (JS) 100 

Zionsville,  (L7) 210 

Zorn,  (K8) 200 

Zuehl,  (J8) 200 

Zulch,  (L7) ISO 


UTAH 


Abraham,  (B4) 100 

Adamsville,  (BS)..  180 
Alexander,  (D3)...     100 

Alpine,  (C3) 496 

Alta,  (C3) 300 

American    Fork, 

(C3).. 2,797 

Aneth,  (E6) 100 

Annabella,  (CS)...     300 

Aurora,  (BS) 400 

Avon,  (C2) 170 

Aitell,  (C4) 180 

Basin,  (ES) 100 

Bear  River  City, 

(B2) 463 

Beaver,  (BS). 1,899 

Benjamin,  (C3)...  800 
Bingham    Canyon, 

(B3) 2,881 

Blaine,  (B2) 200 

Bluff,  (E6). 190 

Boneta,  (D3) 200 

Bountiful,  (C3) 1,677 

Bridgeport,  (E3)..     100 

Brigham,  (C2) 3,685 

Brinton,  (C3) 500 

Burrville,  (C5) ISO 

Cache  Junction, 

(B2) 100 

Caineville,  (CS)...  ISO 
Calderpark,  (C3)..  100 
Cannonville,  (B6).  200 
Carbonate,  (C3)...  100 
Castledale,  (C4)...  693 
Castlegate,  (D4)...  1,500 
Castle  Rock,  (C2).  200 
Cedar  City,  (A6)..  1,705 
Cedar  Valley,  (B3).  200 
Centerfield,  (C4)..  600 
Centerville,  (C3)..  540 
Charleston,  (C3)..     283 


Chester,  (C4) 300 

Circleville,  (B5)...  500 
Clarkston,  (B2)...  564 
Clearcreck,  (C4)...     800 

Cleirfield,  (B2) 210 

Clearlake,  (B4) 500 

Cleveland,  (D4)...     500 

Clover,  (B3) 150 

Coalville,  (C3) 976 

Collinston,  (B2)...     500 

Colton,  (C4) 300 

Corinne,  (B2) 231 

Cove,  (C2) 400 

Coyoto,  (BS) 250 

Croydon,  (C2) 200 

Deseret,  (B4) 600 

Desertlake,  (D4).-  130 
Devils  Slide,  (C2)..  300 
Deweyville,  (B2)..     210 

Dragon,  (E4) 250 

Draper,  (C3) 1,000 

Echo  City,  (C3)...    220 

Eden,  (C2) 600 

Elsinore,  (BS) 656 

Elwood,  (B2) 200 

Emery,  (CS) 525 

Enoch,  (A6) 100 

Enterprise,  (A6)...     100 

Ephraim,  (C4) 2,296 

Erda,  (B3) 150 

Escalante,  (C6)...     846 

Eureka,  (B4) 3,416 

Fairfield,  (C3) 170 

Fairview,  (C4) 1,218 

Farmington,  (B3)..  1,231 

Farwest,  (C2) ISO 

Fayette,  (C4) 300 

Ferron,  (C4) 651 

Fielding,  (B2) 450 

Fillmore.  (B5) 1,202 

rorestDale,(C3)..  1,549 


Fort  Duchesne,  (E3)  100 
Fountain  Green, 

(C4) 875 

Freedom,  (C4) 100 

Fremont,  (C5) 100 

Frisco,  (AS) 500 

Garden  City,  (C2).  300 

Garfield,  (B3) 350 

Garland,  (B2) 600 

Garrison,  (AS) ISO 

Geneva,  (C2) SOO 

Giles,  (DS).. 130 

Gisbom,  (B3) 100 

Glendale,  (B6) 250 

Glenwood,  (CS)...  359 

Gold  Springs,  (A6).  200 

Goshen.  (C4) 470 

Grantsville,  (B3)..  1,154 

Greenriver,  (D4)..  628 

Greenville,  (B5)...  210 

Greenwich,  (CS)...  160 
Grouse  Creek, 

(A2) 250 

Grover,  (CS) 100 

Gunnison,  (C4) 950 

H.-inksville,  (DS)..  100 

Harper,  (D4) 150 

Harrisville,  (B2)...  350 

Hatch,  (B6) 170 

Heber,  (C3) 2,031 

Helper,  (D4) 816 

Henefer,  (C2) 400 

HenrievUle,  (C6)..  250 

Herriman,  (B3)...  250 

Hinckley,  (B4) 5S3 

Holden,  (B4). 480 

Holliday,  (C3) 850 

Honeyville,  (B2)..  300 

Hooper,  (C2) 1,300 

Hoytsville,  (C3)...  250 

Hunter,  (C3) 350 


Huntington,  (C4).  800 

Huntsville,  (C2)...  750 

Hurricane,  (A6)...  250 

Hyde  Park,  (C2)..  699 

Hyrum,  (C2) 1,833 

Ibapah,  (A4) 350 

Indianola,  (C4) 150 

Jensen,  (E3) 400 

Johnson,  (B6) 100 

Joseph,  (BS) 650 

Juab,  (C4)_ 210 

Junction,  (BS) 350 

Kamas,  (C3) 400 

Kanab,  (B6) 733 

Kanarraville,  (A6).  290 

Kanosh,  (BS) 513 

Kaysville,  (C2) 887 

Kefton,  (A2) 110 

Kenilworth,  (D4)..  350 

King,  (C2) 200 

Kingston,  (B5) 180 

Koosharem,  (C5)..  300 

Lakepoint,  (B3)...  200 

Lake  Shore,  (C3)..  6S0 

Laketown,  (C2)...  330 

Lark,  (B3) 150 

Lasal,  (ES) 100 

La  Verkin,  (A6)...  120 

Lawrence,  (C4) 150 

I^yton,  (B2) 810 

Leamington,  (B4).  300 

Leeds,  (A6) 150 

Lehi,  (C3) 2,964 

Levan,  (C4) 722 

Lewiston,  (C2) 989 

Liberty,  (C2) 300 

Lincoln,  (B3) 180 

Lindon,  (C3) 850 

Linwood,  (E3) 130 

Loa,  (CS) 500 

Logan,  (C2) 7,522 


Lyman,  (CS) 150 

Lynndyl,  (B4) 100 

Maeser,  (E3) 200 

Mammoth,  (B4)...     900 

Manila,  (E3) 230 

Manti,  {C4) 2,423 

Mapleton,  (C3)...     534 

Marion,  (C3) 230 

Marysvale,  (B5)...     230 

Mayfield,  (C4) 600 

Meadow,  (B5) 331 

Mendon,  (C2) 459 

Mercur,  (B3) 1,047 

Mesa,  (ES) 100 

Midvale,  (B3) 1,760 

Midway,  (C3) 838 

Milbum,  (C4) ISO 

Milford,  (B5) 1,014 

Mill  Creek,  (C3)...  2,300 

Miller,  (C3) 1,200 

Mills,  (B4) 100 

MiUville,  (C2) 353 

Minersville,  (BS)..     591 

Moab,  (ES) 615 

Moffat,  (E3) 200 

Mona,  (C4) 370 

Monroe,  (BS) 1,227 

Monticello,  (E6)...     180 

Morgan,  (C2) 756 

Moroni,  (C4) 1,223 

Mount  Carmel, 

(B6) 120 

Mount  Pleasant, 

(C4) 2,280 

Murray,  (C3) 4,057 

Naples,  (E3) 500 

Nephi,  {C4) -2,759 

New  Harmony, 

(A6) 170 

Newhouse,  (AS)...  SOO 
Newton,  (B2) 515 


NorthOgden,(C2).  1,000 

Oak  City,  (B4) 250 

Oakley,  (C3) 120 

Oasis,  (B4) 200 

Ogden,  (C2) 25,580 

Ophir,  (B3)._ 254 

Orangeville,  (C4)..  648 
Orderville,  (B6)...     450 

Orton,  (B6) 280 

Panguitch,  (B6)...  1,338 

Paradise,  (C2) 620 

Paragonah,  (B6)...  400 
Park  City,  (C3)...  3,439 
Park  Valley,  (A2)..     250 

Parowan,  (B6) 1,156 

Payson,  (C3) 2,397 

Penrose,  (B2) 150 

Peoa,  (C3) 460 

Perry,  (C2) 100 

Peterson,  (C2) 280 

Pine  Valley,  (A6)..     300 

Pinto,  (.«) 110 

Plain  City,  (C2)...  1,000 
Pleasant  Grove, 

(C3) 1,618 

Pleasant  View, 

(C2) 300 

Plymouth,  (B2)...  250 
Point    Lookout, 

(B2) _ 150 

Portage,  (B2) 400 

Price,  (D4) 1,021 

Promontory,  (B2).  200 
Providence,  (C2)..  1,020 

Provo,  (C3) 8,925 

Provo  Bench,  (C3)-     600 

Ranch,  (B6) 200 

Randolph,  (C2)-..  533 
Redmond,  (C4)...     547 

Richfield,  (BS) 2,559 

Richmond,  (C2)...  1,562 


Riter.  (B3) 300 

Riverdale,  (C2)...     300 

Riverside,  (B2) 250 

Riverton,  (C3) 700 

Robinson,  (B4) 400 

Rockport,  (C3) 110 

Rockville,  (A6) 230 

Roy,  (B2) 250 

Saint  Oorge,  (A6).  1,769 
Saint  John,  (B3)...     200 

Salem,  (C3) 693 

Salina,  (CS) :  1,082 

SALT  LAKE  CITY, 

(B3) 92,777 

Sandy,  (C3) 1,037 

Santa  Clara,  (A6)..     300 

Santaquin,  (C^4) 915 

Scipio,  (B4) 546 

Scofield,  (C4) 750 

Sevier,  (BS) 130 

Sigurd,  (B5) ISO 

Silver  City,  (B4)...  800 
Smithfield,  (C2)...  1,865 

Snowville,  (B2) 150 

South  Jordan,  (C3)  700 
Spanish  Fork,  (C3)  3,464 
Spring  City,  (C4)..  1,100 
Spring  Glenn,  (D4)  200 
Springville,(C3)...  3,356 

Standrod,  (A2) 150 

Stateline,  (AS) 100 

Sterling,  (C4) 300 

Stockton,  (B3) 258 

Sugarhouse,  (C3)..  1,500 

Summit,  (A6) 100 

Sunnyside,  (D4)...     750 

Sunshine,  (B3) 100 

Syracuse,  (B2) 500  i 

Tavlorsville,  (C3)..     550 

Teasdale,  (CS) ISOj 

Theodore,  (D3)...    300' 


Thistle,  (C3) 200 

Thurber,  (C*) 280 

Tooele,  (B3) 2,753 

Topliff,  (B3) lOO 

Toquerville,  (A6)..  350 

Torrey,  (CS) 100 

Tremonton,  (B2)..  303 

Trenton,  (B2) 300 

Tropic,  (B6) 358 

Tucker,  (C4) ISO 

UinU,  (C2) 230 

Union,  (C3) 700 

Upton,  (C3) 250 

Utahn,  (D3) 100 

Venice,  (CS) 140 

Vermilion,  (BS)...  110 

Vernal,  (E3) 836 

Vernon,  (B3) ISO 

Virgin,  (A6) 100 

Wales,  (C4) 294 

Wallsburg,  (C3)...  550 

Wanship,  (C3) 230 

Washakie,  (B2)-..  200 

Washington,  (A6).  424 

Weber,  (B2) 500 

Wellington,  (D4)..  358 
Wellsville,  (C2)...  1,195 
Wendover,  (A3)...     100 

West  Portage,  (B2)  120 

Westwater,  (E4)...  100 

W^heeler,  (A6) 120 

Whiterocks,  (E3)..  100 

Willard,  (C2) 577 

Wilson,  (C2) 350 

Winterquarters, 

..     (C4) 200 

Woodland,  (C3)...  300 

■  Woodruff,  (C2) 500 

Woods  Cross,  (B3).  1,000 

Woodside,  (D4)...  300 

Yost,  (A2) 100 


Adamant,  (D6) 150 

Addison,  (A7) "796 

Albany,    (ES) "920 

Alburg,  (A4) "LSI! 

Alburg  Center,  (A4)  200 
Alburg  Springs.  (A4)  425 
Amsden,  (DIO)....  100 
Andover.  (DIO)...  "284 
Arlington,  (Bl  1).  ."1,307 
Ascutneyville,  (ElO)    200 

Athens.  (DID "201 

Bakcrsfield,  (D4)."l,079 
Barnard,    (D9I,..,  •737 

Bamet,  (F6) "1,707 

Barre,  (E7) 10,734 

Barton,  (F5) 1,330 

Bartonsville,  (DID  200 
Basin  Harbor,  (A7)  100 
Beecher  Falls.   (J3)    350 


Beldens,   (B7) 200 

Bellows     Falls, 

(DID 4,883 

Belmont,  (CIO)....  550 
Belvidere,  (D5)..."429 
Belvidere    Center, 

(DS). no 

Bennington,  (B12)  6,211 
Bennington  (Center, 

(B12) 42 

Benson.  (A9) "813 

Berkshire,  (C4). .  ."1,286 

Berlin.  (D7) "1,079 

Bethel,  (D8) "1,943 

Binghamville,  (C5)  100 
Bloomfield,    (H5)..  "496 

Bolton,  (C6) "469 

Boltonville.  (F7). . .  100 
Bomosecn.   (89)   . .     100 


Bondville,  (CI I)..  300 
Bradford,  (F8)....  631 
Braintree,  (D8)....  "760 

Branch,    (ES) 100 

Brandon,  (BS).  ...  1,608 
Brattleboro,  (D12)  6.517 
Bridgcwater.  (D9)  "874 
Bridgewater  Corners, 

(D9) 200 

Bridport,    (A8) ....  "848 

Bristol.  (B7) 1,180 

Brookfield,  (D7).."1.008 
Brookline,  (DID..  "137 
Brownington,  (F4)  "760 
Brownington  Center, 

(F4) 100 

Brownsville,    (DIO)    150 

Burke,  (G5) "1,183 

Burlington,  (B6).  .20,468 


VERMONT 

•  =  POPULATION  OF  TOWNSHIP 

Cabot,  (E6) 227  Chimney     Point, 

Cadys  Falls,  (DS)..     120        (A7) 100 

Calais,  (D6) "1,042  Chippenhook,    (B9)    100 

Cambridge,    (CS)..    595  Chittenden,  (C9). .  "563 

Cambridge     June-  Clarendon,  (C9)..."8S7 

tion.    (C5) 120  Clarendon   Springs, 

Cambridgeport,  (B9) 180 

(DID too  Colchester,  (BS)...    .300 

Canaan,  (H4) "869  Concord,   (G6). .. .    339 

Castleton,  (B9),  .."1,885  Copperfield.  (ES). .     100 

Cavendish.  (DIO)  "1,208  Corinth,  (D7). ..  ."1.005 

Center     Rutland,  Cornwall,  (BS). ...  "789 

(C9) 600    Coventry,  (E4) "616 

Central,  (HS) 100  Craftsbury.  (ES).  ."1,1 19 

Charlotte,  (B6)... "1, 163  Cuttingsville,  (CIO)    3.50 

Chelsea,   (E8). ..  ."1,074  Danby,  (CIO). ..  ."1,001 

Chester,  (DIO) 666  Danby  Four  Comers, 

Chester    Depot,  (BIO) 100 

(DIO) 700  Danville,  (F6).... "1, 564 


Davis  Bridge,  (C12)    100 

Derby,    (F4) 316 

Derby  Line.  (F4).  .  390 
Dorset.  (BIO). ..  ."1.472 
Dummerston,  (D12)  "643 
Duxbury,  (C6)....  "648 
East  Alburg,  (B4).  200 
E.  Ariington,  (BID  600 
East  Barnard,  (D8)  175 
EastBarnet,  (F6)..  270 
East  Barre.  (E7).  ,  .  500 
East  Berkshire.  (B2)  750 
East  Bethel.  (D8)..  220 
East  Braintree,  (D8)  250 
E.  Brookfield,  (D7)  100 
East  Burke,  (G5)..  400 
East  Calais,  (E6).  .  600 
E.  Charleston.  (G4)  350 
East  Charlotte,  (B6)    100 


E.  Clarendon,  (C9)  200 

East  Concord,  (G6)  100 

East  Corinth,  (E7)  420 

E.  Craftsbury,  (E5)  100 

East  Dorset,  (CID  600 

East   Dover,   (C12)  100 
East    Dummerston, 

(DI2) 200 

East  Fairfield,  (C4)  600 

East  Fletcher,  (C5)  100 

East  Franklin,  (C3)  150 

East  Georgia,  (B5)  100 

East  Granville,  (C7)  100 
East  Hardwick,  (ES)  470 

East  Haven,  (G5)..  "194 

East  Highgate,  (C4)  300 

East  Jamaica,  (DID  100 

East  Johnson,  (D5)  100 

E.  Middlebury,  (B8)  350 


East  Monkton,  (B7)  100 
E.  Montpelier,  (D6)"985 
East  Peachara,  (F6)  200 
East  Poultney,  (B9)  300 
Eiist  R.andolph,  (D8)  200 
East  Richford,  (D4)  ISO 
E.TSt  Roxbury,  (D7)  150 
East  Rupert,  (BIO)  100 
East  Ryegate.  (F7)  200 
EastThetford,  (E8)  130 
E.  Wallingford,  (CIO)  280 

Eden,  (DS) "751 

Eden  Mills.  (DS)..    200 

Elmore,    (D51 "553 

Enosburg,  (D4)...  100 
Enosburg     Falls, 

(D4) 1.153 

Essex.  (BS) 210 

Essex  June,  (B6).   1,24S 


INDEX  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES  (vermont-virginia)  377 


Evatsville,  (F4)...    300    Holland,    (G4)....»722    Miles  Pond,  (G6). .    100    North  Pomfret,  (E9)   100    Reading,    (D10)..."530    South    Newbury,  Talcott,  fB6)  10 

Faifax,  (C5) ■1,318    Hortonville,  (A9). .     190    Milton,  (B5) 634    North Pownal,  (m2)  500    Readsboro,  (C12). .    835         (F7) 230    Thetford,   (E8)     ."1,18 

Fiirfield,  (C4).  ...■1,778    Hubbardton,     (B9)  ■455    Monkton,  (37) "724    North     Randolph,  Richford,  (D4). ...  1,948    South   Ncwfane,  Thetford     Center, 


1 00    West  Derby,  (F4) . .  1 ,  109 
,182    West  Dover,  (C12)    200 

/air  Ha~venT(B9)..  2^554  Huntington,  (B5). .  ■760  Monkton'  Ridge,                    (D8) !..'.    180  Richmond,' (C6)! !  .'828  '(012).'.'.''''.'.'...    110    "(ES)'..". 230  (D12)""""'"  °"'    275 

Fairlee,     (F8) ^438  Huntington  Center.                (B5) 100  North  Sheldon,  (C4)    110    Ripton,  (B8) ^421  South    Northfield,              Tice,   (F4) '.    200  W.  Enosb'u'ti'c'bii    160 

Fayston,  (C7) "452         (C6) 300  Montgomery,  North    Sherburne,  Riverside,  (C5). ..  .     100        (D7) 150  Tinmouth,   (BIO). .  ^410  West  Fairlee,'  (E8)  "446 

Fclchvaie,   (DIO)..    400  Hyde  Park,  (D5). .    423        (D4) "1,721         (C9) 100  Rochester,  (C8).  .■1,317  South    Peacham,  Topsham,  (F7).  . .  .  ■918  WestCcld    (E4)          ■613 

Ferrisburg,  (B7)..^l,433    Hydeville,  (A9) 700  Montgomery  Center,  North   Shrewsbury,  Rockingham,  (Oil)    100        (F6) 200  Townshcnd,    (Dll)"817  Westford    (B5)          ^854 

Fisk,   (A4) 100    Ira,    (B9) ^286        (D4) 800        (C9) 350  Roxbury,   (07)....  ■615  South    Pomfret,                   Troy,  (E4) 600  West  Georgia,  (BS)    200 

Fitzdale,  (H6) 100    Irasburg,  (E4) ^983  MONTPELIER,  North     Springfield,  Royalton,  (D8). .  .■1,452         (D9) 150  Tunbridgc,  (E8). . .  "918  West  Halifax,  (DI2)    350 

Fletcher,  (C5) "737  Island  Pond,  (G4)  1,573         (D6) 7,856        (DIO) 430    Rupert,  (BIO) ^825  South     Poultney,                Tyson,   (DIO) 100  West  Hartford  (E9)    400 

Florence,  (B9) 200  Isle  La  Motte,  (A4)  ■SIO  Moretown,    (D6)..^886  North    Thetford,  Rutland,    (C9). ..  13,546        (BIO) 110  Underbill,  (C5).     ■1,004  Westhavcn     (A9)      ■353 

Forestdale,  (B8)...    260  Jacksonville,    (C12)    212    Morgan,   (F4) ^453         (F8) 250    Ryegate,  (F7) 150  South     Randolph,  Underbill    Center,  West  Lincoln    (C7)    200 

Fort    Ethan    Allen,  Jamaica,  (Dll). ...  ^716  Morgan     Center,  North  Troy,  (E4). .    771  Saint  Albans,  (B4)  6,381         (D8) 100        (CS) 140  West  Milton    (B5)    100 

(B5) 100    Jay,  (E4) ^513        (G4) 110  North     Tunbridge,  Saint  Albans   Bay,  South    Royalton,  Union  Village.  (E8)    180  Westminster 

Franklin,  (C4)....  ■1,108  Jeffersonvillc,    (C5)    550  Morristown,  (DS). .    200        (E8) 500        (B4) 110        (E8) 1,100  Vergennes,  (37 ) . . .  1 ,483  (Ell)                   ■l  327 

Gallup  Mills,   (G5)    100    Jericho,  (C6) ^1,307  Morrisville,  (D5)..  1,445  North    Williston,  Saint     Johnsbury,  South  Ryegate,  (F7)    373    Vernon,    (D12) ■SOS  Westminster  Station  ' 

Gassetts,    (DIO)...     100  Jericho  Center,  (C6)    275    Moscow,    (D6) 130        (B6) 550        (G6) 6,593  South     Shaftsbury,             Vershire,  (E8) ^448  (DID                     '  200 

Gaysville,    (D8)...    550    Johnson,  (D5) 551  Mount    Holly,  North  Wolcott,  (E5)    170  Saint    Johnsbury                     (312) 500  Victory,    (G6).    ...■206  Westm inster"  West' 

Georgia,   (B5).... ■1,090  Jonesville,  (C6) . . . .    200        (CIO) ^871  Norton  Mills,  (G4)    ISO  Center,  (G6) ... .    300  South     Starksboro,  Waitsfield,   (C7). . .  ^709  (DID                    '    250 

Georgia  Plain,  (B5)    150    Lake,  (G4) 130    Newark,  (G5) ^415    Norwich,  (E9) ^1,252  Saint    Johnsbury                     (B7) 100  Waits  River,  (E7). .     ISO  Westmore"(G4)"  '  ^331 

Glen,  (C9) 150  Lake     Dunmore,                 Newbury,  (F7) 412    Orange,  (E7) ^644        East,  (G6) 150  South     Strafford,                 Walden,  (F5) ^739  West  Newbury  ('f?)   100 

Glover,   (F5) ^932         (B8) 100  Newfane,  (DI2). . .    136    Orleans,    (F4) 1,131     Salisbury,  (B8) ^693        (E8) 350  Wallingford,  Weston     (CIO)          ^632 

Goshen,    (C8) ^212  Lanesboro,  (E6). . .    100  New  Haven,  (B7)  •1,151    Orwell,    (A8) ^1,055  Sandgate,  (BID. . .  ^401  South  Vernon,  (D13)  200        (CIO) ^1,719  West  Pawlet    (BIO)    900 

Grafton,  (DID "729  Larrabees      Point,  New  Haven  Mills,             Panton,  (A7) "345  Saxtons    River,  South  Walden,  (E6)    200  Wallispond,  (H4) . .     140  West  Rupert' (All)    300 

Granby,   (H5) ^95         (A8) 100        (B7) 400  Passumpsic,  (G6) . .    250        (DID 1,000  South    Wallingford,  Wardsboro,     (D1D*559  W.  Rutland  '(39)  "3  427 

Grand  Isle,  (AS)...  ^839  Leicester,   (B8). ...  "479  Newport,    (F4). ..  .2,548  Pawlet,  (BIO). ..  .^1,959  Searsburg,    (C12)..^142         (CIO) 200    Warren,    (C7) ^825  West  Topsham  (E7) '375 

Graniteville,  (D7)..    400  Leicester  June,  (B8)   325  Newport     Center,               Peacham,  {F5) ^777  Shaftsburg,  (BID  ^1,650  South     Wardsboro,  Washington,  (E7). .  ^762  West   Townshend 

Granville,  (C8) ....  ^464  Lemington,  (H4).. .  ^138        (E4) 250  Perkinsville,    (DIO)    600    Sharon,  (E8) ^585         (DU) 100  Waterbury,   (D5). .  1,377  (DID                  '      125 

Green  River,  (D12)    200    Lincoln,    (C7) "980  North    Bennington,             Peru,  (CI  1) ^242  Sheffield,    (F5)....^691  South     Wheelock,  Waterbury    Center,  W  Ward's'boro' (Cl'l)  150 

Greensboro,  (E5)..  "931  Londonderry,  (DID  "952         (312) 663  Pittsfield,  (C8). . . .  ^402  Shelbume,   (B6).  .■1,097         (F5) 100        (D5) 500  W  Woodstock' (D9)    100 

Greensboro     Bend,             Lowell,   (E4) '1M6  North  Calais,  (E6)    150  Pittsford,   (C9). .  .^2,479  Sheldon,  (C4). ..  .■1,246  South  Wbitingham,  Waterford,  (05). . .  ^629  Weybridge     (37)      ^494 

(F5) 300  Lower  Cabot,  (E6)    250  North    Clarendon,  Pittsford  Mills,  (C9)   400  Sheldon    Springs,                     (C12) 100  Waterville,  (D5). .  .^485  Wheelock   (FS)       "■500 

Groton,  (F7) ■915  Lower     Watetford,                 (C9) 200  Plainfield,    (E6)...    388        (34) 110  South     Windham,  Weathersfield,  White  Ri'ver  Junc- 

Guildhall,    (HS)..."445         (G6) 100  North     Craftsbury,  Pleasant    Valley,  Sherburne,  (C9) ...  ^409        (DID 100        (ElO) ■1,092  tion  (E9)              2500 

Guilford,    (D12)...^769  Ludlow,   (DIO).  ...  1,621         (ES) 425         (C5) 100  Shoreham,   {A8).  .^1,098  South    Woodbury,  Websterville.    (D7)    100    Whiting,  (38) ■348 

Halifax,    (D12). . . .  ■635  Lunenburg.   (H6)..^880  North   DanviUe,  Plymouth,  (D9).  ..  •482  Shoreham     Center,                 (E6) 100    Wells,   (BIO) ^569  Wbitingham,  (C12)    300 

Hancock,    (C8) . . . .  ^287     Lyndon,   (FS) 960        (F5) 250  Plymouth     Union,                   (A8) 400  South     Woodstock,  Wells  River,  (F7). .    508  Wilder,  (E9)               370 

Hanksville,  (C6)...     100  Lyndon  Center,  (FS)  259  North    Duxbury,                     (D9) 200  Shrewsbury,  (C9). .  ^751         (D9) 100  West   Arlington,  Williamstown, 

Hardwick,    (E6)..  .2,094  Lyndonville,  (G5).  .  1,573         (C6) 150    Pomfret,    (D9) "703  South   Albany,  Springfield,   (DlO)  3,250        (BID 200  (D7)                     ■1726 

Hartford,   (E9)... •4, 179  Mclndoe  Falls,  (F6)    400  North  Fairfax,  (B4)    100  Pompanoosuc,  (E8)    ISO          (ES) 150  Stamford,  (312). ..  •SIO  West  Bamet,   (F5)    300    Williamsville 

Hartland,     (E9).  ."1,315  Manchester,    :311)    478  North     Ferrisburg,  Post  Mills,  (E8) .. .    250  South  Barre,    (D7)    300  Stannard,  (F5) . . . .  ^205  West     Berkshire,  (DI2)                        400 

Hartland  Four  Com-  Manchester  Center,                 (35) 850    Poultney,  (39) 1,474  South     Burlington,  Starksboro,  (37). ..  ■835         (D4) 300  Williston,  (B6)"  "■I  000 

ers,    (E9) 150        (BID 700  Northfield,  (D7). .  .1,918    Pownal,  (B12) ^1,599        (35) ^927  Stevens  Mills,  (D4)    130  West  Berlin,  (D7).  .    520  Willoughby    (FS)       'lOO 

Harvey,  (F6) 100  Manchester  Depot,  Northfield    Falls,                 Proctor,    (C9) 2,756  South   Cabot,    (F6)    250  Stockbridge,  (D8)      ^737  West  Bolton,   (C6)    180  Wilmington,    (C12)    430 

Heartwellville,  (BI2)  200        (311) 760        (D7) 200  Proctorsville,  (DIO)    575  South  Danville,  (F5)   150    Stowe,  (D5) 566  West    Brattleboro,  Windham.   (DID      ^345 

Highgate,  (34).  ..^1,758  Marlboro,    (D12)..^442  North      Hartland,  Putnamville,     (D6)    100  South'Dorset,  (BID    100    Strafford,   (E8) ^776        (D12) 500  Windsor  (ElO)         1906 

Highgate     Center,  Marshfield,  (E4).  .■1,011         (E9) 150  Putney,    (D12). ...  ^788  South  Hero,  (AS). .  ■505  Stratton,  (DID. . . .    ^86  W.  Bridgewater,  (D9)2S0  Winooski,  (36)"  "4'520 

(C4) 600    Mendon,  (C9) ■321  North  Hero,  (A4) ..  ^496    Quechee,  (E9) 300  South  Lincoln,  (C7)    200  Sudbury,    (B8)....^415  W.  Brookfield,  (D7)    ISO  Wolcott,  (E5)       "■1049 

Highgate      Springs,  Middlebury,  (B7). .  1,866  North  Hyde  Park,  Randolph,  (D8).. .1,787  South  Londonderry,  Sunderland,     (B1I)^494  West  Burke,  (OS).  .    600  Woodbury   (E6)        "824 

(B4) 200  Middlesex,  (D6)...  ^858        (D5) 500  Randolph     Center,                 (Cll) 500    Sutton,  (G5) ^711  W.  Charleston,  (F4)    600  Woodford     (B12J   "■187 

Hinesburg,  (35)...    242  Middletown  Springs,  North    Montpelier,                (D8) 200  South     Lunenburg,            Swanton,   (B4) 1,236  W.  Cornwall,  (B8)    210  Woodstock,   (E9)     1383 

Holden,    (C9) 100        (BIO) ■716        (E6) 400  RawsonviUe,   (Cll)    100        (H6) 350  TafUvUle,    (E9)..,    300  West  Danville,  (F5)    400  Worcester,  (D5) ..',' "584 

VIRGINIA 

Abbie,  (B6) 130  Brandy    Statioi,  Claremont,  (K5) . . .    630  East  Falls  Church,  Gloucester    Point,              Isle  of  Wight,  (K6)    100    McLean.  (J2) 100    New    Baltimore, 

Abingdon,   (D2)..,  1,757         (H3) 210  Clarendon.  (J2). .. .    400        (J2) 1,000         (L5) 100    Ivanhoe,  (A5) 500    Mabe,  (32) 100        (H2) 100 

Accomac,  (M4) 720  Brentsville,    (H!)..  100  Clarksville,  (G6). . .    794  East  Radford,  (B5)  2,100  Goochland,  (H4). . .    120    Ivor,  (K6) 200    Machipongo,    (MS)    100    Newbern,  (B5)            160 

Accotink,  (J2) 100  Brewster.  (C2)...  300  Clayville.  (H5) 250  East    Stone    Gap,  Goodes,    (ES) 150    Ivy  Depot,  (F3). . .     150    Madison,   (G3) 500    New  Canton,   (G4)    130 

Achilles,    (LS) 120  Bridgetown,  (Mi). .  300  Clear  Brook,  (CD. .     100        (32) 397  Gordonsville,    (G3)    564  Ivyview,  (E5) 100    Magnet,  (K6) 100    Newcastle,  (C5).  . .    733 

Alberene,    (F4)....  300  Bridgewater,     lE3)  859  Cleveland.   (C2)...    100  Eastview.  (C6) . . . ,    200  Goshen,  (E4) 155  James  Store,  (LS) . .     100    Magnolia,  (K6). .. .  100    New  Church,   (N4)    130 

Aldie,  (H2) 150  Brightwood,  (Gl) . .  100  Clifford,    (E4) 180  Eastville,  (MS) ... .    322  Grace,  (L5) 200  Jamesville,  (M4) . . .    250    Major,  (A6) 100    New  Glasgow,  (F4)    150 

Alexandria,    (K2)  15,329    Bristol,  (C2) 6,247  Clifton  Forge,  Eastville    SUtion,  Grafton,  (KS) 150  Jarralt,   (J6) 180    Manakin,  (H4). . . .  250    New  Hope,  (F3). . .     106 

Alfredton,    (Dl)...  100    BrUtow,  (H2) 300        (D4) 5,748        (LS) 200  Graham,  (AS) 1,917  Java,  (E6) 280    Manassas,  (J2). ...  1,217    New  Kent,  (J4). .. .     100 

Alleghany  Sta..  (C4)  100  Broadcreek.  (L6;. . .  500  Clifton  Station,  (J2)    204    Edinburg,  (F2) 574  Grahams  Forge,  (B6)  200  Jeffersonton,  (H2). .    160    Maness,   (32) ISO    Newland,  (K3) 120 

AUisonia,    (B6) 150  Broadway,   (F2). , .  416  Clinchfield,    (C2)..    400    Edom,  (F2) 150  Granite,  (H4) 180  Jetersville,  (GS). . .    200    Mappsville,  (N4). .  170    New  Market.   (F2)    638 

Alma,(F2) 100    Brooke,   (J3) 120  Clinchport,    (32)..    252  Eggleston,    (35)...    100  Gray,  (J6) 200  Jones,  (E6) 100    Marion,     (D2).  ..  .2,727    New  Point,  (LS). . .    300 

Almagro,(E6) 900  Brookneal,   (F5). . ,  504  Clintwood,  (CI). . .    342  Elk  Creek,  (A6). . .     100  Greatbridge,  (L5) . .    200  Jonesville,  (A2) 383    Markham,{G2) 100    Newport,   (CS) 200 

AltaVista,  (E5) 200  Brownsburg,  (E4I . .  330  Clover,    (F6) 258    Elkton,  (F3) 873  Grcenbackville,  (N3)  500  Joplin,  (J2) 100    Marksville,  (G2). . .  100    Newport    News, 

Alum  Ridge,  (C6) . .  ISO  Browntown,  (G2) . .  170  Cloverdale,    (D5)..     100    Elliston,  (CS) 300  Greenville,  (E3). . .    350  Jordan  Mines,  (C4)    100    Marlboro,  (Gl). .. .  100        (L5) 20,205 

Amburg,  (L4) 150    Bruce,  (L6) 150  Cobbs  Creek,   (L4)    200    Elwood,   (K6) 150  Gressitt,  (KS) 300  Keezletown,  (F3). .    200    Marshall,  (H2).  . .  280    New   River  Depot, 

Amelia,    (HS) 440  Brucetown,    (Gl)..  480  Coebum,    (32)....    645     Emory,  (D2) 180  Greta,    (M4) 100  Keller,  (M4) 200    Martinsville,  (D6)  3,368        (35) 500 

Amherst,  (E4) 550  Buchanan,  (D4)  . ,  792  Coke,    (KS) 150    Emporia,   (H6) 2,018  Gretna,  (E6) 330  Kempsville,   (L5)..    200    Marysville.  (ES).  . .  100    News  Ferry.  (E6) . .     170 

Amissville,  (G2) . . .  100  Buckhorn,   (K6)..,  150  Coles  Ferry.  (F6) . .     150    Enoch,  (L4) 100  Grimstead,  (LS).  . .    300  Kenbridge,  (G5) . . .     196    Maryus,   (LS) 200    Newsoms.   (J6) 150 

Anchor.    (K5) 200  Buckingham.     (F4)  400  Collierstown.    (D4)    400    Esmont,    (F4) 500  Grottoes,  (F3) 700  Keokee,    (B2) 500    Massies  Mill,   (E4)  180    Newtown,  (J4) ISO 

Appalachia,   (32).  .1,090  Buckroe  Beach,  (L5)  150  Colonial    Beach,  Esserville,     (32)...     100  Grundy,   (CI) 264  Keysville,  (GS) 432    Mathews,  (LS) 340    Nickelsville,  (C2). .     ISO 

Appomattox,     (FS)  200    Buell,  (L5) 250        (K3) 721    Ettricks,    (JS) 500  Gwynn,  (L4) 500  Kilmarnock,  (L4) . .    400    Matoaca,  (HS).  .  .  .  780    Nimmo,  (L6) 100 

Areola,  (J2) 100  Buena  Vista,  (H4)  3,245  Columbia,    (G4)...     157    Everets,    (K6) 100  Hale  Ford,  (DS). . .    110  King     and     Queen             Maurertown,     (F2)  120    Norfolk,   (L6) 57,452 

Ariington,  (J2) 1,000  Buffalo  Forge.  (E4)  100  Concord   Depot.  Evington,     (ES)...     100  Hales  Mill.  (C2). . .    120        Court  House,  (FS)    100    Max  Meadows,  (35)  750    North.  (LS) 500 

Arringdale.   (J6)...  100  Burgess  Store,  (U)  ISO        (E5) 160    Exmore,     (M4) 100  Hallieford.   (L4)...    250  King  George,  (J3). .     100    Mcadowview,   (D2)  100    North     Emporia, 

Ashburn,  (JD 220  Burkes   Garden,  Cooper,    (K4) 100    Faber,    (F4) 100  Halls  Hill,  (J2).  .. .    400  King  William,  (J4)    100    Meadowville,     (JS)  200        (H6) 600 

Ashland,    (J4) 1,324        (AS) 250  Copper  Hill,  (CS) . .     100    Fairfax,    (J2) 413  Hallwood,  (M4). . .    150  Kinsale,   (K3) 110    Mechanicsburg,                    North     Newport 

Atlantic,   (M4)....  250  Burketown,    (F3)  .  100  Cornland,  (L6). . . .    200    Fairfield,  (E4) 180  Hamburg,  (F2) 100  Konnarock,  (D2). .    300        (B5) 97        News,  (KS) 100 

Anton,    (D6) 100  Burkevillc,  (GS).   .  653  Coulwood,    (CD...    280  Fairview,   (B2)....     ISO  Hamilton,    (HI)..    315  Lacey  Spring,  (F2)    ISO    Meherrin,  (GS)  200    North     Tazewell, 

Aylett,  (J4) 150    Bushy,  (L4) 100  Courtland,  (J5) . . . .    283  Fairw  ood,  (A6),  .. .     200  Hampden    Sidney,  Lacrosse,    (G5) . . . .    281    Menchville,  (KS). .  200        (Dl) 342 

Azen,(D2) l.?0  Cabinpoint,  (KS)..  120  Covesville,    (F4)...    200  Falls  Church,  (J2)   1,128        (GS) 500  Lafayette,    (CS)...    130    Mendota,  (C2). . . .  200    Norton,  (B2) 1,866 

Bacons  Castle.  (KS)  ISO    Cadet,    (32) 200  Covington,    (D4).. 4,234  Falls  Mills,  (AS). . .     130  Hampton,    (L5)... 5,505  Lancaster,    (L4)...    200    Merrimac  Mines,                Norwood,  (F4) 180 

Ballston,   (J2) 800  Callaghan,   (C4). ..  100  Craigsville,  (E3) . . .     150  Falmouth,   (H3)   . .     300  Hanover,  (J4) 100  Land,    (L6) 100        (C5) 100    Nottoway.  (G5). . .    220 

Banner,  (C2) 100  Callands,   (D6) . . . .  150  Ctewc,  (G5) 1,802    Farley,   (05) ISO  Harborton,  (M4)..    350  Lanesville,  (K4) . . .    120    Messick,  (L5) 500    Nunley,    (C2) 150 

Barhamsville,   (KS)  250  Calverton,  (H2)...  100  Cricket  Hill,  (LS)   .     180  Farmville,    (GS)...  2,971  Harmony    Village,  Langley,    (J2) 110    Meyer,   (CD 100    Nurneysville,    (K6)    100 

Barton     Heights,  Cambria,    (CS)....  535  Cripple  Creek,  (A6)    200  Fayerdale,    (C5)...     ISO        (L4) 150  Lantz  Mills,  (F2).  .     120    Middlebrook,    (E3)  370    Nuttsville,   (L4)...    100 

(J4) 1,388  Cape  Charles,  (LS)  1,948  Crittenden,    (K6)..    800    Fentress,  (L5) 250  Harpersville,  (LS). .    800  Laurel  Grove,  (E6)    250    Middleburg,  (H2). .  253    Occoquan,  (J2) 246 

Basic  City,  (F3)...  1,632  Cape  Henry,  (M6)  200  Crockett.    (A5) 200    Fincastle.  (D4) 479  Harris  Grove.  (KS)    300  Lawrenceville,  (H6)  1,733    Middletown,  (G 1 ). .  353    Oceanview,  (L6) . . .    800 

Baskerville,   (G5)..  110  Capeville,   (MS)...  100  Crozet,    (F3) 280  Fishersville,  (F3)..     100  Harrisonburg,  (F3)  4,879  Leatherwood,    (D5)    100    Midlothbn,  (H4). .  370    Odd,    (LS) 200' 

Bay  Port,  (K4)....  150  Cappahosic,  (KS). ,  200  Culpeper,  (G3).  ...  1,795     Flake,    (J6) 200  Hartsock,  (C2). . . .     100  Lebanon,    (C2)....    366    Milford.  (J3) 100    Old  Church,  (J4). .     100 

Bealeton,    (H2)....  250    Capron,  (J6) 150  Cumberland,     (G5)    100  Flint  Hill,  (G2). .. .     240  Havelock,  (K3).. . .     100  Leehall,    (KS) 100    Millboro,  (D4) . . . .  110    Oldtown,    (36)....     100 

Beamon,(K6) 100    Cardinal,  (LS) 100  Damascus,  (D2). ..  1,299    Floyd,  (C6) 359  Hayes  Store,  (KS). .    ISO  Lee  Mont,  (M4) .. .    200    Millcnbecfc.  (K4). .  100    Olinger,  (32) 100 

Bedford  City,  (D5)  2,508    Carlin,    (H3) ISO  Dandy,  (L5) 200    Ford,  (HS) 200  Haymarket,  (H2). .     162  Leesburg,  (HI).  ...  1,597    Miller  School.  (F4)  300    Omega,  (F6) 130 

Bedford     Springs,  CarroUton,  (K5) . . .  100  Dante,    (C2) 800  Fordwick.  (E3). .  . .     600  Hazel,  (C2) 130  Lester  Manor.  (K4)    100    Millwood,  (G I) 480    On,incock,  (M4). ..  1,001 

(ES) ISO  Carrsville,    (K5)...  150  Danville,    (E5). ..  19,020  Forest  Depot,  (E5)     110  Hearing,  (L6) 100  Lewinsville,    (J2)..     120    Mineral,  (H3) 86    Onley,    (M4) 100 

Belle  Haven,  (M4)  295  Cartersville,  (G4) . .  240  Darbyville,  (A2). . .    100  Forestville,  (F2).  . .     200  Heathsville,  (L4) . .    200  Lexington,   (E4). .  .2,931    Minor,   (K4) 110    Orange,  (03) 674 

Belspring,  (BS)   .  .  .  360  Cartwrights  Wharf,  Dare,  (LS) 200  Fork  Union,  (G4). .     110  Hebron,   (HS) 150  Lincoln.  (HI) 200    Mobjack.  (L5) 200    Orlean.  (H2) 110 

Bennettcreek,    (L6)  100        (K6) 10)  Davis  Wharf,  (M4)    100  Fort     Blackmore,  Heflin,    (H3) 100  Linden.  (G2) 120    Monaskon,  (K4). . .  100    Osaka.    (B2) 300 

Bent  Creek,  (F4) . .  100    Cascade,  (D6) 1')  Dayton,    (F3) 515        (32) 210  Hemlock,  (CS) 100  Link,  (L6) 100    Monterey,  (D3) .. .  240    Oyster  Point,  (KS)    150 

BentonvUle,  (G2)..  200  Castlewood,  (C2). .  1  ;J  Deepcreek,  (L6). . .    700  Fort  Hunt,  (K2).  . .     lOO  Henry,    (C5) 150  Linville,    (F2) 230    Montpelier,  (H4). .  ISO    Ozeana,    (K4) 100 

Bermuda  Hundred,             Catlett,    (H2) I'O  Delaplane,  (H2). . .     100  Fort  Myer,  (J2). ..  1,000  Herald,  (CD 100  Lithia.    (DS) 100    Montross.    (K3)...  400    Paeonian      Springs, 

(JS) 130  Cave   Spring.    (CS)  1(0  Delt.aville.  (L4). . . .    700  Fortress    Monroe,  Herbert,   (L6) 100  Litwalton,  (K4)...    100    Montvale,    (DS)...  200        (HI) 120 

Berry  ville,   (Gl)...  875  Cedar  Bluff,  (Dl). .  2iO  Denbigh,   (KS). .. .    400        (LS) 1,804  Herndon,  (J2) 802  Lively,    (L4) 100    Moonlight.  (KS). . .  100    Painter.  (M4) 300 

Big  Island.  (E4)...  230  Center  Cross,  (K4)  100  Dendron,  (KS). ..  .1,653  Fosters  Falls,   (B6)    300  Hickory,  (L5) 150  Locust  Creek,  (H4)    130    Moorings,  (KS). .. .  350    Palmer,  (L4) 200 

Big     Stone     Gap,               Chance,    (K3) lOO  Dexter,  (C2) 100    Fox  Hill,  (LS) 700  Hicks  Wharf,   (L5)    290  Locust  Dale,  (G3). .    130    Morattico,  (K4). . .  200    Palmyra,  (G4) 190 

(B2) 2,590  Charles  City,   (KS)  100  Dillwyn,  (G4) 110    Franklin,   (K5) 2,271  Highland    Park,  Locust  Hill,  (K4). .    100    Morrison,  (KS) 500    Pamplin,  (F5) 168 

Birdsnest,   (MS)...  ISO  Charlotte,  (FS). .. .  3!9  Dinwiddle,  (H5). . .    130  Franklin  City,                           (J4) 1,817  Locustville,  {M4) . .     180    Mossy  Creek,  (E3)  100    Paris,    (H2) 180 

Blackey,  (Dl) ISO  Charlottesville,  Disputanta,  (JS). . .    120        (N3) 200  Hillsboro.  (HI). . . .    138  Lodi,  (D2) 150    Mount  Clinton,  (F3)  200    Parksley,  (M4). . . .    500 

Blacksburg,   (CS)..  875         (G3) 5,765  Dogue,  (J3) 100  Franktown,  (MS). .     300  Hillsville,   (B5). . . .    288  Londonbridge,  (L5)    100    Mount  Crawford.                Pearisburg.  (BS) . . .    470 

Blackstone.  (HS)..  1,486  Chase  City,  (06). .  1,6<,2  Doran,   (Dl) 100  Fredericksburg.  Hiltons,    (C2) 100  Loneoak,   (D6). . . .    150        (F3) 228    Peers,  (H4) 200 

Blackwood,    (32)..  200  Chatham,  (E6).  ...  1,113  Dorchester,    (32)..    ISO        (J3) 5,874  Holladay,  (H3) 100  Long  Glade,  (E3) . ,     100    Mount  Jackson,                  Pembroke,   (B5). . .    100 

Blairs,   (JS) 250  Chatham  Hill,  (D2)  KW  Downings,  (K4) . . .    150  Fredericks    Hall,  Holland,  (K6) 236  Lorton,  J2) 150        (F2) 479    Pennington     Gap,    > 

Blakes,   (L5) 150  Che.aden,   (K4). . . .  100  Drakes    Branch,                      (H4) 140  Holstein  Mills,  (D2)    500  Lot,  (L4) 130    Mount  Laurel,  (F5)  100        (A2) 792 

Bland,  (AS) 247  Cheriton,    (LS)....  150        (F6) 703    Fries,    (A6) 1,775  Homer,  (C2) 100  Lotus,  (C2) 200    Mount  Sidney,  (F3)  221    Petersburg,   (HS)  24,127 

Blossom  Hill,   (L6)  100  Cherrydale,  (J2). . .  200  Dranesville,    (Jl)..     150  Front  Royal,  (G2)   1,133  Howaker,  (CD. . . .    859  Louisa,  (H3) 172    Mount  Solon.  (E3)  160    Philomont.  (HI). . .    160 

Blo.xom.    (M4) 130    Chester,  (JS) 240  Drewryville,  (J5) . .     120  FugatesHill,    (C2)    150  Hopkins,  (M4) 100  Lovettsville,  (HI). .     192    Mulberry   Island,                Phoebus.  (LS) 2,394 

Bluemont,  (HI)....  200  Chesterfield.  (H5). .  100  Driver,  (K5) 200  Gainesville,   (H2). .     140  Horntown,  (N4). .  .    200  Lovingston,   (F4). .    360        (KS) 350    Pilot,  (CS) 100 

Bluff  City,  (35).  .  100  Chestnutfork,    (ES)  130  Dryden,    (B2) 100    Galax,  (36) 755  Hot  Springs,  (D4).  .  1,000  Lowraoor,  (D4). ...  1,000    Munden,  (M5). . . .  100    Pinners,    (L5) 1,500 

Boaz,    (K6) 100  Chilhowie,  (D2).  ..  300  Dryfork,  (E6) 119  Gate  City,  (32). . .    599  Houston,  (F6) 516  Lowry,    (E5) 100    Narrows,  (BS) 975    Plainview,   (K4).  . .    150 

Boissevain,  (AS)...  200  Chincoteague Island,  Dublin,  (35) 350    Genito,  (HS) 200  Howardsville,    (F4)    300  Lunenburg,    (G6)..    130    Nassawadox,    (MS)  200    Pleasant     Ridge, 

Bondtown,  (B2) . . .  305         (N4) 1,419  Duffield.  (32) 122     "tertie,  (L5) 250  Hudgins,  (LS) 100  Luray,    (02) 1,218    National     Soldiers                   (M6) 100 

Boscobel.  (H4) .  . . .  100  Christiansburg,  Dumfries.   (J2). .. .    158  '•• -.ilmerton.   (L6). .  .    600  Independence,  (A6)    190  Lynchburg,  (ES).  .29,494        Home,    (LS). ..  .3,800    Plumpoint,  (K4). . .    100 

Bowers  Hill,  (L6) . .  100        (C5) 1568  Dungannon,  (32). .    200  G'ade  Spring,  (D2)    324  Indian,  (Dl) 130  Lynch  Station,  (E5)    100    Natural  Bridge.  (D4)  100    Pocahontas.  (A5).  .2,452 

Bowling  Green,  (J3)  433  Chuckatuck,     (K6)  100  Dunnsville,   (K4)..    200  Ghmorgan,   (31)..     ISO  Indiancreek,  (L6). .    250  Lynhams,  (L4). . . .    200    Natural    Bridge                  Poolville,  (F6) 100 

Boyce,  (Gl) 300  Churchland,  (L6). .  I.OOO  Dutton.  (L5) 100    Glagow,(E4) 407  Indian  Rock,   (D4)    100  Lynnhaven,   (L5)..    300        Station,  (D4) 100    Poquoson,  (LS) 500 

Boydton,    (06)....  421  Church  Road,  (H5)  1.S0  Eagle  Rock,  (D4). .    500  Glei  carlyn,  (J2). . .     150  Iron  Gate,  (D4). . .    600  McDowell,    (D3).  .     139    Nealy   Ridge.    (CD  100    Port  Norfolk,  (L5)   1,200 

Bovkins,    (J5) SOS  Churchville,  (E3). .  250  Earlehurst,    (C4),.     100  Glei.   Wilton,   (D4)    300  Irvington,    (L4)..  .1,000  McGaheysville,  (E3)  400    Nelwood,  (HS). . . .  ISO    Port  Republic,  (F3)    190 

Branchville,    (J5) . .  239  Citypoint,  (JS). . . .  490  Earnest.  CL5) 100  Gloucester,    (K5). .    200  Islandford,  (F3) . . .    250  McHoIt,  (F6) 150    Nest,  (KS) 100    Port  Royal,  (J3). . .    194 


378    (viRGiNiA-wASHiNGTON-wEST  VIRGINIA)  INDEX  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES 


Portsmouth.  (L6)  33.190 

Potomac,  (J2) 559 

Pound,    (Bl) 200 

Pounding  Mill. 

(Dl) 100 

Powhatan,  (H4)...  250 

Preacher,   (B2).,..  300 

Prince,   (K4) 100 

Prince  George,  (IS)  100 

Princess  Anne,  (L5)  300 

Prospect.  (FS) 150 

Pughs.    (L6) 200 

Pulaski,    (B5) 4,807 

Pungoteague.    (M4)  400 

Purcellvillc,  (HI).,  388 

Quantico.    (J2)....  120 

Quicksburg.   (F2)..  100 

Radford,  (B5) 4.202 

Ramble.   (F6) 350 

Ransons,  (F4) 300 

Raphine.  (E4) 220 

Rapidan,    (G3) 300 

Rappahannock 

Academy,    (J3)..  140 

Raven.  (Dl) :  100 

Rawlings,    (H6)...  300 


Rcctortown.  {H2),.  110 

Red  Hill.  (F4) 100 

Reed  Island. 

(B6) 100 

Reedville.  (L4)....  900 

ReidsFcrry,  (K6)..  100 

Rclee,  (J2) 300 

Remington,  (H2)..  251 

Renovillc.  (L6) 200 

Richlands.  (Dl)...  743 
RICHMOND, 

(J4) 127,628 

Ridgeway,  (D6)...  393 

Riner,  (CS) 250 

Ringgold.  (E6)....  120 

Riverton.  (02) 700 

Riverville.  (F4)....  200 
Roanoke,   (D5).  .  .34,874 

Roaringfork,  (Bl)  100 
Rockbridge    Baths, 

(E4) 100 

Rockingham.     (F3)  100 

Rockymount,    (D5)  957 

Roe,    (D2) 100 

Rosslyn,  (J2) 500 

Round  HiU,  (HI)..  379 


Ruckersville.  (03)  200 
Rural  Retreat. 

(A5) 1.000 

Rushmere.  (K5). ..  150 
Rustberg.  (ES)....  300 
Rye  Cove,  {B2)...  100 
Saint  Paul.  (C2)...    500 

Salem.  (C5) 3.849 

Saltville.  (D2) 1.628 

Saluda,    (K4) 250 

Samos,  (K4) 100 

Sangerville,    (E3)..    150 

Saxis,  (M4) 700 

School.  (J4) 300 

Schoolfield,  (E6).  ..3.500 
Scottsburg.  (F6)...  360 
Scottsville.  (G4)...    283 

Seaford,    (L5) 500 

Seaview.    (M5) 100 

Seven    Mile    Ford. 

(D2) 110 

Severn.   (L5) 200 

Sewalls  Point,  (L6)  300 
Shackletords,    (K4)    120 

Sharps,  (K4) 200 

Sheuandoah,    (F3)  1,431 


Shendun,    (F3)....    456 

Shiloh.  (J3) 100 

Shipman.  (F4) 180 

Simmonsville.  (C5)  100 
Simplicity,  (05). . .    500 

Sinai,  (F5) 500 

Singer  Glen,  (F2)..    110 

Skippers.  (J6) 120 

Smithfield.  (K6)...  1.278 

Snowville,  (B5) 300 

Somerset.  (G3) 100 

Somerton.  (K6) 250 

South    Boston, 

(F6) 3.516 

South  Hill.  (G5)...    732 

Spencer.  (D6) 150 

Sperryville,  (G2).  .  400 
Spotsylvania,  (H3)  100 
Springcreek,  (E3)..  200 
Spring  Valley,  (A5)  100 
Springwood,  (D4). .    100 

Stafford,    (J3) 100 

Stanardsville,    (03)    350 

Stanley,   (G2) 218 

Starcave,    (B5) 200 

Staunton,  (E3) ...  10,604 


Stephens  City, 

(Gl) 483 

Stevensville.  (K4).,  100 

Stoncga,   (B2) 250 

Stony  Creek,  06)..  200 

Stop,  (H5) 100 

Strasburg,  (02)...  762 
Strasburg  Junction, 

(02) 150 

Streets,  (K4) 100 

Stuart,  (C6) 388 

Suffolk,  (K6) 7.008' 

Sumerduck,   (H3)..  100 

Sunbeam,    (J6) 100 

Surry,  (K5) 240 

Susan,  (L5 ) 300 

Sussex,  (J6) 100 

Sutheriin,  (E6) 100 

Swansboro,    (H4)..  140 

Sweet  Briar.  (E4).  .  100 

Swetman.    (J2) 100 

Swords  Creek.  (Dl)  200 

Sylvatus,  (B5) 100 

Syringa,    (L4) 100 

Tacoma.  (B2) 169 

Tampico,    (L5) 500 


Tappahannock,  (K4)  478 
lazewell,  (Dl).,..  1.230 
Temperanceville, 

(M4) 200 

Tenso,  (CI) 100 

Theological    Semi- 
nary, (J2) 200 

The  Plains,  (H2)...  140 

Timber  Ridge,  (E4)  160 

Timberville.  (F2)..  240 

Toano.  (K5) 1.200 

Toms  Brook.   (02)  400 

TomsCreek.  (C2)..  700 

Townsend,   (L5)...  200 

Trout  Dale,  (A6)..  431 

TroutviUe,  (DS)...  300 

Truitt,   (H5) 100 

Tunstall.  (J4) 160 

Tuxedo.  (L5) 100 

Union  Mills.  (04)..  120 

Unison.  (HI) 100 

Uppenille.  (H2)...  296 

Urbanna.  (K4)....  475 

Vesuvius,   (E4)....  200 

Victoria,  (G5) 582 

Vienna,   U2) 578 


Vine.  (L6) 100 

Vinton,    (D5) 1,928 

Virgilina,  (F5)....  270 
Virginia     Beach, 

(M6) 320 

Virginia  City.  (C2)  250 
Wachapreague. 

(M4) 485 

Wades.   (E5) 120 

Wadesville,   (01)..    ISO 

Wakcheld.  (J6) 570 

Waldrop.   (03) 100 

Wallace.  (C2) 250 

Wardlown.  (M4). .  100 
Warm  Springs.  (D4)  500 
Warrenton,   (H2),  .1,427 

Warsaw,  (K4) 200 

Washington,  (02)..  235 
Waterford,  (HI)...    331 

Waterloo,  (H2) 100 

WaterView.  (K4)..     150 

Waverly.  (JS) 1,054 

Waynesboro,  (F3).  .1,389 

Weenis,  (L4) 150 

West  Hope,  (J6)...  100 
West  Norfolk,  (L6)  1,200 


Westpoint,  (K4). .  .1  39 
Whaleyvillc,  (K6)..  '401 
White  Marsh.  (KS)  Ui 
White  Post.  (01),  .  30 
WhiteSt«ne.  (L4)..    35 

Whitmell,  (D6) 20 

Wicomico,  (KS).. .  10 
Widewater,  (J3). . .    10 

Wiehle,    (J2) 7 

Willcox  Uharf,  (J5)  13 
Williamsburg,  (K5)  2.71 

Willis.  (C6) 10 

Willis  Wharf.  (M4)  20 
Winchester.   (01).. 5.86 

Windsor.    (K5) 32. 

Winterix>ck.  (H5)..    70 

Wise.  (B2) '  80 

Woodbridge,  (J2)..  lli 
Woodstock.  (F2)..l,31 
Woodville.  (G2)...    10 

Wren.   (FS) 15i 

Wylliesburg.  (F6)..    ISi 

Wyndale.  (C2) 10' 

Wytheville.  (A6)..3,05 
Vorktown.  (KS)...  13< 
Zuni,  (K6) 201 


WASHINGTON 


Aberdeen,  (C4).... 13,660 

Acme,  (Fl) 200 

Addy,  (P2) 300 

Adelaide,  (F4) 130 

Adna,  (DS) ISO 

Albion,  (Q5) 300 

Alder,  (FS). 100 

Almira,  (N3) 368 

Almota,  (Q5) 100 

Aloha,   (B4) 130 

Altoona,  (C5) 100 

Amboy,  (T7) 150 

Anacortes,  (Fl) 4,168 

Anatone,  (Q6) 170 

Arden,  (P2) 100 

Arlington,  (F2) 1,476 

Ashford,  (05) 130 

Asotin,  (Q6) 820 

Attalia,  (N6) 150 

Auburn,  (F4) 957 

Avon,  (F2) 300 

Baird,  (L3) 100 

Baker,  (01) 100 

Barneston,  (04)...  110 

Battleground,  (E7).  180 

Bay  Center,  (B5)..  110 

Bayne,  (04) 250 

Bay  View,  (F2) 170 

Beach,  (El) 110 

Belfast,  (Fl) 200 

Bellinghara,  (El).. 24,298 

Berlin,  (H3) 150 

Bickleton,  (K7)...  150 

Biglake,  (F2) 300 

Bismarck,  {F4) 100 

Black  Diamond, 

(F4)... 800 

Blaine,  (El) 2,289 

Blockhouse,  (J7)...  100 

Bluecreek,  (P2)...  100 

Bluestera,  (03) 150 

Bogachiel,  (B3)...  100 

Bordeaux,  (DS)...  300 

Bossburg,  (PI) 240 

Bothell,  (F3) 599 

Bow,  (Fl)... 100 

Bremerton,  (E3)...  2,993 

Brewster,  (L2) 296 

Bridgeport,  (L2)...  431 

Brinnon,  (E3) 250 

Brush  Prairie,  (F7).  100 

Bry,int.  (F2) 100 

BrynMawr.  (F4)..  200 

Buckeye,  ((33) 100 

Buckley,  (04) 1,272 

Bucoda,  (ES) 400 

Burlington,  (Fl)...  1,302 

Burnett,  (G4) 200 

Burton,  (F4) 100 

Camano,  (£2) 150 


Camas,  (T?) 1,155 

Carbonado,  (04)..  850 
CarroUton,  (E5)...     100 

Carson,  (G7) 250 

Cashmere,  (J4) 625 

Castlerock,  (E6)..  998 
Cathlamet,  (D6)..     352 

Catlin,  (E6) 200 

Center,  (E3) 175 

Centerville,  (J7)...     200 

Centralia,  (ES) 7,311 

Charleston,  (E3)...  1,062 
Ch.ittaroy,  (03)...     100 

Chehalis,  (ES) 4,507 

Chelan,  (L3) 682 

Chelan  Falls,  (K3).       50 

Cheney,  (P4) 1,207 

Chenowith,  (07)...  100 
Cherryvalley,  (03).     120 

Chesaw,  (Ml) 2S0 

Chewelah,  (P2)...     823 

Chico,  (E3). 100 

Chinook,  (C6) 500 

Chlkm,  (B2) 40 

Clarkston,  ((J6) 1,257 

Clayton,  (P3) 300 

Clearlake,  (F2) 120 

CleElum,  04) 2,749 

Cleveland,  (K7)...  150 
Cloquallum,  (D4)..  100 
Cloveriand,  (Q6)..     100 

Colby,  (F3) 100 

Colfax,  (OS) 2,783 

College  Place,  (06).     200 

Colton,  (QS) 393 

ColviUe,  (PI) 1,512 

ConconuUy,  (LI)..     357 

Concrete,  (02) 945 

ConneU,  (N5) 750 

Conway,  (F2) 130 

Cosmopolis,  (CS)  __^1,132 
Coulee  City,  (M3)..'  276 
CoupeviUe,  (E2)...     310 

Covello,  (P6) 100 

Covington,  (F4)...     100 

Covle,  (E3) 100 

Creosote,  (E3) 200 

Creston,  (03) 308 

Cunningham,  (NS).     153 

Curlew,  (Nl) 100 

Cusick,  (02) 100 

Custer,  (El) 120 

Daisy,  (02) 100 

Darrington,  (02)..  200 
Davenport,  (03)...  1,229 

D,ayton.  (P6) 2,389 

Deep  River,  (C6)..  200 
Deer  Park,  (P3)...     87S 

Deertrail,  (02) 100 

Deming,  (Fl) 100 


Des Moines,  (F4)..  350 

Dewatto,  (E4) 60 

Dixie,  (06) 300 

Dockton,(F4) 200 

Downs,  (04) 125 

Dryad,  (DS) 300 

Dungeness,  (D2)..  ISO 

Dupont,  (E4) 300 

Eagle  Gorge,  (G4).  100 

Earlington,  (F4)...  300 

Easton,  (H4) 100 

East  Seattle,  (F3)..  300 

Eastsound,  (ED...  100 

EatonvUle,  (F5)...  754 

Edgecomb,  (F2)...  100 

Edison.  (Fl) 300 

Edmonds.  (F3) 1,114 

Edwall,  (P4) 300 

Elbe,  (F5) 130 

Elberton,  (Q5) 330 

Electron,  (FS) 200 

Elk,  (Q2) 500 

Ellensburg,  05)-..  4,209 

Elma,  (DS) 1,532 

Eltopia,  (M6) 200 

Endicott,  (PS) 474 

Entiat,  (K3) 180 

Enumclaw,  (G4)...  500 

Ephrata,  (L4) 323 

Eureka,  (N6) 100 

Evans,  (PI) 100 

Everett,  (F3) 24,814 

Everson,  (Fl) 250 

FairOeld,  (Q4) 308 

Fall  Citv,  (03) 400 

Farmington,  (Q4)..  489 

Ferndale,  (El) 691 

Fern  Hill,  (F4) 1,000 

Fir,  (F2) 110 

Fisher,  (F7) 100 

Florence,  (F2) 150 

FortSimcoe.  (J6)..  150 
Fort    Steilacoom, 

(E4) 1,100 

Foster.  (F4) 340 

Frances.  (D5) 200 

Franklin,  (04) 275 

Travel,  (Fl) 200 

Freeman,  (Q3) 200 

Friday  Harbor,  (D2)  400 

Garfield,  (Q4) 932 

Gate,  (DS) 150 

Georgetown,  (F3)..  260 

Getchell.  (F2) 100 

Gig  Harbor,  (E4)..  200 

Godfrey,  (01) 100 

Goldbar,  (03) 100 

Go!dendale,(J7)...  1,203 

Goshen,  (Fl) 100 

Govan,  (N3) 140 


Granjview,  (L6)..,  320 

Granger,  (K6) 453 

Granite  Falls,  (02).  714 

Grays  River,  (C6)..  100 

Hamilton,  (01)...  405 

Hanford,  (LS) 300 

Harper,  (E4) 275 

Harrington.  (04)..  661 

Hartford,  (F2) 250 

Hartline,  (M3) 237 

Harvey,  (02) 100 

H.itton,  (N5) 161 

H.izard,  (P3) 170 

Hazel,  (02) 100 

Hillyard,  (Q3) 3,276 

Hockinson,  (F7)...  100 

Hoodsport.  (D4)...  65 

Hooper,  (05) 100 

Hoquiam,  (C4) 8,171 

Hot  Springs,  (04)..  45 

Houghton.  (F3)...  100 

Humptulips,  (C4)..  80 

Hunters.  (02) 100 

Huntsville.  (06)...  230 

Ilwaco.  (B6) 664 

Index.  (03) 417 

Inglewood,  (F3)..-  200 

lone,  (Ql) 634 

Issaquah,  (F3) 628 

Johnson,  (Q5) 200 

Jorden,  (F2)_ 100 

Kahlotus,  (N5) 132 

Kalama,  (E6) 816 

Kamilche,  (D4) 480 

Kanaskat,  (04)...  100 

Kapowsin,  (F5)-..  350 

Keller,  (N2) 100 

Kelso,  (E6) 2,039 

Kendall,  (Fl) 160 

Kenmore.  (F3) 100 

Kennewick,  (M6)..  1,219 

Kennydale,  (F3)...  500 

Kent,  (F4) 1,908 

Kerriston,  (G4) 350 

Kettle  Falls,  (01)..  377 

Kiona,  (L6) 275 

Kirkland,  (F3) 532 

Knappton,  (C6) 140 

Krupp,  (M4) 100 

La  Center,  (E7)...  300 

Lacey,  (E4) 100 

La  Conner,  (F2)...  603 

Lacrosse,  (PS) 350 

Lakeside,  (K3) 222 

Lakeview,  (E4) 100 

Lamona,  (04) 100 

Langley,  (F2) ISO 

La  Push,  (A3) 240 

Larson,  (Fl) 150 

Latah,  (Q4) 339 


Leavenworth,  03).  1,551 

Lebarn,  (C5) 400 

Leland,  (E3) 100 

Lester,  (H4) 300 

Lind,(N5) 831 

Little  Falls,  (D6)..  631 

Littlerock,  (ES)...  300 

Lochsloy,  tG2) 300 

Longbeach,  (B6)..  200 

Loomis,  (LI) 475 

Loon  Lake,  (P2)...  190 

Lopez.  (El) 200 

Lowell.  (F3) 600 

Lyle,  (H7). 150 

Lyman,  (Fl) 441 

Lynden.(Fl) 1,148 

McMillin,  (F4) 130 

McMurray,  (F2)...  300 

Mabton,  (K6) 666 

Machias,  (03) 130 

Maiden,  (P4) 350 

Maltby,  (F3) 160 

Manette,  (E3) 200 

Maple  Falls,  (Gl)..  200 

Maplevalley,  (04).  100 

Marcus,  (01) ISO 

Marietta,  (Fl) 150 

MarshiU.  (P3) 100 

MarysvUle.  (F2)...  1,239 

Matlock,  (D4) 100 

Mead,  (Q3) 150 

Medical  Lake,  (P3).  1,730 

Melbourne,  (CS)..  100 

Melraont,  (04) ISO 

Meridian,  (E4) 120 

Meyers  Falls,  (01).  450 

Mica,  (Q3) 100 

Milan,  (Q3) 100 

Miles,  (03) 230 

Milltown,  (F2) 200 

Milton,  (F4) 448 

Moclips,  (B4) 150 

Mohler,  (04) 100 

Monohan.  (F3) 150 

Monroe,  (03) 1,552 

Montborne,  (F2)..  100 

Montecristo,  (H3).  31 
Montesano,(C5)...  2,488 

Mounthope,  (Q4)..  100 
Mount  Vernon,  (F2)2,381 

Mukilteo,  (F3) 100 

Myrtle,  (C2) 350 

Nahcotta,  (B6) 100 

Napavine,  (ES)...  320 

NeahBay,  (A2)...  400 

Newcastle,  (F3)...  550 

Newport,  (Q2) 1,199 

NewtoD,  (B4) 100 

Nighthawk,  (LI)..  100 

Nooksack,  (Fl)...  100 


Northbend,  (03)..  299 
Northport,  (PI)...  476 
North  \akima, 

(KS) 14,082 

Oakesdale,  (Q4)...  882 
Oak  Harbor.  (E2)..     200 

Oakville.  (DS) 465 

Ocosta,  (B5) 127 

Odessa,  (N4) 885 

Okanogan.  (L2)...     611 

Olalla.  (E4) 100 

0LYMPIA,(D4)..  6,996 

Omak,  (L2) 250 

Opportunity,  <Q3).     400 

Orchards,  (E7) 150 

Orillia,  (F4) 100 

Oroville,  (Ml) 495 

Orting,  (F4) 799 

Ostrander,  (E6)...  150 
Oysterville,  (B5)..     100 

Pacific,  (F4) 413 

Palouse,  (QS) 1,549 

Pampa,  (PS) 100 

Park,  (Fl) 100 

Parkland,  (F4) 500 

Pasco,  (M6) 2,083 

Pataha  City,  (Q6).     176 

Pateros,  (L2) 130 

PeEU,  (DS) 838 

Penawawa.  (PS)...     100 

Pilchuck,  (F2) 250 

Phza,  (Q4) 100 

Pleasant  Beach, 

(E3) _ 200 

Point  Roberts,  (Dl)     200 

Pomeroy,  (P6) 1,505 

Portage,  (F4) 100 

PortAngeles,(D2).  2,286 
Port  Blakeley,  (F3).  1,050 
Port  Crescent,  (C2)  ISO 
Port  Discovery,  (E2)   100 

Porter,  (D5) 200 

Port  Gamble,  (E3).  600 
Port  Hadlock,  (E2).  200 
Port  Ludlow.  (E3).  350 
Port  Orchard.  (E3).  682 
Port  Townsend, 

(E2) 4,181 

Potlatch,  (D4) 200 

Poulsbo,  (E3) 364 

Prescott,  (06) 502 

Proebstel,  (F7) 100 

Prosser,  (L6) 1,298 

Pullman,  (QS) 2,602 

Puyallup,  (F4) 4,544' 

Quilcene,  (E3) 400 

Quillayute,  (A3)...     100 

Quincy,  (L4) 264 

Rainier,  (ES) 150 

Raveosdale,  (G4)..    400 


Raymond,  (CS)...  2,450 

Reardan,  (P3) 527 

Redmond,  (F3) 300 

Redondo,  (F4) 110 

Regents  Park,  (E4).     300 

Renton,(F4) 2,740 

Republic,  (Ml) 999 

Richmond  Beach, 

(F3) 100 

Ridgefield,(E7)...     150 

Riparia.  (()5) 100 

Ritzville.  (D4) 1,859 

Riverside,  (LI) 425 

Robe,  (G2j 100 

Roche  Hai)or,(Dl)  300 
Rochester,  (DS)...     150 

Rock  ford,  (34) 663 

Rockport„((3l) 100 

Ros.ilia,  ((34) 767 

Roslyn,  (J4) 3,126 

Roy,  (E4)l 315 

Ruston,(!;4) 780 

Saint  Johi,  (P4)...     421 

Samish,  (sEl) 100 

San  deFiica,  (E2).     150 

Satsop,  (B4) 95 

Scotia,  ((J) 130 

Seabold,  j;3) 130 

Seattle,  (F3) 237,194 

SedroWat)lley,(F2)  2,129 

Selleck,  {G4) 200 

SemiahmtK).  (El)..     100 

Sequim,  !D2) 250 

Shelton,  |D4) 1,153 

Sherlock.(E4) 100 

Silcott,  (W) 100 

Silvana.rF2) 300 

Silverbearh,  (Fl)..  100 
Silver  Ceek,  (ES).     100 

Silverton  (G2) 80 

Sine,  (D4) 100 

Skamokawa,  (D6)..  ISO 
Skykomfeh,  (H3)  ..  238 
Snohomfeh,  (03)...  3,244 
SnoqualBie.  (03)..  279 
Soap  Lake,  (L4)...  100 
South  Bmd,(C5)..  3,023 
Southp.xk,  (F3)...  600 
South  P.-airie,  (F4).  264 
Spanawiy,  (F4)...     200 

Spangle,  (Q4) 299 

Spokane,  (P3).. ..104,402 
Spokant  Bridge, 

(R3) 100 

Spragu(,(04) 1,110 

Sprinijdile,  (P2)...  251 
Stanwood,  (F2)...     544 

Starbutk,  (06) 761 

Startup,  (02) 180 

Stdlac«om,  (E4)...    430 


Stevenson,  (G7)...    381 

Sultan,  (03) 57( 

Sumas,  (Fl) 903 

Sumner,  (F4) 893 

Sunnyside,  (L6) 1,37? 

Sunset,  (P4). 20C 

Suquamish,  (E3)...     IOC 

Tacoma.  (E4) 83,743 

.Taholah,  (B4) 13C 

Tanner,  (04) ISC 

T.iylor,  (04) 50C 

Tekoa.  (Q4) 1,694 

Tenino,  (E5) 1,03! 

Thomas,  (F4) 20C 

Thornton,  (Q4) 30C 

Thorp,  04) 29C 

Toledo,  (E6) 375 

Toppenish,  (K6)...  1,598 

Touchet,  (N6) 2SC 

Tracyton,  (E3) 15C 

Tukwila.  (F4) 361 

Tumwater.  (E4)...     490 

Twisp,  (K2) 221 

Two  Rivers,  (M6)..     2O0 

Tyler,  (P4) 20C 

Union,  (D4) 150 

Uniontown,  (Q5)..  426 
Utsaladdy,  (E2)...     250 

Vanasselt,  (F3) 200 

Vancouver,  (E7)...  9,300 

Vashon,  (F4) 350 

Vaughn,  (E4) 200 

Waitsburg,  (06)...  1,237 

Waldron,  (Dl) 100 

Walla  Walla,  (07). 19,364 

Wallula,  (N6) 300 

Wapato,  (K6) 400 

Washougal,  (F7)..  4S6 
Washtucna,  (OS)..  300 
WaterviUe,  (K3)...    950 

Waverly,  {Qi) 318 

Wellington,  (H3)..  132 
Wenatchee,  (K4)...  4,050 

Westport.  (BS) 140 

White  Salmon,  (07)  682 
Wickersham,  (Fl)..     100 

Wilbur,  (N3) 757 

Wilkeson,  (G4) 899 

Willapa,  (C5) 100 

Wilsoncreek,  (M4).     405 

Winlock,  (ES) 1,140 

Winona,  (PS) 300 

Winslow,  (F3) 500 

Woodinville,  (F3)..  300 
Woodland,  (E7)...     384 

Yacolt,  (F7) 433 

Yakima,  (KS) 263 

Yesler,  (F3) 150 

Zenith,  (F4) 100 

Zillah,  (K6). ......    230 


WEST     VIRGINIA 


Academy,  (F4)....  181 

Acme.  (D4) 500 

Ada,   (D6) 100 

.Mamston,   (F2 )...!, 200 

Adkin,  (C5) 200 

Advance,    (E5) 130 

Alaska,  (Jl) 180 

Albert,    (H2) 300 

Albright,  (02) 100 

Alderson,    (E5) ....  1,252 

Alexander,    (F3)...  .300 

.Mgoma,  (D6) 300 

Allingdale,    (E4)...  100 

Alpena,  (03) 130 

Alum   Bridge,  (E2)  100 

Alum  Creek.  (C4)..  150 

Alumville.  (C4) 300 

Alvord.  (D3) 229 

AIvy,  (E2) 700 

Amy.  (C4) 150 

.Anawalt,    (D6) 300 

Andrew,  (C4) 150 

Angerona,    (C3)...  100 

Ansted,    (D4) 1,030 

Anthony,  (FS) 100 

Antioch,  (J2) 100 

Arches,  (E2) 100 

Ardm,  (G2) 100 

.\rgc,,  (ES) 100 

Amett,  (DS) 180 

Amoldsburg,     (D3)  150 

Arroyo,  (AD 200 

Ashlard,  (D5) 250 

Athens,  (E6) 575 

Auburn,    (E2) 199 

August,   (J2) 100 

Aurora,  (02) 150 

Austen.  iG2) 300 

Avis.  (ES) 1.432 

Bablin,   (F3) 150 


Backus,  (E5) 200 

Baileysville,  (CS)..  250 

Bakerton.  (L2)....  500 

Bancroft.    (C3)....  100 

Barboursville.    (B4)  907 

Barnestown.  (F2). .  655 

Barnesville.  (F2)...  100 

Bamum.  (H2) 200 

Barrackville.  (Fl)..  250 

Barren  Creek,  (D4)  100 

Basin,  (DS) 100 

Bass.  03) 220 

Baxter.   (Fl) 250 

Bayard.   (H2) 417 

Beale.    (B3) 200 

Beard.  (F4) 100 

Beckley.  (DS) 2.161 

Bedington.   (LI)...  160 

Beech.    (D3) 200 

Bcechwood,    (Fl)..  300 
Belington.    (02)...  1.481 

Belleville.  (C2)....  250 

Bellton.  (A3) ,300 

Belmont.  (D2) 250 

Belva,  (D4) 150 

Benwood,  (A2) 4,976 

Bcrea,  (E2) 110 

Berkeley    Springs, 

(KD 864 

Bcrryburg,  (F2)...  500 

Berwind,  (C5) 500 

Beth,  (D4) 350 

Bethany,  (A2) 433 

Beulah,  (G3) 300 

Beury,    (D5) 500 

Beveriy,  (03) 438 

Bigfour,  (C5) .500 

Big  Springs.  (D3) . .  200 

Bingham.  (E4)...  .  100 

Bismarck,    (H2)...  100 


Black  Betsy,  (C4)..  500 

Blacksville.  (FD...  204 

Blaine.   (H2) 500 

Blakeley.   (D4)....  300 

Blucton.   (BS) 100 

Bluefield.   (D6). .  .11.188 

Blue  Jay.  (DS)....  500 

Bolivar.  (L2) 687 

Bolt,  (DS) 240 

Bonnie,  (E3) 1.50 

Boomer,  (D4) 1,000 

Boone,    (E4) 200 

Boothsville,   (F2)..  300 

Borderiand,   (BS)..  250 

Bowen,  (B4) 200 

Bower,    (E3) 300 

Bownemont,  (C4)..  100 

Boylen,  (F2) 200 

Bradshaw.    (C6)...  200 

Bradyville,  (B4)...  100 

Braggville,  (D4l...  100 
Bramwell,    (D5>...  1,458 

Branchland,  (B4).  .  500 

Brandonville,    (01)  96 

Brandywine,     (H3)  140 

Bridgeport,  (F2)...  577 

Brighton,    (B3)....  200 

Bristol.  (E2) 200 

Brooklin.    (E5)....  ISO 

Brooklyn.  (ED....  527 

Brown.    (F2) 150 

Bruceton,  (01)....  116 

Bruceton  Mills,  (01)  100 

Buckeye,  (F4) 150 

Buckhannon,  (F2)  2,225 

Buckhorn.  (02)....  300 

Buffalo.  (C3) 384 

Bunker  Hill.  (K2)..  200 

Burkes  Garden.  (D6)  SOo 

Buriington.  (J2).,.  100 


Burner,  (G3) 350 

Burning    Springs, 

(D2) 660 

Burnsville.  (E3)...  770 

Burton,  (Fl) 300 

Byrnside,   (C4)....  300 

Cairo,  (D2) 668 

Caldwell,  (F5)....  100 
Camden  on  Gauley, 

(F4) 253 

Cameron,  (A3) 1,660 

Cannelton.  (D4)...  200 

Canton,  (E2) 100 

Caperton,  (E4)....  100 

Capon  Bridge,  (K2)  213 

Capon  Springs,  (J2)  11 

Carbon,   (D4) 300 

Carbondale,  (D4)..  700 

Carlisle.   (DS) 100 

Cascade.  (01) 200 

Cashmere.    (E6)...  100 

Cass,  (04) 496 

Cassville,    (FD....  100 

Cassville,   (A4)....  457 

Catawba,   (Fl) 200 

Cedar,  (B5) ISO 

Cedargrovc,  (D4)..  679 

Cedarville,   (E3)...  150 

Center  Point,  (E2)  200 

Centerville,  (E2)...  113 

Centerville,  (A4)..  190 
Central  City,  (A4)  2,800 

Central  Stat.,  (E2)  200 

Ceredo,  {A4) 1,215 

Chaffee,   (H2) 150 

Chapmanville.  (CS)  250 
CHARLESTON, 

(C4) 22,996 

Charles  Town,  (L2)  2.662 

Chattaroy,  (B5)...  500 


Chelyan.  (D4)... 
Cherry  Run.  (KD. 

Chester,    (AD 

Christian,  (CS)... 
Circlevillc,  (H3). . 
Cirstville.  (D.^)... 
Claremont,    (D5). 

Clark.  (F5) 

Clark,  (D61 

Clarksburg,   (r2). 

Clator,   (AJ) 

Clay,    (D4) 

Clear  Creek,  (D5). 
Clendenin,  (D4).. 
Cliff  Top,  (E5).., 

Clifton.  (B2) 

Cliftv    .E-n 

CiothitT,  (05). . .  . 
Coai.iiri-.  (C4)... 
Coald..;c.  (D6)... 
Coallon,  ;GJ).... 
CoaJw.«d.   (C6).. 

Coco.     D4) 

Coketon.  (02).  .  .. 
Colliers.  rA2).... 
Concho.  iDS).  .. 
Confidence.   (C3). 

Confio.   (AI) 

Coopers.  (D6) . . . . 

Copen.    (E3) 

Coi»,  (B5). 

Comwallis. 

Co=^- '■■■' 

C." 

C,'-  ■■. 

C.r 
Cn 

Cl: 

Crtwley,  tES). . 


fn2). 


SOO  Crescent,  (D4)... 

150  Cressmont,    (D4). 

3,184  Creston,  (D3) 

100  Crete,  (B4) 

110  Crisp,  (D2) 

100  Crow,  IDS) 

600  Crown  Hill,  (D4). 

100  Crum.  K'Ji) 

155  Crysul.    D6).... 

9.201  Culloden.   (B4)... 

500  Curtic.  (K4) 

500  Dade,   'M) 

150  Dalla».    '\2) 

81 S  Dan.-.     Ci) 

490  D.i-  ''='      .. 

300  D 

150  D^  :i. 

100  D.T> 

260  Da-  I    . 

300  D.I 

3,TO  D..>' 

350  Df^ii 

180  Dc. 

2.000  lA-. , 

400  Di.i; 

300  Di,: 

200  Did 

200  1;' 

300  l>u 
100  J.' 

,  25<rn'. 

200  1 1 

n\<  r)<  '. 

'V)  Vm: 


200    X>unki<v.  lU'ii 


400 
150 

.  160 
100 
100 
100 
290 
100 
500 
100 
200 
100 
250 
100 
150 
300 
230 

2,61S 
110 
100 
100 
130 
200 
ISO 
100 
200 
100 
1.50 
250 
100 
500 
500 
200 
200 
100 
100 
250 
ISO 
500 

.    500 


Durbp,  (G3)....;'. 

Eagle,  (D4) 1 

Eastbenk,   (D4)... 
East  Lynn.  (B4)... 

Ecdei.   (DS) 

Echart,  (C5) 

Echo,    (B4),.. 

Eckman,  (D6) 1 

Edg.irton,  (BS) 
Edgilvood,  (A2)...l 

"wloo.  (G2) 

d^ypt,  l\4) 

\\xtl.    (C5) 

iii.->l)eth.(D2).... 
llkCiarden.  (H2).. 
ijkhprn.    (D6)....2 
Ilk  hurst.  (D4).... 

iSkitis.   (03) 5 

Hlklick.  (CS) 

fllkildge.   (D4).... 
Iflkwater,  (03) .... 

jLllamore.  (F3) 

■".llcnboro.  (D2).... 
'ilm-Grove.  (A2)...l 

E.lmira,  (E3) 

Elverton,  (D4).... 
Einmons.   (C4). . , . 

Eanis.  (D5) 

Ejiterprise.  (F2).  . . 

E  bacon,  (E3) 

Eil;dale.  (D4) 

E,hel,  (CS) 

E  igene.  (B5) > 

Eureka.    (D2)....' 

Evans,    (C3) 

Evansville.  (02).  .. 

E\ferson.  (F2) 

Fairbanks.  (E3) . . . 
Fairmont,  (F2)....9. 
Ftrview,  <F1). . . . 


390  Fairview.   (B4)....  384 

,500  Fanny,   (CS) lOO 

551  Farmington,  (F2)..  519 

100  Fayette,  (D4) 399 

400  Fayetteville,     (D4)  671 

100  Fellowsville,  (02)..  150 

130  Fenwick.  (E4) 500 

,000  Fetterman.  (F2)...  800 

300  Finlow.  (ES) 200 

,455  Fire  Creek,  (ES)...  2S0 

200  Flatrock,  (C3) 100 

300  Flatrun.    (Fl) 20(1 

100  Flat  Woods,  (E3)..  284 

674  Flemington,  (F2)..  250 

438  Foley,   (CS) 2O0 

.100  Follansbee.  (A2)... 2.031 

200  Folsom.  (E2) 600 

,260  Forest  Hill.  (E5)...  12C 

100  Fort  Gay.  (A4) 457 

300  Fort  Spring.  (E5)..  \X 

300  Fourteen.  (B4) 10( 

500  Frametown.  (E3)..  16j 

204  Frankford.  (F5)...  102 

899  Franklin.   (H3)....  20( 

100  Freed.  (D2) 10( 

250  Freeman.  (D6) .  . . .  1 .00( 

200  French  Creek.  (F3)  10<: 

300  Friendly.   (Dl)....  2i; 

300  Frozen.  (D3) 20( 

200_Frozencamp.     (C3)  141 

3S(t?Fulton.  (A2) l,03i 

2«ft  Gallipolis  Ferry,  (B3)  lOi 

100  Gandeeville,  (D3)..  ISi 

200  Gardner.  (D6) 10< 

140  Garnet.  (C4) 181 

ISO  Gary,  (C5) 1,201 

no  Gassaway,   (E3)...l,l 

150  Gaston,  (F2) 10 

711  (iauley  Bridge,  (D4)  5C 

782  Oazil,  (D4) 1-' 


INDEX  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES 


(WEST  VIRGINIA— WISCONSIN) 


379 


Gerrardistown,  (K2y    230    Horton,  (G3) 1,000 

Gi.ito.  iD6) l.aOO    Hoult,  (Fl) 130 

^     (D4) 250  Horaesvillc.  (G2)..    200 

reon.  (B4)....    100  Hubbardstown.  (A4)  300 

im.  (D6) 200  Hugheston.  (D4)..    220 

(D2) 250    Hughey,  (CS) 100 


s^ii 

;H?<i 


(C3)... 
v'in,    iG2). 

on.  (Hi 
.    (D4). 
□ale.  (A3).'. 
l\aston,  {A3) '-  ■ 
fails,  (F2)... 
Ferris,  (D4).. 
lean,  (DS)... 
..y.  (E5) 

■  lie.  (E3).... 
White.  (D5).. 
..>od.   (B3)... 

■  aap,  (Fl)... 
:.vill,  (D6).... 

dnk.  (H2). . . 
;r.-.  (G2)  ....■) 

.  -w,  (D5).. 
..isvUle,  (D3).. 
nville.  (Fl) 


JOO    Hundred.   (Fl)..    .  557 

100    Hunt.  (D3) 200 

281    HttntersviUe,(F4)..  300 
100    HuntioKton,  (B4)  31,161 

200    Hurricane.    (B4)...  422 

200    Hutchinson,  (F2).  .  200 

150    Huttonsville,     (G3)  251 

250    lacger.  (C6) 370 

300    Independence,  (G2)  300 

'•722    Indian   Mills,   (E5)  100 

Kfltt    Institute,   /C4) 200 

336^'- i  wood.  (K2) 150 

500  i'\>na,  (G2) 300 

160   I'Jvdale,  (D3) 236 

160    j4^k.  (E4) 100 

500.  J  1'cksonburg.     (El)  ■  250 

500    j'inclew.  <F2) 327 

,563    J;\p.  (Co) 

150    Jalrvisvitle,  (F2) 

282    Jeil.  (C6) 

200    JeiV">n!5._  (E3). 


pe  (stand.  (D2)    200  Jed;*-  <C5) 

<  ..  .r..)n.  (Kl)  350  Jotf   (G3) 

L)4)...     130  Joe4''ranch,  (D5)... 

04)...    150  Jollt>.  (Fl) 

.._,;,>-.     (B4)    250  Johnjaown,  (F2)... 

(C5)  200  Jonef.  Springs,  (K2) 

\dotte.(B4)..  1,702  Junirti"8     Branch, 


(F2) 600 

r  Valley,  (F3)    100 


on,  (B5). 
'.»-n,  (L2),.. 

licton,   (02). 
!''-onia,  (D3). 

n,  (B4) 

.ey,    (D4>... 

jrd.    (D4).. 
!^ng.    (G3)... 

'ood.  (D4).. 


300 

300 


(E?'». 

Junior;.  (G3) 

Kableu»-u>,    (L2). 
Kanawla,    .'C*)._ 


1.S0 
150 
200 
200 
ISO 
190 
100 
130 
100 
100 

150 
435 
100 
300 


1,300  -Kanawla  Fallsfc  (D4)  100 

200  Kayforcl  (D4).  >    •.    ISO 

600  Kay  Mo«r,  (D4).   ..    500 

500  Kearney^ville,  (L2)    .400 

250  Kenova,  (A4) 9-/iJ. 

105  Kerens,  {'i2) 100 

100  Kermit,  (35) 100 

in,  (H3) 149  Kerstetter,  (H3)...    150 

r.    (US) 160  Keyser.   Q2) 3,705 

-.-s  Ferry,  (L2)    766  Keystone,   (D6)... 2,047 

-I'ille,    (D2)..    608  Kilsyth,  (D5) 730 

.rd,   (B3),...    358  Kimball.  (C6) 1,630 

aonsvUle,(H2l    100  Kimberly,  (D4). . . .    200 

-s  Nest.    (D4)    120  .Kincaid.  (04) 300 

Iwood.  (H3)..    100  King,  (El) 100 


(E2) 100.  Kingwood,  (G2). 


328    Kitchen,  tKS). 

280    Kyle,    (D6) 

280    Lanark,    (DS) 

300    Landgraff,  (D6)... 

286    Landlsburg.  (ES).. 

Lanes  Bottom.  (E4) 

Laneville,    (Hi).    . 

Lansing,  (D4) 

Lashmeet,    'D«)... 

Launa.    (CS) 

Laurel  Creek,  (E5) 
Laurel   Point,   IFl) 
Lawsun,  (D5). . . . 
Lawton,    (E5)..,. 

Layland,  (E5) 500 

- 3.656    Layopolis.  (E3).. ..    156 

1   2,000    Lazearville,    (A2)..    500 

.^ysCove,  (A2)  200    Leander,  (E4| 200 

(E3)              .     too     Leatherwood.    (A2/    144 
pen .  (05)  . . ,    150    Lee  Bell,  (G3) 100 


,viVXe.  (Kl).. 

■5.  (133) 

iia.  (F'.J) 

hill.  (Co,).... 
rson.  (B.?)... 
icks.  (G2),  .. 

(D4) 

(H2) 

ton.  (DS) 
(DS).... 

i«.  (D6)... 

(D4) 

.    (C3) 

1,,    fD51 

F3)... 


640 
.Wl 
j'OO 
100 
700 

too 

iOO 
i50 
7ol 
130 


100 
200 
500 
300 
300 
100 
333 
200 
100 
30O 
130 
100 
100 
500 


Leetomi,    (L2) 150 

Leon,  (C3).. 240 

Lessie,  (A3) 150 

Lester,   (DS) 500 

Letart,(C3) 100 

Lewisburg,  (FS)...  803 
Lewiston,  (C4)..*      300 

Liberty.    (C3) 100 

Little  Bitch.  (E3)..  100 
Littleton,  (El)....  712 
Lizemores,  (D4)...  500 
Lochgelly,  (D4)...  697 
Lock  Seven,  (C4)..    170 

Logan,    (B5) 1,540 

London,  (D4) 200 

Lone.jak,    (C3) 100 

Loneacre,  (D4).. ..  250 
Long  Run.  (E2)...    100 

Lookout,  (E41 240 

Lost  City,  (J3)....  200 
Lost  Creek,  (F2)...  150 
LostRiver,  (J3)... .    100 

Lough,  (D2) 2?0 

L.)well,  (ES) 120 

Lowgap.  (C4) 100 

Lubeck,    (C2) 180 

Luraberport.  (F2) . .    656 

.McAlpin,  (D5) 160 

McComas,  (D6)...  lOO 
McCorkle,  (C4)...  160 
McDowell.  (D6)...  1.500 
McMechen.  (A3).. 2,921 

Mabcn,  (DS) 100 

Mabie.    (F3) 300 

Mabscott,  (D5)...  561 
Macdonald,  (DS).. 1.153 

Mace.  (F4) 100 

Madeline,  (G3) 15l) 

Madison,  (C4) 295 

Mahan,    (D4) 200 

Maiden,   (C4) 360 

Mamie,  (D3) 300 

Mammoth,  (D4).. 1,000 
Mannington,  (Fl)  2,672 
Mf-tplcvvood.  (E5)..    200 

Mai  iuold,  (U4I 150 

Mariiin,  (El) 100 

Marlinton,   (F4)... 1,045 

MarmeX.  (C41 650 

Marsha  ■.  (C3)....  100 
Marshej.     (DS)....    200 

Marting      D4) 400 

Martinsb  urg.  (K2)  10,698 

Marvel.  >D4) 250 

Mason,   lsB2) 784 

Mason  Town.  (Gl)  520 
Masseys'.Hlle.     (C5)    300 

Matewanj.  (US) 588 

Matoaka.,  (D6) 150 

May.  (G3) 100 

Maybeury  ,  (D6).  ..2,000 

Maysel.  y|>4) 100 

Maysville.l  (H2)...     150 

Mcador,  (BS) 190 

Meadow  BJufif.  (E5)  lOo 
Meadow  Creek,  (E5;  ISO 
MeadowviDe,  {G2)  130 
Mi-rUet'n,  ( M)     ..    150 

180 

le,  (E2)    546 

.     ':F2)...   sort 

Middli.iv.iy.  {K2)..    550 

MidkiR,(B'i) 140 

MiU  Creek,  (G3)..    740 


Millvaie.  (L2)....  150 
Millwood.  (03)....    350 

Milton,  (B4) 837 

Minden,  (DS) 100 

Minerva,  (B4J 400 

Mink,   (C4) 200 

Minnora.   (D3) 300 

Moatsville,  (G2)...  150 
Mohawk.   (C6)....    200 

Mona,  (Gl) 250 

Monarch,  (D4).  ...  150 
Monongah,  (F2)... 2,084 
Montana   Mines, 

(Fl) 450 

Monies,   (G3) 250 

Montgomery.  (D4)  1,888 
Montrose,  (G2)...  .     112 

-Moore,  (G2) 150 

Moorefield.  02)...  646 
"Morgansville:  (E2)  300 
Morgantown.  (Gl)  9.150 

Morfan,  (G2) 200 

Morocco.   (E4) 130 

Mossy.  (D5) 130 

Mound.    (C4) 200 

Moundsville.  (A3)  8,918 
Mt.  Carbon.  (D4)..  450 
Mount  Clare,  {F2)  250 
Mount  Hope.  (D5)  494 
Ml  Lookout,  (E4)  150 
Mount  Ncbo,  (E4)  200 
Mucklow,  (D4)...  400 
Mullens.  (D5),  ...  ISO 
Murraysville,    IC2)    100 

Nabob.  (C4) 100 

Naugatuck.  (Hi)..    100 

Nelson,  iC4) 180 

NeoU,  (F5) ISO 

Nestorville.  {G2)..    200 

Nettie.   (E4) 200 

Newburg.  (G2» 823 

Newcreek,  (H2)...  ISO 
New     Cumberland, 

(A2) 1,807 

Neweli.  (Al) 150 

New  England,  ;C2)  100 
Newhaven,  (C2)... .  750 
New     Martinsville, 

(EI) 2,176 

Newport.  (C2) 150 

New  Richmond,  (ES)  360 
New  Thacker.  'B5)    ISO 

Nrwton,  (D3) 180 

Nitolette.  (D2) 150 

Nolan.  (B5)... 150 

Norraantown.  'E3)  110 
Northfork.  (D6)...  425 
North  Point  Pleasant, 

(B3) ,    ...    452 

North  Spring,  (C5).  100 
Nuttallburg,  (E4)..    400 

Oak  Hill,  (D4) 764 

Oakvale,  (E6) 278 

Oceana.  (CS) 129 

Odd!.   'n4i 300 

Ogden  City,  (DS)..    210 

Ohley.  (D4) 150 

Okeeffe,  (B5) ISO 

Olcott,  (C4) 500 

OUnstead,  (C6) 260 

Omps,  (K2) 100 

Ona,   (B4) 100 

One»l,  (D5) 300 

Orlando,  (E3) 100 


Orleans  Cross  Roads, 

(Kl) 250 

Oswald,  (DS) 280 

Packs  Branch,  (DS)  200 
Paden  City,  (El)..    150 

Page,  (D4) 500 

Palestine,  (D2)....    230 

Palmer,  (E3) 100 

Panther,  (CS) 360 

Parkersburg,  (D2)  17,842 

Parsons,  (G2) 1,780 

Patterson,  (A2)....  713 
Pattersons      Creek, 

OD 120 

Paw  Paw,  (Kl)....    725 

Pear.  (ES) 300 

Pearl,  (E4) 100 

Pecks  Run,  (F2)...  150 
Pence  Springs.  (ES)  100 
Pennbrooke.  (DS)..  100 
Pennsboro.  (E2)...    930 

Penrith.    (A2) 300 

Peru.  (H3) 100 

Petersburg.  (H2)..  350 
Peterstown.  (E6) . .  257 
Petroleum.  (D2)...     100 

Peytona.  (C4) 200 

Philippi,   (F2) 1,038 

Pickens,    (F3) 600 

Piedmont,  (H2)... 2,054 
Pinchton,  (D4)....  100 
Pine  Grove.  (El)..  474 
Pineville,    (CS)....    334 

Piney.  (El) 150 

Pittman,  (ES) 250 

Pleasant    Valley, 

(A3) 210 

Pleasant    Valley, 

(A2) 346 

Pluto,  (DS) 100 

Plymouth,  (C3) 300 

Poca,  (C4) 350 

Pocotaligo,  (C4)...     150 

Poe,  (E4) 100 

Point     Pleasant, 

(B3) 2,045 

Pond  Gap,  (D4) ...    200 

Posey,  (DS) 100 

Powellton,  (D4)...  413 
Powhatan.  (D6).. .    450 

Pratt.  (D4) 306 

Premier,  (C6) 160 

Preston,    (B4) 170 

Prestonla,  (E3) 120 

Price  Hill,  (DS) 300 

Prichard,  (A4) 130 

Priestley,   (C4) 140 

Prince,  (DS) 2S0 

Princeton,   (D6)... 3,027 

Procious,   (D3) 200 

Proctor.    (El) 250 

Prosperity,  (D5)...    300 

Prudence,  (DS) 400 

Pruntytown,  (F2) . .  400 
Pughtown,  (Al). . .    410 

Pullman,  (E2) 230 

Putney,  (D4) 400 

Quaker.  (B4) 110 

(Jueen  Shoals,  (D4)  180 
Queens  Ridge,  (B4)    130 

Quick,  (D4) 100 

Quiet  Dell,  (F2)...    250 

Quincy,  (D4) 150 

Quinnimont,  (ES) . .    400 


Radnor,    (34) 100 

Raleigh,  (DS)... ..    350 

Ranger,  (B4) 100 

Rapp,  (BS) 200 

Raven  Rock,  (D2)  100 
Ravenswood,  (C3)  1,081 

Reader,  (El) 100 

Red  House,  (C3)...  200 
Red  Jacket,  (BS).  1,200 
Red  Rock,  (F2)...    100 

Redstar,  (DS) 500 

Reedsville.  (GD...    208 

Reedy,  (D3) 313 

Renick,  (FS) 270 

Replete,    (F3) 100 

Richwood.   (E4)..  .3,061 

Ridgeley,  01) 500 

Ridgeway,  (K2)...    100 

Rio,   (J2) 150 

Ripley,  (C3) 591 

Rippon,  (L2) 200 

Riverside,  (D4)....  170 
Rivesville,  (Fl)...  190 
Robertsburg,     (C3)    130 

Robson,   (D4) 250 

Rock,   (D6) 500 

Rock  Cave,  (F3).  ..  250 
Rockford,  (F2)....     150 

Rockport.  (C2) 180 

Romines  Mills,  (F2)  100 
Romney,  (J2)  ....1,112 
Ronceverte,   (F5)..2,157 

Ronda,  (D4) 100 

Roneys  Point,  (A2)    240 

Rosedale,   (E3) 100 

Rosemont,  (F2)...  300 
Roseville,  (DS)....     100 

Rosina,  (D4) 140 

Rowlesburg,  (G2)..    936 

Royal,  (D4) 160 

Rupert,  (ES) 100 

Rush  Run,  (DS).  .    300 

Ruth,    (C4) ISO 

Sabraton,  (Gl)....  700 
Saint  Albans,  (C4)  1,209 
Saint  George,  (G2)  245 
Saint  Marys,  (D2)  1,358 

Salem,  (E2) 2,169 

Salmon,  (B5) 300 

Salt  Sulphur  Springs, 

(FS) 200 

Sandfork,   (E3) 200 

Sandyville.  (C3)...    250 

Sardis,  (F2) 300 

Saxman,  (E4) 300 

Saxon,  (DS) 150 

Sayre,  (C3) 200 

Scarbro,  (DS) 1,533 

Scary,  (C4) 100 

Seabert,  (F4) 190 

Sedan,   (J2) 130 

Selbyville,  (F3) 180 

Seng,  (CS) 100 

Seth,  (C4) 200 

Sewell,    (E4) 500 

Shady  Spring,  (DS)    ISO 

Sharon,  (D4) 300 

Shaw,  (H2) 250 

Shenandoah     Junc- 
tion. (L2) 300 

Shepherds  town, 

(L2) 1,070 

Sheppard,  (BS) ISO 

Sheridan,  (B4)....    200 


Sherrard,   (A3) 360 

ShUoh,  (E2) 130 

Shinnston,   (F2)...  1,224 

Shirley,  (E2) 180 

Short  Creek,  (A2)..  100 

Silver  Hill,  (El)...  150 

Simpson,  (F2) 230 

SinksGrove,  (E5)..  100 

Sioto,    (C4) 200 

SirJohnsRun,  (Kl)  120 

Sissonville,  (C3)...  130 
Sistersville,  (El)... 2, 684 

Skelton,  (DS) 300 

Slab  Fork,  (DS)...  250 

Sleepy  Creek,  (Kl)  300 

Smithfield,  (E2).  ..  765 

Sraithton,  (E2) 100 

Smithville,  (D2)...  110 

Sophia,  (D5) 200 

S.  Buckhannon,  (F3)  681 

S.  Charleston,  (C4)  500 

South  Keyser,  (J2)  692 

Spanishburg,     (D6)  100 

Sparks.  (E4) 100 

Spaulding,   (BS)...  130 

Spencer,  (D3) 1,224 

Spilman,  (B3) 250 

Sprague,  (DS) 250 

Springfield,  (J2)...  135 

Spring  Hill,  (C4)...  ISO 

Springton,  (D6) 100 

Squirejim,  (C6) 100 

Star  City,  (Gl)....  318 
Steatey     Heights, 

(F2) 511 

Steelton,  (El) 100 

Stone  Cliff,  (DS).  ..  600 

Stotesbury,   (DS)..  100 
Stotlers  Cross  Roads, 

(Kl) 100 

Sullivan,  (D5) 100 

Sulphur,  (H2) 100 

Summersville,   (E4)  204 

Summit  Point,  (L2)  450 

Sun,  (DS) 800 

Surveyor,  (DS) 150 

Sutton,  (E3) 1,121 

Sweeneyburg,   (DS)  150 

Sweetsprings,     (FS)  300 

Sylvia,    (DS) 400 

Tacy,  (F2) 100 

Talcott,  (ES) 600 

Tams,  (DS) 200 

Tanner,  {E3) 100 

Tenmile,  (F3) 100 

Terra  Alta,(G2)...  1,126 

Thacker,    (BS) 200 

Thayer,  (E5) 500 

Thoburn,    (F2)....  200 

Thomas.  (G2) 2,354 

Thornwood,  (G3)..  300 

Thurmond,    (DS)..  315 

Tioga,  (E4) 120 

Toll  Gate,  (E2)....  120 

Triadelphia,  (A2)..  261 

Tribble.    (C3) 150 

Troy.  (E2) 144 

Tunnelton,    (G2) ,  .  792 

Twin  Branch,  (CS)  400 

Tyrone,    (Gl) 160 

Uneeda,    (C4) 150 

Ungers  Store,  (K2)  200 

Union,  (E5) 298 

Uniontown,  (El)..  240 


Valley  Bend,  (G3)  690 
Van     Clevesville, 

(L2) 150 

Vandalia,   (F3) 100 

Vanetta,  (D4) 100 

Vaughan,  (04) 100 

Vilas,  (E2) 110 

Villa,  (D4) 200 

Vinton,  (D4) ISO 

Virginville,  (A2)...  250 

Viropa,  (F2) 100 

Vivian,  (D6) 600 

Volcano,  (D2) 100 

Wabash,  (H2) 200 

Wadestown,  (Fl)..  150 

Wadesville,  (C2)...  100 

Wake  Forest,  (D4)  200 

Wallace,  (F2) 200 

Walton,   (D3) 200 

War,   (C6) 100 

Ward,  (D4) 150 

Warden,  (DS) 100 

WardensviUe,     (J2)  123 

War  Eagle,  (C5)...  500 

Warrior,  (D4) 150 

Warwood,  (A2)...  1,100 

Watoga,   (F4) 300 

Watson,    (F2) 450 

Waverly,   (D2) 100 

Wayne,  (B4) 500 

Webster,  (F2) 200 

Webster    Springs, 

(F4) 500 

Weirton,  (A2) 400 

Welch,    (C6) 1,526 

Wellsburg,  {A2)... 4,189 

W.  Columbia,  (B3)  250 

West  End,  (G2)...  ISO 

West  Grafton,  (F2)  1,500 

West  Hamlin,  (B4)  200 

West  Liberty,  (A2)  350 

West  Milford,  (F2)  212 

Weston,    (F2) 2,213 

West  Union,  (E2)..  779 

Wevaco,  (D4) 200 

Wheeling,  (A2). .  .41,641 

Whipple,    (DS) 150 

White    Sulphur 

Springs,  (FS)....  338 

Whitmer.  (G3)....  650 

Whitney,  (D4) 100 

Wick,(E2) 100 

Wickham,  (D5) 100 

Widemouth,  (D6)..  100 

Wileyville,   (El)...  134 

Williamsburg,  (FS)  120 
Williamson,  (BS).. 3,561 
Williamstown,  (D2)  1,139 

Wilsonburg,  (F2).  .  350 

Winding  Gulf,  (DS)  200 

Winheld.  (C3) 291 

Winifrede,    (C4)..,  200 

Winona,  (E4) 3,000 

Winterburn,  (G3)..  300 

Wolf  Summit,  (F2)  100 

Womelsdorf,      (G3)  665 

Woodbine,    (E4)..  .  140 

Woodman,   (FS)...  350 

Woodsdale,  (A2) .  . .  831 

Worth,  (D6) 300 

Worthington,     (F2)  292 

Wright,  (DS) 250 

Wyatt,    (F2) 100 

Wyndal,  (D4) 200 


WISCONSIN 


/bbotsford.  (OS)..  9*1 

/.hleman.  (H7)....  44t 

Al.rams.    (L5) 200 

Adami.  (H7) SOO 

.^dams  Center,  (37)  10') 

■      isoii,  (L8>...i.  180 

M7) 400 

:.    (J9) 150 

Allan,  (JS) no 

Albany.  09) 6*9 

Alb-rtville,    (DS),.     100 

■  (J9) 250 

1,1,:,   (NS) 2,082 

...a.    (K8)..,.     110 
Ail.-iigrove.  (K9),  ..    100 

Allenton   (L8) 450 

Alloucr,   (Dl) 800 

Alma.  ii56) I.OII 

Alm.i   (enter,   £F6!    417 

AIi-«na     (C») 250 

•■       n.t.    (J6) 487 

MS) 150 

rj8) 200 

:,..  (ES).....    824 
r;,    (M3)....    350 

r>     (C4) 659 

nnmer-it,  (J6) 629 

Amberit    Junction, 

(J6) 300 

Angelica.  (L5) 1.50 

Aniwa,  OS; 274 

Antigo,  (J4) 7,196 

Apollonia,  (E4) ....  100 
Appleton,  (L6)...17,492 
Arborvitae,    (H3)..    800 

Arcadia.  (E6) 1.212 

Arena,  (H8) 390 

Argyle,  (H9) 603 

Arkansaw,   (C5)...    200 

Arkdale,  (H6) 100 

Arlington,  (J8)....  150 
Armenia,   (H6)....    400 

Arnott.    (J6) 150 

Arpin,  (GS) 200 

Ashford.  {L7) 130 

Ashippun,  (L8)....  100 
Ashland,  (Fl). ..  .11,594 

Athens.  (G4) 904 

Atlanta,   (E4) ISO 

Auburndale.  (HS)..    297 

Augusta.  (ES) 1,405 

Aurora,  (L8) 130 

Aurorahville,  (K6)  100 
Avalanche,  (F7)...     100 

Avoca.  {G8) 436 

Aztalan,  (K8) 100 

Babcock,  (G6)....  500 
Badger  Mills.  (ES)    100 


Bagley.  (E9»  300 

Baileys     Haiimr. 

(N4) 250 

Baldwin,  (CS)  .     .    S»4 
Balsam  Lake,  (C«>    279 

Bancroft,  (J6) 200 

Bangor,  (F7)  ....      692 
Baraboo.    (H8)...  h324 

Barnes,  (E2) 150 

Bameveld,  lH9).  .  ,    317 

Barnum,  (F8) ISO 

Barron,  (D4),  449 

Barronett,  (C3)  200 

Ba.-ton,  (L8) '00 

Bavaria.  (J4) !00 

Bay  City.  (CS)....    ,'52 

Bavfield.  (Fl) 1  "^OO 

Bay     Settlement, 

(M5) '99 

Bear  Creek.  (KS).       HI 

Beaver.  (L4) '00 

Beaverdam.  (K8),,'  '  8 
Beecliwood.  (Mi).         .0 

Beetown.  (F9) to 

Beldenville.  (B5)  ,  :S;' 
Belgium.  (M8)..-  iO 
Bell  Center,  (F8).  21' 
BelleviUe,  (19)..  .  42. 
Bellevue.  (M6)....  lOt 
Rellwood,  (Dl)....     !00 

Belmont.    (G9) 532 

Beloit.   (J9) 17,122 

Benton,    (G9) 652 

Berlin,    (K7) 4,636 

Big  Bend.  (L9)....    200 

Bigfalis,  (JS) 100 

Bigflats.  (H6) 100 

Big  Spring,  (H7)...  150 
Binghamton,  (L6)..  150 
Birchwood,  (D3)..  500 
Birnamwood.  (JS) . .  678 
Blackcreek.  (L6)...  516 
Black  Earth,  (H8)  479 
Black    River   Falls,       ' 

(F6) 1,917 

Blair,  (E6) 486 

Blanchardville,  (H9)  643 
Bloom  City,  (F8)..  200 
Bloomer,  (D4). ...  1,204 
Bloomingdale,  (F7)  100 
Bloomington,  (F9)  620 
Blueberry,  (DD...  100 
Blue  Mounds.  (H9)  210 
Blue  River,  (F8)...    290 

Boaz.  (G8) 200 

Bonduel.  (L5) 350 

Boscobel,  (F8)....  1,525 
Bowler,  (KS) 150 


Boyceville,  (C4)...  300 

Boyd.  (ES) 527 

Bradlev.  (H3) 100 

Branch,  (M6) 180 

Brandon.   (K7)....  684 

Btantwood,  (G3)..  ISO 

Bridgeport.    (E9)..  500 

Briegsville.  (H7)...  110 

Bri'lion,  (L6) 998 

Bristol.  (L9) 200 

British  Hollow,  (F9)  150 
Brodhead.  (J9). ..  .1,517 

Brokaw,  (H4) 458 

Hrookfield,  (L8)...  150 

Brooklyn,   09):..  ,  362 

Brothertown.     (L6)  150 

Bro ".ndeer.  (M8). .  100 

Br.wnsvillc.  (K7)..  100 

Browntown.  (H9)..  222 

Bruce.  (E4) 565 

Brule.  (Dl) 250 

Brussels,   (MS)....  250 

Bryant.  (K4) 300 

Buffalo.    (D6) 255 

Lundy.  (J3) 160 

Burlington.  (L9)...3,2I2 

Burnett.  (K7) 200 

Busivell,  (H2).' 150 

Butlernut.  (F2)...  717 

Cadoit.  (ES) 765 

CaLtniine,  (09)....  200 

Caldwell.  (L9) 150 

Caledonia.  (M9)...  150 

Calhoun,  (L8) 100 

Cal&met  Harbor, 

(L7) ;00 

Cilumctville.     (L7)  300 

:alvir>,  (L7) 150 

Camliria,  (J7) 657 

^"amlriilge,  (J8) ...  507 

Cameron,  (D4). . . .  562 

tarapiiellsport,  (L7)  650 

tinpDouglas,  (07)  473 

Cirapii,  (D3) 150 

Cintoi,   (D4) 15) 

CiTcliit,    (HS) 160 

Csrter,  (K4) 250 

Caictdi   (L7) 500 

Ca,ci),    M5) 330 

Caiilon  (F7) 568 

Casvilh    (E9) 890 

Ca5leR.;k.(08)..  150 

Cafcriict,  (F7)....  ISO 

Catcvba,  (F3) 200 

Catu  (M.) 180 

Cavur,    ij) 100 

Cazaovia,(G7)...  392 

CeciP^«}-5) 351 

1 


Cedarbnrg.  (L(i)..  1,777 
Cedar  Creek.  L8)  100 
Cedar  Grove,  (M7)  498 
CentirvUle,  (Ed)..  150 
Centuria.  (B4)  ...  301 
Charlesburg.  (L7)..  300 
Chaseburg.  (E7)...    300 

Chelsea,  (G4) 400 

Chetek,  (D4) 829 

Chili,  (GS) 100 

Chilton,    (1,6) 1,530 

Chippewa    FalU, 

(ES) 9,233 

Christie,  (FS) 150 

City  Point,  (G6)...  100 
Clarks  Mills,  IM6)    200 

Clay,  (F6) 250 

Clayton,  (C4) 220 

Clearlake,  (C4) 498 

Cleveland,  (M7)...    400 

Clinton.  (K9) 897 

Clintonville.  (K5).. 1,747 

Clyman.  (K8) 200 

Cobb,  (G9) 230 

Cochrane,    (D6)...    250 

Colby.  (GS) 869 

Coleman.  (M4) 436 

Colfax.  (D4) 701 

Collins.  (M6) ISO 

Coloma,  (H6) 300 

Columbus,  (J8).... 2,523 
Commonwealth, 

(L3) 400 

Concord,  (K8) 100 

Conover,  (J2) 200 

Conrath,  (E4) 100 

Coon  Valley,  (F7)..  291 
Cooperstown,  (M6)    200 

Corliss,  (M9) 525 

Cornucopia,  (El)..  150 
Cottage  Grove,  (J8)    250 

Couderay,  (E3) 300 

Crandon,  (K3). ...  1,833 

Crivitz,  (L4) 200 

Crossplains,  (H8)..    350 

Cuba,   (09) 967 

Cudahy,  (M9) 3,691 

Cumberland,  (D3)  1,445 

Curtiss,  (GS) 340 

Gushing,  (B3) 100 

Custer,    (JS) 110 

Cylon,  (C4) 100 

Dale,  (K6) 400 

Dallas,  (D4) 342 

Dane,  (H8) 296 

Danville,   (K8)....     150 

Darien.  (K9) 430 

Darlington,  (09)..  1,808 


Dayton,  (J9) 2S0 

Dedham,  (CD 100 

Deerbrook,   (J4)...    100 

Deerfield.    (J8) 533 

Deerpark,  (C4) 300 

De  Forest,  (J8) 431 

Delafield,   (L8)....    290 

Delavan,    (K9) 2,450 

Delton,  (H7) 200 

Denmark,   (M6)..  .    500 

De  Pere,  (L6) 4,477 

De  Soto,  (E8) 331 

Detroit     Harbor, 

(04) 100 

Dexterville,  (06)..  200 
Diamond  Bluff,  (BS)  200 
Dickeysville,  (F9) . .    2S0 

Divide,  (H2) 100 

Dodge,    (E6) 200 

Dodgeville,  (09)...  1,791 

Donald,  (F4) 100 

Donaldson,  (J2)...  100 
Dorchester.   (04)..    476 

Dotyville.  (L7) 100 

Dousman,  (L8) 450 

Downing,  (C4) 319 

Downsville,  (DS)..  290 
Doylestown,  (J8)..  259 
Dresser    Junction, 

(B4) 130 

Drummond,  (E2)..    500 

Drybone,  (G8) 100 

Duckcreek,  (LS)...  850 
Dueholm,  (C3)....    200 

Dunbar,   (L3) 250 

Dundee,   (L7) 100 

Duplainville,  (J8)..    ISO 

Durand,  (D5) 1,503 

Dyckesville,  (MS)..    200 

Eagle,   (L9) 339 

Eagle  River,  03)..  1,400 
Eagleton,  (E4)....  ISO 
East  Bristol,  (J8)..  120 
Eastman.  (E8)....  233 
East     Milwaukee, 

(M8) 707 

Easton.  (H7) ISO 

East  Troy,  (L9)...  673 
Eau  Claire,  (D5).. 18,647 
Eau  Oalle.  (CS)...    130 

Eden,  (L7) 250 

Edgar,    (HS) 746 

Edgerton,   (J9). ..  .2,513 

Edmund.  (G9) 120 

Egg  Harbor,  (N4) . .     150 

Eland,   (JS) 368 

Elcho,  (J4) 350 

Elderon,  (JS) 200 


Eldorado,  (K7)....    100 

Eleva,  (ES) 319 

Elkhart,  (M7) 499 

Elkhorn,  (K9) 1,707 

Elkmound,  (DS)..  302 
Ellenboro,    (F9)...     100 

Ellis.    OS) 130 

Ellison  Bay,  (N4).  .  150 
Ellsworth,  (C5),.. 1,005 
Elm  Grove,  (L8), . .     100 

Elmhurst,   (J4) 130 

Elmwood,  (CS) 585 

Elroy,  (G7) 1,729 

Elton,  (K4) 400 

Embarrass,    (KS)..    283 

Emerald,    (C4) 200 

Emerald    (jrove, 

(K9) 150 

Endeavor,   (H7)...    400 

Ephraim,  (N4) 300 

Esdaile,  (CS) 100 

Ettrick,  (E6) 300 

Eureka,    (K6) 330 

Evansville,   (J9)...2.061 

Excelsior,  (F8) 180 

Fairchild,  (E5)....  678 
Fair  Oaks,  (J8)....    891 

Fairplay,  (F9) 160 

Fair  Water,  (K7)..  300 
Fall  City,  (D5)....    150 

Fallcreek,  (ES) 523 

Fall  River,  (J8) 360 

Fayette,  (09) ISO 

Fence,  (L3) 150 

Fennimore,  (F8).,.  1,159 

Fenwood,  (05) 220 

Ferryville.    (E8)...    280 

Fifield,   (03) 300 

Fishcreek,    (N4)...    200 

Fisk,  (K7) 150 

Flambeau,  (E4)...  ISO 
FlintviUe,  (LS)....     100 

Florence,  (L3) 2,000 

Fond  du  Lac.  (L7)  20,367 

Fontana,    (K9) 300 

Footville,  (J9) 300 

Forest     Junction, 

(L6) 250 

Forestville,  (NS)...  250 
Fort    Atkinson, 

(K9) 3,877 

Fountain     City, 

(D6) 1,031 

Foxboro,  (C2) 100 

Foxlake,  (K7) 851 

FrancLs  Creek.  (M6)    100 

Franklin.  (M7) 180 

Franksville,  (.M9).      300 


Frederic,  (C3) Sll 

Fredonia,  (M8) 750 

Fremont,   (K6) 305 

Friendship,    (H7)..    276 

Fulton.  (J9) 160 

Gagen.  (J3) 150 

Oalesville.  (E6) 973 

Gays  Mills.  (F8) .. .    557 

Genesee,  (L9) 250 

Genesee  Depot,  (L9)    100 

Genoa,  (E7) 280 

Genoa  Junction, 

(L9) 709 

Georgetown,  (F9). .    100 

Germania,  (J7) 150 

Germantown,  (G7)  150 
Gibbsville,  (M7)...     160 

Gile,   (02) 450 

Gillett,    (LS) 610 

Gillingham,  (08)..    100 

Oilman,  (F4) 100 

Gilmanton,  (D6)..  250 
Olenbeulah,  (L7)..  500 
Glen  Flora,  (F3)...  500 
Glenhaven,  (E9)..  180 
Glenwood  City,  (C4)  954 

Olidden,   (F2) 600 

Goodrich,  (04)....     120 

Gordon,   (D2) 300 

Gotham,  (08) 350 

Grafton,  (M8) 818 

Grand    Rapids, 

(H6) 6,521 

Grandview,  (E2)..  400 
Granite    Heights, 

(H4) 100 

GrantoB,    (05) 350 

Orantsburg,  (B3)..  721 
Granville,  (L8) ....     150 

Gratiot.    (09) 368 

Green  Bay,  (M6)  28,026 
Oreenbush,  (L7). . .  120 
Green  Lake,  (J7)...    563 

Oreenleaf ,  (L6) 200 

Greenwood.   (FS)..    665 

Gresham,  (KS) 350 

Hales  Corners,  (L9)  350 
Hamburg,  (H4)...  350 
Hammond,  (C5)...    408 

Hancock,  06) 510 

Hanover,  09) 100 

Hartford,  (L8). ..  .2,982 
Hartland,  (L8),  ...    728 

Hatley,    (JS) 300 

Haugen.  (D3) 280 

Hawkins,    (F3) 400 

Hawthorne,  (D2)..  350 
Hayton,    (L6) 200 


Hayward,  (E3) 2,950 

Hazel  Green,  (09)  621 
Hazelhurst,  (H3).  .  150 
Heart  Prairie,  (K9)    100 

Hebron,   (K9) 140 

Helenville,  (K8)...    350 

Hemlock,   (FS) 100 

Herman,  (L8) 130 

Hersey,  (CS) 200 

Hewitt,  (GS) 280 

High  Bridge,  (F2)..     ISO 

HighcliS,  (L6) ISO 

Highland,    (08)...  1,096 

Hika,  (M7) 280 

Hilbert,    (L6) 572 

Hiles,   (K3) 250 

Hillsboro,  (07) 804 

Hillsdale,  (D4)....    100 

Hines,  (Dl) ISO 

Hingham,(M7) ,'00 

Hixton,  (F6) 290 

Holcombe,  (E4)...  300 
Hollandale.   (H9)..    265 

Holmen,  (E7) 300 

Holy  Cross,  (M8).  .  130 
Honey  Creek,  (L9)    300 

Horicon,  (K8) 1,881 

Hortonville,  (K6)..  863 
Houlton,  (B4)...,  250 
Howards     Grove, 

(M7) 180 

Hubbleton,  (K8)...     100 

Hudson,   (B5) 2,810 

Hull,  (HS) 100 

Humbird,  (FS)..  ..    500 

Hurley,  (02) 2,600 

Hustisford,    (K8)..    615 

Hustler,   (07) 300 

Independence,  (E6)  664 
Indian  Ford,  (J9)..    130 

Ingram,  (F3) 360 

lola,  (JS) 850 

Iron  Belt,  (G2)....  850 
Iron  Mountain,  (L8)  200 
Iron  Ridge,  (L8)..,  250 
Iron  River,  (El)... 1,150 

Ironton,  (07) 280 

Itasca, (Dl) 300 

Ithaca,  (08) 100 

Ives,  (M9) 100 

Ives  Grove.  (M9)..    100 

Jackson,  (L8) 300 

Jacksonport,  (NS).  .  200 
Janesville,   (K9)..  14,195 

Jefferson,  (K9) 2.582 

Jennings,  (J4) 150 

Jim  Falls,  (E4)....  1.50 
Johnsburg,  (L7)...    26C 


380 


^WISCONSIN— WYOMING) 


INDEX  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES 


loliBionCn-A.tKSi  US 


,0 

Mi 

300 

.4,717 

.  .     190 

200 

(M6)  440 
J4)....     100 

!  ,07) 477 

f.  .  (F3) 184 

•  K  -      ,a.  (M9)... 25,062 

,3kum,(L7)...    625 

■     <aimee,  (N6)...  1.839 

.el,    (L7) 1,244 

.^ilbourn,  (H7). ..  .1,170 
Kimberly,  (L5)....    200 

Kingston,    (J') 210 

Knapp,  (C5) 413 

KnowTes,  (K7)....  ISO 
Knowlton.  (115)...  125 
KohlsvUle,  (L8)...  100 
Lac  du   Flambeau, 

CG2) 200 

La  Crosse,  (E7).. 3 1,367 
Ladysmith,  (E4).. 2,352 
La  Farge,  (F7)....  654 
La  Grange,  (K9)...  100 
Lake  Beubh,  (L9)  100 
Lake  Geneva,  (L9)  3,079 
LakemUls,  (K8)... 1,672 
Lake     Nebagamon, 

(Dl) 483 

Lamartine,  (K7)...  150 
Lancaster,    (F9)...  2,329 

Laney.  (L5) 100 

Unglade.  (K4)....     100 

Lannon,    (L8) 450 

Laona.   (K3) 300 

La  Rue,  (H8) 250 

Lavalle,    (G7) 421 

Leadmine,   (09)...    200 

Leeman,  (K5) 100 

Lena,  (L5) 550 

I^n.  (F7) 100 

Le  Roy,  (K7) 100 

Levis,  (E6) 200 

Lima  Center,  (K9)  180 
Limeridge,  (G8)...    250 

Lincoln.  (M5) 100 

Linden.  (G9) 580 

Lindsey.  (G5) 100 

Little  Chute.  (L6).. 1,354 
Little  Prairie.  (K9)  100 
Little     Suamico, 

(MS) 300 

Livingston,  (G9)...    600 

Lodl,  (H8) 1,044 

LoganviUe,  (G8)...    260 

Lohrville,  (/6) 300 

Lomira,  (L7) 529 

London.  (J8) 180 

Lone  Rock.  (G8)...  497 
Lost  Creek,  (CS)..  100 
Louisburg.  (G9)...    200 

Lowell.  (R8) 318 

Loyal.  (G5) 677 

Lublin,  (F4) 100 


I.ijik,  (B3) 380 

.^emboutg.    (MS)    403 

yndhurst.  (KS). . .    102 
Lyndon     Station, 

(H7) 27S 

Lynxville,  (F8)....    274 

Lyons,  (L9) 400 

McCord,  (H3) 100 

McDill,    (H5) 100 

McMillan.  (GS)...  130 
Macfarland,  (J8)..  400 
MADISON,  (J8)  29,469 
Magnolia,  (J9)....  100 
Maiden  Rock,  (C5)  337 
Manawa,  (K6)....  820 
Manchester,  (J7)..  220 
Manitowish,  (02),.  100 
Manitowac,  (M6)  13,553 
Maplewood,  (N5)..  260 
Marathon,  (H5)...  656 
Marblehead,  (L7)..    280 

Marcy,   (L8) 130 

Marengo,  (F2)....  250 
Maribel.  (M6)....  450 
Marinette,  (M4)..  14,610 

Marion,    (K5) 798 

Markesan,  (K7)...  892 
Marquette.  (J7)...    320 

Marshall.  U8) 459 

Marshfield,    (G5).. 5,783 

Martell,    (CS) 190 

Martintown,     (H9)    200 

Mason,  (E2) 7S0 

Mather,  (G6) 100 

Mattoon,  (K4) 868 

Mauston,  (07). ...  1,701 
May6eld,  (L8)....  100 
Mayville.  (K8). ..  .2,282 
Mazomanie,  (H8)..  917 
Medford,   (04). ...  1,846 

Medina,  (K6) 200 

Mcemc,  (M7) 100 

Mellen,  (F2) 1.833 

Melrose.  (E6) 450 

Menasha,  (L6). ..  .6,081 
Mcndota,  (J8)....  100 
Menomonee     Falls, 

(L8) 919 

Menomonie.  (D5).  .S.036 
Mequon.   (M8)....    100 

Mercer,  (02) 200 

Merrill.    (H4) 8.752 

Merrillan,  (F6)....  625 
Merrimack.  (H8)..    312 

Merton.  (L8) 220 

Middleton.  (H8)...    679 

Midway,  (E7) 100 

Mifflin.  (09) 350 

Milan.  (05) 100 

Milford.   (K8) 130 

Milladore,   (H5)...    330 

Millston.  (F5) ISO 

Milltown,  (C3)....    250 

Millville,  (F8) 100 

Milton,  (K9) 833 

Milton     Junction, 

(J9) 900 

Milwaukee.  (M8)  417,054 
Mindoro.  (E6)....  300 
Mineral  Point.  (09)2.925 
Minnesota  Junction, 

(K8) 140 


Minocqua,  (H3)...    470 

Minong,  (D2) 200 

MUhaMokwa,  (D6)  100 
Mishicot,  (M6)....  650 
Mondovi,  (DS). ..  .1,325 

Monico,  (J3) 650 

Monroe,  (H9) 4,410 

Monroe    Center, 

(H6) ISO 

Montello,  (17). ..  .1,104 
Montfort,  (09)....  SS8 
Monticello,  (H9)..  671 
Montreal,  (02)....  300 
Morrison.  (K6)....  130 
Morrisonville,    (J8)    200 

Morse,  (F2) 100 

Mosinee,  (H5) 482 

Mountain,  (K4)...  ISO 
Mount  Calvary, 

(L7) 350 

Mount  Hope,  (F9)  300 
Mount  Horeb,(H8)  1,048 
Mount     Sterling, 

(F8) 300 

Mount  Vernon,  (H9)  100 
Mukwonago,     (L9)    61S 

Muscoda,  (08) 798 

Myra,  (L8) 100 

Namur.  (M5) 100 

Nashotah,  (L8) 200 

Nashville,  (K3)....  200 
National    Home, 

(M8) 100 

Naugart,(H4) 120 

Necedah,   (G7). ..  .1.054 

Necnah.    (L6) 5,734 

Neillsville,  (F5)... 1,957 
Nekoosa,   (H6). ..  .1,570 

Nelson,  (D6) 290 

Nelsonville,  QS)...    400 

Nenno.    (L8) 150 

Neopit,  (K5) 150 

Neosho,   (K8) 304 

Neshkoro,  (J7)....  379 
New    Amsterdam, 

(E6) ISO 

New  Auburn,  (E4)  364 
New  Berlin,  (L9)..    250 

Newburg.  (L8) 400 

New  Cassel.  (L7)..  100 
New  Diggings,  (G9)  ISO 
Newfane.  (L7)....  ISO 
New  Franklin.  (MS)  100 
NewGlarus.  (H9)..  708 
New  Holstein.  (L7)  839 
New  Lisbon.  (G7)..  1.074 
New  London.  (K6)  3,383 
New  Munster.  (L9)  200 
New    Richmond, 

(B4) 1.988 

New  Rome.  (H6) . .    100 

Newton,  (F7) 100 

Niagara.    (M3)....    850 

Niles.  (L6) 200 

Norrie,  (JS) 200 

North     Andover, 

(F9) 100 

North  Cape,  (L9)..  150 
North    Crandon, 

(K3; 350 

North  Fond  du  Lac, 

(K7) 1,960 


North     Freedom, 

(H8) 647 

North  Hudson,  (B5)  100 
North  Lake,  (L8)..  170 
North    Milwaukee, 

(L8) 1,860 

Northport,  (K6)...  400 
North  Prairie,  (L9)    200 

Norwalk,  (F7) 502 

Oakfield,  (K7)....  522 
Oakwood,  (M9)...  150 
Oconomowoc,  (L8)  3.054 

Oconto,  (MS) 5,629 

Oconto  Falls,  (L5)  1,427 

Odanab,   (Fl) 1,200 

Ogdensburg,  (J5)..    30O 

Ogema,  (04) 250 

Okee,   (H8) 130 

Olivet,  (CS) ISO 

Omro,  (K6) 1.285 

Onalaska,  (E7). ..  .1,146 

Oneida,  (L6) 150 

Ono,   (CS) 100 

Ontario,   (F7) 383 

Oostburg,(M7)....    380 

Oregon,  09) 712 

Orfordville.  Q9)...    449 

Osceola,    (B4) 634 

Oshkosh,  (L6).... 35,097 

Osseo,  (ES) 548 

Otjen,    (M9) 300 

Ottawa,  (K9) 200 

Owen,  (FS) 745 

Oxford,  (H7) 250 

Packwaukee,  (J7)..  250 
Palmyra,   (K9)....    649 

Paoli,   (H9) 150 

Pardeeville,  (J7)..  987 
Park  Falls,  (03 )...!, 97 2 

Parnell,    (L7) 100 

Parrish,  (14) 100 

Paskin,  (D4) 100 

Patch  Grove.  (F9)  180 
Paynesville,  (M9)..  250 
PelicanLake.  (J4)..    200 

Pembine.  (L3) 300 

Pence,  (G2) 410 

Pennington,  (G3)..  130 
Pcnsaukee,   (MS)..    250 

Pepin.  (C6) 397 

Perkinstown,     (F4)    300 

Perry.  (H8). 300 

Peshtigo,  (M4). .  .1.975 
Petersburg,  (F8)...  100 
Pewaukee,  (L8)...  749 
Pheasant     Branch, 

(H8) 100 

Phelps,  a2) 500 

Phillips,   (03) 1.94(i 

Phlox,    (J4) 250 

Pickett.  (K7) 150 

Pigeon  Falls,  (E6)..  130 
Pine  Grove,  (M6)..  200 
Pine  River,  (J6)...  200 
Pittsville.     (G6)...    45o 

Plain,   (08) 140 

Plainheld,  (J6)....  723 
Plainville.  (H7)....  300 
Platteville,  (09)... 4,452 
Pleasant      Prairie, 

(M9) 300 

Plover,  (H6) 320 


Plum  City,  (C5)...  305 
Plymouth,    (L7).,. 3,094 

Polar.  (J4) 150 

Polonia,  (JS) 200 

Poplar.  (Dl) 100 

Portage,  (J7) 5,440 

Port  Edwards.  (H6)  758 
Portland.  (K8)..,.  100 
Port      Washington, 

(M8) 3,792 

Portwing,  (El)....    250 

Potosi,  (F9) 464 

Potter,  (L6) 160 

Pound,   (L4) 300 

Poynette,  (J8) 6S6 

PoySippi,  (K6)....  180 
Prairie    du    Chien, 

(E8) 3,149 

Prairie  du  Sac,  (H8)  699 
Prairie  Farm,  (D4)    368 

Pray,  (F6) 150 

Preble,  (M6) 500 

Prentice,  (03) 606 

Prescott,  (B5) 936 

Preston,    (F9) 100 

Princeton,  (J7) 1,269 

Prospect,    (L9) ....     100 

Pulaski.  (L5) 436 

Pulcifer,    (LS) 100 

Quarry,   (M7) 130 

Racine,    (M9). ..  .44,528 

Radisson,  (E3) ISO 

Randolph,  (K7)...  937 
Random  Lake,  (M7)    408 

Rapids,   (M6) 100 

ReadBeld,  (K6)....  110 
Readstown,  (F7)..  515 
Red  Cliff,  (Fl)....  100 
Redgranite,  (J6)...  1,521 
Recd5burg,(H7)... 2,615 
Reedsville,  (L6)...  550 
ReesevUle,  (K8)...    352 

Regina,   (JS) ISO 

Rewey,  (09) 329 

Rhine,  (M7) 100 

Rhinclander,  (J3).. 5,637 

Riblake,  (04) 1,018 

Rice-Lake,  (D3)... 3,968 
Richfield,  (L8)....  450 
Richland     Center, 

(G8) 2,652 

Richmond,  (K9)...  200 
Richwood,  (K8)...  200 
Ridgeland,  (04)...  150 
Ridgeway.  (H9)...    437 

Rio,   (J8) 704 

Ripon,    (K7) 3,T39 

River  Falls.  (B5).. 1.991 

Robbins,   (J3) 200 

Roberts.  (BS) 200 

Rochester,  (L9)...  290 
Rockdale,  a*)---  200 
Rock  Elm,  (CS)...  130 
Rockland.  (F7)....  100 
Rockraont,  (Dl)...    100 

Rock  ton.  (F7) 130 

Rome,  (K9) 230 

Rosecrans,  (M6)...  200 
Rosendale.  (K7)...    300 

Rosholt.  (JS) 383 

Royalton.  (K6)....  200 
Rozellville,  (HS)...    170 


Rubicon,    (L8)....  175 

Ruby,  (F4) 130 

Rudolph,  (H6),...  200 

Sagole,    (L6) 200 

Saint  Anna,  (L7)..  200 

Saint  Cloud.  (L7).,  309 

St.  Crobt  Falls,  (B4)  569 

Saint  Francis,  (M9)  950 

Saint  KUian,(L7)..  100 

St.   Lawrence,    (L8)  200 

Saint  Martins,  (L9)  130 

Saint  Nazianz,  (M7)  500 

Salem,  (L9) 300 

Salter,  (L8) 150 

Sanborn,  (F2) 100 

Sand  Creek,  (D4)..  100 

Sarona,  (D3) 100 

Sank  City,  (H8)...  867 

Sankville.  (M8)....  400 

Sawyer.  (N5) 800 

Saxon,  (02) 150 

Scandinavia,  (J6) . .  355 
Schleisingerville, 

(L8) 538 

Schofield,  (HS)....  889 

School  Hill.  (M7)..  100 

Scott,    (L7) 200 

Seneca,  (F8) 250 

Sextonville.   (08)..  150 

Seymour.  (LS) 1,109 

Shanagolden,     (F2)  300 

Sharon,    (K9) 879 

Shawano,  (KS). ..  .2,923 
Sheboygan,  (M7)  27,863 
Sheboygan     Falls, 

(.M7) 1,630 

Shell  Lake,  (D3)..  902 

Sheridan.  (J6) 100 

Sherrv,  (HS) 250 

Sherwood,  (L6) 300 

Shiocton,  (K6) 536 

Shopiere,    (K9) 300 

Shullsburg,  (09)...  1,063 

Silverlake,  (L9) 300 

Sinsinawa,  (09)...  ICIji) 

Sister  Bay,  (N4)...  H30 
Soldiers  Grove,  (F8)  .'667 

Solon  Springs,  (D2,)  250 

Somers.   (M9)...  /.  250 

Somerset,  (B4)      |. .  350 

Soperton.  (K4'  J. .  400 
South  Oermant    rn, 

(L8) [..  210 

South     Milwaukee, 

(M9) j.  .6,092 

South  Range,  (Ch)  ,150 

South  Wayne,  (1(19)  300 
Sparta,   (F7 )...,..  .3,973 

Spencer.  (OS)..  ...  362 

Spirit,  (G4)....!...  .fOO 

Spooner.  (D3).  J  . .  .1  53 

Springfield,  {L9h...  250 

Spring  Green,  {Gi)  730 

Spring  Lake.  (JI6).  .  200 

Spring  Prairie. /(L9)  150 

Spring  Valley. '  (CS)  972 

Springville.  (F,7)...  190 

Spruce.   (L5).| 150 

Stangelville,    /  (M6)  ISO 

Stanley,  (F5)i 2,675 

Stark,  (M6).. 130 

Starlake.  (J2.) 200 


Star  Prairie,  (B4)..  253 
State  Line.  (J2)...  100 
Stephensville,  (K6)  100 
Stetsonville,  (04)..    500 

Steuben,  (F8) 237 

Stevens  Point,  (HS)  8,692 

Stiles.    (L5) 470 

Stitzer,   (F9) 280 

Stockbridge,  (L6)..  328 
Stockholm,  (C6)..  204 
Stoddard.  (E7)....  343 
Stonebank,  (L8)..  120 
Stoughton,  (J9)... 4,761 
Stratford.  (05)....  763 
Strongs  Prairie,  (H6)  100 

Strum,    (ES) 250 

Sturgeon  Bay,  (NS)  4,262 

Suamico,  (LS) 300 

Sullivan.  (K8)....  JT' 
Sun  Prairie,  U8)...l,ll 
Superior,    (Dl). .  .44,34. 

Suring,    (L4) 60( 

Sussex,    (L8) 221 

Symco,  (K5) 30< 

Taus.  (M6) 3Sf) 

Taycheedah,  (L7)..     ISl) 

Taylor,  (E6) 2ao 

Templeton,  (L8)..  ir 
Tennyson,  (F9). .. .     i' 

Theresa,  (L7) 34i5 

Thiensville,    (L8)..    S'jo 

Thorp,  (FS) 7  41 

Three  Lakes,  (J3)..    .'300 

Tibbetts,  (K9) hso 

Tigerton,  (JS) 1728 

Tilleda,  (KS) ,'  ISO 

Tisch  Mills,  (M6^/.    230 

Token.  (J8) ISO 

Tomah,    {C,/) 3,419 

TomahawV/^  (H3)  .2,907 

Tony,  (T  4) 200 

Torn  ado,  (MS)....  150 
Tr,/frnsend.  (K4)...  100 
"Tr.ade  Lake,  (B3) . .    125 

Trego.  (D3) 200 

Trempealeau,    (E6)    535 

Tripoli.  (H3) 250 

Troy  Center.  (K9)  120 
Truesdell.  (M9)...  150 
Tunnel  City,  (1'6)..  130 
Turtle  Lake,  (C4)..    442 

Tustin.  (K6) 150 

Twin  Bluffs,  (G8). .  ISO 
Two  Rivers,  (M6)  4,850 
Union  Center,  (07)  300 
Union  Grove,  (L9)    616 

Unity,  (05) 363 

Utica,    09) 100 

Valders,  (M6) 320 

Valley     June., 

(06) 200 

Vandyne,  (K7)....  220 
Veefkind,  (05) ....     100 

Verona,    (H8) 350 

Vesper,     (H6) 260 

Victory,  (E8) 150 

Viola,    (F7) 671 

Viroqua,  (F7) 2,059 

Wabeno,    (K4) 500 

Waldo,  (M7) 250 

Wales,  (L8) 100 

Walworth,  (K9)...    755 


Warrens,  (F5) 

Washburn,  (Fl)...3, 
Washington  Har- 
bor. (04) 

Waterford,   (L9) . .  . 

Waterloo,  (Kg) 1, 

Watcrtown,  (K8) . 
Waucousta, 
Waukau,    (! 
Waukesha, 
Waunakee,  /hg) 

Waupaca^(j6).::.J 
Waupun jT  (gj)  1 
Wausai^  (H5)  ,.■.':  ij 
Wausa^kee,  (L4)..2 
Waut«n,a,  05).... 
S^/vatosa,  (L8)..3 

fWVauzeka,  (F8) 

iVayside,  (M6) 

Welcome,  (KS) 

Wequiock,  (MS)... 
West  Allis,  (L8)...« 
West  Bend,  (L8)..2 

Westboro,  (04) 

Westby,  (F7) 

Westfield,  (H7) .... 
West  Lima.  (F7) . . . 
West    Milwaukee, 

(M8) 1 

Weston,   (CS) 

Westport,  (F8) 

West  Salem,  (E7).. 
West  Sweden,  (C3) 
Weyauwega,  (K6) 
Weyerhauser,    (E4) 

Wheeler,  (D4) 

Whitcomb,  (JS) . . . 
White  Creek.  (H7) 
White   Fish   Bay, 

(M8) 

Whitehall,  (E6) . . . 
Whitelaw.  (M6) . . . 
Whitewater,  (K9) . .  3 

Wildrose,  06) 

Williams  Bay,  (K9) 

Wilmot,    (L9) 

Wilson,  (CS) 

Wilton,  (07) 

Winchester,  (H2).. 
Winchester.  (K6).. 
Windsor,  (J8) .  . . 
Winegar,    (H2) . . 
Winnebago,    (L6) .  . 
Winneconne,     (K^V 
Winooski,  (L7).  ,:. 
Winter,  (F3) ..'.... 
Wisconsin  VeVerans 

Home.  06.) 

Withee.  (FS) 

Wittenberg,    OS) . .  1, 
Wolfr..:eek.   (B3) . . . 
Wotiewoc.  (07) .... 
Wojdboro,  (H3) . . .   i 
Woodford.  (H9) . . . 
Woodland,  (K8)... 
Woodman,   (F8)... 
WcodrufI,  (H3).... 
Woodville,   (CS)... 
Woodworth.  (L9). .   ' 
Wrightstown.    (L6)   i 

Wyocena.    08) i 

Zeuda,  'K9) 


WYOMING 

1915  STATE  CENSUS  FIGURES 


Acme,  fE2) 150 

Afton,  (B4) 673 

AUddin.  (H2) 100 

Albin,  (HS) 100 

Alray.  (B5) 350 

Atlantic  City,  (D4)  110 

Auburn,  (A4) 60 

Baggs,(E5) 157 

Banner,  (F2) 100 

Barber,  fF2) 100 

Basin,  (02) 728 

Big  Horn,  (F2) 130 

Bosler,  (GS) 120 

Buffalo,  (F2). 1,246 

Burtington,  (D2)..  250 

Bum3,(H5) 200 


Cambria,  (H3) 1.023 

Carbon,  (FS) 117 

Carncyville,  (F2) . .     200 

Ca-sper,  (F4) 4,040 

CHEYENNE, 

(HS) 9,661 

Oearmont,  (F2)...     100 

Cody,(C2) 1,035 

Cokeville,  (B4)....    305 

Cora,  (C4) 120 

Cowley.  (D2) 630 

Cumberland,  (BS).     350 

Dallas,  (D4) 25 

Dayton,  (E2) 177 

Diamondville,  (B5)  1,018 
DieU,(F2) 400 


Dixon,  (ES) Ill 

Douglas.  (G4) 1,845 

Dubois,  (C3) 142 

Egbert,  (H5) 100 

Elk  Mountain,  (FS)    177 

Elkol,  (BS) ISO 

Embar,  (D3) 140 

Encampment,'{FS)     218 

Evanston,  (B5) 2,756 

Fairview,  (A4) 100 

Fenton,  (D2) 100 

Fort  Bridger,(B5)  100 
Ft.  Fred  Steele,  (E5)  150 
Ft.  M  ickcnzie.  (F2)  100 
Fort  Russell.  (HS)  .  500 
FortWashakie,(D3)  150 


Foipark,  (GS)  ...  100 

Frontier,  (B5) 700 

Gillette,  (02) 505 

Glencoe,  (BS) 200 

Glenrock,  (G4) 220 

Granger,   (CS) 134 

Green  River.  (CS).  1,219 

Greybull.  (D2) 421 

Grover,  (B4) 150 

Guernsey,  (H4) 239 

Gunn,  (CS) 227 

Halfway,  (B4) 100 

Hanna,  (F5). 1.347 

HartviUe,  (H4)....  105 

Hudson,  (D4) 428 

Hulett,  (H2) lOO 


Hyattville,  (E2)...    200 
Jackson,  (B3)....     204 

Kaycee  (F3) 57 

Kemraerer,  (B5)... 1,481 

Keystone,  (F5) 75 

Kinncar,  (D3) 100 

Kooi,  (F2) 100 

Lander,  (D4) 1,726 

Laramie,  (G5) 4,925 

Lonetiee,  (BS) 100 

Lost  Cabin,  (E3)..       55 

Lovefl,  (D2) 540 

Lusk,  (H4) 434 

Lyman,  (B5) 182 

Manderaon,  (D2).     175 
ManviUe,  (a4)....    133 


Medicine  Bow,  (PS)  170 

Meeteetse,  (D2)_..  226 

Milo,  (FS)..- 100 

Monarch,  (E2) 380 

Moneta,  (E3) 100 

Moorcroft,  (H2)...  131 

Newcastle,  (H3)...  651 

Oakley,  (BS) 200 

Otto,  (D2) 200 

Pine  Bluff,  (HS)...  65o 

Powell,  (D2) 406 

Ranchester.  (E2)..  ISO 

Rawlins.  (E5) 2,975 

Raymond,  (D2)...  100 

Riverside,  (FS) 57 

Riverton,  (03) 803 


Robertson,  (BS)...  TISO 
Rock  River,  (FS).-  195 
Rock  Springs,  (C5)  5.699 

Saritogi.  (FS) 425 

Shell.  (E2)..- 100 

Sheridan,  (F2) 8,906 

Shoshoni.  (D3) 278 

Smoot,(B4) ISO 

South  Pass  City,{D4)  150 
South  Superior,(D5)   265 

Sps.icer,  (H3) 100 

Sublet,  (B5). 524 

Sun  lance.  (H2)...     341 

Sunrise.  (H4) 200 

SuQihine,  (D2) 140 

Superior,  (D5) 1,382 


Sweetwater,  (CS).. 
Ten  Sleep,  (E2).. 

Thiyne.  (A4) 

Thermopolts,  (t>3). 
Torrington,  (H4). 

Upton.  (H2) 

Urie.  (BS) 

\alley,  (C2) 

Wimsutter,   (DS). 
Wheatland,  (H4)  . 

Wilson,  (B3) 

Winchester,  (D3).. 
Wind  River,  (D4).. 

Worland,  {E2) 

Yellowstone     Park, 
(B2)   


\ 


/ 


/ 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA  LIBRARY 
BERKELEY 

Return  to  desk  from  which  borrowed. 
This  book  is  DUE  on  the  last  date  stamped  below. 


6Mar'51MC 
2Sep52PJ 

SEP    61952Cf 


JUN    91953 

16Apr'57TS 

REC'D  UD 

,       2    19b7, 


REC'D  LD 

APR  9    1957 

lWay'87Kl 
RECD  LD 

APR  17  1957 


LD  21-100»n-ll,'49(B7146sl6)476 


i  . 


4? 


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"^ 


366709 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA  UBRARY 


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